Search

Delayed graft function (DGF) is an early complication after kidney transplantation. The literature on DGF has experienced substantial growth. However, there is a lack of bibliometric analysis of DGF. This study aimed to analyze the scientific outputs of DGF and explore its hotspots from 2013 to 2023 by using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. The 2058 pieces of literature collected in the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2023 were visually analyzed in terms of the annual number of publications, authors, countries, journals, literature co-citations, and keyword clustering by using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. We found that the number of papers published in the past ten years showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing; 2021 was the year with the most posts. The largest number of papers was published by the University of California System, and the largest number of papers was published by the United States. The top five keyword frequency rankings are: 'delayed graft function', 'kidney transplantation', 'renal transplantation', 'survival', and 'recipients'. These emerging trends include 'brain death donors', 'blood absence re-injection injuries', 'tacrolimus', 'older donors and recipients', and 'artificial intelligence and DGF'. In summary, this study reveals the authors and institutions that could be cooperated with and discusses the research hotspots in the past ten years. It provides a reference and direction for future research and application of DGF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) is still a complicated disease with high fatality rates worldwide. Transmembrane Protein 79 (TMEM79) regulates inflammation and oxidative stress in some other diseases. Methods: CIRI mouse model was established using C57BL/6J mice through middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAO/R), and BV2 cells were subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) to simulate CIRI. Brain tissue or BV2 cells were transfected or injected with lentivirus-carried TMEM79 overexpression vector. The impact of TMEM79 on CIRI-triggered oxidative stress was ascertained by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining and examination of oxidative stress indicators. Regulation of TMEM79 in neuronal apoptosis and inflammation was determined using TUNEL staining and ELISA. Results: TMEM79 overexpression mitigated neurological deficit induced by MCAO/R and decreased the extent of cerebral infarct. TMEM79 prevented neuronal death in brain tissue of MCAO/R mouse model and suppressed inflammatory response by reducing inflammatory cytokines levels. Moreover, TMEM79 significantly attenuated inflammation and oxidative stress caused by OGD/R in BV2 cells. TMEM79 facilitated the activation of Nrf2 and inhibited NLRP3 and caspase-1 expressions. Rescue experiments indicated that the Nrf2/NLRP3 signaling pathway mediated the mitigative effect of TMEM79 on CIRI in vivo and in vitro. Conclusion: Overall, TMEM79 was confirmed to attenuate CIRI via regulating the Nrf2/NLRP3 signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rituals are central to the everyday life of the nurse, yet the fundamental roles that rituals play in caring for the dead and dying has often been neglected. This paper explores modern palliative and post-mortem care – its practices, practitioners and arenas – against the background of long-held, global concerns regarding the dead and dying. Comparison with the archaeological and ethnographic records demonstrates the ubiquitous and enduring practices surrounding death, and the centrality of ritual specialists to this complex social and biological process. This deep-time perspective highlights the importance of nurses, and their associated nursing rituals, in the transition of patients between life and death, and the difficult journeys that nurse, patient and family undertake in this mediation between worlds. Such a perspective not only empowers nurses in their daily practices, and places nursing rituals firmly at the centre of modern palliative care work, but demonstrates the value of archaeology and ethnography in contextualising the challenges of today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractMuch of the debate over the definition and criteria for determining our death has focused on disagreement over the correct biological account of death, i.e., what it means for any organism to die. In this paper, we argue that this exclusive focus on the biology of death is misguided, because it ignores ethical and social factors that bear on the acceptability of criteria for determining our death. We propose that attention shift from strictly biological considerations to ethical and social considerations that bear on the determination of what we call “civil death.” We argue for acceptance of a neurological criterion for determining death on grounds that it is the most reasonable way to synthesize biological, ethical, and social considerations about our death.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractEfforts to revise the Uniform Determination of Death Act in order to align law with medical practice have failed. Medical practice must now align with the law. People who are not dead under the law that defines death should not be declared dead. There is no compelling reason to continue the practice of declaring legally living persons to be dead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on the Unified Brain-Based Determination of Death conducted by David Rodríguez-Arias and Anne Dalle Ave, published in the journal "American Journal of Bioethics." It examines the challenges surrounding the use of the Unified Brain-Based Determination of Death (UBBDD) in the context of normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) for organ recovery, particularly regarding the interrelationship between circulatory and neurological criteria for death determination.

The article discusses a study on the ethical concerns surrounding NRP (Normothermic Regional Perfusion) conducted by Matthew W. DeCampa and Lois Snyder Sulmasy, published in the journal "The American Journal of Bioethics." It critiques arguments in support of NRP, highlighting five persistent myths propagated by its proponents, emphasizing ethical objections related to the resuscitation of donors and the violation of the dead donor rule.

The introduction of normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) in controlled donation after circulatory determination of death (cDCDD) protocols is by some regarded as controversial and ethically troublesome. One of the main concerns that opponents have about introducing NRP in cDCDD protocols is that reestablishing circulation will negate the determination of death by circulatory criteria, potentially resuscitating the donor. In this article, I argue that this is not the case. If we take a closer look at the concept of death underlying the circulatory criterion for determination of death, we find that the purpose of the criterion is to show whether the organism as a whole has died. I argue that this purpose is fulfilled by the circulatory criterion in cDCDD protocols, and that applying NRP does not negate the determination of death or resuscitate the donor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organ donation after the circulatory determination of death requires the permanent cessation of circulation while organ donation after the brain determination of death requires the irreversible cessation of brain functions. The unified brain-based determination of death connects the brain and circulatory death criteria for circulatory death determination in organ donation as follows: permanent cessation of systemic circulation causes permanent cessation of brain circulation which causes permanent cessation of brain perfusion which causes permanent cessation of brain function. The relevant circulation that must cease in circulatory death determination is that to the brain. Eliminating brain circulation from the donor ECMO organ perfusion circuit in thoracoabdominal NRP protocols satisfies the unified brain-based determination of death but only if the complete cessation of brain circulation can be proved. Despite its medical and physiologic rationale, the unified brain-based determination of death remains inconsistent with the Uniform Determination of Death Act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An adult university hospital ethics committee evaluated a proposed TA-NRP protocol in the fall of 2018. The protocol raised ethical concerns about violation of the Uniform Determination of Death Act and the prohibition known as the Dead Donor Rule, with potential resultant legal consequences. An additional concern was the potential for increased mistrust by the community of organ donation and transplantation. The ethics committee evaluated the responses to these concerns as unable to surmount the ethical and legal boundaries and the ethics committee declined to endorse the procedure. These concerns endure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral ischemia induces massive mitochondrial damage, leading to neuronal death. The elimination of damaged mitochondria via mitophagy is critical for neuroprotection. Here we show that the level of PA2G4/EBP1 (proliferation-associated 2G4) was notably increased early during transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and prevented neuronal death by eliciting cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced mitophagy. Neuron-specific knockout of Pa2g4 increased infarct volume and aggravated neuron loss with impaired mitophagy and was rescued by introduction of adeno-associated virus serotype 2 expressing PA2G4/EBP1. We determined that PA2G4/EBP1 is ubiquitinated on lysine 376 by PRKN/PARKIN on the damaged mitochondria and interacts with receptor protein SQSTM1/p62 for mitophagy induction. Thus, our study suggests that PA2G4/EBP1 ubiquitination following cerebral IR-injury promotes mitophagy induction, which may be implicated in neuroprotection. Abbreviations: AAV: adeno-associated virus; ACTB: actin beta; BNIP3L/NIX: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; CA1: Cornu Ammonis 1; CASP3: caspase 3; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; PA2G4/EBP1: proliferation-associated 2G4; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1; IB: immunoblotting; ICC: immunocytochemistry; IHC: immunohistochemistry; IP: immunoprecipitation; MCAO: middle cerebral artery occlusion; MEF: mouse embryonic fibroblast; OGD: oxygen-glucose deprivation; PRKN/PARKIN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; RBFOX3/NeuN: RNA binding fox-1 homolog 3; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TIMM23: translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; TUBB: tubulin beta class I; WT: wild-type [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delayed graft function (DGF) is an early complication after kidney transplantation. The literature on DGF has experienced substantial growth. However, there is a lack of bibliometric analysis of DGF. This study aimed to analyze the scientific outputs of DGF and explore its hotspots from 2013 to 2023 by using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. The 2058 pieces of literature collected in the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2023 were visually analyzed in terms of the annual number of publications, authors, countries, journals, literature co-citations, and keyword clustering by using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. We found that the number of papers published in the past ten years showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing; 2021 was the year with the most posts. The largest number of papers was published by the University of California System, and the largest number of papers was published by the United States. The top five keyword frequency rankings are: ‘delayed graft function’, ‘kidney transplantation’, ‘renal transplantation’, ‘survival’, and ‘recipients’. These emerging trends include ‘brain death donors’, ‘blood absence re-injection injuries’, ‘tacrolimus’, ‘older donors and recipients’, and ‘artificial intelligence and DGF’. In summary, this study reveals the authors and institutions that could be cooperated with and discusses the research hotspots in the past ten years. It provides a reference and direction for future research and application of DGF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on key points from Lewis' manuscript. Topics include judiciary-based approach does not defer to widespread public input or debate on a new way to determine whether an individual is alive or dead; and considers an area of law that does not fall under federal jurisdiction, but which would benefit from uniformity in approach across states.

The article presents the discussion on Philosophers and theologians contest its moral significance, clinicians and bioscientists debate its probative accuracy. Topics include death determination in clinical settings should involve an informational exchange between clinicians and patient surrogate decision makers; and admit different criteria for determining death, individuals and families should be made aware of the implications of applying one criterion over another.

The article presents the discussion on introduction of a new criterion for determining death. Topics include completely dysfunctional is a purely scientific and biomedical matter, the moral and legal implications of this diagnosis transcend the boundaries of science; and circulatory and respiratory functions cease, and/or the suspicion that DNC is motivated by the opportunity for organ retrieval.

Although medicolegal challenges to the use of neurologic criteria to declare death in the USA have been well-described, the management of court cases in the United Kingdom about objections to the use of neurologic criteria to declare death has not been explored in the bioethics or medical literature. This article (1) reviews conceptual, medical and legal differences between death by neurologic criteria (DNC) in the United Kingdom and the rest of the world to contextualize medicolegal challenges to DNC; (2) summarizes highly publicized legal cases related to DNC in the United Kingdom, including the nuanced 2022 case of Archie Battersbee, who was transiently considered dead by neurologic criteria, but ultimately determined to be in a vegetative state/unresponsive-wakeful state; and (3) provides an overview of ethical issues raised by medicolegal challenges to DNC in the United Kingdom and a comparison to the management of these challenges in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on distinguishing ethical from diagnostic concerns about NRP-cDCD, conducted by Kyle E. Karches and Jason T. Eberl, published in the journal "The American Journal of Bioethics." It examines arguments by Bernat and Busch regarding the diagnostic certainty of death in NRP-cDCD, while also addressing ethical objections related to the intentionality of actions performed during NRP.

The article discusses a study on the legal and ethical implications of normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) conducted by L. Syd M Johnson, published in the journal "The American Journal of Bioethics." It examines the compatibility of NRP, particularly thoraco-abdominal NRP (TA-NRP), with the unified brain-based determination of death (UBDD), arguing that TA-NRP may invalidate UBDD and violate the Dead Donor Rule (DDR) due to concerns about the restoration of brain circulation.

The article discusses a study on normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) amidst ethical controversy, conducted by Erica Andrista and Matthew P. Kirschen, published in the journal "The American Journal of Bioethics." It compares the implementation of NRP in organ donation after cardiac death to past controversies surrounding brain death determination, highlighting the importance of public engagement and dialogue to ethically navigate the boundaries between life and death in medical practice.

The article discusses a study on the declaration, determination, and concept of death in the context of organ donation after circulatory determination of death (DCDD), conducted by Kathleen N. Fenton and Anne Dalle Ave, published in the journal "The American Journal of Bioethics." It examines the ethical and practical implications of declaring death before the irreversible cessation of respiratory and circulatory functions, particularly in DCDD programs.

The article discusses a study on normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) conducted by Tamar Schiff and Arthur Caplan, published in the journal. It addresses ethical concerns regarding the use of NRP in organ recovery, particularly in relation to the dead donor rule (DDR) and the need for transparency, informed decision-making, and improvement in organ donation practices.

The article critiques the Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA) for its failure to clearly align with medical practices, particularly in defining death by circulatory-respiratory criteria, especially concerning normothermic regional perfusion for organ donation.It mentions that despite efforts to revise the UDDA, challenges persist due to varying perspectives and political constraints, leaving unresolved discrepancies between medical protocols and legal standards.

The article argues that Thoracoabdominal Normothermic Regional Perfusion (TA-NRP) challenges the determination of death by circulatory criteria because it can restore circulation after it has ceased, undermining the legal requirement for irreversible circulatory cessation. IT mentions that the current legal interpretation already considers permanent cessation of function as sufficient for circulatory death determination, without needing to amend laws to a unified brain-based definition.

The article explores concerns regarding the potential erosion of public trust in organ transplantation due to the implementation of normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) and its implications for violating the dead donor rule (DDR). It also discusses the broader context of organ donation, including the increasing demand for organs, racial disparities in waiting times, and efforts to address inefficiencies in the organ allocation system.

The article discusses a study where an adult university hospital ethics committee evaluated a proposed protocol for normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) in 2018. It mentions that the protocol raised concerns about ethical and legal boundaries related to the Uniform Determination of Death Act and the Dead Donor Rule, leading the committee to decline endorsement due to unsatisfactory answers to these concerns.

The article presents the discussion on cross-jurisdictional legal approaches to brain death. Topics include England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, each with their own court structures and, in the case of Scotland, a different type of legal system; and courts of England and Wales operate in a hierarchical fashion, with cases of medical significance involving children.

The article presents the discussion on exclusion of confounders and reversibility of the patient's condition," as reflected in the UK Code of Practice for the Diagnosis and Confirmation of Death in 2008. Topics include directly relevant to this situation given the conceptual differences in DNC between the USA and the UK; and panel of physicians, lawyers, ethicists and religious leaders were involved in defining death in 1981.

The article presents the discussion on countries have adopted a total brain standard for determining death. Topics include reducing the discrepancy between legal and ethical formulations of death and potentially increasing organ donations; and Several cases involving significant brain injury but not total brain have spurred legal battles as well as broader public debates on life, death, and personhood.

Alzheimer's is one of the most common neurodegenerative illnesses that affect brain cellular function. In this disease, the neurons in the brain are considered to be decaying steadily but consistently by the accumulation of amyloid mass, particularly the β-amyloids, amyloid proteins, and Tau proteins. The most responsible amyloid-proteins are amyloid-40 and amyloid-42, which have a high probability of accumulating in excess over the brain cell, interfering with normal brain cell function and triggering brain cell death. The advancement of pharmaceutical sciences leads to the development of Nanotheranostics technology, which may be used to diagnose and treat Alzheimer's. They are the colloidal nanoparticles functionalised with the therapeutic moiety as well as a diagnostic moiety. This article discusses the prognosis of Alzheimer's, various nanotheranostics approaches (nanoparticles, quantum dots, aptamers, dendrimers, etc), and their recent advancement in managing Alzheimer's. Also, various in-vitro and in-vivo diagnostic methodologies were discussed with respect to nanotheranostics. Describing the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's with respect to amyloid β in the prognosis of the disease Presenting the various nanotheranostics techniques for the detection and treatment of Alzheimer's disease Nanoparticles, Aptamers, and Dendrimers used as diagnostic and treatment entities In-vivo (MRI, OI) and In-vitro (STM, TRPS) diagnostic approaches for detecting Alzheimer's disease [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some patients who have been diagnosed as "dead by neurologic criteria" continue to exhibit certain brain functions, most commonly, neuroendocrine functions. This preservation of neurologic function after the diagnosis of "brain death" or "brainstem death" is an ongoing source of controversy and concern in the medical, bioethics, and legal literatures. Most obviously, if some brain function persists, then it is not the case that all functions of the entire brain have ceased and hence, declaring such a patient to be "dead" would be a false positive, in any nation with so-called "whole brain death" laws. Furthermore, and perhaps more concerning, the preservation of any brain function necessarily entails the preservation of some amount of brain perfusion, thereby raising the concern as to whether additional areas of neural tissue may remain viable, including areas in the brainstem. These and other considerations cast significant doubt on the reliability of diagnosing either "brain death" or "brainstem death." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The guidelines of brain death determination vary across countries. Our aim was to compare diagnostic procedures of brain death determination in adults among five countries. Consecutive comatose patients who received brain death determination from June 2018 to June 2020 were included. The technical specifications, completion rates and positive rates of brain death determination according to criteria of different countries were compared. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of each ancillary test for the identification of brain death diagnosed according to different criteria were investigated. One hundred and ninety nine patients were included in this study. One hundred and thirty one (65.8%) patients were diagnosed with brain death according to French criteria, 132 (66.3%) according to Chinese criteria, and 135 (67.7%) according to criteria of USA, UK and Germany. The sensitivity and PPV of electroencephalogram (92.2% – 92.3%) and somatosensory evoked potential (95.5% – 98.5%) were higher than transcranial Doppler (84.3% – 86.0%). The criteria of brain death in China and France are comparatively stricter than in USA, UK and Germany. The discrepancy in brain death determination between clinical assessments and additional confirmation of ancillary tests is small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vital status of patients who are a part of controlled donation after circulatory death (cDCD) is widely debated in bioethical literature. Opponents to currently applied cDCD protocols argue that they violate the dead donor rule, while proponents of the protocols advocate compatibility. In this article, we argue that both parties often misinterpret the moral implications of the dead donor rule. The rule as such does not require an assessment of a donor's vital status, we contend, but rather an assessment of whether procurement of organs in cDCD cause the death of the donor or not. We then argue that commonly practiced cDCD protocols do not violate the dead donor rule, since the donation does not trigger or cause the death of the donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about chaplains' views on brain death/death by neurologic criteria (BD/DNC). Thematic analysis of comments made by hospital chaplains about BD/DNC can illuminate their perspectives on working with patients, families, and interdisciplinary teams during assessment for BD/DNC. In an electronic survey distributed to members of five chaplaincy organizations between February and July 2019, we elicited free-text comments about BD/DNC. We performed a thematic analysis of the comments. Four themes were present: (1) definition of life and death, (2) respect with a subtheme of physician obligation, (3) collaboration with a subtheme of communication, and (4) education with a subtheme of scepticism. Hospital chaplains are essential members of the interdisciplinary team involved in BD/DNC evaluation. They aim to ensure the interaction between families and the interdisciplinary team at the boundary of life and death and the intersection between religion and medicine is respectful, collaborative, and educational. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a simple parameter implying the inflammatory status. We aimed to explore the association of brain-dead donor NLR change with delayed graft function (DGF) in kidney transplant recipients. We retrospectively analyzed the data on 102 adult brain-dead donors and their corresponding 199 kidney transplant recipients (2018 − 2021). We calculated ΔNLR by subtracting the NLR before evaluating brain death from the preoperative NLR. Increasing donor NLR was defined as ΔNLR > 0. Forty-four (22%) recipients developed DGF after transplantation. Increasing donor NLR was significantly associated with the development of DGF in recipients (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.2 − 6.6; p =.018), and remained significant (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.0 − 6.4; p =.040) after adjustment of confounders including BMI, hypertension, diabetes, and the occurrence of cardiac arrest. When acute kidney injury (AKI) was included in the multivariable analysis, increasing donor NLR lost its independent correlation with DGF, while AKI remained an independent risk factor of recipient DGF (OR 4.5, 95% CI 2.7 − 7.6; p <.001). The area under the curve of combined increasing NLR and AKI in donors (0.873) for predicting DGF was superior to increasing donor NLR (0.625, p =.015) and AKI alone (0.859, p <.001). Dynamic changes of donor NLR are promising in predicting post-transplant DGF. It will assist clinicians in the early recognition and management of renal graft dysfunction. Validation of this new biomarker in a large study is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into James Bernat's proposal of a unified brain-based determination of death, emphasizing the permanent cessation of brain function as the primary criterion. It mentions that while this concept has theoretical appeal, its enthusiastic promotion may overlook practical and ethical challenges, particularly in its application to normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) and donation after circulatory determination of death (DCDD).

Tramadol-attributed toxicity may involve opioid-like, serotoninergic, and noradrenergic mechanisms. We investigated the mechanisms of toxicity in a massive tramadol ingestion case by examining serial clinical, imaging, electroencephalography, pharmacokinetics, and genotyping data. A 32-year-old female who presumably ingested 9000 mg sustained-release tramadol was found comatose without hypoglycemia, bradypnea, hypotension, marked hypoxemia or seizures. She developed eyelid myoclonus and non-reactive mydriasis. Electroencephalogram showed non-reactive encephalopathy. MRI showed extensive brain injury. Despite supportive care and ventricular derivation, brain death occurred on day 12. Plasma concentrations of tramadol and metabolites were measured using a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay. Genotyping for the presence of metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene polymorphisms was performed. Plasma concentrations of tramadol and metabolites were extremely high (∼70-fold the therapeutic concentrations) and slowly decreased during the first ∼146 h post-admission, possibly due to prolonged gastrointestinal absorption. Elimination half-lives were 2–3-fold longer than usual values. The patient was an intermediate CYP2D6 metabolizer with decreased CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 activities. Clinical and electroencephalographic data did not support the hypotheses of opioid or serotoninergic toxicity nor prolonged/repeated seizures. Based on serial imaging showing progressive extension of ischemic edema in the context of prolonged high plasma concentrations, we hypothesized a cerebral vasospasm as mechanism of injury. Massive tramadol ingestion with prolonged high plasma concentrations can result in severe brain injury, possibly involving vasospasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an obvious neurological disorder characterized by progressive brain cell death that resulted in memory loss, cognitive decline, and finally dementia. Besides, AD is also affected by a multifunctional pathway, which leads to alteration in the biomolecular level as AD steps forward. Notwithstanding numerous diagnosis techniques, the conventionally engaged technology permits the detection of AD biomarkers with low sensitivity and poor selectivity. Concerning this, in recent years bioconjugates and bioreceptors based AD biomarkers recognition is gaining huge prospective to improved selectivity and sensitivity of AD at the molecular level. The present review deals with the recent progress in bioreceptors and bioconjugates mediated surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor for in vitro diagnosis of AD. Fascinatingly, this review inculcates the information of assorted important AD biomarkers viz. beta-amyloid (Aβ), Tau protein, apolipoprotein (apoE4), 17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10 (17β-HSD-10), acetylcholine, etc. In addition, this review sheds light on the utmost and unique methods of bioconjugates synthesis, which is holding the huge attention of researchers for AD biomarker detection and contributed to the development of simplistic, rapid, and socioeconomic sensitivity enhancement methods. Concisely, this review gives insight into the analytical performance of nanoarchitectured bioconjugate and bioreceptor-mediated SPR biosensor and their revolutionary benefits in terms of selectivity and sensitivity for in vitro diagnosis of AD biomarkers. Overall, this review gives a detailed overview of research done to date in the meadow of SPR biosensors in the in vitro diagnosis of AD, which paves the new pathway for futuristic biomedical applications. AD recent updates and its biomarkers reviewed. There is no leading technology to rapidly sense and monitor AD. Bioconjugates as potential biosensing elements. Conjugation methods to link bioreceptors to nanomaterials have been highlighted. Role of bioconjugates and bioreceptors in AD biosensing through SPR biosensor have been discussed. Figure 1. Nano-architectured bioconjugates and bioreceptors mediated SPR biosensor for highly sensitive and selective in vitro diagnosis of AD biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author comments on the article "Does Controlled Donation After Circulatory Death Violate the Dead Donor Rule (DDR)?," by Nielsen Busch et al., taking into account as to whether transparency is good for organ donation. They discuss the distinct meanings of the dead donor rule considering the Don't Kill rule and the Death Requirement rule. He considers an essay about brain death by Yale law professor Robert Burt indicating that the existing brain death criteria are incoherent.

The authors comment on the article "Does Controlled Donation After Circulatory Death Violate the Dead Donor Rule (DDR)?," by Nielsen Busch et al., asserting that the analysis is lacks explanation to address questions about the ethical legitimacy of normothermic regional perfusion with controlled donation after circulatory death (NRP-cDCD) applied to organs outside the abdominal cavity. They contend that the use of NRP-cDCD complicates the analysis.

The author comments on the article "Does Controlled Donation After Circulatory Death Violate the Dead Donor Rule (DDR)?," by Nielsen Busch et al., focusing on the Dead Donor Rule as applied to the dead and living. He examines the role of rules in transplant medicine by comparing the DDR to the living donor rule which requires first-person consent for the retrieval of an organ from a living person.

The author comments on the article "Does Controlled Donation After Circulatory Death Violate the Dead Donor Rule (DDR)?," by Nielsen Busch et al., arguing that the acceptance of controlled donation following cardiac death (cDCD) is morally insufficient. They focus on the arguments that cDCD organ extraction procedures risk using the patient/donor for the benefit of the organ recipient and that the donor's consent does not exempt treating the donor disrespectfully.

The authors comment on the article "Does Controlled Donation After Circulatory Death Violate the Dead Donor Rule (DDR)?," by Nielsen Busch et al., focusing on omission of the procurement of the heart during controlled donation after circulatory death. They discuss the procedure for and ethical issues of thoracoabdominal normothermic regional perfusion (TA-NRP). They explain whether ligation or division of the aortic arch vessels that supply the brain is necessary in TA-NRP.

The author comments on the article "Does Controlled Donation After Circulatory Death Violate the Dead Donor Rule (DDR)?," by Nielsen Busch et al., exploring two premises of their argument that controlled donation after circulatory death and normothermic regional perfusion do not contradict the dead donor rule. They are organ procurement not leading to death of the donor is enough to satisfy the DDR and death is the loss of the patient's capacity to function as an integrated whole.