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Increasingly there is an understanding of the complexities of heritage within UK research, practice and policy. This has contributed to a growing recognition of intangible heritage, however there remains low awareness, and lack of sustained support, for Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH). This paper outlines a case study - 'The Man Engine Pilgrimage' a popular performative heritage event in 2016 that celebrated the ten-year anniversary of Cornwall as a WHS, designated 'Outstanding Universal Value'. Central to this heritage performance was a twelve metre tall mechanical puppet, replicating parts of the mining process, which made a pilgrimage across the Cornish landscape, visiting old mining sites as an act of community remembrance, spatial identity and celebration. These events called attention to ways that 'heritage' was used and celebrated through formal and informal processes and practices. The study in particular provided insight into structural changes in official heritage processes in Cornwall that facilitated bridging processes or entry points for 'from-below' voices and intangible heritage. The latter included performing Cornishness, which is explored as the living, sensorial embodied performance of heritage in public. This is a reflexive cultural process, where values and symbolic meanings are seen in action – a 'loose' space. Within this performativity meanings and values are created, negotiated, confirmed or refuted in this process of heritage making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four Cornish buildings with base-cruck trusses are described, part of a distinctive group that share the feature of having the blades passing the tiebeams to clasp the arcade plates. They have been dated, using a combination of ring-width and stable-isotope dendrochronology, to between the late thirteenth and late fourteenth centuries, making them the earliest known secular buildings in Cornwall. The paper discusses how these trusses relate to the development of the base-cruck form nationally and sets the buildings into their broader historical context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines participatory budgeting (PB) as an instrument of localism – the devolution of political governance with the aim to produce sustainable democratic communities. This will be achieved through a detailed exploration of the decision-making mechanisms for creating local governance through PB schemes designed and organised by the Cornwall Council (UK). First introduced in the UK by the previous Labour administration in 2008, PB has become a tool of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government and is central to the neoliberal ethos of Big Society and localism. In a time of rapid political change, we respond to Eaton's [2008. From feeding the locals to selling the locale: adapting local sustainable food projects in Niagara to neocommunitarianism and neoliberalism.Geoforum, 39, 994–1006, 996] suggestion that greater attention be paid to “the specificities of particular neoliberal projects” by focusing on the micro-politics of PB. We draw upon empirical evidence from PB pilot schemes run in rural Cornwall in 2008, examining the effect of “nudging” decision-making. Grounding this inquiry in the existing literature on neoliberal statecraft, this paper investigates the role of government technologies which seek to frame local governance using mechanisms of libertarian paternalism [Painter, J., 2008. European citizenship and the regions.European Urban and Regional Studies, 15, 5–19; Painter, J., 2010. Rethinking territory.Antipode: A Radical Journal of Geography, 42, 1090–1118; MacLeavy, J., 2008. Neoliberlising subjects: the legacy of new labour's construction of social exclusion in local governance.Geoforum, 39, 1657–1666]. We argue in this paper that neoliberal ideology has integrated the epistemology of behavioural economics. We draw conclusions commensurate with the outcomes of PB projects conducted in Latin America, namely that citizens can be steered towards making certain decisions. We assert that in order to direct decision-making successfully, governmental “top-down” frameworks and goals need to be married with local geographies and “bottom-up” local desires and aspirations, thereby enabling a “countervailing power” [Sintomer, Y., Herzberg, C. and Rocke, A., 2008. Participatory budgeting in Europe: potentials and challenges.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 32, 164–178] to develop. This power is exercised by a participating and scrutinising citizen that contribute towards, and balance, governmental practices of PB. With a wider governmental emphasis on designing or “architecting” choice in opportunities for local governing, there is now an even greater necessity to recognise the context of geography in local government community-orientated initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This exploratory paper examines the role of food tourism in developing and sustaining regional identities within the context of rural regeneration, agricultural diversification and the creation of closer relationships between production and consumption in the countryside. It focuses on Cornwall, South West England, an area with rural development issues, increasing tourism impacts and contested issues of regional identity. A literature and policy analysis, and in-depth interviews with 12 restaurateurs, were undertaken in four popular tourist locations. Correlation was found between increased levels of food tourism interest and the retention and development of regional identity, the enhancement of environmental awareness and sustainability, an increase in social and cultural benefits celebrating the production of local food and the conservation of traditional heritage, skills and ways of life. The paper draws attention to three issues: the role of food tourism in increasing tourist spending, the potential role of food tourism in extending the tourist season, and the re-examination of food tourist typologies within a sustainability framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we look at how landscape and climate change are simultaneously apprehended through institutional strategies and then negotiated through local knowledge and social relations on the ground. We argue that by examining landscapes that are practised, embodied and lived, it is possible to gain an understanding of people's actions, beliefs and values in relation to climate and climate change. This attention to cultural landscapes also enables us to ask how a variety of publics make sense of climate change, and how they are invited to do so by organisations that take responsibility for the management and preservation of landscape, such as the National Trust, Europe's biggest conservation organisation. This paper considers how the Trust makes sense of climate change via the document Shifting Shores and how its strategies are operationalised on the Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall, UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses cluster analysis, a form of a posteriori market segmentation, to understand the attitudes of tourists and the local community towards using the Looe Valley Branch Railway Line. The research revealed five segments of users distinguished by their attitudes towards using the train. Following this, the paper discusses the implications of the survey findings for attracting more people to use the Looe Valley Line. It sets its findings in the context of the sustainable tourism aims of reducing transport congestion and emissions, as well as recent work on assessing the scope for sustainable transport development in the leisure and tourism markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cooperation and complementarity are important but understudied components of tourism clusters, in general, and of the tourist attraction sector, in particular. This paper addresses product similarities, in general, and thematic similarity, in particular, in the context of spatial proximity and clustering among tourist attractions. These relationships are examined by exploring cooperation between tourist attractions in two tourism clusters in Cornwall, UK. Interviews with attraction managers and other key informants, and case studies, reveal that tourist attractions have established cooperative–complementary relationships of production based on external economies at both the local and the regional scales. Differences between the two clusters in terms of interviewees' perceptions of the relationships between factors indicate the importance of understanding the specific features of individual clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper explores the community regeneration dynamics of the Heartlands Project in Cornwall, UK. It is grounded in our autobiographical and experiential participation as artist consultants on the project during much of 2008. The paper addresses the issue of how landmarks of tin and copper mining are important spatial icons that generate some cohesion amongst the ambiguous constructions of culture and identity politics. The value of these derelict landscape features, which exist predominantly because of a large-scale shifting of matter, is of local, national and international significance. As emblems of heritage, such ruins provide a link with the past and equally a link with western industrialisation, capitalism and migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper challenges superficial views of ‘recyclia’ (or recycled art) so to consider more conceptual, holistic perspectives. In questioning how the ‘cultural and visual art world’ invests a new imagination and creativity onto abandoned possessions and derelict artefacts, the paper explores the recovery of social memory and the recycling of the past. With an emphasis on the conversion of Cornish shipping and fishing artefacts into recyclia and recycled narrative, the paper thus addresses the recycling of identities, histories and social relations. It does so from an interdisciplinary approach grounded in social anthropology, human geography and material culture studies. My main concern is to map out the journeys that certain tangible markers of prosperity and socio‐economic hardship take through official and low‐key recycling initiatives. Hence, the aim is to look at how Cornwall's historically significant nautical relics and waste are transformed into works of art and therefore into solid metaphors of cultural distinction. In this way, issues pertaining to cultural resurgence are knotted into the creative production for an ‘afterlife’ of things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT. This paper discusses some well-known legends and hagiographic stories, and explores the context of their production and consumption. From an examination of Welsh foundation legends and Cornish hagiographical accounts, we focus on the methods by which versions of history were used in the Middle Ages to provide a context for fundamental changes in the way in which society was organised. It is found that, far from abandoning traditional versions of history, accounts of the past were promoted that sought to couch newer territorial notions of organisation within existing constructions of identity and mediations with the past. In an examination of the production and reception of these popular stories, we attempt to relate the legends to the generation of communal identity and memory. Consequently, drawing on Bourdieu's notion of habitus, we argue that pre-existing beliefs and customs were an important part in the development of newer institutional structures. Rather than initiating new practices that had no grounding in any particular past, institutional developments gained social currency by being inherently grounded in existing facets of cultural identity. In essence therefore, changing societal and institutional structures were unintentionally couched in the language and understandings of existing structures, so that in many ways a concept of continuity was at the very heart of actual change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1984 two roundhouses within the Bronze Age settlement at Bosiliack were partially excavated byjeannette Ratcliffe and Charles Thomas on behalf of the Institute of Cornish Studies. Six radiocarbon determinations have now been obtained on charcoal from these. The dates fall into two groups, with three in the later part of the Bronze Age in the centuries between 1390 and 1000 cal. BC, and three in the Iron Age between 750 and 200 cal. BC. The radiocarbon dates are important because, although settlements of roundhouses are well known in west Penwith, none had been scientifically dated. They are also significant because they demonstrate the longevity and changing character of occupation within the roundhouses, and demonstrate the differing biographies of adjacent structures. This paper outlines the results from the excavations and the radiocarbon dating programme before moving on to a discussion of settlement on the west Penwith uplands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Welcome to Tintagel, the birthplace of King Arthur' is a phrase often repeated at this small village on the north coast of Cornwall where legend, childhood stories and merchandise all serve to attract thousands of visitors per year. As 'a place to go', the area provides stunning coastal scenery, a romantic ruined castle and a highly commercialised village. Tintagel Island, owned by the Duchy of Cornwall but managed by English Heritage, plays centre stage as the 'birthplace' in question. On-site, the character of Arthur is largely debunked as a literary phenomenon and, furthermore, a survey of day-trippers revealed that visitors were left in an interpretive limbo -- arriving with ideas of Arthur and leaving knowing little about Tintagel. Whilst the aesthetics of the castle and scenery go some way towards mitigating against disappointment, on site encounters with kitsch representations of the past combine with more amorphous senses of pseudo-spiritual atmospheres as well as experiences of walking, eating and drinking to ultimately provide a 'grand day out'. The marketing ephemera and heritage presentation all serve to create, reinforce and suppress different identities of place which are revealed as being a fairly cohesive package of Celtic-Arthuriana. This paper questions the ways in which visitors' expectation and imagination are mediated through experience of place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a small building of humble origins but in a dominant position at the centre of a picturesque riverside village in Cornwall. It had been at risk for some years before the owners declared that they wished to sell. At this point, the local community (through the parish councils for each side of the river) combined to preserve the building for general use. Despite the modest scale of the project, significant volunteer effort resulted in grant aid from a variety of sources including the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) and the Regional Development Fund (RDF). The building was in a state of considerable disrepair; roof failure and regular tidal flooding from the river had caused the original timbers to rot, which had led to some stonework movement. Thus the aims were twofold: to conserve the original building, and to create a useful functional space for the benefit of the local community. This paper describes how the Red Store was conserved and converted to a resource centre and craft workshop for community use. It includes the flood mitigation measures taken to prevent damage from regular tidal flooding and potential future climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on findings from an ethnographic study (2008–09) conducted in a village with a significant population of local surfers in Cornwall (Southwest England). Stimulated by Goffman's (1961) interpretation of the concept of career and elaborated by the work of Stebbins (1970) on “subjective career,” Stebbins's (1982) framework of “serious leisure” and “serious leisure career” (Stebbins, 2005), we identify moments from local surfer careers lived in this community setting. We suggest that similar to findings from other subcultural studies on sports careers the local surfing career in this context contains shared experiential stages: the nurtured stage, the possible competitive stage, the serious leisure traveller stage, the responsible stage, and the legends stage. We conclude that the shared experiences and pathways of a local surfing career can play a positive cultural role, not just for individuals but also for the construction and maintenance of local community life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fishing communities in Europe are facing significant challenges due to policy measures aimed at reducing fishing effort in order to cope with the “crisis” in key stocks. While it is imperative to ensure sustainability of the resource, such policies may overlook the contribution of fisheries to the social and cultural well-being of coastal communities. This article explores the contribution that sense of place can make to understanding the relationship between fishing and cultural ecosystem services, drawing on case studies from Cornwall, southwest England. Through semistructured interviews with fishing community stakeholders we outline how fishing contributes to sense of place in terms of individual and community identities, as well as a particular place character associated with the physical presence of fishing. We suggest that a co-constructionist account of the relationship between sea and land can provide a starting point for understanding the cultural landscape that emerges as a result of fishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The politics of identity is important within regional and governance policy debates, becoming a mechanism for ‘filling in’ the democratic gaps left by the hollowing out of the state, with much discourse about constructing identities for governance purposes. This raises questions about the feasibility of processes of identity construction, and whether it starts from new, or builds on existing identities. We use the case study of the Cornish campaign for Objective 1 EU structural funding, engaging directly with modernist versus ethnosymbolist accounts of nationalism, to explore the binary between instrumental, constructed identities and more phenomenological accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present research examines the way in which politicians' attitudes towards the EU are affected by comparative identity processes. Interviews among regional politicians in two peripheral regions in the UK (Study 1: Wales and Cornwall) and two peripheral regions in the Netherlands (Study 2: Friesland and Limburg) show that when the relationship between nation-state and European Union is perceived to be negative (i.e., in UK regions), the national government is defined by emphasising the regions' pro-Europe sentiments. When central government is perceived to hold positive EU attitudes (i.e., in The Netherlands), politicians in peripheral regions accuse the national government of over-conformity to the EU, while emphasising the greater historical and cultural link between their region and Europe than between region and nation-state. Discussion focuses on the context-dependent nature of EU attitudes and on the importance of identity considerations at the regional level when examining attitudes towards the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking its cue from Pooley and Turnbull's (1998) claim that there is no evidence of any difference in the propensity to migrate by region or settlement size, this article investigates the appropriate scale for migration research. It presents some preliminary findings from a micro-level study of three occupationally contrasting communities in Cornwall in the second half of the 19th century. Reconstructing the migration histories of a cohort of children from the 1851 census enumerators' books and making use of local and online census and civil registration index databases, the study identifies some clear differences in migration patterns and propensity at the community level. Moving from patterns to processes it argues that labour markets and occupational structures remain the most important explanatory variables structuring migration, but that these were mediated at the individual level by the influence of the family which played a key role in facilitating or deterring movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study looked at 30 primary aged children between 10 and 11 years old who were visiting the Eden Project, Cornwall and participating in workshops led and designed by the Eden Education Officers. The study attempted to directly test the effects of the Education Officers' workshops on children's learning. Personal meaning mapping, a constructivist approach was used to measure change in the children's understanding along four semi‐independent dimensions: extent, breadth, depth and mastery. The children's mastery of the subject regardless of ability was improved. Most of the workshop aims, such as ‘to recognise some plant adaptations in the humid tropics climate’ were shown to have been met. The research also highlighted areas to be reviewed, such as educating children about the way indigenous people use plants for their survival and also how children can transfer knowledge, so that they can understand the significance of plants in their own daily lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study draws upon research carried out in 2003, which had the primary purpose of examining the perceived social impacts associated with increased levels of cruise tourism for a major port of call in the South West of England. A survey approach was employed focusing on the town of Falmouth in Cornwall. Data were collected from residents using email and face-to-face street surveys. The results suggest that there is a predominantly positive view of cruise tourism in Falmouth, in respect of perceived impacts. In addition, there is clear recognition within the research population that growth has resulted in an increase in job opportunities, produced financial benefits and led to the development of increased tourist attractions and facilities. There was little to no evidence in the results of negative impacts, including such events as increased levels of crime and overcrowding that are often associated with increased tourism to a destination. The results provide interesting prompts for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study described is part of a larger research programme designed to investigate primary aged children's learning during a visit to the Eden Project. Children from eight primary schools were interviewed approximately four weeks after a one-day, teacher-led visit to the Eden Project (EP) in Cornwall. Their responses revealed that the children enjoyed their visit to the EP and were affected by the sensory experience of being immersed in such a profusion of plants from around the world. The children showed interest in the plants that were relevant to their lives but were often unsure of the relationship between plants, people and resources. The analysis highlights the need for teachers to integrate a visit to the EP within their school's curriculum, particularly in respect of prior preparation and mediation, in order to capitalize effectively on the children's experiences during their visit to the Eden Project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal localisation was investigated in the lichenised ascomycete Trapelia involuta growing on a range of uraniferous minerals including metazeunerite [Cu(UO 2 ) 2 (AsO 4 ) 2 ·8H 2 O], metatorbernite [Cu(UO 2 ) 2 (PO 4 ) 2 ·8H 2 O], autunite [Ca(UO 2 ) 2 (PO 4 ) 2 ·10H 2 O] and uranium-enriched iron oxide and hydroxide minerals at the abandoned South Terras mine site, Cornwall, UK. Apothecia from samples collected from waste dumps at the mine have an unusually dark colour that decolorized with NaOCl, an observation which together with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of apothecial extracts, suggested the presence of melanin-like pigments. X-ray element mapping and probe traverses across the lichen-rock interface identify the highest U, Fe, and Cu concentrations in the outer parts of melanised apothecia. Accumulation of mineral particulates and complexing with lichen acids are not considered responsible for this since element ratios in the traverses do not correspond with those of likely mineral phases and lichen metabolites are localised in different tissues. Metal biosorption by melanin-like pigments are likely to be responsible for the observed metal fixation. No detectable U or Cu was observed in control samples although Fe showed a similar localisation in some specimens. The high concentrations of mucopolysaccharides and P recorded inside apothecia (within asci containing reproductive spores and hypothecium) suggests that the formation of melanised tissues may help protect vital reproductive tissues from the toxic effects of U and other metals, since the uranyl ion complexes strongly with phosphate species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cornwall is arguably the most economically deprived area of Britain, yet since the 1960s it has experienced one of the highest levels of in-migration of any county in Britain. Migrants are mostly of working age and economically active, yet not only does a move to Cornwall appear to economically impoverish them, but large-scale in-migration has been associated with a declining economy since it began. This article examines the historic roots of poverty in Cornwall with particular reference to its unusual economic character and migration history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1890s were a watershed in the history of the Cornish tin mining industry. As a consequence of a spectacular fall in the price of tin on the world market, an age-old system of capitalist mining in Cornwall, England was effectively eliminated. It was marked by a greater sensitivity to international prices than at any previous time combined with relatively inflexible production costs to put the Cost Book system of mining under intense strain. Tin prices fell consistently from 1888 to 1897, from £117.3 per ton for black tin, to £65.4 per ton. Moreover, there was a long-term decline in the grade of ore mined in Cornwall, which tended to accentuate the impact of price falls and debarred the management from adopting one of its most convenient strategies in times of falling profits, as that of the mining of higher grade ore bodies. Thus in 1873 all Cornish tin mines produced dressed tin ore containing 58.5 per cent of metallic tin in every ton. In 1896, a smaller number of mines produced tin ore containing 53.3 per cent of metallic tin in each ton, at a time when prices were 56.6 per cent below their 1873 level.

This article focuses on the social conditions of miners in Cornwall and their initiatives in adult education. The miner's poor living and working conditions were a source of concern, and he often found his only outlets in debauchery and drunkenness. His earnings, varied from pitch to pitch in the same mine, but they climbed appreciably in the early nineteenth century. The author observes that the roots of the miner's social improvement might be sought in the late eighteenth century, when Wesleyan Methodism promoted a moral reformation, and inculcated a desire to succeed, besides supplying some inexpensive literature. Much remained to be done, however, before the working miner could benefit directly from an education related to his trade, or indeed, before there was a broad consensus of opinion accepting the value of such an education. The institutions that were to make some contribution to its development, a number were to be involved in wider aspects of adult education, rather than being specific mining schools, and the education they dispensed was more general than properly scientific or technical.

The article discusses various issues related to the rise and decline of the early English copper industry. England and Wales produced more than 6,000 tons of copper a year in the middle of the eighteenth century and half the world's copper in the early nineteenth century. The existence of copper mines was either known or strongly suspected in the middle ages but there is no record of their successful exploitation before the 1560's. The early English copper industry was not a natural phenomenon and filled no major gap in the British economy of the time. It was in essence a mining speculation, which failed; it was planted and sustained by the efforts of a German mining firm and continued by the optimism and perhaps public spirit of a small group of investors and merchants. It achieved moderate success thanks to the exceptional technical and mercantile competence, despite all the natural disadvantages and the pressure of foreign competition. It petered out with the disappearance of the unusual talents that had maintained it. Finally it began to revive when conditions had turned against European producers of copper and when improved smelting techniques and the steam pump, invented in Cornwall, England, helped to upgrade the relative poverty of the British copper mines.

The article focuses on the discovery of the moss specie Brucia vogesiaca Schwägr in Cornwall, England. A small specimen of living plants was collected and was studied through microscopy, which revealed a close similarity with the specimens from an herbarium in France. It is described with a sporophyte 6-7 mm long, seta of about 4 mm long, flexuose and capsule cylindrical with neck as long as the theca. Other findings show that such species exhibit a persistent protonema that may produce uniseriate gemmae.