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There is a close relationship between taboo, marketing and consumption. Taboos place limits on our ability to access and make use of certain objects, services, ideas and experiences. Similarly, researching taboo topics comes with its own limitations and proscriptions and needs to be handled with care and empathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Krugman and King (2000) studied 14 magazines containing cigarette advertisements. Assuming one insertion in each of the magazines, they found that approximately 66.1% of teens would be reached by these magazines an average of 2.1 times. The current study shows that 41.4% of teens likely would see one or more of a typical cigarette brand's advertisements in these publications, and 2.7% would see three or more. Therefore, reducing cigarette advertising in these magazines would be likely to have little effect on teen smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common message in e-cigarette advertising is that e-cigarettes can be used anywhere. E-cigarette advertisements often express this message implicitly (e.g., "Whenever, wherever") alongside images of e-cigarettes that physically resemble combustible cigarettes. These implicit messages and "cigalike" images may cross-cue combustible cigarette smoking cognitions and behavior. This exploratory study was a 2 (message form: implicit or explicit e-cigarette use anywhere message) by 2 (presence or absence of e-cigarette cue) experiment with U.S. adult smokers (n = 2,201). Participants were randomized to view e-cigarette advertisements that varied by study condition. Three combustible cigarette outcomes were investigated: smoking cessation intention, smoking urges, and immediate smoking behavior. Mediation analysis was also performed to investigate mechanisms of the message form effect through descriptive and normative beliefs about smoking. Compared to its explicit counterpart, the implicit e-cigarette use anywhere message evoked greater smoking urges. Participants exposed to the implicit message also perceived cigarette smoking to be more prevalent and, in turn, reported greater cessation intention. There was no evidence of e-cigarette cue or message form × cue interaction effects. Implicit e-cigarette use anywhere messages may create a predisposition towards smoking compared to their explicitly written counterparts, but whether this effect undermines cessation deserves further attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the controversy surrounding the advertising of tobacco and alcohol products concerns the impact on young people. Eye tracking was used to determine how a large sample of adolescents attend to print ads for cigarettes, beer, and other products. In particular, the time spent viewing the ads, the percentages attending to mandated and voluntary warning messages, and the time spent viewing those messages were analyzed. The two cigarette ads had similar mandated warnings but produced very different results, thus demonstrating the importance of conducting warnings research in the context in which the warnings will be used. Finally, preliminary results based on eye tracking indicate that in the beer ad, the voluntary message encouraging responsible drinking had limited warning value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author assesses young children's abilities to recognize cigarette brand advertising symbols and to identify adults as the appropriate target market for cigarettes. She used nonverbal measures in interviews with children three to eight years of age to assess how recognition of cigarette brand advertising symbols is related to age, cognitive developmental level, children's affect toward cigarettes, children's evaluation of cigarettes, and children's ability to identify adults as the appropriate target market for cigarettes. The results show that recognition of cigarette brand advertising symbols increases with age, as does overall recognition of brand advertising symbols in general. Regardless of age, cognitive developmental level, or recognition scores, children reported not liking cigarettes, believing cigarettes are "bad for you" and finding children to be an inappropriate target market for cigarettes. Findings are discussed in terms of social science and public policy, and in terms of the implications for cognitive development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The final issue of the Journal of Advertising for 1993 contains a series of editorials about tobacco advertising. The series is keyed by Jean Boddewyn with responses from Lawrence Soley and Richard Pollay. Certainly the issue raised by Boddewyn concerning the appropriate venue for this type of research has been discussed and challenged in that series. However, the response from Pollay goes beyond the issue of where smoking/advertising related research should be published. The Pollay editorial raises additional issues for debate and contains some "facts" which call for correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ethnic segmentation of the cigarette market is currently controversial, but not a new phenomenon. A census of 540 cigarette ads from 1950-1965 Ebony magazines, compared to a matched sample from Life, reveals segmented and segregated advertising toward black consumers. The ads in Ebony eventually featured black models almost exclusively, primarily professional athletes. Despite endorsements from black athletes and musicians also famous to white audiences, none of these appeared in the Life ads. On average, the segregated advertising was two to three years tardy in offering filtered products to black consumers, suggesting that appeals to black pride were not without prejudice. Potential reasons for these historical results are discussed, as are current practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of new warning labels presenting information on specific research on the hazards of smoking recently has been developed by policy makers. The overall objective of the new series is to generate a response of belief in the risks of smoking and, ultimately, to influence smoking behavior. This investigation explores the perceived believability of the warning label information among young adults and suggests a number of implications from the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The movement to curb the advertising of alcoholic beverages is growing and continuing to propose various methods of regulating or eliminating alcoholic beverage advertising. This outcry is similar to the movement to curb cigarette advertising which culminated in banning cigarette advertising from the broadcast media. This paper examines (1) the issues surrounding the ban on cigarette advertising and the implications of that decision, (2) the issues surrounding alcoholic beverage advertising, and (3) the implications of the cigarette advertising ban for alcoholic beverage advertising. Based upon the analysis, the final section describes consumer, industry, and government strategies for responding to the controversy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given plans to extend its regulatory authority to e-cigarettes, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) urgently needs to understand how e-cigarettes are perceived by the public.Objectives: To examine how smoking status impacts adult perceptions and expectations of e-cigarettes.Methods: We used Mechanical Turk (MTurk), a "crowdsourcing" platform, to rapidly survey a large (n = 796; female = 381; male = 415), diverse sample of adult ever (44%) and never smokers (56%), including ever (28%) and never (72%) users of e-cigarettes.Results: Smokers and non-smokers learned about e-cigarettes primarily through the internet and conversations with others. Ever smokers were more likely than never smokers, and female current smokers were more likely than female former smokers, to have learned about e-cigarettes from point of sale advertising (p's < 0.05) and to believe that e-cigarettes help smokers quit (ps < 0.05). Among never users of e-cigarettes, current smokers were more likely than never smokers and former smokers to report that they would try e-cigarettes in the future (ps < 0.01). Current smokers' top reason for wanting to try e-cigarettes was to quit or reduce smoking (56%), while never and former smokers listed curiosity. In contrast, female current smokers' top reason for not trying e-cigarettes was health and safety concerns (44%) while males were deterred by expense (44%).Conclusions: Adult smokers and non-smokers have different perceptions and expectations of e-cigarettes. Public health messages regarding e-cigarettes may need to be tailored separately for persons with and without a history of using conventional cigarettes. Tailoring messages by gender within smoker groups may also improve their impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have gained popularity in the United States, and marketers are using advertising to recruit new users to their products. Despite outright bans on traditional cigarette advertisements, e-cigarettes have no specific regulations. This study uses framing theory to explore the themes in e-cigarette advertisements. Also, practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This research advances and tests a normative mediation model of media effects on youth smoking. The model predicts that exposure to various types of smoking-related media messages, including anti-smoking ads, cigarette ads, and smoking scenes in movies and television shows, exerts indirect effects on youth smoking intentions through the mediation of perceived descriptive and injunctive norms. Analysis of the data from the 3rd Legacy Media Tracking Survey offers general support for the proposed model with some unexpected findings, revealing a complex picture of media influence on youth smoking via normative and non-normative mechanisms. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Visual depictions of vaping in electronic cigarette advertisements may serve as smoking cues to smokers and former smokers, increasing urge to smoke and smoking behavior, and decreasing self-efficacy, attitudes, and intentions to quit or abstain. After assessing baseline urge to smoke, 301 daily smokers, 272 intermittent smokers, and 311 former smokers were randomly assigned to view three e-cigarette commercials with vaping visuals (the cue condition) or without vaping visuals (the no-cue condition), or to answer unrelated media use questions (the no-ad condition). Participants then answered a posttest questionnaire assessing the outcome variables of interest. Relative to other conditions, in the cue condition, daily smokers reported greater urge to smoke a tobacco cigarette and a marginally significantly greater incidence of actually smoking a tobacco cigarette during the experiment. Former smokers in the cue condition reported lower intentions to abstain from smoking than former smokers in other conditions. No significant differences emerged among intermittent smokers across conditions. These data suggest that visual depictions of vaping in e-cigarette commercials increase daily smokers’ urge to smoke cigarettes and may lead to more actual smoking behavior. For former smokers, these cues in advertising may undermine abstinence efforts. Intermittent smokers did not appear to be reactive to these cues. A lack of significant differences between participants in the no-cue and no-ad conditions compared to the cue condition suggests that visual depictions of e-cigarettes and vaping function as smoking cues, and cue reactivity is the mechanism through which these effects were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The authors investigated the potential for antismoking advertising to generate interpersonal pressure on smokers to quit using the Cancer Institute NSW's Tobacco Tracking Survey, a telephone tracking survey of adult smokers conducted throughout the year with approximately 50 interviews per week (N = 5,448). The survey includes questions relating to recently broadcast antismoking advertisements, including whether smokers have received pressure from family and friends as a result of their seeing the advertisements. The authors conducted multivariate logistic regression analyses to predict: (a) receiving ad-stimulated interpersonal pressure; and (b) quitting outcomes. All analyses controlled for smoker characteristics and potential exposure to the advertisements. Compared with ads coded as having a low level of emotion (by independent coders), ads coded as highly emotional were more likely to have generated interpersonal pressure. Ad-stimulated interpersonal pressure was associated with an increased likelihood of recent quit attempts and with salient quitting thoughts, with a greater effect on quitting thoughts for interpersonal pressure generated by highly and moderately emotional ads. These results support previous research suggesting that highly emotional antismoking ads with personal stories or graphic imagery are effective in promoting smoking cessation, and these results help to identify communication processes that contribute to the ads' success. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and identify correlates of current cigarette use among 8470 school-going adolescents (aged 11 to 18 years) in South Africa. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2008 in South Africa within the framework of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Overall prevalence of current cigarette smoking was 16.5%. Significantly, more male students (22.8%) than female students (10.5%) were current smokers (p < 0.001). Among boys and girls, cigarette smoking was positively associated with (a) being male, (b) parental and/or peer smoking, and (c) the perception of risks. Among girls, cigarette smoking was positively associated with attitudes variables (i.e., having more friends among girls, attractiveness among boys and weight change) and various higher exposures to smoking advertising and promotion activities. However, anti-smoking advertising and community and family education were positively associated with current smoking, while only having school or community special groups or classes for students who want to stop smoking was protective of smoking. Cigarette smoking and other tobacco use is a significant public health problem in South Africa. Public health efforts aimed to prevent adolescent cigarette/tobacco use should incorporate knowledge on the associated factors related to smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined Philadelphia Puerto Ricans' interpretations of the Surgeon General's warnings that appear on cigarette packaging and in advertisements. In-home family focus groups in which participants were asked to comment on magazine cigarette advertisements showed a great variety of interpretations of the legally mandated warning labels. These findings (a) corroborate and add to research in public health and communications regarding the possibility of wide variations in message interpretations and (b) support the call for public health messages to be carefully tested for effectiveness among different social groups. The article's focus on Puerto Ricans addresses the problem of misleading conclusions that can arise from aggregating all Latino subpopulations into one group. The use of a naturalistic setting to examine interpretations of messages about smoking departs from the experimental methods typically used for such research and provides new evidence that even a seemingly straightforward message can be interpreted in multiple ways. Understanding and addressing differences in message interpretation can guide public health campaigns aimed at reducing health disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses state-level US panel data to examine the effects of cigarette advertising on smoking. We disaggregate cigarette advertising into (1) print, (2) outdoor, (3) entertainment and (4) store. How does advertising persist over time across advertising media? Are there differences in effectiveness of advertising across different smoking rates? Results show that the price elasticity of cigarette demand is negative and within the range of recent estimates, whereas border price elasticities and income elasticities are positive. All elasticities, however, are uniquely sensitive to smoking rates, as is the effectiveness of the Master Settlement Agreement. Current aggregate advertising increases cigarette demand, whereas accompanying negative advertising takes hold in the third year. Upon disaggregation, current store advertising increases smoking in most cases. However, store advertising has a negative effect by the third year, especially in states with smoking rates at or above the median. Other advertising media have weak or no effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how the sexual imagery in cigarette magazine advertisements changed as a result of the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement (MSA). After conducting a content analysis of 657 unduplicated cigarette ads from 1994 to 2003, our results revealed that cigarette advertisements featuring suggestive/partially clad female models increased significantly from the pre-MSA period (16.0%) to the post-MSA period (24.9%). In addition, we provide empirical evidence that there was an overall increase in sexually explicit cigarette advertising after the MSA. Several implications for policymakers are discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco studies indicate that health-related information in cigarette advertising leads consumers to underestimate the detrimental health effects of smoking and contributes to their smoking-related perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes. This study examined the frequencies and kinds of implicit health information in cigarette advertising across five distinct smoking eras covering the years 1954-2003. Analysis of 1,135 cigarette advertisements collected through multistage probability sampling of three popular consumer magazines found that the level of implicit health information (i.e., 'light' cigarette, cigarette pack color, verbal and visual health cues, cigarette portrayals, and human model-cigarette interaction) in post-Master Settlement Agreement [MSA] era ads is similar to the level in ads from early smoking eras. Specifically, 'light' cigarettes were frequently promoted, and presence of light colors in cigarette packs seemed dominant after the probroadcast ban era. Impressionistic verbal health cues (e.g., soft, mild, and refreshing) appeared more frequently in post-MSA era ads than in pre-MSA era ads. Most notably, a majority of the cigarette ads portrayed models smoking, lighting, or offering a cigarette to others. The potential impact of implicit health information is discussed in the contexts of social cognition and Social Cognitive Theory. Policy implications regarding our findings are also detailed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined a proposed mechanism by which exposure to cigarette advertising may mediate the subsequent smoking of youth. We hypothesized that children's exposure to cigarette advertising leads them to overestimate the prevalence of smoking, and that these distorted perceptions, in turn, lead to increased intentions to smoke. Children in Finland, where there has been a total tobacco advertising ban since 1978, were compared with children in the United States at a time when tobacco advertising was ubiquitous. Samples of 477 8- to 14-year-old Helsinki students and 453 8- to 14-year-old Los Angeles students whose lifetime cigarette use consisted of no more than a puff of a cigarette were administered questionnaires in their classrooms. The primary hypothesis was confirmed. Los Angeles youth were significantly more likely than Helsinki youth to overestimate the prevalence of adult smoking, in spite of the fact that actual adult smoking prevalence in Helsinki was almost twice that of Los Angeles adults. A similar, significant pattern for perceived peer smoking was obtained, with Los Angeles youth being more likely than Helsinki youth to overestimate prevalence, in spite of the actual greater prevalence of youth smoking in Helsinki. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the impact of antismoking advertisements in countermarketing cigarette advertising is equivocal. Although many studies examined how different message appeal types influence people's attitudes and behavior, there have been few studies that have explored the mechanism of how individuals attend to and remember antismoking information. This study examined how message attributes of antismoking TV ads (frame, appeal type, and outcome extremity) interacted to influence people's attention (secondary task reaction time) and memory (recognition). Antismoking public service announcements were chosen that were either loss- or gain-framed, had either a health or social appeal, or had either a more or less extreme outcome described in the message. Among the key findings were that loss-framed messages with more extreme outcomes required the most processing resources (i.e., had the slowest secondary task reaction times) and were the best remembered (i.e., were best recognized). These findings indicate ways that different message attributes affect individuals' cognitive processing, and they are discussed in light of prior framing and persuasion research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. In 2002, the First Conference on Menthol Cigarettes brought together researchers from diverse backgrounds to summarize what is known about menthol cigarettes and the people who smoke them, and to identify areas of needed research on menthol cigarettes. Since the conference, PubMed reports 24 articles, including the conference proceedings, on menthol cigarettes and African Americans. Many of the articles address epidemiological or biomedical topics. While there has been some focus on social influences and marketing issues, more research and a greater focus on this topic are needed. Design. To stimulate research on a population disproportionately burdened by the health effects of smoking, we conducted small-group discussions in 2005 with adult African American smokers in Atlanta, Georgia. Each group discussion focused on a different topic: smoking behavior and preferences, perceptions of social influences, health effects and perceived harmfulness of menthol, quitting menthol cigarette smoking, or the influence of marketing and advertising of menthol cigarettes. Results. Themes emerged from the discussions: (1) emulation of black culture by white youth and racial integration of neighborhoods and communities may have modified the perception that African Americans smoke menthol cigarettes and whites smoke non-menthol cigarettes; (2) non-menthol cigarette smokers were thought to be 'hardcore' smokers with less interest in quitting; (3) switching to non-menthol cigarettes was discussed as a way of quitting cigarettes for habitual menthol smokers; and, (4) smoking menthol cigarettes was thought to lead to fewer negative health effects. Conclusion. Some topics suggested by the participants warrant further investigation. More research is needed to assess the pervasiveness of these beliefs and their potential utility for smoking cessation interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the role that personal values plays in motivating Taiwanese adolescents to smoke. In a nationwide survey of high school students, smokers attached greater importance to hedonic gratification values and less importance to idealism values than did nonsmokers. Hedonic gratification values were associated with favorable attitudes toward smoking, while idealism values were associated with unfavorable attitudes toward smoking. Attitudes toward smoking predicted adolescent smoking behavior. Evidence suggested that advertising plays an important role in motivating adolescents with hedonic gratification values to smoke. First, in the survey, hedonic gratification values were associated with paying attention to and expressing favorable attitudes toward cigarette advertising. Second, a content analysis of cigarette ads in magazines found hedonic gratification values to be the most commonly portrayed values, occurring in 62.7% of ads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the efforts to restrict the televised advertisement of cigarettes and alcohol in the United States from 1950s to 1980s. It focuses on three discrete episodes in the history of broadcast advertising regulation: first, a failed movement in the 1950s to ban alcohol advertising; second, a movement in the 1960s to regulate cigarette marketing; and third, a reawakened campaign in the 1970s and 1980s to curb alcohol marketing. It concludes that the attack on broadcast cigarette and alcohol advertising's appeal to children was a distillation of a broader critique of the values promoted by consumer marketing and mass media.

In two studies, adolescents and adults were shown a series of cigarette advertisements and asked to respond to a variety of questions concerning aspects of the Cigarette Advertising and Promotion Code, specifically, their perceptions of the ages of the models in the ads and of whether the ads depicted smoking as essential to sexual attraction or essential to success. For many of the ads, especially ads for brands most popular among youth, a majority of the participants perceived the models to be less than 25 years old. A majority also perceived many of the ads to depict smoking as essential to sexual attraction or essential to success. Thus, despite their public pledge, the tobacco companies routinely violate a variety of aspects of the Cigarette Advertising and Promotion Code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the Ad-Deconstruction Project designed to provide students with the media or visual literacy needed to deconstruct and reconstruct cigarette advertising. Issues related to cigarette smoking which were explored by the students; Information on studies that reveal an increase in the number of teenagers in the U.S. who smoke; Connections between cigarette advertising and activist art.

This paper provides an econometric analysis of the effects of cigarette price and advertising changes stemming from the United States Tobacco Settlement of 1998. This is done by estimation of a demand function for cigarettes, based on data from both before and after the Settlement. The model is estimated using monthly time series data for the period 1990-2000. Results show that the increase in cigarette prices stemming from the Settlement reduced per capita cigarette consumption in the USA by 8.3%. However, the cigarette companies also increased advertising in the years immediately preceding and following the Settlement. This study estimates that this increased advertising partially offsets the effects of the higher prices, increasing cigarette consumption by 2.7 to 4.7%, and hence blunting the effects of the price increase by 33-57%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the effect of advertising expenditure on market shares of the seven leading firms in the Indonesian cigarette industry using recent advances in time series analysis, namely the error correction model. Own and rival's advertising elasticities for the short run and long run are estimated. In addition, the 'durability' of advertising effects is estimated. Empirical results show that the effect of advertising on market shares is relatively short-lived, appearing to be substantially depreciated within one year for all firms. It is also found that advertising is less effective for foreign firms in the Indonesian market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined Congressional testimony concerning regulation of tobacco advertising by 3 policy factions representing industry, government, and lay activists. On the basis of the cultural theory of risk, policy disputants were divided into entrepreneurial, bureaucratic, and egalitarian communities, each with a distinct cosmology that impedes discourse among the groups. The authors examined ways in which the 3 policy factions framed the tobacco advertising issues to see the extent to which such unique cosmologies were expressed or whether mutual frames might signal opportunities for negotiation among the interest groups. Major themes in the testimony were identified through semantic network analysis and clustering of associated words that revealed discourse patterns peculiar to each group and reflective of their cultural biases toward health risk. Semantic network analysis can be a tool to clarify these presuppositions and unmask relations among factions, thereby bridging policy solutions across interest groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One process through which tobacco advertising may work is by reducing rates of quitting. Theories of addiction support the notion that relapse can be prompted by environmental cues. Further, because withdrawal symptoms occur over a predictable time frame, and because the most popular time to quit smoking is the beginning of the year, as a New Year's resolution, tobacco companies can make use of advertising to remind quitters of their need to smoke. Study 1 examined advertising in 10 popular magazines. It found a higher number of ads in January and February than the rest of the year after 1984. Study 2 examined cigarette advertising on the back cover of 10 other popular magazines. This study also found a higher rate of cigarette advertisements in January and February than for the rest of the year. The results suggest that cigarette marketers may be attempting to preempt quitting by cuing smoking behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the shift from pipe to cigarette smoking in Australia from World War I to the 1950s; challenges the assumption that women were the major source of the rising popularity of cigarette smoking; questions, through a content analysis of themes in cigarette advertisements in major newspapers, the impact on smoking patterns of mass advertising before the 1950s; and shows the rising importance of roll-your-own cigarette consumption as a sign of masculine and working-class identity and as an adaptation to modern urban life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cigarette smoking is a major preventable cause of serious chronic disease. The majority of smokers begin smoking during their adolescent years. Print cigarette advertising plays an influential role in encouraging young people to smoke. Eight hundred and forty-three middle/junior high-school-aged students from a large mid western metropolitan area participated in this study of adolescents' recognition of and belief in messages associated with print cigarette advertising. Results indicated no significant difference between smokers and nonsmokers in their recognition of messages associated with print cigarette advertising. However, smokers and non smokers differed significantly in the degree to which they believed the messages communicated by print cigarette advertising. Consistent with social cognitive theory, students who smoke at least occasionally were more likely to believe messages conveyed by print cigarette ads than were students who had never smoked. Implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed, including specification of guidelines for effective counteradvertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A perceptual bias , the third person effect , has been observed where individuals believe themselves to differ from others regarding the perceived influence of media messages . Given the frequency with which youth encounter prosmoking messages and the reported negative effects of these messages , it is of value to study whether youth perceive cigarette advertisements to influence themselves and their friends and peers . This study examined the associations between exposure to social and infor mation prosmoking environments , the perceived influence of cigarette advertisements on self , best friends , and other youth , and smoking susceptibility . A sample of 571 seventh graders completed surveys on tobacco advertisements and promotions . Using Student's-t, chi-square, ANOVA tests and proportional odds models , we found significant associations between perceived influence of cigarette advertisements and exposure to social and information prosmoking environments as well as smoking susceptibility . These data suggest that youth be taught that everyone is vulnerable to the tobacco industry's strategies and be given skills to resist pro-smoking advertising . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warnings in cigarette advertisements have been the principal method mandated by the federal government to educate consumers about the risks of smoking . Warnings have been required in all cigarette ads for 30 years and have remained largely unchanged during this time . The current warning program was neither developed nor implemented with specific communication goals in mind . Instead , it was negotiated by the government and tobacco industry representatives . The warning program has served the tobacco industry well by providing it with a key argument in tobacco litigation : "We warned you." It has , however , failed as a public health strategy , since much research has shown that the current warnings are ineffective communication devices . If Congress is to be effective in its efforts to educate consumers about the risks of smoking , it needs to rethink the warning strategy while making use of knowledge regarding how warnings work . The paper draws from current studies in order to develop realistic cigarette warning objectives and points out the considerations necessary to create such warnings . To be effective , warnings must be developed , targeted , tested , and revised over time . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the relationship between cigarette advertising and editorial content in Essence magazine, which targets the African American female market. Magazines generate a large percentage of their revenue from advertising. Because many magazines compete for limited advertising dollars, advertisers have the power to exert both explicit and implicit influence on editorial content. Therefore, I hypothesize that (a) Essence magazine's level of cigarette advertising is negatively correlated with the amount of coverage of health issues associated with the hazards of tobacco use, and that (b) cigarette-smoking-related diseases discussed in Essence will not be linked to tobacco use more often than they will. Content analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Results support both hypotheses. As occurs with mainstream women's magazines. Essence magazine's acceptance of cigarette advertising is negatively correlated with publication of information about health hazards associated with tobacco use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kalman filter estimates of price, income and advertising elasticities are presented. An analysis of structural change in the demand for cigarettes in the US for the period 1929-86 is made. Estimated price and income elasticities are generally smaller, and the advertising elasticity larger, than estimates previously found. Cigarette demand is inelastic with respect to price and income, and advertising elasticity is statistically insignificant for the most part. Furthermore, both income and price elasticities decline over time while advertising elasticity tends to rise. Four time periods where structural change has occurred are identified. The health scare reports and the Fairness Doctrine Act have a significant impact on per capita cigarette consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the use of de-facto cigarette advertisements in feature films in the U.S. Efforts of circumventing federal regulations; Avoidance of mandated warnings on advertising; Concern over the endorsement of popular celebrities in special placements.

A correction is presented to the article “Tobacco and Water”: Testing the Health Halo Effect of Natural American Spirit Cigarette Ads and Its Relationship with Perceived Absolute Harm and Use Intentions” which appeared in the June, 2021 issue.

This paper investigates the effects of cigarette advertising restrictions on the price of cigarettes in OECD countries. Using data from 1964 through 1990, we find that outright proscription of advertising does not influence the price of cigarettes. On the other hand, restrictions placed on advertising actually reduce the price of cigarettes. The results reinforce those of Stewart (International Journal of Advertising, 12, 1993) and suggest that public policy directed at cigarette advertising may not be a good vehicle to dissuade cigarette consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an abstract of the study on `The Assessment of Adolescents' Evaluations of Televised Anti-smoking Messages,' by C.M. Atance.