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The article offers a report relating to the Japanese hanging scrolls. The section focuses on the three hanging scrolls featured at the Freer Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., as of October 2006. It discusses the treatment options, condition of the scrolls and paintings, and several aspects of the treatment process of the three hanging scrolls in comparison with a hanging scroll also executed in the Edo period, 1660-1868, which was completely remounted. According to the report, the condition of each scroll was carefully examined by conservators in the East Asian Painting Conservation Studio.

The article discusses the special issue of the papers published in the journal which were presented at the International Workshop on Advances in Computational Mechanics held in Tokyo, Japan on November 3-6, 2004. Several technical papers related to computational mechanics and fluid engineering were presented at the workshop, and some selected papers had been contributed to the "International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics."

Although the problem of a lack of an adequate denominator of crime rates has been widely recognized, relatively few solutions have been found. This paper proposes a sophisticated method of analyzing crime hot spots using global positioning system (GPS) tracking data and agent-based simulation modeling. The goal of the proposed analysis technique is to estimate a population at risk across time and space at the micro-level, such as streets and locations (e.g. parks and playgrounds). In order to create valid estimates of a population at risk and to illustrate how the estimated population at risk can be used in crime analysis, this paper presents a series of three sub-studies. First, GPS tracking data were obtained for two weeks for 80 children in the second and fifth grades from one school located in a suburb of Tokyo, Japan. GIS software was used to analyze the GPS data in order to identify streets and places that the children frequented. Second, agent-based simulation modeling was developed to extend the proposed analysis method to school districts that had not participated in the GPS sub-study. In the process of developing a simulation algorithm, the validity of simulation modeling was checked by comparing the simulation results with the GPS tracking data. Third, victimization surveys with maps were conducted in six schools (including the school that participated in the GPS sub-study) that identified locations of crime incidents. Victimization survey results were overlaid with the analysis results of GPS data and agent-based simulation modeling in order to examine crime hot spots. The proposed technique of agent-based modeling produces an accurate denominator of crime rates at the micro-level which can then be used to analyze crime hot spots properly. In particular, this paper discusses how crime analysts can identify different types of hot spots, such as crime generators and crime attractors, by examining the number of crime incidents and the magnitude of crime rate. This paper argues intervention strategies need to be tailored for each type of crime hot spots, as these crime hot spots develop through different mechanisms. Finally, this paper discusses limitations of the proposed technique and the direction of future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dojunkai apartments were constructed by the Japanese Government as a work of relief, after the Great Kanto Earthquake in Tokyo. These apartments were leading examples in concrete construction in Japan and were innovative in their exterior space design ideas and building organizational themes. Dojunkai apartments were designed not only as solutions to particular sites, but as possible models for the further development of well-planned, secure, and communal neighbourhood style residential developments. During 1920–1930, Japanese architects and designers were actively involved in experimenting with foreign concepts of urban remodelling and town planning. However while these town-planning concepts and theories were embraced by Japanese architects and town planners, the resultant apartment complexes suggest that they endeavoured to adapt and transform them to suit Japanese sensibilities and urban requirements. This paper examines the nature of these adaptations and transformations. The principles of exterior space design are deployed to examine and identify patterns in building arrangement and exterior space design for six selected Dojunkai apartments. This paper discusses the pre-existing models of urban planning in Japan to establish a relationship between the adopted foreign town-planning models and the pre-existing ideas of urban settlements in the Japanese society. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines the fundamental changes which are currently taking place in Japanese higher education. These changes are seeing the development of what has been dubbed the 'third generation' of Japanese universities which can no longer rely on student fees and government support to survive and need to find other ways to generate income. The paper shows how the different responses of Japanese universities to these new challenges is leading to an increasingly diversified higher education sector with major implications for the future of teaching, research and administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on research conducted on a Tokyo high school rugby club to explore diversity in the masculinities formed through membership in the club. Based on the premise that particular forms of masculinity are expressed and learnt through ways of playing (game style) and the attendant regimes of training, it examines the expression and learning of masculinities at three analytic levels. It identifies a hegemonic, culture-specific form of masculinity operating in Japanese high school rugby, a class-influenced variation of it at the institutional level of the school and, by further tightening its analytic focus, further variation at an individual level. In doing so this paper highlights the ways in which diversity in the masculinities constructed through contact sports can be obfuscated by a reductionist view of there being only one, universal hegemonic patterns of masculinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The position of a city in any hierarchy of world importance is not a static phenomenon. This paper takes the example of Tokyo and explores its interaction with the dramatic economic and political events in Japan over the past 20 years. Although Tokyo is widely regarded as one of the top three 'world cities', the argument is supported that it retained many national characteristics, partly based on its location in a 'developmental state'. As national fortunes have changed, so has Tokyo's relationship with its global environment. The paper focuses on strategic urban policy and the way that this reflects Tokyo's world role, as perceived by national and city governments. Three phases in approach are identified since the 1980s. Twenty years ago Japan was experiencing economic boom and this was reflected in dramatic development projects in Tokyo. The concept of 'world city' was used at this time to legitimise such development. The 1990s were viewed in Japan as 'the lost decade' with great uncertainty over policy direction as the boom collapsed and urban policy in Tokyo entered a phase of inertia. It is argued that the city is now entering a third phase in which a new competitive attitude is emerging regarding the role of Tokyo and this is leading to changes in strategic urban policy. However, this new approach is still embedded in old structures and conceptions and hence there are tensions in developing future policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation related network systems would need to be re-aligned and adapted within major technological shifts and their capability to re-align themselves determines the dynamic capabilities of a national innovation system. In this paper, we present a particular phenomenon in industrial evolution, which we call a shift in the 'innovation trajectory', taking the case of the Japanese robotics industry that now undergoes major shifts in many respects. We consider activities directly involved with innovation in the entire value chain from invention to commercialization, and identify the structural changes in the national systems due to the shifts in innovation trajectory. Having utilized the basic framework of ''Techno Economic Network'', this paper analyzes six different structural shifts, which are related to product, technology, market, actor, competitive and socio-economic structures. This paper draws attention to the fundamental management and policy level concerns over the emerging shifts at four different decision making hierarchical levels. With concrete empirical evidences and results from interviews, this paper concludes that a new set of approaches is needed to shape these emerging innovation shifts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction to the journal is presented in which the editor discusses the 19th Ozone World Congress in Tokyo, Japan, the papers presented during the World Congress, and their plan to expand their publication regarding ozone.

This paper provides a detailed analysis of the Tokyo Metropolitan Emissions Trading Scheme (Tokyo ETS), Japan’s first emissions trading scheme with mandatory cap initiated by the government of Tokyo. Unlike trading schemes in other countries, the Tokyo ETS covers indirect emissions from the commercial sector. It is well known that a variety of market barriers impede full realization of energy efficiency opportunities, especially in the commercial sector. Experiences with the Tokyo ETS should therefore provide important lessons for the design of climate change mitigation policies, especially when targeting the commercial sector. The emissions from covered entities have been drastically reduced from those at the scheme’s outset, with an average 14% reduction as of the end of the first commitment period of five years (2010-2014) compared with 2009 levels. This paper shows that the Tokyo ETS alone did not cause these reductions; there were other drivers. Among them, the energy savings triggered by the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 were crucial. The contribution of credit trading, in contrast, was limited since most of the covered entities reduced emissions by themselves. Through an investigation of official reports, an assessment of the emissions data from the covered entities compared to those of uncovered entities and in-depth interviews with firms covered by the scheme, this paper confirms that the main drivers of emissions reductions by covered entities were separate from the ETS. In fact, the advisory aspect of the scheme seems to be much more important in encouraging energy-saving actions. Key policy insights Most of the observed emission reductions were not caused by the Tokyo ETS alone. An advisory instrument was crucial to the effectiveness of the Tokyo ETS. The experience of the Tokyo ETS suggests that making full use of the advantages of emissions trading is difficult in the case of the commercial sector. Price signals have not provided a stimulus to climate change mitigation actions, which implies that establishing a cap to yield effective carbon prices poses a challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents research about the mechanisms of human taste functions and disorders in Tokyo, Japan. Innervation of gustatory nerve in the human mouth; Application of electrogustometric and filter paper disk methods for diagnosing taste disorders as well as determining the effectiveness of treatment; Conditions of taste in the human soft palate.

The city of Tokyo has been a space where numerous forms of sexual subcultures and their histories have been born. This paper discusses one possible way of understanding queer space in Tokyo. Examining the discourses concerning Shinjuku Ni-chōme, a queer neighbourhood in Tokyo, I argue that this queer space functions as a discursive site of containment as well as resistance to hetero-normative narratives of the metropolis. Drawing on queer theories that focus on the notion of space, in this paper I demonstrate that queer space is often marginalised by mainstream society, but at the same time it can be a critical site through which to investigate hetero-normativity. I suggest that queers themselves sometimes deploy their own delegitimised status to construct a queer counter-public space that intervenes in and disorients the linear narrative of hetero-normative views. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper is written about the transformation of children's playing spaces in one neighborhood in Tokyo (Taishido district in Setagaya ward). As part of an action research project that was initiated in 1981 and followed up in 2005, play maps were created for residents of four generations. In exploring historical changes in the town that have affected the play of children, we found many unwelcome patterns of change that have the effect of decreasing nature spaces, limiting communication between children, and even decreasing children's play outdoors. On a positive note, this action research illustrated an effective approach for engaging people of different generations and encouraging them to pay more attention to environmental changes that have an impact on children's play and to take actions to improve the neighborhood for and with children. This paper is meant to contribute to our understanding of children's environment issues, an area that has roots in several disciplines, including human development, environmental psychology, geography, urban planning, architecture, and landscape architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world cities literature has been enlivened by debate over the place of Tokyo in a conceptual model that appears to have clear North Atlantic roots. In recent years, it has been suggested that Tokyo is shaped to an unusual degree by interventions by the state. This paper reviews this discussion and argues that the role of capital in Tokyo's restructuring has been underplayed. The paper places Japan's capital within a wider context of urban theorising through the use of three conceptual categories: urban governance, the urban terrain and urban life-spaces. It follows the story of the restructuring of Tokyo's urban terrain and the squeezing of life-spaces, drawing out the ever more substantial role of business corporations in urban development projects, with national government cheer-leading and local government increasingly sidelined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper measures optimal city sizes for Japanese metropolitan areas, using a surplus function approach. The surplus function is defined as the difference between the total disposable income and the total expenditure of the households working and living in the metropolitan areas and the optimal city size refers to such a population of metropolitan areas that maximises the surplus function. The estimated results show that the optimal city size of Japanese metropolitan areas in the year 2000 was a population of about 18 million, which means that the Tokyo metropolitan area, with nearly 32 million inhabitants, is obviously too large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data on per capita income of Japan's 47 prefectures between 1955 and 1997, this paper shows that one of the most popular measurements of convergence, σ-convergence, is not invariant with both transformation and definition of dispersion. Measured by the standard deviation, the actual per capita income has diverged, whereas measured by the coefficients of variation, it has converged since 1955. The log of per capita income and relative income of all prefectures to Tokyo, however, have converged regardless of the measurement of dispersion. In addition, through the estimation of density function and transition matrix, the intradistribution dynamics of each prefecture's per capita income is identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Measuring environment attributes in monetary terms is an effective approach for evaluating living environments and planning. This paper presents a study employing a hedonic pricing model on the externalities of local attributes in detached residential blocks in Tokyo. Results show that a group of local attributes, including both attributes of individual lots and of local districts, exert stable external effects. Moreover, many of these effects are changing with the size of land lot. These findings provide important information for urban planning and design in detached residential blocks. In the paper, the sub-division of land lots, an event arousing much concern in recent years, is analysed and concepts on facilitating local parks are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the International Symposium on Electron-Molecule Collisions and Swarms held on July 18 to 20, 1999 in Tokyo, Japan as a satellite meeting of the 21st International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions in Sendai, Japan on July 21 to 27, 1999. Highlights of the symposium; Information on the papers presented at the symposium regarding electron-molecule collisions; Posters presented at the symposium.

This paper examines the role of land readjustment (LR) projects in suburban planning and land development in a case-study area in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. LR projects have been the most important planning tool in Japan, yet the results of their use to develop over 30 per cent of Japanese urban areas have been little examined. The paper challenges the conventional wisdom that LR projects are an effective means of preventing urban sprawl. Through interviews with local planners and participants in projects, and a detailed GIS mapping of land-use change and infrastructure development in the case-study area, the research presents an in-depth study of the use of LR for suburban land development, and a close look at the patterns of urbanisation on the fringe of Japan's most dynamic metropolitan region. It appears that while LR projects do clearly prevent sprawl within the project areas themselves, they tend to exacerbate problems of sprawl at the scale of the city and region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restructuring in flexible specialization in the post-yen-shock era (since 1985) has created new and different employment opportunities for women in Tokyo and has led to a more flexible use of women workers so that corporations can maintain flexibility (e.g. in developing new products and diversifying businesses) for quicker response to market changes or for the creation of new market demand. This paper explores effects of restructuring on the female labor market in the information industry in Tokyo's information-industry district. The central argument is around the skill formation of women and a flexible workforce. The paper concludes with some thoughts on relations between flexible specialization and patriarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the changing definition of marriage for young women in Tokyo over the last 10 years. Based on fieldwork research conducted in Tokyo, I examine why women are delaying or refusing marriage, arguing that women’s decisions can best be understood in relation to work. I discuss how young women negotiate their conception of marriage by articulating their desires for self-realization, a career, and participation in society, within the context of a flexibilization of work and the transformation of family in contemporary Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

From 1986 until 2010, dancer/choreographer Min Tanaka led a series of experimental body workshops in the town of Hakushu, a small village approximately four hours west of Tokyo. The methodology employed in these training sessions was grounded in the ideology of Shintai Kisho (Body Weather), which conceives of the body as a force of nature: omni-centred, anti-hierarchic, and acutely sensitive to external stimuli. Emphatically resistant to the codification and commodification of dance technique, Tanaka (whose dance was admired by Michel Foucault and Felix Guattari), sees the establishment of any repeatable, reproducible form as a collusion with the various power structures that limit human agency by controlling the body. Ideologically opposed to formalised dance pedagogy where students imitate the movements of a master teacher, the training challenged workshop members to closely imitate any physical movement, even those of the least experienced member. In these summer training sessions, struggle was valued over technical virtuosity, and physical stimulation over the type of visual imagery emphasised in manybutôworkshops. This paper explores the pursuit of an omni-centred, anti-hierarchic body in Tanaka's summer workshops, using material gleaned from participant observation in the 1997–2000 workshops and in-depth interviews with Tanaka himself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning with the case of iodine-131 detection in Tokyo's water supply in March 2011, this paper explores the boundaries of water quality management, with focus on Asian cities. Boundaries include those of definition, of measurement, of the significance of measurements, of public perceptions and trust, of disjunctures between human and natural systems, of dis-integrated water resources management, and of social and political marginality. Delineating these boundaries, most of them well known, is not a call for inaction or despair, but for clarity and recognition of the difficult road ahead. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The modern hospice movement is generally understood to have begun with the founding in 1967 by Cicely Saunders of the St. Christopher's Hospice in the United Kingdom. As the movement has grown, it has inspired Buddhists in Asia to rediscover and revive their own traditions around death and caring for the terminally ill and the bereaved that date back to the time of the Buddha. In Asia and the West as well, we are witnessing the work of several groups attempting to apply Buddhist teachings and practices in modern medical settings or develop new institutions for holistic care based in Buddhist values. This paper draws on research conducted by the Ojo and Death Project established in 2006 by the Jodo Shu Research Institute (JSRI) in Tokyo, that is to be published in a volume by Wisdom Publications under the title, Buddhist Care for the Dying and Bereaved: Global Perspectives edited by Watts and Tomatsu (2012).1 It shows some of the innovative work that Buddhists in Asia and the West are doing in the area of caring for the terminally ill and, also, the bereaved, explores issues that can be seen especially well in the Japanese context, and reviews shared fundamental issues that emerged across the whole range of organizations studied over the first five years of this research programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces and analyzes a cooperative learning (CL) group survey project implemented in a freshman university English-as-a-foreign-language class focused on intercultural communication and taught at a co-ed university in the Tokyo metropolitan area in the spring semester, 2008. The project consisted of three phases, with students working in heterogeneously formed groups for an entire semester. In Phase 1, the students learned basic discussion and CL skills. In Phase 2, each group conducted a class survey on a group-selected topic in the field of intercultural communication, analyzed the results and presented their findings. Similar procedures were repeated in Phase 3, except that this time students interviewed foreigners outside the university and were required to work on more demanding tasks. At the end of the semester, the students filled out a reflective questionnaire and their responses were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. Interviewing classmates and foreigners helped the students develop confidence in their English ability and broaden their cultural perspectives. In addition, they showed cooperative behavior and analytical ability. English had become a real means of communication. This hands-on experience helped them begin to shift from knowledge consumers to knowledge producers. They also experienced the power of true cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The east bank of Tokyo's main river, the Sumida, was lined on its northern stretch at Mukōjima by an embankment and by a series of temples, shrines and gardens that had been in the Edo period and continued into the Meiji era to be a favoured place for escape from the city and its physical and social constraints. In 1889, a large textile mill was founded at the embankment's northern end, and in the years that followed the area was largely industrialised. This paper traces this process of industrialisation and its culmination in the death of the cherry trees that lined the embankment as a result of flood and fire. It uses a variety of accounts to examine this process of marginalisation of a cultural landscape. In so doing, it reflects on some of the contradictory impacts of the process of urban modernisation and highlights the construction of a new riverside park and promenade in Mukōjima that incorporated the contradictory but classically modernist impulse to preserve the old while showcasing the new. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to develop a technique that can detect changes in urban buildings after natural disasters such as earthquakes, typhoons or tsunamis. The increasing demands for real-time and effective change detection methodologies for urban buildings, including collapsed, height-changed and removed buildings, require the use of high spatial resolution images. Conventional change detection techniques, developed for medium resolution remotely sensed data, are neither effective nor efficient due to their difficulties in discriminating real changes from changes caused by change in perspective view, as well as due to the increased spatial detail in texture and edges in high spatial resolution images. In this paper, an automatic change detection method, using UltraCamD images and existing 3-dimensional computer-aided design (CAD) data, which analyse changes at the building level, is presented. The edge features of every building in the image are first extracted, using the following steps: pre-processing, edge extraction using a Canny detector, edge denoising, and line segmentation. Then, the silhouettes of each building, which are extracted from the CAD model based on camera parameters, are projected onto the image and are compared to the edge features of each building in the image. The portion Hausdorff matching methodology is employed to calculate the similarities between the projected silhouettes of each building from the CAD model, and the edge features of each building are extracted from the image. Using the calculated similarity, collapsed or removed buildings can be detected. The maximal similarity between the edge features and the projected silhouettes in the direction of projection is used to detect changes in building height. The methods are illustrated with an airborne UltraCamD image over the city of Tokyo, Japan. The results indicate that among 1320 buildings (10 were collapsed) used in the test, 45 buildings were successfully detected to have had collapsed or been removed. Nine out of the forty-five buildings were correctly detected from the list of 10 collapsed buildings. Overall, 2885 buildings were used to test the method for detecting changes in building height, of which 11 of the 27 buildings known to have changed heights with the CAD model were successfully detected. However, our methodology faces challenges from factors such as CAD model errors, high building density, and small changes in building height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with the demands of the rapidly ageing population, the Japanese government introduced Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) in 2000, which has led to a substantial debate over the effects of marketization on the quality of care and the universal availability of care. Eight years later, even as they note that there are problems with LTCI, many agree that LTCI has produced some positive results worthy of attention; most importantly it has helped establish a 'national consensus' that the care of the elderly is no longer just a family obligation. Particularly noteworthy is the fact that various types of private senior housing have become much more affordable and popular and can, in the author's opinion, play an important role in the socialization of care in the Japanese cultural context. Using a concrete example of a relatively well-functioning private senior home in the outskirts of Tokyo, the present paper will examine how care can be organized in a private regime with emphasis on the possible effect of marketization. To give my analysis a comparative and feminist perspective, I will draw on the international and Norwegian feminist discourse on the ethics of care in dependency work - an ethics that attempts to relativize hitherto undisputed concepts in public management such as equality and rationality by taking into account the necessarily specific nature of care, which resists generalization and standardization. The essay will try at the same time to assess the potential of and the challenges for LTCI in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes one case pertaining to Knorr's mobile-based new product development projects in Japan. Knorr Foods, a subsidiary of Ajinomoto Inc., has tried to involve younger female consumers in the development of a new Soup Pasta, announcing the project at a popular fashion event, the Tokyo Girls Collection (TGC), whose star models became official project members. Knorr created a mobile campaign site, on which star model members maintain their blogs and report their participation in the product development process. The discussion threads serve as input for the idea generation and screening. Through this project, Knorr developed a new Soup Pasta that embodies the key attributes identified in the mobile blogs. The new product was introduced at the following year's TGC venue, during which sampling took place through catering trailers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2003 film Lost in Translation has attracted both acclaim and critique concerning its representation of the urban imaginary of Tokyo. Examining both the film representation and the critical responses to the imaginary, this paper discusses how they illuminate some of the emerging issues that Tokyo and Japan face in the era of globalization, such as the loss of the idiosyncratic status of non-Western modernity that Japan has long enjoyed; post-(self)Orientalist cultural othering; and the transnational alliance of media and cultural industries in a global cultural economy of branding the nation through media and consumer cultures, all at the expense of the issue of intensifying migration and multicultural situations in the urban space. It will be suggested that both the film and Japanese critiques of the film are lost in the actuality of Tokyo (indeed, of Japan) and its populace, which is being radically transformed by intensifying transnational flows of people, capital, and media imagery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the subway lines of Tokyo Metro, there are many tight curves that may cause squeal noise, excessive rail/wheel wear and also rail corrugation. To solve these serious problems, an onboard friction control system has been developed by the authors and has been equipped on some commercial trains [Y. Suda, H. Komine, T. Iwasa, M. Tomeoka, K. Matsumoto, N. Ubukata, M. Tanimoto, M. Nakata, and T. Nakai, Improvement of curving performance with friction control between wheel and rail, The 17th IAVSD Symposium Poster Session, Lyngby, Denmark, August, 2001; Y. Suda, H. Komine, T. Iwasa, T. Fujii, Tomeoka, K. Matsumoto, N. Ubukata, M. Tanimoto, M. Nakata, and T. Nakai, Experiment and analysis for improvement of curving performance with friction control between wheel and rail, Veh. Syst. Dynam. 41(Suppl.) (2004), pp. 507-516.]. With the system, in order to obtain the enough effect of friction control steadily, it is natural that an appropriate quantity of friction modifier should be required [K. Matsumoto, Y. Suda, T. Fujii, H. Komine, M. Tomeoka, Y. Sato, T. Nakai, M. Tanimoto, and Y. Kishimoto, The optimum design of an onboard friction control system between wheel and rail in a railway system for improved curving negotiation, Veh. Syst. Dynam. 44(Suppl.) (2006), pp. 531-540]. On such a viewpoint, the authors propose a new friction control system with the detection of yaw moment acting on the running wheelset. In this paper, first, outline of conventional feed-forward control system is introduced; secondly, the concept of feedback friction control system is presented considering the results of the multi-body dynamics simulations, and finally some field running test results of the developed system are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes a dance/movement therapy (DMT) based community outreach project for the women in the international community of Tokyo. The potential of DMT is explained through its impact on the core-self and body image. The interactive nature of DMT is discussed in the context of trans-culturality and communication. The outreach, which was carried out in a non-profit mental health organization (TELL), is described with the emphasis on the preparation of the project and on its content in terms of movement themes. This project showed a DMT group can foster attentiveness to body and to body sensations in various movement situations and thus help connecting to oneself. This may positively support the person's function in her daily relationships in personal and professional life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about several papers discussed at a symposium of the International Neuro-ophthalmology Society held from November 28 to December 2, 2006 at Zojoji Temple in Tokyo, Japan is presented. Participants of the event discussed about fundamental neurosciences and clinical neuro-opthalmology so that clinicians could provide services for human health and quality of life. Furthermore, Japanese neuro-opthalmology experts presented case studies from different countries.

This paper argues that the Tokyo campaign became meaningful to Japan not only because the Tokyo Olympics represented an avenue of continued cultural diplomacy for 1930s Japan, but also because the bid effort became enveloped by the larger issues that confronted inter-war Japan. The Tokyo campaign actively challenged the universalistic claims made by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and argued that the Olympic Games would not be truly universal until they were held outside the West. The campaigners for the Tokyo Olympics worked for several years with novel forms of Olympic diplomacy, which included state-to-state negotiations and an all-expense-paid trip for the IOC President to Japan. The IOC responded by selecting Tokyo to be the inaugural Asian Olympics, the first held outside Europe and the United States. The success of the Tokyo bid for the 1940 Olympic Games was ultimately predicated on the fact that for both Japan and the world in the 1930s, the Olympics could no longer be considered solely as a Western monopoly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the use of Edo as a trope for Japanese post-modernity in the 1980s and 1990s and its transformation at the turn of the millenium in order to better situate Japanese visual artist and theorist Murakami Takashi's 2000-1 exhibition, 'Superflat'. Is Murakami's 'Superflat' — which links contemporary anirne and anime-influenced art to the works of Edo-period artists Kano Sansetsu and Katsushika Hokusai — merely another expression of the Edo boom of the 1980s and 1990s? Or does it present a different use of Edo from that which came before? In order to address this question, this article looks at the works of Ötsuka Eiji, Okada Toshio and Karatani Köjin, a group of writers to whose works theorist Azuma Hiroki links Murakami's genealogical endeavors, and takes up Azuma's critique of these writers and Murakami himself. Finally, turning to Nan Yoshitomo's and Murakami's works themselves, seen through the lens of Azuma's arguments in his recent The Animalizing Postrnodern, this article argues that their art — and in turn the Superflat itself — is guided by a logic of compositing that is far more informed by contemporary modes of digital imaging than by the mode of appropriation and quasi-historization that characterized the use of Edo in Japan's postmodern 1980s and 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the content, display and communicative value of snapshot photographs found in Japanese pet cemeteries and identified as doubutsu no haka no shashin (animal grave pictures). A case study from Jindaiji Pet Cemetery in Tokyo explores how ordinary people illustrate Berger's anthropomorphization theme through observed relationships between family photography, pet-extended families, memory and beliefs in the afterlife of both humans and their animal companions. Evidentiary values and pictorial features of personal pictures of domestic animals are discussed and related to Japanese society and culture, to home media, vernacular photography and visual culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We make sense of urban space by investing it with names, names that over time accrue meanings both polyvalent at any one point in time and mutating through time. The extent and meanings of Shitamachi, one of Tokyo's central territorial concepts, have changed significantly throughout the city's history. In this paper, I first chart these changing meanings and then set the territory within the wider terrain of capital city as vehicle for the twin interests of state and capital. Urban space in Tokyo was used as a formative setting onto which to inscribe an idea of modernisation. Within this larger picture, Shitamachi was seen as representing a past vision of the city, one that was inimical to the interests of a modernising state. It became an industrial zone, a margin within the folds of central space. In recent years, a reassessment has occurred. Shitamachi is now widely celebrated as a space of communal memory and historical identity, even though its extent and meanings remain contested. The richly symbolic spaces of the imagination are thus rooted within a changing political economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of subcentres and satellite cities in the patterns of growth of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, first outlining the development of metropolitan planning ideas for the Tokyo region from the 1920s to the 1990s, and then examining empirical evidence on patterns of population and employment change that occurred from 1970 to 1995 to determine the degree to which a polycentric pattern of growth has emerged. Japanese planners initially adopted European greenbelt/satellite city schemes uncritically, and then gradually adapted them to circumstances in Japan, eliminating the greenbelt concept along the way. Metropolitan plans have since the 1970s instead proposed the development of a multi-polar metropolitan region as a way of reducing travel needs and distances while eliminating the need to prevent development in intervening areas. The data on patterns of change of population and employment suggests that there has indeed been a considerable tendency towards polycentric development in the Tokyo region, although not only in the planned subcentres, and even though the core area has maintained or increased its dominance as an employment centre. The implications of these findings are then explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper responds to the six papers from the Tokyo IAHR session. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Focuses on the unified local elections in Tokyo, Japan in 1999. Policies of national politicians in relation to Japan's recession-bound economy; Increase in electoral support for Communist Party; Costs of party support.

In this paper data from the 1985 Japanese Population Census are used to measure 'excess' commuting among 211 origin and destination points in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. Using an approach developed by Hamilton, it is found that about 90 per cent of commuting time in Tokyo is excess. Using White's method only about 15 per cent of commuting time is excess. Sensitivity analyses reveal that the results are not very sensitive to the major assumptions of the analyses. The findings are compared and contrasted with Small and Song's results for the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Several simulations are used to examine the effect of decentralisation of employment on commuting behaviour and it is found that commuting time could be significantly reduced by decentralising jobs or centralising workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the evolution of Japanese thinking and policies toward political and security cooperation in the post-Cold War Asia-Pacific, and asks whether there are structural imperatives behind Tokyo's activism. It also investigates the hypothesis that Japan's engagement in multilateralism serves constructive purposes for both Japan and the Asia-Pacific as the region moves toward a cooperative security regime. The purpose of this paper is to argue for the relevance and utility for Japan of a multilateralism approach to regional policy in the post-Cold War Asia-Pacific.

The paper examines whether three international office markets--London City, New York City, and Tokyo CBD--are linked by a long-run relationship. The greater economic and financial market linkages and cross-border capital flows have increased the possibility that the markets are integrated. Johansen tests establish cointegration between total return indices. Hence, London City, New York City, and Tokyo form an equilibrium relationship, deviations from which can prompt portfolio reallocations to exploit opportunities or reduce risk. The findings show that London City adjusts more strongly to the deviations from the long-run path than the other two markets. At the end of 2007, prices in both London City and Tokyo were above equilibrium with Tokyo particularly so, whereas New York City was below equilibrium. The analysis suggests that New York City will benefit from this disequilibrium situation among the three cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about multilingual signs in Tokyo. It is based on empirical research conducted in 2003. Special attention is given to the distinction between official and nonofficial multilingual signs. It will be demonstrated that the two types of signs exhibit some essentially different characteristics with regard to the languages contained and their arrangement on a sign. These differences will be interpreted using the notions of power and solidarity. While official signs are designed mainly to express and reinforce existing power relations, nonofficial signs make use of foreign languages in order to communicate solidarity with things non-Japanese. Both types of signs have their share in changing Tokyo's linguistic landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the concentration of multimedia and Internet businesses in Central Tokyo. The multimedia businesses producing various digitized materials and the other businesses related to the Internet can be identified as a business domain referred to as "the multimedia and Internet industry." Tokyo is the location of the largest concentration of multimedia and Internet businesses in Japan. Several industrial clusters of such businesses can be identified in Central Tokyo through the locational analysis of the firms utilizing GIS techniques. Among these clusters, Kanda, the largest one with its tradition of IT related technical and publishing/ printing businesses, contains a number of software design and application service firms. In contrast, Shibuya, the second largest cluster without any pre-existing industrial tradition, specializes in multimedia and Web content business. Shibuya, which is popularly called "Bit Valley," has grown rapidly correspondence with the expansion of the demand for multimedia and Web content products on the bases of its denser industrial relations compared to those in the other clusters and of few disadvantages in the competition for human resources for creative workers employment due to a distinct local labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japanese firms conducting 260 rights issues on the Tokyo Stock Exchange between 1971 and 1986 have subsequently performed poorly. The long-term downward drift is remarkably similar to those following Japanese initial public offerings and seasoned equity offerings, accompanied by a reliable pattern of post-issue deterioration of accounting profitability. The evidence therefore reinforces the 'windows of opportunity' explanation for the new issue puzzle, since rights issues involve much fewer changes in corporate ownership structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an empirical study on the optimality of population distribution within the Tokyo, Japan metropolitan area. Description of a model of optimal city size; Process of measuring optimal population distribution; Relationship between per capita wage and daytime population density.

Discusses how artist Frank Lloyd Wright described the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, Japan in the 19th century. Background on the encouragement of the former emperor Meiji with ties to Europeans and Americans; Operations of the hotel during the changes in tourism flow; Expansion of the hotel to address the needs of the tourism business.

Professor Lee-Soon Park of Kyungpook National University, Korea, and Professor Tomiki Ikeda of Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan, discussed a possibility to have an international symposium on liquid-crystalline materials and devices since Korea and Japan are the leading countries in the field of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and we believed that it would be quite fruitful for the research scientists in the related fields to come together, presenting their the state-of-the-art results, and discuss their results. We agreed to have the first international symposium on Liquid-Crystalline Materials and Devices (LCMD) on April in 1997 at Kyungpook National University at Daegu in Korea, in which the participants were mainly from Korea and Japan. The first international symposium was so successful that we decided to have the second symposium in Japan (LCMD98) in 1998. Since then, we have had international symposiums alternately in Korea and in Japan every year. In 2003, we decided to include other topics related to display materials and devices such as electroluminescence and organic light-emitting diodes, and changed the name of the symposium to “International Symposium on Advanced Display Materials and Devices (ADMD)”. In 2004, we had the ADMD2004 at Himeji in Japan, which Professor Nobuhiro Kawatsuki organized, and had many participants not only from Korea and Japan, but also from USA and China. This volume presents the Proceedings of the ADMD2004 held in Himeji on September 23 and 24, 2004. ADMD2004 was sponsored by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) (No. 16105004) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) under the auspices of the Japanese Liquid Crystal Society, The Society for information Display, Korea Chapter, The Korean Society of Industrial Engineering Chemistry, Information and Electric Materials Division. We had 101 participants and 46 presentations including 15 oral presentations and 31 poster presentations. The ADMD2004 was organized successfully, which was owing to the help of many people: participants, reviewers of the papers submitted to this special issue and also to Ms Concetta Seminara-Kennedy, the Management Editor of this volume for minute editing. June 2005 Tomiki Ikeda Lee-Soon Park Nobuhiro Kawatsuki (Guest Editors) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]