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This article examines the connection between Thomas Nashe, a prominent writer in the 16th century, and John Danter, a printer-publisher. The author suggests that Nashe may have been involved in writing ballads for Danter, based on their close working relationship and Danter's reliance on printing ballads for profit. Although there is no direct evidence to support this claim, the author presents circumstantial evidence that indicates Nashe's potential involvement in writing ballads for Danter. This perspective provides valuable insights into Nashe's work and sheds light on the relationship between authors and printers during the Early Modern period. [Extracted from the article]

It is possible that a portion of the competency crisis may be due to some defendants being misclassified as incompetent, secondary to evaluations of questionable thoroughness and quality, and perhaps over-reliance on interviews and lesser acquisition of collateral data. Meanwhile, a review of descriptive statistics suggests that, as criminal penalties have become increasingly harsh, requests for competency evaluations have proportionately increased. Thus, there is a risk that lengthy waiting lists, mounting time pressures, and attorney tactics may push evaluators in the direction of expediency, possibly at the expense of higher quality forensic work. Evaluators may therefore consider acquiring and perhaps more significantly relying upon relevant collateral informational sources, including police recorded interviews, jail recorded calls, social media content, and prior court records. While an evaluation of present mental state does not necessarily require significant background data, better use of technologies in an evaluation of competency may provide a more objective representation of competency-relevant, mental health-related history. So doing may help to solve a portion of the competency crisis that may be due to evaluations including inadequate collateral data. Best practice approaches, anecdotes, and limitations are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1630s, two central cultural arbiters sought to eliminate the figure of the fool from English culture. Both the city and court decried fools as figures of past barbarism. Yet, as this article seeks to demonstrate, rather than eliminating the fool from plays, Caroline playwrights rework the fool to go undetected within the social reform of the court and by the more radical anti-theatrical writers. By doing so, Caroline playwrights in effect allowed any intellect in early modern London to fool. The article examines three bodies of writing (court censorship records, antitheatrical writing and the Caroline plays themselves), to trace how this modified fool becomes rearticulated as a city wit, who still maintains the responsibilities of a fool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the open court principle in Zimbabwe from a language rights perspective. Data were collected through an analysis of the statutes which enshrine this principle to examine their adequacy (or lack thereof). Court observations and semi-structured interviews with purposively sampled key participants were used to corroborate data from document analysis. Findings of this study show that Zimbabwean courts are not open courts in the true sense of the word because members of the public in the gallery are not guaranteed the right to an interpreter or translator. Legally represented litigants or those who express comfort with English are not offered interpretation services, which is a clear indication that interpretation services are primarily meant for litigants and not members of the public in the gallery. Consequently, Zimbabwean courts merely guarantee physical access, and deny members of the public linguistic access. English is the language of the proceedings and record, yet the majority of the members of the public are functionally illiterate in English. Based on this, I therefore argue that opening up the physical space of courts and guaranteeing physical access to the court documents is of little or no use if the citizens are linguistically excluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The processes through which northern townships, customarily governed by strong manorial institutions, came to embrace the structures and routines of vestry governance and supervision by county justices have long required further scholarly investigation. This paper presents a reassessment of the role played by the constables of the West Riding township of Sowerby, Halifax parish, in managing the highways function over the seventeenth century. This is feasible through the happy combination of contemporaneous paper records for the Wakefield court leet and of unusual and exceptionally revealing petty constables' accounts. Sowerby's constables creatively exploited mechanisms at the leet to enforce tenurial and township obligations for road repairs. While the appointment of surveyors is unattested before 1694 and statute duty arrangements are, at best, uncertain, a precocious policy of tax-funded maintenance became embedded in governance routines, as the township's propertied and clothier elite responded to the mid-century political crisis and pulses of assertiveness from the Justices' bench. Independency and improvisation are strongly supportive of change from below as the north's distinctive contribution to state formation in early modern England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Les raisins de la domination: Une histoire sociale de l'alcool en Tunisie à l'époque du Protectorat (1881–1956)" by Nessim Znaien is a book that explores the production, commercialization, and consumption of alcoholic beverages in Tunisia during the French protectorate era. The author analyzes the attitudes of public authorities towards alcohol consumption in a Muslim society and examines various sources such as administrative records, diplomatic archives, court records, and hospital archives. The book is divided into three parts, each focusing on different chronological periods, and provides insights into the development and changes in alcohol production and consumption during the protectorate era. The author also discusses the social and cultural implications of alcohol consumption in colonial Tunisia. [Extracted from the article]

This article is a reflection upon the impact of the author's use of archival material at Steilneset Memorial in Finnmark, Northern Norway, a Memorial commemorating the victims of the Finnmark witchcraft trials, 1600–1692. Its aim is twofold: First, to illustrate how the original court records were used to bring the history of the witchcraft trials into the public space today at Steilneset Memorial. This part will focus on the personal approach taken in surfacing the voices of those accused during the trials. Second, to discuss Steilneset Memorial and its content as a catalyst for historical interpretation and for bridging the gap between the painful history of the 17th century and the present day. Such a discussion will focus first on my own historical interpretation and then the responses of others to the Memorial, before reflecting on the extent to which the historical content of a memorial can display connections over centuries and communicate this to visitors of today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adscripti glebae is a condition where peasants legally belong to a particular landholding. Its purpose was to maintain a stable labour force at the disposal of the landholder. Peasants who did not abide by this immobility requirement were termed runaways. Runaways have been episodically mentioned in medieval and early modern social history, particularly in demographic history, urban history, and histories of serfdom. Yet they have rarely been the central focus of historical studies. This paper examines the runaway on the background of the particular conditions of serfdom in the provinces of Estland and Livland. The paper describes how serfdom was practiced in these provinces, proceeds to peasant agency by considering the numerous diverse reasons for running away and outlines the reasoning behind the efforts of both nobility and government aimed at maintaining the status quo. The court records of a few extradition cases are highlighted to illustrate aspects of the issue of keeping serfs bound to the land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This nationwide retrospective cross-sectional study examines the prevalence of antipsychotic polypharmacy (APP) and demographic, forensic, and clinical factors associated with its practice among Greenlandic forensic psychiatric patients. We collected data from electronic patient files, court documents, and forensic psychiatric assessments. We defined APP as two or more concurrent prescriptions of antipsychotic medication. The study population of 74 patients had a mean age of 41.4 years, and 61 were men. All included patients had either schizophrenia or another ICD-10 F2-diagnosis. We used unpaired t-tests and Chi2 or Fisher's exact test. The prevalence of APP was 35% (n = 26), and there was a significant association between APP and a prescription of clozapine (Chi2, p = 0.010), olanzapine (Fisher's test, p = 0.003), and aripiprazole (Fisher's test, p = 0.013). Furthermore, we found a significant association between APP and prescription of a first-generation antipsychotic (FGA) (Chi2, p = 0.011). Despite recommendations in guidelines, the use of APP is common practice. The majority of forensic psychiatric patients suffer from severe psychiatric disorders, often with other comorbidities, including substance use disorder. The severity and complexity in mental health render forensic psychiatric patients at high risk of APP treatment. Further knowledge on APP use is crucial to secure and further improve the psychopharmacological treatment for this group of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aging-related vulnerabilities have long been regarded as salient factors affecting older adults' health fraud victimization. Traditional wisdom tends to focus on how victims' vulnerability facilitates victimization. Despite its insights, such a focus neglects the importance of offenders' active manipulation and exploitation of victims' vulnerability, which may lead to victim blaming. Using data collected from 233 Chinese judgment documents (the court records of the crime) and 13 interviews with secondary victims – family members or close relatives of the (primary) victims, this paper examines how three aging-related vulnerabilities, declined ability in information processing, comfort-driven social preference, and positivity-driven emotional preference, were deliberately manipulated by health fraud offenders. This study provides the latest empirical evidence on how health fraud against the elderly occurs in China and sheds new light on vulnerability manipulation from the socio-emotional selectivity theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing social media profiles, court documents and media reports, this article analyzes the Malaysian foreign fighter networks in Iraq and Syria between 2012 and 2019. It is found that the Malaysian foreign fighter phenomenon is primarily driven by charismatic personalities, i.e., influential figures who were able to attract individuals into the Middle East. The attempted movement of fighters into Iraq and Syria can be divided into three phases corresponding to three personalities; the first led by Al Qaeda linked Yazid Sufaat, the second by Ajnad al-Sham linked Lotfi Ariffin and the third by Islamic State (IS) linked Muhammad Wanndy Mohd Jedi. Contrary to popular belief, the first wave of Malaysian militants had joined Syrian-based rebel groups like Ajnad al-Sham instead of IS with the shift occurring after Lotfi Ariffin's death in September 2014. The three phases also highlight the shift in recruitment strategy from physical recruitment to the purely online sphere. A radicalization driver model of Malaysian fighters is proposed and it is argued that the two main factors that drove Malaysian fighters into the conflict zones are (1) External factors: charismatic personalities; romanticization of jihad; moral factors and ideological factors; and (2) Internal factors: discontent with the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article chronicles the early journalism career of the first Chinese American newspaperwoman, Mamie Louise Leung, who reported for the Los Angeles Record from 1926 to 1929. Despite feeling insecure about her lack of journalism experience right out of college and intimidated by the idea of a Chinese girl not standing a chance among American news writers, Leung built a journalism career that spanned five decades. She proved to be a successful newspaperwoman with her intellect, skills, ambition, hard work, and the unique asset of being ethnically Chinese. Even though she was typecast by her bylined stories as a minority reporter covering topics related to the Chinese community in Los Angeles, she took charge of reporting for the important court beat for the Record throughout her tenure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article adds significantly to the literature on the value of Chancery court documents, depositions in particular, demonstrating their worth as a source of information about early modern community relations, and collective and individual identity. Through a detailed reading of one particular late seventeenth-century case, it argues that depositions should be viewed as collaborations between plaintiffs, defendants, legal counsel and deponents. These sources are framed as communally produced and as the results of collaborations between multiple members of various overlapping community circles. Using the concept of relationality, as it is defined and deployed by scholars of life writing who note that virtually all autobiographical acts involve biographies of others, the article casts new light on the ways in which subjectivities were formed by individuals' positions in relation to others. When applied to Chancery documents, close reading practices allow us to speculatively recreate the communities from which depositions and pleadings arose and to identify instances of contextualised self-construction within deponents' representations of themselves, others, and those communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines two recent scandals of abuse and neglect of people with disabilities, namely the death of Ann Marie Smith in Australia and the Whorlton Hall scandal in Britain. The facts of both cases have been established from the formal reports and records of legislators and regulators about the scandals, supplemented by publicly-available court documents and media reports. Using high-level thematic analysis, institutional responses to the two cases are compared by examining the conclusions and recommendations of the resulting formal inquiries. The article identifies lessons from the two cases for improving the safeguarding of people with disabilities, namely for: improved information flows and coordination; strengthened legislation; processes for identifying people at risk; improved outputs of quality audits; enhanced resourcing of advocacy; and the extension of community visitor schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing histories of courtship in the long eighteenth century typically focus on it as a step on the road to marriage, exploring the rituals and emptions involved, or the consequences of frustrated courtship, such as breach of promise cases of illegitimacy. Few consider the immediate risks for unmarried women associated with courtship customs that allow or encourage premarital sex. Historians of sexual violence have identified these risks, but they rarely feature in histories of courtship. Using records from the Court of Great Sessions, this article explores the limited but tangible evidence of conjugal courtship customs in Georgian Wales, often referred to as 'bundling' or 'courtship at night'. It then interrogates records of murder and sexual assault associated with courtship to examine the blurred lines between rape and seduction, which in Wales were further complicated by courtship practices that created additional vulnerabilities for women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leakage is one of the eight warning behaviors referred to in the violence risk and threat assessment literature. Previous research has highlighted the relevance and prevalence of leakage in lone-actor terrorists; however, a more detailed understanding of this phenomenon is lacking. This study sets out to expand our knowledge of this behavior by conducting an exploratory analysis using court records relating to IS-inspired lone-actor terrorism cases in the United States. The general patterns in leakage warning behavior were analyzed, and different types of leakage were examined with regard to from whom they were leaked, how they were leaked, their presence online, and whether or not they occurred before certain types of attacks more than others. It was found that leakage in the form of support tended to be leaked most frequently to members of the public, via written text and online, whilst the leakage of intent and specifics appeared to be more regularly leaked to co-conspirators and through verbal communication that avoided the online world. Significant relationships were also found between leakage, FBI interaction and attack initiation, but no significant relationship was found between leakage and mental health. The implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the history of female leadership in contemporary Eswatini politics through the prism of Gelane Simelane Zwane as a neglected aspect of scholarship. Gelane Simelane Zwane doubled as the longest-serving female Chief of Kontshingila village and Senate President of Eswatini in recent history. This article is premised on the fact that Zwane's leadership odyssey was shaped by the intersection of gender and culture. A qualitative methodology, involving the use of newspapers, court documents, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, was employed in this study. The study reveals that, within the context of a patriarchal society, Zwane was able to shatter the 'glass ceiling' and attain political prominence in Eswatini. Consequently, she became an easy target for attacks in her enviable leadership positions that were traditionally occupied by males. She successfully navigated the slippery patriarchal terrain for decades until she was finally neutralised in a labyrinth of intractable Eswatini culture and tradition following the death of her husband in 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A coalition of Chinese, Vietnamese, and French authorities spent much of 1878–1879 putting down a thousands-strong revolt led by Li Yangcai, an officer dismissed from the Guangxi provincial army. Using Chinese and Vietnamese court records, newspapers, and memoirs, I argue that the Li Yangcai rebellion and the imperial reactions, albeit ephemeral and limited compared to other revolts and their responses in the tumultuous nineteenth century, underline the crucial element of personal connections in borderland insurgencies during the last decades of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Literature on these figures highlights how personal circumstances, particularistic connections, and the borderland setting played a key role in facilitating the growth of these small but influential insurgencies. My examination of Li Yangcai, focusing on similar elements, contributes to the growing scholarship on limited wars. Additionally, I show how the state, in addition to using official bureaucratic channels, relied on personal relationships with influential characters in the local communities to suppress the rebels. I demonstrate not only how people behaved within institutional constraints but also how the state incorporated personal ties into its institutional arsenal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to our knowledge of food habits in late medieval and early sixteenth-century England and Wales through an analysis of under-examined records of retirement agreements known as corrodies; these were struck between religious houses and individuals or married couples. Corrody texts, copied in records from the Court of Augmentations, are a rich source for patterns of consumption, particularly of beverages and foodstuffs, in the first four decades of the sixteenth century. People from a range of social backgrounds acted as careful consumers in their attempts to guarantee their preferred foods in their retirement years. These late retirement arrangements indicate an evolution of food entitlements in corrodies towards greater specificity in terms of what the corrodians were to receive. They also reflect larger food trends of this period, such as a move away from pottage and a desire to secure access to meat and other animal-derived foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chaucer's Italy: Owen, Richard. Owen further argues that Chaucer likely I met i Boccaccio, "possibly in Milan and almost certainly in Florence" (15), and Petrarch (36). Before I Chaucer's Italy i , Owen wrote I D. H. Lawrence in Italy i and I Hemingway in Italy i (Owen 2017, 2020 I ). i Perhaps the Italy of Henry James or Byron will follow. [Extracted from the article]

An outlaw pursued by the sheriff of Nottingham, Robin sought shelter in Sherwood Forest where he, along with his band of trusted followers, robbed the rich and gave to the poor. I Robin Hood: Legend and Reality i makes an important contribution to the ongoing scholarly debate on the origins of this most famous of outlaws. Crook makes his case that Wetherby was the most likely proto-Robin, his offences being so notorious that a posse had been specially hired "to seek, take and behead Robert" (p. 232). [Extracted from the article]

A memoriale, or memorandum book, kept by the Lucchese doctor, Iacopo di Coluccino (1373–1416), offers insight into informal credit practices of wealthy citizens and credit networks among ordinary people in late fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Italy, in ways not evident from studies of moneylenders' books, notarial registers or court records. Maestro Iacopo provided small amounts of credit as cash, goods or sales on credit without taking collateral or, in many cases, relying on notaries. This was possible because his credit network was confined to acquaintances and tenants, and because loans to the latter who faced difficulty had a co-operative nature. He sometimes brought legal proceedings against solvent clients to enforce debt collection. His credit network co-existed and overlapped with those of other wealthy citizens, local banks and pawnshops, and through his clients' borrowing practices, he was deeply and extensively implicated in the urban and rural economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study asks whether legitimate exercise of discretion led to the charges of corruption brought against regional Indonesian heads by the Corruption Eradication Commission during 2004–2010. This question arises in the context of the findings from numerous studies that cite two main causes for Indonesian regional governments to indulge in budgetary corruption: lack of transparency, supervision, and accountability; and uncontrolled exercise of discretion. Some studies in the literature mention how discretion can lead to corruption if abused. Based on the opinions of various experts regarding the misuse of discretion, there is a need to examine corruption and its relation to discretion. This study's significance lies in the fact that corruption studies related to discretion are rare. Using a qualitative approach by studying court decision documents and conducting in-depth interviews with several informants, three well-publicized cases are examined. The results show that the charges of corruption could not be considered legitimate discretionary measures. Rather, regional heads acted in violation of clear laws and regulations, jointly or assisted by others, for their personal benefit and not for public interest. The heads simply exceeded their statutory authority. The results also confirm that absent or inadequate accountability encourages corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the changing forms of economic relations between Jewish and Gentile residents of the Eastern Polish town of Włodawa from the 1920s to the immediate postwar years, focusing on their interactions during the German occupation of 1939 to 1944. It adopts a microhistorical approach by revealing how the proximity of the Sobibór extermination camp shaped Jewish survival strategies and dynamics of inter-ethnic relations. Drawing on local court documents and postwar testimonies, I follow the lines of communication between the camp and Włodawa and argue that widespread local knowledge of the murder of Jews at Sobibór drove the plunder and take-over of 'post-Jewish' goods and property ('mienie pożydowskie') in and around the town. By providing a new perspective on how knowledge of and encounters with mechanisms of extermination determined Jewish-Gentile interactions during the Holocaust, this article illuminates routine forms of collaboration and broadens our understanding of the genocide in rural Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of CPV cases in the last decade has become a matter of concern among researchers, who have investigated prevalence rates and factors related to this type of behavior. This study aims to analyze the criminological profile of the minors who have committed CPV compared to minors who have committed other type of crimes. The participants were 341 juveniles with a disciplinary record in the Juvenile Court of a Spanish province, whose ages ranged from 14 to 17 years old (M = 15.86, SD = 1.02). The results showed that the CPV group represented a moderate level of recidivism and the comparison group had a low risk of recidivism. The CPV group had mostly committed CPV, while the comparison group had tended to commit property crimes. The CPV group had generally served probation or confinement sentences, while the comparison group had mostly been acquitted or served probation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In January 1620, Sir George Calverley of Lea Hall, Cheshire, died intestate leaving behind him his widow, Lady Sidney Calverley, and five children. His eldest son, Hugh, aged six, was now a ward of court, the wardship falling to Prince Charles as Earl of Chester. Wardship was often problematic for widows regardless of their geographic location, but in counties where there was a particularly strong sense of community, kinship bonds and local rivalries could add an extra layer of anxiety and discord to their litigation. Lady Calverley confronted prejudice as widow, stepmother, and, being Welsh, as an outsider. Using court records and correspondence, this article examines the circumstances of Lady Calverley's case and dissects how it unfolded through and beyond Prince Charles's court of wards, an important but overlooked institution that to date has received no in-depth historical analysis. It illuminates the problems women faced in establishing themselves in close-knit communities, as well as how disadvantaged a widow could be in a patriarchal society despite the relative freedom she enjoyed as a feme sole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate on early modern European land markets investigates the involvement of kinship networks and possible links between land transfers and rural credit. In context of our project "The Role of Wealth in Defining and Constituting Kinship Spaces", I found proceedings settling post-mortem successions as well as many commercial land transactions in the court district of Sonnenburg in the Puster valley. These inheritance and purchase contracts have one thing in common: they had to be financed and often this was done by a transfer of existing liabilities secured on the land. This leads to the question of affordability. For, especially in context of a variant of impartible inheritance, succession involved assuming existing debts and new obligations with compensation payments of ceding siblings. But not all succession decisions or conveyances' terms of payment were recorded in the court books. I will complement the limited quantitative data with case studies that show the entanglement of commercial and succession related transfers to ask who had access to transfers and how they were financed. In particular, I will use case studies that reveal the importance of family money – specifically women's marriage portions – and complex negotiations in financing land transactions. Looking at financing as a social practice shows how careful planning and flexible horizontal lending structures enabled multiple land transactions in early modern Tyrol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Personality Assessment Inventory-Adolescent (PAI-A; Morey et al., 2007) is a self-report measure of personality and psychopathology appropriate for use with individuals aged 12–18. It is modeled after the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991), a measure widely used with adults in clinical and legal settings. The PAI-A assesses a variety of features that have utility in legal settings, including validity scales that assess approach to testing, clinical scales measuring common types of psychopathology, and treatment consideration scales that provide indicators of treatment motivation and other factors that may be important for predicting outcomes. The PAI-A has been included in a limited number of research studies and few of those have focused on justice-involved youths. Additionally, because juvenile court records are not typically publicly available, there is limited information about the PAI-A available in case law. This manuscript reviews the properties, strengths, and weaknesses of the PAI-A and its existing literature. Factors for mental health and legal professionals to consider in relation to the admissibility of this measure, questioning and cross-examination, and how the PAI-A may be received in court are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of the targeting of key players by law enforcement on the structure, communication strategies, and activities of a drug trafficking network. Data are extracted from judicial court documents. The unique nature of the investigation – which saw a key player being arrested mid-investigation but police monitoring continuing for another year – allows to compare the network before and after targeting. This paper combines a quantitative element where network statistics and exponential random graph models are used to describe and explain structural changes over time, and a qualitative element where the content of wiretapped conversations is analysed. After law enforcement targeting, network members favoured security over efficiency, although criminal collaboration continued after the arrest of the key player. This paper contributes to the growing literature on the efficiency-security trade-off in criminal networks, and discusses policy implications for repressive policies in illegal drug markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article uses narratology as a tool to examine the seventeenth-century witchcraft trials in Finland and the area of Finnmark, Northern Norway, to analyse how experience as a category of knowledge and expression surfaces in original court records. This article focuses on courtroom discourse in witchcraft trials: the interrogation, what the accused confessed to in terms of ideas about witchcraft, and how the personal and collective experience of witchcraft may be traced in court record narratives. A narratological approach to courtroom discourse provides an understanding of the legal practice, contextual conditions, and complexity of the entire trial. By focusing on the confession as a narrative, the analysis unearths the ideas about witchcraft expressed by the individual accused person as well as the echo of the questions posed during interrogation, but also a personalized approach traced by features of orality. Thirdly, the narrative voices that we found were used to investigate how they all contribute to the narrative by exchanging information, knowledge, and interpretation so that, eventually, they create a shared understanding of the experience of witchcraft – or lack thereof. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a study of lordship, conflict and some very unpleasant people, based on the record of a shocking crime presented at the 1293/4 Yorkshire eyre ‒ the murder of four members of the Mowbray family of Little Busby on the orders of a local magnate, Sir Nicholas Meynil of Whorlton. A fortunate wealth of sources, mainly in the form of court records, illuminates both the personalities involved and the issues that linked some and divided others, making it possible to trace their relationships in unusual detail. The killings apparently stemmed from Meynil's determination to maintain his superiority in those parts of the North Riding where he was already the principal landowner. But that determination was intensified when it interacted with conflicts at a lower level of society, with quarrels involving the Mowbrays which precipitated another violent death and something close to a vendetta. In a wider perspective, the killings and their aftermath shed light on attitudes towards vengeance, and its position with regard to law, on the importance of the eyre as a means of controlling the activities of men like Meynil, and on royal priorities in the later years of Edward I's reign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares arguments made on the streets during First Amendment audits (FAAs)—YouTubers who purposefully record the police—to the arguments made in the courts over the right to record. After examining FAAs on YouTube (N = 120), the results reveal that the arguments made on the streets reflect and differ from the arguments in case law. As such, FAAs offer insights and variations upon themes of arguments made in case law about the right to record. The results also show the police's and public officials' response to recording in public reflect the inconsistent holdings about the right to record in circuit court opinions. From these findings, I make a number of observations, which suggest that First Amendment auditors are well-versed in the law and can offer contributions to the legal debate over the right to record. I then address the expressive nature of recording by highlighting the auditor's corporeal body in the situation over the mediated dialogue seen on YouTube. I conclude with the study's implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Administrative court records are increasingly used to study the prevalence of eviction. Yet inaccuracies in court records bias estimates of eviction and distort tenants' true rental histories. This is the first study to systematically assess the prevalence of inaccuracies across jurisdictions. Drawing on over 3.6 million administrative eviction court records from 12 states, we find that, on average, 22% of eviction records contain ambiguous information on how the case was resolved or falsely represent a tenant's eviction history. Adjusting for multiple inaccuracies in the data produces significantly different eviction rate estimates. Cases with increased complexity, such as those involving multiple tenants and lawyers, are more likely to contain inaccuracies. However, inaccuracies vary most prominently between states, indicating that state court system characteristics fundamentally shape the official record of the evicted population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between the late eighteenth and mid-nineteenth century, the West Yorkshire woollen industry was one of the heartbeats of the Industrial Revolution and British prosperity on the international stage. At least until the 1830 s, much of this woollen cloth production was undertaken in a domestic or small workshop context and with a significant use of family labour. The communities that were at the heart of this industry thickened and grew. At the same time they retained a remarkable contemporary reputation for insularity and a distrust of strangers. This reputation sits at odds with the certainty that migration into, out of and around these manufacturing districts was significant. My article seeks to reconcile these two observations. Employing a large scale family reconstitution based upon parish registers, nonconformist registers, and census data (in turn linked to poor law accounts, landholding data, apprenticeship registers, manor court documents, family papers and antiquarian publications), the article argues that migrant women are the key to resolving the two different perspectives. For themselves, husbands, daughters, sons, grandchildren, brothers and sisters, the work, connections and cultural and economic networking of migrant women facilitated the integration of 'strangers' in these dynamic areas of proto-industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widowhood has been a strongly gendered experience, and elderly widows, in particular, have traditionally been seen as one of the most vulnerable groups in society. This article observes remarriage behaviour and widows' living conditions in the Russian Baltic province of Livland in the post-emancipation era. Detailed findings are presented for one community in the parish of Paistu and two communities in the parish of Helme. The article combines cross-sectional and longitudinal population data with community court records. The article aims to show that if the economic situation of the widowed people improved in the post-emancipation era, older widows (>40) increasingly used possible alternatives to remarriage. The area of investigation was characterised by low propensity to remarry (less than 20%) and the likelihood of remarriage among the landless diminished over the course of the nineteenth century, but among landholding peasants, the decline became more pronounced in the second half of the century. The vast majority of the farmer widows and over half of the landless widows lived with their children, unmarried or married. The upkeep of the elderly was arranged through intergenerational cohabitation both among the farmers and the landless. Court records indicate that farmers' widows were properly provided for and, if the children happened to be reluctant, the court compelled them to fulfil their legal obligations to their mother or stepmother. The average number of years spent in widowhood was 19 years and approximately 60% of all women widowed between 1834 and 1885 lived longer than 65 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2000, city residents of Wichita Falls, Texas, who were members of a church sought removal of the two children's books Heather Has Two Mommies and Daddy's Roommate from the children's section of the public library due to the books' depiction of homosexuality, eventually leading to the federal court case Sund v. City of Wichita Falls, Texas. Using an in-depth case study approach and going beyond a review of the court documents, the author uses qualitative interviews with individuals connected to the court case to gather more in-depth information regarding events surrounding this case of censorship in public libraries and investigate the phenomenon of librarians acting as censors themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examining the relationship between social media, anti-gender and everyday polarisation, this article identifies the ways social media platforms reflect the mundane amidst the interactions of users over social and political issues, showing how micro-stories can foreground macro-political tensions online. We examine a Twitter event over an outing that showed vigorous debates on issues pertaining to gender and its socio-political connotations in Turkey, employing textual and content analyses of reactions shared through hashtags and mentions. The outing involved a child custody battle in court and a secret recording, exposing the sexual identity of a woman popstar #Intizar. The paper shows how Twitter facilitated conservative, homophobic and patriarchal reactions that harnessed deep political polarisation between the AKP government's supporters and those declaring solidarity with LGBTI+ issues. A mundane divorce story exhibited the deep political tension in Turkey, which also exemplifies the depth of increasing online polarisation over gender on a global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 1917 copyright lawsuit over sheet music pursuant to the Original Dixieland Jazz Band's first commercially successful record revealed challenges in determining legal authorial attribution and ownership for musicians more accustomed to communal creative processes. The case unearthed a network of at least ten eligible musicians, but it was eventually dismissed, such that no musician could be legally recognized as author – a decision that left many wondering: who created "Livery Stable Blues"? By examining extant court documents, this article demonstrates how distributed authorship models can facilitate more acute understandings of creative processes in early blues and jazz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1998, a group of adult library patrons and individuals in Loudoun County, Virginia, brought a suit against library trustees, board members, and the director of the county's public library, claiming that the library's use of Internet blocking software was an infringement on their First Amendment rights, leading to the federal court case Mainstream Loudoun v. Board of Trustees of the Loudoun County Library (1998). Using an in-depth case study approach and going beyond a review of the court documents, the author uses a series of qualitative interviews with individuals connected to the court case to gather more in-depth information regarding events surrounding this case of censorship in public libraries and investigate the phenomenon of librarians acting as censors themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the burgh court records of Aberdeen to explore the material culture of medieval Scottish townspeople. Four main areas are explored: the use of pawning and pledges to facilitate commercial transactions and maintain solvency; the practice of distraint as a means of coercion and debt recovery; the passage of burgesses' moveable goods to their heirs; and the significance of clothing in public display. Precious metal objects featured prominently among the goods deployed to enable their owners to fulfil their obligations although the poor sometimes had to part with the most basic goods. For some in Aberdeen, the sixteenth century saw a rise in ownership of luxuries, including expensive clothes, although this may not have spread to ordinary people in town and country, and possession itself was, for some, insecure. Nonetheless it is clear that Scotland participated in the growing consumerism evident elsewhere in later medieval and Renaissance Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing upon data from field interviews, court records, and media and NGO reports, this article examines Russian cases claiming LGBT discrimination in domestic courts and at the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). The ECtHR has provided a less homophobic venue than Russia's domestic courts for such claims, but its judgments have had little effect in Russia. We argue that the Russian case illustrates a paradox in the domestic politics of international human rights litigation. Activists from domestic contexts where discrimination is most prevalent are most likely to make successful claims in international human rights courts, while in those same contexts, informal discriminatory norms are likely to be strongest, resulting in those international court decisions having the least impact on the ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the trial of Anders Poulsen, an old Sámi shaman who was brought before the court in a witchcraft trial in Finnmark, Norway in 1692, at the very end of a century with severe witchcraft persecution in that area. Poulsen was accused of having owned and used a shaman's drum, and he was interrogated about the drum's symbols. Through a detailed analysis of the court records, it is argued that the context of a severe criminal trial might have influenced Poulsen's explanation. His full knowledge as an experienced shaman did not come to the fore in his confession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern scholarly interest in Jan Dismas Zelenka (1679–1745) tends to focus on his compositional activities, while an understanding of his contribution as a contrabassist to the Dresden Hofkapelle during his first decade of service to Saxon Elector and King of Poland Augustus the Strong (1670–1733) remains substantially incomplete. This article examines how this second decade of the eighteenth century saw significant change to the Dresden bass section and orchestra as a whole, through a move away from engaging multi-instrumentalists to those specializing on a single instrument, the arrival of a new wave of internationally trained personnel and transition to new instrument types. Archival sources of the Dresden court record many details about individual employment and changes to the Hofkapelle's size and administration from its reestablishment in 1709 (after being briefly disbanded). Drawing on these primary sources, this article reconstructs aspects of the careers of Zelenka and his colleagues in the contrabass section, and concludes that Zelenka's activities as a contrabassist in Dresden should be viewed as a key part of a larger plan by the court to modernize the orchestra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the immediate period before the Reformation, the most fundamental belief was of the sacred power of God sustaining and keeping safe the natural world, a supernatural God. Yet there were other supernatural angelic and demonic beings, and also people who were locally known as being holy folk, healers, magicians, cunning folk – and witches. This article examines links between the ideas of Luther and witchcraft allegations in the Midlands. It commences with a discussion of the opinions of Luther on witchcraft and magic during the Reformation in Germany and then moves to examine the increasing fear of witchcraft in the English Midlands. Early modern court records and other primary sources for the East Midlands are surveyed, to show how ideas on witchcraft move over space and time and give a clearer picture of the existence of witchcraft in the Midlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juvenile recidivism risk assessment can be used to explore the specific risk factors that lead minors to commit crimes. The majority of minors have a limited relationship with the judicial system, but a few reoffend into adulthood. The aims of this study are to examine serious reoffenders' criminal trajectories and explore youth and adult recidivism. The participants comprise 260 juveniles aged from 14 to 18 years (M = 16.5, SD = 1.0) with a disciplinary record in the juvenile court of a Spanish province, who were sentenced to educational measures involving probation and confinement to a juvenile detention centre. Youth and adult recidivism was recorded over a follow-up period lasting from 1.5 to 6 years. The results show a profile of serious reoffenders with a moderate level of recidivism risk that increases during the follow-up period. Crimes against property were the most frequently committed, and juveniles who begin their criminal trajectories with this type of crime tend to reoffend into adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intimate partner homicides (IPH) are fatal violent attacks perpetrated by intimate partners. Research has indicated that substance use can co-occur in IPH. This study investigates the role of substance influence at the time of the crime and the prevalence of substance use in these cases. All IPHs in Norway from 1990–2012 (N = 177) were included. Quantitative data were extracted from court documents. Information concerning risk factors was drawn from three validated risk assessment instruments. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. For IPH committed by a substance-influenced perpetrator, there was an increased risk of the victim being substance influenced as well (OR = 11.697, CI = 4.259 – 31.631). Similarly, there was an association between perpetrators' type of influence at the time of the crime and perpetrators' substance misuse in general. Blood alcohol or other toxins were present in half of the perpetrators and 41% of the victims. Our results point to an association between IPH and substance use which needs to be established. Hence, this will have clinical and policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the risk of research exposing people with an immigrant background in criminal court cases to Internet-based racist persecution, due to mismanagement of general ethical guidelines. The principle of informed consent, ideally serving to protect people under study from harm may, in fact, cause them more harm due to the interest among certain Internet-based networks of spreading identifiable, degrading information. Arguments are based on ethically challenging experiences from two ethnographic research projects carried out in Swedish district court environments, focused on immigrant court cases. Ethical advice provided by ethical review boards and established research guidelines, were based on an unawareness of the potentially destructive rendezvous in media attractive immigrant court cases between 'ethically informed' research, crime journalism, freedom of information legislation and 'Internet vigilantes' on a quest to persecute court participants and their families in the global digital arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses 75 matching pairs of probate inventories and supporting documents belonging to married men and their widows to investigate women's unpaid income-generating work within the household economy of rural and small town England between 1534 and 1699. The inventories are drawn from seven localities: county Durham, Cheshire, Chesterfield in Derbyshire, Stratford-upon-Avon, east Kent, Devon, and Cornwall, and are supplemented with evidence from wills and probate accounts. Evidence of work is inferred from the goods listed in the probate inventories. By examining widows' household economies in comparison to the economies of the marital household they shared with their husband, it is possible to discern not only those forms of work women felt able to manage independently during widowhood, but also to suggest their work activities during marriage. Widows' most common form of work activity was agriculture, followed by food processing and textile production. Widows also worked in retailing and inn- and tavern-keeping. Money-lending was the only activity that was more common in widows' inventories than the inventories of married men. While some women shared expertise with their husband, and continued very similar forms of work during widowhood, many women had their own occupations distinct from their husband's work. Widows' inventories record less valuable moveable assets than married men's inventories, and contain less evidence of work; this is explained largely by some widows' old age and widows' lack of property in comparison to married men. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

While there is now a rich and varied literature on the 'archival turn' in other disciplines, legal scholars have had relatively little to say about their own approach to archival materials, their conceptualisation of the archive, or the ethical implications of their work. This article draws on my own engagement with the records of land commissions and courts in Solomon Islands to consider the insights that might be gained from attending not only to the content of the archive nor even to its form, but to both the allure of the archive and the anxiety it induces. I suggest that paying attention to the affective dimensions of archival work casts new light on the ethical aspects of accessing, using, and interpreting court records. Furthermore, it draws attention to legal scholars' own investments in the archive, and the quiet, mundane, and epistemic violence of the law that might otherwise go unnoticed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the social conditions experienced by Aboriginal people in Sydney, Australia, focusing on the experiences of the urban Indigenous woman Agnes Jones and her interactions with the criminal justice system from 1909 to 1939. Topics include the marginalization of some Aboriginal people by Europeans, court records, police harassment, charges of vagrancy, and Agnes' living conditions and use of aliases.