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The article profiles the life and charity activities of Charles Booth, a Liverpool based businessman, altruist and a social scientist. His contributions to the study of poverty in London from 1897 to 1903 with his team, and their interviews with clergy, ministers and various other sections in society are detailed. The article also analyzes the interconnections between the state and churches in relation the charity programs undertaken during the period.

Writers of working-class memoirs in the twentieth century recalled the psychological ways that respectable individuals managed their relation to London's most disreputable streets. The Victorian social cartographer Charles Booth had colour-coded these streets as black on his poverty maps, ascribing not only penury but also criminality to them. Into the twentieth century, locals continued to internalise a mythology of rough versus respectable areas. Yet daily they experienced the untenability of these constructed social divides. Some children living on the blackest streets were successfully sheltered from the corruption around them. Others perceived a porousness between infamous and more decent streets. Over on respectable streets, some children observed their parents' complicity in 'fiddles' – illicit ways of earning cash through small illegal ventures. Here, fathers insisted on their honour, even accusing others of immorality. Such an ethics relied upon an internal management of criminal and respectable codes that were complexly interwoven and shaped by family and community ties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1899, one of Charles Booth's investigators, George Arkell, visited Deptford to revise the classifications provided on Booth's Descriptive Map of London Poverty 1889. Arkell was more shocked and offended by Baildon Street than any other street he visited in Deptford. He was scathing in his comments and assessment of the street, and decided that it should remain coloured black, meaning 'Lowest class. Vicious, semi-criminal'—an assessment that Booth agreed with. This article takes issue with Booth's assessment of Baildon Street and, in particular, with George Arkell's comments and the picture he painted of the lives and living conditions of those who resided there. The article shows that Baildon Street was not a chaotic place of social transience, nor was it a place systemically rife with prostitution, crime, violence, and child neglect. It also reveals the surprising ideas and factors that influenced Arkell in his investigative work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to understanding the transformative potential of institutions, such as the National Health Service in England (NHS), to engage those they serve, nurturing their aspirations and capabilities to support human flourishing. In pursuing a "fully engaged" scenario as described by Derek Wanless in Securing our Future Health (2002), an argument is made for nurturing the capabilities to aspire, voice and realise aspirations. The fully engaged scenario aspires towards higher levels of public engagement in relation to individual and community health and wellbeing; more efficient use of resources; overall improvements in health outcomes and a reduction in health inequalities. The discussion offers a critical evaluation of the recent emergence of a personalised care approach in the NHS in England, and specifically the role of Health and Wellbeing Coaches, in supporting this endeavour. Core capability and aspiration concepts are explicated to develop a conceptual framework to appraise the transformational potential of personalised care approaches in the NHS in England. The ensuing analysis is especially relevant as the recently elected Labour government prepares for a new ten-year plan for NHS reformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines why Charles Booth undertake his survey of life and labor in London, England. Mary Booth has written a memoir about her husband Charles which was published in 1918, where she attributed Charles' interest in poverty to what the Fabians were fond of referring to as the zeitgeist of the 1880s, the spirit of new age that have abandoned laissez-faire dogmas and look upon collectivism in a favorable sense. Among the contributing factors mentioned by Mary were the work of Ruskin and Octavia Hill, the experience of the Charity Organisation Society, Toynbee Hall and the Barnetts. But H. M. Hyndman did not assert that Charles began his work solely to counteract the socialists' claims, but the clear implication was that the Social Democratic Federation were primarily responsible. Hyndman discussed in is book The Record of an Adventurous Life, a more specific explanation of the beginning of Charles' work. Hyndman's story if a good one and has been retold by a number of writers. It is taught that Hyndman's story is untrue but the had an important indirect influence on Charles. To know more about Charles' work, the Social Democratic Federation journals, Justice and the Pall Mall Gazette have featured interesting information about Charles and his works.

Discusses rural surveys used by Henry Rider Haggard in England during the early 20th century. Placement of Haggard into the context of other social researchers; Comparison with methods used by Charles Booth, Seebohm Rowntree and other social investigators in urban Britain in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods; Intention of enquiring into the state of the English countryside.

Traditionally, the History of Education has come close to the reality of private and religious schools from eminently educational and pedagogical interpretative models. Despite the fact that these institutions perform educational functions, they must not hide their status as companies, which operate in an educational market that requires, for the achievement of business survival and growth, the implementation of different commercial strategies. This research aims to approach one of these strategies. Specifically, it focuses on the analysis of commercial benefits derived from the creation and dissemination of the corporate history of these educational centres. To do so, the historical method has been applied in a case study framed geographically in the Sant Francesc de Sales school (Ciutadella de Menorca, Spain) and temporarily in the years immediately following the Spanish Civil War, known as the Post-War period (1939–1945). The triangulation of written, oral and iconographic sources has allowed a wide and rigorous analysis of an untreated phenomenon in educational historiography, exposing explanatory models that could be reproduced in other cases of a similar nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late 1890s, chemists devised industrial processes to manufacture milk protein powders, now a major fitness food category. These peculiar and flavorless inventions were made from skimmed milk waste from modernised dairies. This paper explores why manufacturers made them and why the British ate them, by examining what commentators and eaters wrote and read about them. The two leading brands were near-identical materially, but became understood differently. Purportedly, Plasmon was a scientifically-advanced proteinaceous muscularizing product while Sanatogen was a phosphorated nerve supplement which imbued intellect and willpower. Their positionings were shaped by the myth-making power of advertising, amplified by the power of celebrity testimonies and the authority of scientific experts, and tempered by press and consumer' reactions. Scientific knowledge was used reductively, and was shaped by cultural values. Consumers were complicit in this framing: the technification of these white powders provided mechanisms for self-improvement. Consumers simply needed to swallow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the relations between continuity and innovation in the social thought of the 1880's as it relates to poverty in England. It evaluates 1880's as a watershed in the history of English social theory by examining the two publications entitled "Life and Labour of the People of London," by Charles Booth and "Final Report" of the Select Committee of the House of Lords of the Sweating System in 1980. Under the study, the relationship of Booth's view about society and nature of social progress in 1880's and 1890's was analyzed.

Food markets were a vital element in the economic life of Britain over many centuries, and the arrival of railways into urban spaces during the nineteenth century provided unprecedented opportunities for them to expand the range and volume of good that they sold. This article examines the impact of railways on these markets during the decades following the arrival of trains into London through a case study of Borough Market. This important London fruit and vegetable market is examined through the prism of its financial records. Detailed analysis of the Market's income produces a timeline for growth, while the records for the goods ported through the Market help to explain the change. The case study also highlights developments in trading techniques at Borough Market that enabled it to prosper during the second half of the nineteenth century, despite limitations placed on its expansion created by the impact of railways on the urban physical environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

W. E. B. Du Bois' The Philadelphia Negro (1899) provides an early example of community-university research collaboration. This "From the Archives" article provides the text of two documents from the work that describe the genesis of the research. A third document provides Du Bois' plan for continuing research on African American community life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK's social security system has attracted much criticism for the severity, ineffectiveness and invasiveness of its sanctioning regime. Political theorists, news outlets, and welfare claimants repeatedly describe sanctions as punitive, yet most use the term 'punishment' in a colloquial manner, rather than treating it as a theoretically-contested concept. Instead, this article subjects the empirical realities of welfare sanctions to four theoretical models of punishment: the classic Flew-Benn-Hart model, a Foucauldian model focussed on the disciplinary potential of punishment, a Durkheimian model concerning social sentiments, and Feinberg's censure-based model. This article ultimately concludes that there is sufficient overlap in order to consider welfare sanctions a form of punishment. For this reason, proponents of welfare sanctions must be able to justify sanctions not just as a mechanism of social security law, but also as punishments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an expanded version of the centenary Scott Holland Memorial Lecture delivered to an online symposium organised by the Scott Holland Trust on 4 November 2022. R. H. Tawney, one of the most important socialist thinkers and historians of the twentieth century, gave the first Scott Holland Lectures in 1922. This essay examines two controversial aspects of Tawney's life, the relationship of his Christian faith to his politics and Tawney's marriage to Jeanette, the sister of William Beveridge. It explores differences and tensions between public perceptions and private realities in Tawney's biography. Although his private reflections were strongly influenced by his faith, it is argued that Tawney's public political declarations were largely secular in nature. In reassessing Tawney's private failings as a husband and companion, it is cautioned that there should be no present-minded rush to judgement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How prevalent was marriage for children who were removed from their birth community by the poor law authorities? This article investigates whether children who experienced intervention from the Islington poor law authorities during the late nineteenth century were deterred from marrying and having children as adults. To answer these questions two samples of children were assembled and traced through various records. The first sample consisted of children who were sent to foster homes in rural communities and the second consisted of siblings of the first group who were not boarded out. Although the sample sizes were relatively small due to the extensive archival research needed to answer these questions, the analysis suggests there is a possibility that relocation had an impact on marital formation and childbearing but did not necessarily sever a child's connection to their birth community. Children who were boarded out were less likely to marry, or have children, compared to those who stayed in Islington. However, they often retained strong connections to their birth community and/or biological family members. This article also explores instances of irregular family arrangements including illegitimate births, possible cohabitation, marital separation and one instance of a potentially bigamous marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his 2000 book, Between Camps, and its 2005 follow-up, Postcolonial Melancholia, Paul Gilroy described postcolonial melancholia—a failure to mourn the loss of imperial prestige—and conviviality—the messy and banal navigation of fractally complex but increasingly less meaningful lines of difference in the city—as two opposing but related characteristics of the British urban experience at the dawn of the century. Nowhere is this more evident than in the neighbourhoods of riverine East London, whose identity and urban morphology have been shaped by the river running through them, upriver to the heart of the imperial metropolis and downriver to Britain's extensive colonies and postcolonies. In these long-standing arrival quarters, the structure of feeling includes two elements in tension with each other: a mode of lament expressing a form of morbid attachment to the perceived greatness of the imperial age, whose ghostly afterlife is etched in the monumental architecture of London's boroughs and inscribed in the names of its streets and buildings; and a fragile emergent form of convivial coexistence that finds resonance in alternative narratives of the imperial past. Gidley's article addresses these issues through data from long-standing research engagement with Bermondsey and Deptford on the southern shore and with Barking on the northern shore of the Thames. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the relationship between the 'othering' of Irish and Jewish communities in London up to the end of the 1920s, and punitive action and harassment against these minorities on the part of the British state. Beginning by looking at early articulations of antisemitic and anti-Irish prejudice, it will consider how the associations of both groups with radical politics and transgressive behaviour led to the negative involvement of the Metropolitan Police in the lives of Jewish and Irish Londoners on a day-to-day level at the end of the Victorian era and into the Edwardian period. The situation was then exacerbated through the experience of war, and the revolutionary events in Dublin in 1916 and Petrograd in 1917. Irish and Jewish communities, as transnational diasporas, were associated with international subversion, and militant action in London itself. The article will discuss the campaign waged by the state in its various manifestations between 1918 and 1922, including arrest and imprisonment without trial and deportation to Ireland and Eastern Europe. It will conclude by identifying how the actions of the state against Irish and Jewish communities anticipated action against other minorities over the course of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development economists have long studied the relationship between gender equality and economic growth. More recently, economic historians have taken an overdue interest. We sketch the pathways within the development literature that have been hypothesized as linking equality for women to rising incomes, and the reverse channels – from higher incomes to equality. We describe how the European Marriage Pattern literature applies these mechanisms, and we highlight problems with the claimed link between equality and growth. We then explain how a crucial example of technological unemployment for women – the destruction of hand spinning during the British Industrial Revolution – contributed to the emergence of the male breadwinner family. We show how this family structure created household relationships that play into the development pathways, and outline its persistent effects into the twenty-first century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study examines the cultural work of the West End of London in the long Edwardian period (1880–1914). It argues that the pleasure district was changed in a number of ways in which electricity was one thread. The coming of electricity affected the character of the area, not only transforming theatre lighting but also introducing new forms of street advertising, notably on Piccadilly Circus. The West End was physically changed by the construction of Shaftesbury Avenue and Charing Cross, which then became sites of a wave of theatre building (all of which showed off their modernity by adopting electricity). These theatres, especially the Palace Theatre of Varieties, are examined in terms of the entertainments they offered but also the ways in which they produced forms of cultural capital for spectators. Finally, the study considers another electric medium, the cinema. The West End became known for upscale cinemas that emulated the theatres nearby and sought to make film-going attractive to wealthier customers who, a few years earlier, disdained it. By 1914, the West End had, to a large extent, taken on its modern form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By siting social problems in the eastern half of the capital city, many writers (both fiction writers and those who purported to be reporting fact) in the final years of the nineteenth century collectively and separately assisted in the emergence of an imaginary London cityscape whose east-west axis (placing poverty physically apart from wealth) served to diminish the true nature of these problems. This crude binary of east versus west failed to represent the systemic, pervasive, pan-London (and in fact, pan-global) ill-effects of advanced capitalism. The east-west polarity acted to confuse and blur the full effects and meanings of how the unregulated labour and housing markets impacted on working-class Londoners wherever they lived in the city. It falsified actual, lived experience and needed to be jettisoned so that a more complex and meaningful picture of metropolitan life could emerge. The true process of 'immiseration' should no longer, these writers believed, be occluded by this mythopoeic East — which had become a lazy shorthand for a complex set of problems. In this article, I seek to return to the record the opposition to the east-west binary that, as PJ Keating observed,1 had emerged in the early 1880s. This opposition was presented by fiction writers including George Gissing, Margaret Harkness and Richard Whiteing; philanthropist and campaigner for working-class girls Maude Stanley; and social investigators Robert Valpy and Arthur Sherwell. Each argued against the polarised vision of London's socio-economic topography offered by most popular novelists and journalists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, by which the poor East was presented in contrast to the wealthy West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his latest book, Hewitt returns to Manchester and again takes up the cudgels against some old adversaries. MARTIN HEWITT, Making Social Knowledge in the Victorian City: The Visiting Mode in Manchester 1832-1914: (London: Routledge, 2020. Martin Hewitt's first monograph, I The Emergence of Stability in the Industrial City: Manchester, 1832-67 i (Aldershot, 1996), was an important contribution to this debate. [Extracted from the article]

This paper explores the neglected manuscripts and publications of Edward Hart, an early eighteenth-century Nonjuring bricklayer, whose determination to promote his cause ultimately led to his death. By discussing Hart's support for High Church doctrines, such as the apostolic succession and non-resistance, this study challenges traditional historiographical associations between artisan theology and 'radical' anticlericalism, while also illuminating the fundamental role played by the Nonjuring laity in the dissemination of conservative politico-theological ideas. Moreover, by discussing Hart's defence of Anglican 'orthodoxy', this paper shows that the Nonjurors operated not on the fringes but in the very centre of the early eighteenth-century politico-theological arena. Despite his fierce opposition to the perceived anticlericalism of Latitudinarians and Dissenters, Hart was not entirely subservient to Nonjuring divines. Rather, Hart openly challenged the liturgical reforms proposed by some Nonjuring clergymen, which, he believed, threatened the dwindling communion's survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the origins of the idea of "the social question" in the nineteenth century, the rise of the welfare state, the challenge of neoliberalism, and the new transnationalized social question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The London Blitz was a catalyst for national state control of the entire commodity network for furniture; the only wartime commodity for which this was done. The Utility furniture scheme sought to manage material shortages and combat profiteering in the markets for new and second-hand furniture. It also responded to the vulnerability of the nation's furniture producers, which were disproportionately concentrated in and around London. Set against the immorality of indiscriminate bombing of civilian populations and illegal practices on the 'black market', the Utility scheme prescribed new moral geographies of equitable distribution based on need, of consumer rights protection, and of improvements to labour conditions and wages. The paper intervenes into debates about the social construction of moral geographies by examining the collective institutional response of the Utility scheme and the manner in which it sought to provision wartime homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Service labour on ships was feminised, but it was monopolised by men. Besides the limited role of the stewardess, women were not employed in general service positions until the 1930s when they began to be hired as waitresses in place of male dining-room stewards. This article considers the conditions of possibility for American and British lines recruiting white women in preference to men. This occurred at two significant junctures. Firstly, during the 1930s as race became more crucial to employment on American ships in transoceanic trades, and subsequently from the late 1950s as shipping companies responded to the rise of commercial aviation. By examining the changing face of service employment at sea and the labels used to designate male and female service labour as both parallel and foil to practices on land and in flight, this article casts new interpretive light on the relationship between gender, identity, work and status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capturing progression in students' formal knowledge and employability skills is essential in higher education but evokes questions concerning how to assess and monitor progression. While methods for capturing students' formal knowledge progression have traditionally been at the forefront, methods for capturing employability skills have been less researched within higher education. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a method to capture students' progression of formal knowledge and employability skills in higher education. We developed a rubric to monitor case discussions in class and evaluated the rubric by using it while observing case discussions in six professional education programmes involving undergraduate and graduate students. We found that it was possible to capture similar changes in the progression of formal knowledge and skills in all professional programmes. One advantage of using this method is that students can be monitored while they participate in case discussions within their respective curricula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has long been argued that the economic structures of Birmingham and Manchester in the nineteenth century were fundamentally different, with Birmingham characterized by small workshops and high levels of social mobility and Manchester by factories and entrenched contrasts between workers and capitalists. This article uses new data to examine the reality of the economic structure of Birmingham and Manchester to see whether the assumptions of previous studies are borne out by the historical record. While it is true that Manchester had more large businesses than Birmingham in the period 1851–81, this view is a partial one. Manchester was home to a large number of small businesses, and both towns were complex economic units, with retail, commerce and services just as important as manufacturing to their economic life. This suggests that the traditional view of the economic basis of Birmingham and Manchester's politics requires amendment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses population censuses to provide the first consistent counts of the population of business proprietors for 1891–1911. After appropriate adjustments for imperfect Census design the article confirms the persistence of own account self-employed as the most common businesses throughout the period. However, it identifies a turning point around 1901 when the business numbers decisively shifted towards larger firms, where employers with waged workers began substituting for many own account businesses. Developments were, however, multi-faceted, with important sector differences, and some fields of female business beginning to take off over the period, especially in retail and the professions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tells the story of two pioneering social surveys designed to extend international developments in quantitative social research into the Antipodes: the 1937–38 survey of living standards in rural New Zealand and the University of Melbourne's 1941–43 urban survey of 7,609 households. Archival material associated with these surveys illuminates the influence of governments on the topics, methods and publication of survey results and the tensions their involvement caused for academic researchers. Caught between the strategic interests of funders and the higher ideals of social science, social researchers struggled to deliver significant findings about local populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 20 years, regular reports of eroding safety standards and deaths among workers, customers and other members of the public in an array of industries ranging from transport (ride-share platforms, long-haul trucking and aviation), construction (including, in Australia, insulation batts installation), mining, oil rigs and refineries, and factories, have emerged. These workplace deaths shared one largely overlooked characteristic; all involved subcontracted work arrangements and sometimes very elaborate supply chains. Where these fatalities have been subject to critical investigation, three causal factors consistently emerge, namely economic/cost pressures compromising safety, disorganisation, and regulatory failure. These failures raise important political and industrial questions, not the least of which is the social cost of dominant neoliberal policy-settings that encourage subcontracting practices. Furthermore, historical object lessons can provide insights because subcontracting of work is by no means new. Drawing on evidence from the garment industry, predominantly in the UK, but with reference to the USA and other countries, this paper highlights substantial historical evidence of the safety risks embedded in this type of business/work arrangement. The inquiries and investigations into sweated labour discussed here not only highlighted risks to health; they also suggest a contemporary need for urgent reform to the regulation of work in order to mitigate the prospective risks of injury and disease, including epidemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study draws on qualitative data about gendered vulnerabilities and resilience in situations of urban flooding in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, India. Women in informal urban spaces comprise marginalized groups who face greater risks in times of disaster owing to their inferior socioeconomic status and the hazardous geographical space they occupy. This study provides insights into the lived experiences of women in such spaces that are shaped by unequal gender relations and flooding. Women's narratives are analyzed and presented as part of my research findings. Unequal gender relations, combined with socioeconomic disadvantage, are important factors for their vulnerability and limited resilience. The perspectives of urban disadvantaged women, which have been long ignored, need to be actively integrated into disaster risk reduction planning. The implications of a gendered approach to disaster risk reduction by prioritizing the empowerment of urban disadvantaged women is discussed and suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been traditionally accepted that the first professional performance by an English actress occurred on December 8th, 1660 in a production of Othello staged at the Vere Street Theatre in London. The name of the actress who played the role of Desdemona in this production is not known, however many theatre historians have claimed that it was Margaret Hughes. Using archival research, this article explores the history of women on the Restoration stage to determine the importance of the Vere Street Desdemona and then conducts an historiographical examination of the case for Hughes as the first professional English actress. It looks in-depth at the evidence supporting this assertion and addresses the issues present in the existing historical analyses, ultimately showing that Margaret Hughes was not on the stage in London prior to 1668 and therefore could not have been the Vere Street Desdemona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines London's street markets as overlooked sites of consumer modernity, 'complex interiors' that were contested and contradictory spaces within the city. It asks whether the street markets can be seen as 'architecture', arguing that, despite their outdoor locations, shifting form, and lack of built infrastructure, the street markets achieved a sense of enclosure and interiority through the particular qualities of their lights, sounds and their crowded occupation of space. The street markets produced complexity as a result of their informality, as a-legal and organic outbreaks of micro-entrepreneurship. The paper covers the 1850–1939 period and examines the specific example of Chrisp Street market in Poplar. In the post-war period, this was formalised as Lansbury Market and relocated into a planned market square. It thus usefully casts light back on the earlier period, as an example of what happened when street markets moved from informal to planned status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the nineteenth century city child rescuers developed 'a taxonomy of space' in which geography determined destiny. The privatised spaces of the middle classes were contrasted with the 'dirt, disease and delinquency' of the slums. Yet at the same time as 'dirt' was viewed as 'destructive' and proof of urban neglect it was also accepted in the form of rural soil to be 'fertile' and central to helping sustain life. This paper explores the emergence of this spatial taxonomy of destiny and its associated vocabulary of descriptors; it documents the visual duality of 'dirt' as a signifier of both 'risk' and of the 'pastoral'; and finally it examines some of the ways in which activists in one city sought in the twentieth century to bridge the divide and bring 'nature' into the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaboration has risen up the agenda for archives and universities in recent years, yet there is unrealized potential for co-productive modes of research between archivists and academics, with business collections facing particular obstacles. This article, co-written by an archivist and a historian, presents the findings of a project that aims to support business archivists to develop co-designed research projects that mobilize business collections in rigorous ways to meet present-day business priorities (and so demonstrate to parent organizations the value of their archives and expert archivists). The project involved a collaborative process of workshops, interviews and a survey, which has allowed the project network to develop guidance materials. The authors discuss three key themes that emerged from the process, reflecting the distinctive concerns of archivists working in organizational repositories and the factors that influence their pursuit of academic collaborations. There then follows an analysis of 'mind-set' barriers to collaboration: questions of professional culture and practice or intellectual stance that can influence attitudes to and pursuit of collaborative projects between historians and archivists. The authors argue for an open and dialogic approach to designing collaborative research, acknowledging the constraints and imperatives for archivists and academics and recognizing the complementarity of their expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the late 1990s, self marketing and personal branding have become increasingly popular as subjects of self-improvement books, Web sites and consultancy services, especially in the USA. To date, little of this interest appears to have permeated the discipline of marketing, either in terms of formal research, textbook contents or academic curricula. This paper examines the theoretical basis of self marketing and personal branding, identifies some of the conceptual, practical and ethical problems it poses for the discipline, and points to some of the challenges facing higher education in attempting to create a curricular framework within which marketing professionals can learn how to market and brand themselves effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues for the importance of the role of the national and local state, and of increasing socio-economic inequality for understanding urban super-diversity in a time of austerity. Using a methodology and conceptualization that avoids the methodological ethnicism and "methodological neighbourhoodism" inherent in some diversity research, we draw on quantitative analysis and ethnographically produced material from south London to ask what differences make a difference. Examining interactions in "welfare micropublics", including maternity services, schools, and elderly social care, we show that residents and service providers, often following an "ethos of inclusion", routinely engage with difference in encounters, allowing the potential for conviviality to emerge. We argue that only by considering diversity together with inequality, can we develop more textured and nuanced accounts of super-diverse urban areas, including a fuller understanding of the social production of difference and indifference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a new perspective on what it meant to be a business proprietor in Victorian Britain. Based on individual census records, it provides an overview of the full population of female business proprietors in England and Wales between 1851 and 1911. These census data show that around 30% of the total business population was female, a considerably higher estimate than the current literature suggests. Female entrepreneurship was not a uniform experience. Certain demographics clustered in specific trades and within those sectors employers and own-account proprietors had strikingly different age, marital status and household profiles. A woman's life cycle event such as marriage, motherhood and widowhood played an important role in her decision whether to work, the work available to her and the entrepreneurial choices she could make. While marriage and motherhood removed women from the labour force, they had less of an effect on their levels of entrepreneurship. Women who had young children were more entrepreneurial than those who had none, and entrepreneurship rates rose with the arrival of one child and continued to rise the more children were added to the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses a complex inter-racial friendship between a British woman and an Indian Muslim in 1870 s London. Maria Russell and Ameer Ali were from similar middle-class backgrounds and both possessed high academic capabilities. Each enjoyed excellent early educational provision, but Maria's ended abruptly when aged 21, while the Islamic scholar Ameer went on to achieve huge intellectual and professional success as a highly-respected and influential writer and high-court judge. This paper details the friendship formed between the two in 1870 s London, recorded in letters written by Ali while he was enjoying a British-Empire scholarship, and follows them during their later lives, giving a gendered analysis of the nature of opportunities available to the middle classes in Victorian Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pearl Jephcott (1900–1980) between 1922 and 1946 was by turns a volunteer girls' club worker, Organising Secretary for the Birmingham Union of Girls' Clubs, the occupant of a similar post in County Durham and finally the Publications Officer for the National Association of Girls' Clubs. During most of that period she combined girls' club work with helping to pioneer new forms of practitioner research. The article examines her contribution to both these fields during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking a photograph from the 1906 Australian tour of William Holman Hunt's painting The Light of the World as my starting point, I explore the special relationship colonial audiences had with magic lantern shows and related entertainments. I examine the sense of 'transport' that audiences felt at collectively witnessing images that had been 'transmitted' to them from Britain. I argue that their reactions were more complex than those felt in the metropole, and in many ways anticipate our own contemporary experience of globalized media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]