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Focuses on the 7th Symposium of the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association in Montreal, Quebec. Exchange of ideas and research for clinical linguists and phoneticians; Function of phonetics and linguistics methods; Selection of summary papers from the forum.

This paper contributes to the growing body of work on precarious labor, immigration, and social gerontology by examining the racialization of precarious employment across the life course. In particular, the authors examine the impact of precarious employment and discrimination among racialized older immigrants in Canada. Racialized older immigrants are more likely to be disadvantaged by the effects of lifelong intersections of economic and social discrimination rooted in racialization, gender, ageism, and socio-economic status. Drawing from a narrative-photovoice project that focused on the life stories of older immigrants living in Quebec and British Columbia, this paper presents the in-depth stories and photographs of four participants to highlight how intersections of race, gender, age, immigration status, and ability shape and structure experiences of aging, labor market participation and caregiving relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Routing regular and dangerous commodities in railway freights transportation is discussed in this paper. Based on a link-based modeling approach, a mixed integer nonlinear programing model is developed. The model takes into account weather stability conditions of urban and rural areas and spatial distribution of risk at yards and around links as it impacts these zones along the routes. This paper also discusses the advantages of using bifurcation of flows on risk-cost tradeoffs and route planning decisions. The widely used nonlinear risk function is linearized and then the problem was solved to optimality using a commercial software. Results of the experiments on two hypothetical networks and one based on the rail network of the Province of Québec in Canada are presented and analyzed. Routing decisions associated with both variants of the proposed model with bifurcation of the material flows are compared to obtain managerial insights on the model in solving hazmat freight routing problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns the ethical judgment that lies at the heart of assessing requests for Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID) in Canada and Quebec, namely is it ethically right to help the person requesting assistance to end his or her life? We address situations in which making this judgment may be challenging despite the person fulfilling legal eligibility requirements. Using three clinical cases that are challenging by virtue of the legal requirement that a person experience intolerable suffering we explore this issue. We review practice guidance provided to providers and assessors in six jurisdictions and discuss potential resources to inform the ethical judgments involved in MAID assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Editorial. Introduces a series of articles presented at the 14th Annual Conference of the International Input-Output Association held at Montreal, Quebec in October 2002. Information on winners of the best conference paper.

Focuses on the constitutive rhetoric regarding the sovereignty of Quebec province. Development of political associations dedicated to Quebec's political sovereignty; Appraisal of the narrative ideological effect of rhetoric; Assessment of the effective power of constitutive rhetoric; Overview of a white paper drafted to secure Quebec's sovereignty.

Women of many cultures and religions find a means of coping with stress and ill health in faith-based practices, such as meditation and prayer. It is customary for Muslim women to participate in such activities, usually with a special dress code, which often includes a hijab. The headscarf ban in French and formerly in Quebec public schools not only forces Muslim female students to shed theiressentialreligious dress code, but also fails to address the resulting health consequences and to acknowledge the cultural aspects of head-covering. This paper argues that the ban on head coverings in public schools is not only an infringement on religious and cultural freedoms, and violation of human rights, but that it is also an unhealthy policy intervention, as it undermines health by restricting prayers, mindfulness and spirituality. Furthermore, the ban has taken away Muslim women's choice to wear a hijab, thus restricting a sense of self-autonomy and in turn causing additional negative health implications. By synthesising these ideas, this paper holds a novel and critical perspective that the headscarf ban policy in France should be re-examined not only because of its infringement of human rights, but also to assess the negative health impacts on affected groups. For these reasons the paper advocates a reversal of the ban, as has happened in Quebec, Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper challenges the assumptions that women 'care' as a matter of course, that care work is natural, inevitable, and easy - requiring little skill and as a result should not be highly valued or rewarded. It does so by assessing the impact of Quebec's (Canada's) $7/day childcare program on an economically disadvantaged community near the Quebec/Ontario border. This pilot study of mothers and childcare workers marks the first phase of research in the community. This paper looks at some of the care work involved in childcare settings in small-town Quebec. At the same time, the paper aims to show the importance and impact of Quebec's childcare initiative on an economically hard-hit community. It shows that, despite mothers' recognition of the importance of the program to themselves, their children and their community, there is still evidence of the undervaluing of the care work that childcare providers do. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is common in discourse surrounding Québécois and Puerto Rican nationalism to discuss both regions in terms of their linguistic marginality to Anglo-majorities found in Canada and the USA, respectively. As two areas faced with the common American task of inventing a national identity in displaced settings in the New World, English becomes an easy "other" against which the French Quebecker and Spanish Puerto Rican may define themselves. However, language becomes a problematic means of definition when considered in relation to its intrinsically Old World origins. This paper reexamines Quebec and Puerto Rican nationalism from a larger New World perspective that focuses on the role of American landscapes and settings in conjunction with the traditional linguistic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the response to the hijab in France, Quebec and the rest of Canada to explore the different political cultures of those three polities, the ideals behind them and the modes of repression and tolerance which give meaning to those cultures. More specifically, the paper compares the Stasi Commission in France with the Bouchard-Taylor Commission in Quebec in terms of both process and conclusions. What role do public commissions play in the education of the public against a background of educational institutions charged with that task? In asking that question, the paper explores the role of daily practices in realising that ideal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has helped us understand that high stakes tests can have some sort of influence at the micro level on classroom practice and activity. To date, much variation has been reported. This paper discusses washback in second language (L2) education contexts and specifically the teacher factor in classroom activity. It draws on four areas of research: washback research in second language (L2) and general education, the teacher factor in washback, alignment of assessment internal and external to the classroom, and mixed methods research. It provides teacher case study examples from a larger study probing into teacher practice and beliefs when dealing with a new high stakes English as a second language (ESL) provincial exit exam at the high school level. The participants are from the population of ESL secondary teachers in the French school system in the province of Quebec in Canada. The main research question is: How do teachers mediate between classroom assessment activity and preparing students for upcoming external exams? Results indicate that teachers used common overall approaches, but that there was variation in individual practice. When first introduced to the new exam material, teachers used a formative assessment approach. As the exam time neared, their practice evolved into a summative assessment approach. This phenomenon demonstrated an interfacing or 'blurring' of formative and summative assessment in an attempt to align classroom and external exam assessment. Implications are discussed pertaining to a coherent education system across curriculum, teaching, learning and assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both public opinion and experts who analyse voting statistics contend nowadays that young people are losing interest in politics. But should political participation be confined to electoral participation? Could the expression 'youth participation in political life' be confusing? At present, we observe young people mobilizing within organizations meant to influence decision-making and power centres, and we further see growing numbers of demonstrations targeting a wide array of issues--from high school students clamouring for the maintenance of cultural activities, to anti-globalization demonstrations. These movements necessarily suggest broadening the concept of political participation to include activities beyond electoral participation alone. Some authors see a new political generation taking shape in this enthusiastic involvement. This is the central hypothesis of this paper. To illustrate this hypothesis, the limitations of certain participation indicators will be challenged and new forms of involvement described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents ten examples from the Province of Quebec, where firms have increased their profitability while protecting the environment. These examples contain new ideas and arguments that can help environment-conscious managers to convince their colleagues to become proactive in this area. The examples are preceded by a discussion of the general context of the relationship between environmental quality and profitability. Specifically, the link between improved environmental quality and increased profitability is elucidated. We then discuss ten examples grouped by industrial sector. Three of the cases are presented in detail, to better shed light on the motivations leading to the implementation of these measures, along with the implementation process. Lastly, the common factors between these examples are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the history and literature of French Americans of the Quebec diaspora in the United States. Migration and settling-in process of the diaspora; Participation of French Americans in trade union activities and politics of the country.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic entailed significant changes in accompaniment, end-of-life, and bereavement experiences. In some countries, public health measures prevented or restricted family caregivers from visiting their dying loved ones in residences, long-term care institutions, and hospitals. As a result, family members were faced with critical decisions that could easily lead to ethical dilemmas and moral distress. Aim: This study aimed to understand better the experience of ethical dilemmas among family caregivers who lost a loved one. Methds: We interviewed twenty bereaved family caregivers and analysed their narratives using Interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results: Our analysis suggests that family caregivers struggled with their multiple responsibilities (collective, relational, and personal) and had to deal with the emotional cost of their choices. Results display three emerging themes describing the experience of ethical struggles: (1) Flight or fight: Struggling with collective responsibility; (2) Being torn apart: Assuming relational responsibility and (3) "Choosing" oneself: The cost of personal responsibility. Discussion/Conclusion: Results are discussed and interpreted using an ethical, humanistic, and existential conceptual framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an introduction to the 8th European Conference on the History of Economics, held in March 2002 , at Montreal, Quebec. By visual representation, was meant the use in the field of various kinds of images, be they graphs, diagrams, maps or even paintings. Papers presented at the conference were varied. Physiocracy was the subject of two of them. Another dealt with the use of imagery in the literature critical of 19th-century English political economy. The role of visual representation in science has, in recent years, become an issue of interest for historians, sociologists and philosophers.

Several countries have imposed bans on the wearing of face veils, a controversial option considered in Bill 94 by the province of Quebec in 2010. This paper examines non-Muslim women's support for the acceptability of the niqab in public spaces. Analysing the 2010 Quebec Women's Political Participation Survey, we find that key feminist arguments – that wearing the niqab is a woman's free choice, a matter of freedom of religion and a visible symbol of women's oppression – are important drivers of opinion. Their role in shaping opinion, however, is complex and mirrors divisions among feminist groups in the province. Additional attitudinal drivers include generation, exposure to the practice and openness to immigration. Equally important, our findings suggest that being a member of a racial minority, feelings of cultural insecurity and religiosity are of little consequence for thinking on the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathways to permanent residency among immigrants in Canada have become more often preceded by a phase of temporariness. Research on these processes indicates that a two-step immigration regime is gaining momentum. However, we know little about those who qualify for permanent residency and experience a transition to permanent status inland. This article examines such experience of encountering federal and provincial administrative borders from within Canada. The analysis is based on 43 in-depth qualitative interviews conducted in the province of Quebec between 2016 and 2020 with temporary migrants in the process of transitioning to permanent residency or having recently acquired it. The article argues that migrants find themselves in spaces of ambiguity and in-betweenness regarding their transition process, access to rights and life perspectives over a period during which their status, as a lived experienced rather than strictly an administrative category, is neither temporary nor permanent. It sheds light on how bureaucratic processes that throw people into precariousness produces different shades of inclusion, not only based on the type of residency permit, but on the staggered transition process resulting from Canada's immigration multi-governance itself. Furthermore, it calls for a rethinking of the permanent-temporary resident binary that structures Canada's immigration policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hydrological Sciences Journal/Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Canada is often characterized as a multicultural country with two official languages associated with two official population groups: the national majority of white, anglophone Canadians and the national minority of white, francophone Quebecers. Racialized minorities, including immigrants, are situated as the third node in the construction of Canada as a multicultural society. While there is often discussion of the minority/ majority relationship between the national majority and the national minority, or the national majority and racialized minorities, there is much less attention given to the relationship between Quebec and racialized minorities in the province. This paper examines the construction of difference in this relationship through the experiences of Pakistani Muslims living in Montreal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimensioning and positioning structural beneficial management practices (BMPs) represent a “real life” challenge for soil conservation engineers, managers, planners and policy-makers. Different factors, such as trapping efficiency; implementation, management, and opportunity costs (resulting from cropland loss), and government policies and guidelines need to be weighed to meet this challenge. The trapping efficiency of structural BMPs may depend on many parameters, including: (1) characteristics of vegetated filters (VF) such as width and slope, vegetation height, vegetation density and species composition, (2) flow characteristics such as runoff velocity, discharge volume and water height, and (3) sediment characteristics such as particle size, aggregation and concentration. Government policies and guidelines may include dimension and location of VFs and/or a cropland percentage that needs to be converted into VF areas. The main objectives of this paper are to: (1) describe the development of the Vegetated Filter Dimensioning Model (VFDM), a mathematical model to determine the optimal dimensions of riparian vegetated filter strips (RVFSs) in agricultural watersheds, and (2) illustrate the potential use of the model on a pilot watershed, the Beaurivage watershed, in Quebec, Canada. The latter was done for the sole purpose of model testing with readily available input parameters and data. The model calculates the optimal width with respect to vegetation, topographical, hydrological and sedimentological characteristics. The results of this case study showed that the average recommended RVFS for the Beaurivage River watershed is about 3 m wide. Le dimensionnement et le positionnement de bandes riveraines (BR) représentent un défi important pour les ingénieurs, gestionnaires, planificateurs et les représentants politiques qui décident des régulations dans ce domaine. Plusieurs facteurs, tel que l’efficacité de captation des sédiments; l’implémentation, la gestion et les coûts d’opportunité (résultant de la perte de terres agricoles), et les politiques et régulations gouvernementales doivent être pris en compte pour relever ce défi. L’efficacité de captation dépend de plusieurs paramètres, incluant (1) les caractéristiques de la BR, tel que sa largeur et sa pente, la hauteur de la végétation, la densité de végétation et les espèces en présence; (2) les caractéristiques de l’écoulement, tel que la vitesse de ruissellement, le volume d’écoulement et la hauteur d’eau, et (3) les caractéristiques des sédiments, tel que la taille des particules, leur agrégation et leur concentration. Les politiques et régulations gouvernementales peuvent inclure la dimension et l’emplacement des BR et/ou un pourcentage de terres agricoles devant être converties en BR. Les objectifs principaux de cet article sont : (1) décrire le développement de VFDM (Vegetated Filter Dimensioning Model), un modèle mathématique pour déterminer les dimensions optimales des bandes riveraines dans des bassins versants agricoles, et (2) illustrer l’utilisation potentielle du modèle sur un bassin versant pilote, le bassin de la rivière Beaurivage, Québec, Canada. Ce dernier objectif a été fait dans le but de tester le modèle avec des paramètres et données d’entrées déjà disponibles. Le modèle calcule la largeur optimale en fonction des caractéristiques topographiques, hydrologiques, sédimentologiques et de la végétation. Les résultats de cette étude indiquent que les largeurs des bandes riveraines dans le bassin de la rivière Beaurivage devraient être de l’ordre de 3 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the political and policy discourses of Quebec's integration toolkit for immigrants. With a focus on value codes for immigrants, I argue first, that recent debate on accommodation of immigrants and religious minorities resuscitates the dominant historical narrative of Quebec's fragility as a conquered settler colonial nation but where the major threat is defined as the cultural otherness of racialized immigrants and religious minorities. Second, such value codes instantiate a form of governmental strategy that combines neo-liberal and communitarian rationalities and insist on cultural assimilation as the price of entry into Quebec citizenship. Finally, the paper examines how Quebec's current national imaginary of the ‘worrier nation’ maps spatially onto the urban-rural divide. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Inter-party voting coalitions in three minority cabinets were analysed: the 38th (2004–05), 39th (2006–08) and 40th (2008–11) Federal Canadian Parliaments. The paper begins by developing a simple theory to explain the formation of voting coalitions. The theory predicts that electoral incentives and policy issues drive minority government support. The main contention is that voting coalitions are more likely to form along ideological lines, as proposed by Axelrod [(1970) The Conflict of Interest (Chicago: Markham)]. However, the analysis also demonstrates that voting coalitions form along a second dimension in the Canadian Parliament, mainly on issues related to federalism and the province of Quebec. Some evidence is also provided to show that expected electoral gains could explain why certain parties choose to support the government more, despite ideological incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The main purpose of this paper is to estimate the size and the growth of Quebec's underground economy, and the corresponding loss of taxes for the government. Our approach is based on a method developed by Pissarides and Weber (1989) and extended by Lyssiotou et al. (2004). The basic hypothesis is that individuals can under-report their earnings from self-employment but not from paid work, from which taxes are directly deducted. We estimate a consumer demand system in which the marginal propensity to consume is allowed to vary with the two types of earnings. We next estimate the amount of self-employment earnings that are under-reported. From this estimate, we calculate the relative size of the underground economy in Quebec. We use data from Statistics Canada's Survey of Household Spending. According to our results, Quebec's underground economy amounted to 4.6% of GDP in 1997 and increased slightly to 5.7% in 2002. For the government, this represents approximately $3.3 billion in forgone taxes for the year 2002. This estimate is very close to those reported by Gervais (1994) and Fortin and Lacroix (2009) using very different estimation methods and data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to describe a method for evaluating the vulnerability of drinking water systems to contamination, in particular in rural regions used intensively for agriculture. To do so, various indicators were developed to represent the source to tap multi-barrier approach for drinking water safety. These indicators correspond to four barriers: source susceptibility to contamination; water treatment efficiency; distribution system management; and, overall management of water quality. The indicators were classified, regrouped and weighted within a model based on a multi-criteria analysis. The method was developed and applied to 39 municipal water systems of rural Quebec, Canada. The model obtained can be used for planning purposes to prioritise water systems requiring improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Quebec's management of immigration and diversity in the promotion of cultural and political autonomy from Canada. Quebec has been able to secure some of the prerogatives of a sovereign nation-state in part through its control of immigration and its development of an intercultural integrative policy framework. Instead of diminishing the national distinctiveness of Quebec within the Canadian federation, rising immigration has accentuated it in many ways. The concept of intercultural nationalism is used to define a particular state-building strategy that is responsive to economic and demographic changes brought by increased global integration. We argue that the emergence of Quebec as a strong nation with sporadic, but specifically dominant and legitimate state power is reflective of the adaptations that many nation-states have undergone in response to the challenges of globalisation. By that measure, the Quebec state is, in a sense, more of a national state than it ever was in the past. Increasing diversity both within and outside its borders has contributed to this evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of the past 20 years in Québec reveals the extent of the social and economic change that has occurred there. Such change has demanded the redefinition of service delivery in the public, para-public and, indeed, the private sectors. Québec has shifted from a period centred, by and large, on growth, to a period of streamlined spending and optimum resource use. The Sûreté du Québec has had to adapt its management methods to this situation while dealing with numerous, major reforms. These changes have led to the establishment of the Development and Training Branch and helped to determine its mission, strategic policy directions, and action plans. Who we are, what we do, how we do it, and what results we are seeking are some of the questions that this paper prepared by the Development and Training Branch of the Sâreté du Québec, the Québec, Canada Provincial Police Force, addresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the well-orchestrated and much publicised project regarding the construction and implementation by the Quebec state of a citoyennetéquébécoise. This endeavour is viewed here as the most recent phase of a process of boundary definition that began with the Quiet Revolution in the early 1960s, and that proceeded from the cultural definition of an ethnic nation to a pluralist conception of the territory, and then from a pluralist definition of the community to the present elaboration of a specifically Québécois citizenship, which merges here with nationality. In spite of a shift from a cultural to a territorially based definition of the community, I argue that the citizenship presently developed is anchored in a homogenised notion of cultural belonging, as the Quebec state is attempting to define a 'universal' national identity that would subordinate all others. The national model of citizenship is preferred over the postnational, the republican over the pluralist, the undifferentiated over the differentiated, at least when it comes to cultural identity. Language is viewed as the bearer of a culture, but also as a common property and a threatened good that must be protected by all residents. This fosters the redefinition of a collective project that can include non-French Canadians and be less past-oriented than previously. Whether such a strategy will appear more palatable to non-French Canadians remains to be seen, in a context where the case for multicultural rights and differentiated postnational identities remains very strong on the international scene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on research undertaken in Québec city focusing on heritage interpretation and the promotion of 'national identity'. The discussion opens with a review of the term heritage, now identified as an 'industry', but also a problematic notion located in the dialectic of the universal and the particular. An assessment of the historic quarter, a World Heritage Site, provides the basis for a critique of the differing perspectives and identities used by the various stakeholders, including local residents and visitor groups. These various perspectives, on what is a contested 'national' heritage site, are manifested in the promotion of the capital city of New France and separatist Québec and the benign but nonetheless federal presence represented by Parks Canada, the National Battlefield and National Defence Commissions, which together control and interpret the key heritage sites. In giving a voice to the local, the paper articulates the concerns of a declining but increasingly vocal resident group, reflecting the gentrification and 'touristification' of the historic district and the realities of living in aWorld Heritage City, and the conflicts between the presentation of this city to a greater francophonie, and the promotion of an urban tourism destination to a wider Canada and world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the analysis of 1981, 1991 and 1996 census data and results from a survey on migration patterns conducted with 5518 youths aged between 20 and 34 in the province of Quebec, Canada, this paper sets out the general patterns of leaving home in Quebec. Particular attention is paid to age group, gender and regional-urban differences. Findings are discussed in the light of notions of disembedding (Giddens) and risk (Beck), and their interplay in theories of transition to adulthood. The analysis focuses on the appropriateness of individualization theories in explaining the transition to adulthood. The empirical evidence raises questions as to whether trends in leaving home indicate increased individualization among youths or patterns of social reproduction. Research and social implications of prolonged home staying and limited geographical mobility during youth are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the recent urban literature on suburban employment centres has neglected the role of high-order services, perhaps the principal component of 'edge cities', in the creation of the evolving multinucleated metropolitan structure. This paper specifically explores the role of high-order services in this process. We use employment by place-of-work data at the census-tract level to examine the changing intrametropolitan geography of employment in four finance, insurance and real estate (FIRE) services and eight business services in the Montreal area over the period 1981–96. We find evidence of central business district (CBD) decline in relative, but not absolute, terms. The resulting decentralisation has clearly assumed the form of polycentricity rather than of generalised dispersion. In spite of recent advances in telecommunications technologies, agglomeration economies continue to exert an important impact upon intrametropolitan location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses data from the 1996 Canadian census to examine and measure the spatial structure and intensity of urban deprivation in Montreal. Urban deprivation emerged as an important theme in urban studies and urban geography during the 1990s. Since the early 1980s, the Montreal urban area, particularly the Island of Montreal, has experienced an increase in urban social problems, brought on largely by economic restructuring, recessions and the out-migration of residents and businesses to suburban communities. Twenty indicators of urban deprivation are drawn from the census and analysed by way of a principal components analysis first to identify the main types of deprivation in the city and then to measure its intensity. In the process, a general deprivation index (GDI) is devised which can be applied to study the spatial aspects of this phenomenon in other Canadian cities. The study identified six main types of deprivation in the city and found that they were most visible on the Island of Montreal, especially in the central and eastern parts. Additionally, it found that urban deprivation in not confined to the inner city, as several of the most severely deprived neighbourhoods are located outside the central city and even in the off-Island suburbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dans cet article, nous faisons état des résultats d'une recherche menée auprès des divers intervenants du processus de formation initiale à l'enseignement préscolaire et primaire à l'Université de Sherbrooke. L'objectif de la recherche était de dégager les représentations sociales des diverses catégories d'intervenants au regard des concepts de compétence, de pédagogie et de didactique, ainsi que sur la place et les fonctions attribuées par les étudiants aux différents types de formateurs. Les résultats suggèrent que les étudiants ont des positions beaucoup plus rapprochées de celles des enseignants du primaire que de celles des formateurs universitaires. Ils montrent également plusieurs distinctions quant à l'attribution des compétences de formation aux divers types d'intervenants et quant aux lieux privilégiés de formation. Ces constats soulignent l'importance d'établir un dialogue plus étroit entre les divers partenaires de la formation initiale des futurs enseignants. In this paper, we present various results of a piece of research undertaken with different partners involved in the teacher education programme offered by the University of Sherbrooke (Canada). The main purpose of the research was to identify the place and role that should be taken by various categories of trainer. Our results suggest that students align their behaviour far more closely to that of serving teachers than they do to those of academics. Results also reveal many distinctions between students' categories about what are the specific competencies of the trainers as well as what is the best training context. These results confirm the importance that should be given to improving dialogue between the various partners in programmes of teacher education. En este artículo tratamos de los resultados de una investigación realizada con los varios actores del proceso de formación inicial docente al preescolar y al primario en la Universidad de Sherbrooke. El objectivo central de esta investigación era de indicar las representaciones sociales de dichas categorías de actores a propósito de los conceptos de competencia, de pedagogía y de didáctica, asíque el lugar y la función atribuida, de parte de los estudiantes, a las varias categorias de formadores. Segun los resultados de la investigación, las representaciones de los estudiantes quedan mucho mas cercanas de aquellas compartidas por los docentes del medio (preescolar y primario) que de las representaciones de los docentes universitarios. Se notan también muchas diferencias en terminos de reconocimiento de unas competencias a la formación y de lugares de formación mas importantes atribuidas a las varias categorias de formadores. Estos logros van en el sentido de mejorar el diálogo entre los varios partenarios de la formación de los docentes. In diesem Artikel stellen wir die Ergebnisse einer wissenschaftlichen Forschungsarbeit gegenüber verschiedener Intervenienten im Entwicklungsprozess der Grundausbildung in der Kindergartenausbildung sowie in der Grundschulausbildung auf der Universität von Sherbrooke vor. Vorhaben dieser Forschung war es die sozialen Vorstellungen der verschiedenen Kategorien von Interventienten gegenüber der Vorstellung von Kompetenz, Pädagogik und Didaktik, sowie die Stellung und Funktion verschiedener Ausbildungstypen hervorzuheben. Die Ergebnisse lassen darauf schliessen dass der Standpunkt der Studenten näher an den der Grundschullehrer herankommt als an den der Universitätsausbilder. Sie zeigen auch grundlegende Unterschiede in der Zuteilung der Kompetenzen der Ausbildung in den verschiedenen Interventionstypen sowie in den bevorteiligten Ausbildungsorten. Diese Feststellung unterstreicht die Wichtigkeit eines engeren Dialogs zwischen den verschiedenen Partnern der Grundausbildung des zukünftigen Lehrpersonals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distinction between ethnic and civic nationalism is firmly rooted in a conception of development that rests on the dichotomy between traditional and modern societies. The traditional understanding of the relationship between socio-economic structures and types of nationalism is that the transition from ethnic to civic nationalism is a necessary consequence of development. This paper argues that socio-economic conditions are not the only determinant of the character of nationalist movements but that their goals are also important. It argues that secessionist movements need to emphasise cultural markers in their definition of the nation more than autonomist movements. The case of Québécois nationalism illustrates this point. The autonomist Parti Libéral du Québec has been better able than the secessionist Parti Québécois to articulate consistently a civic nationalism. This contrast suggests that there is a dimension to the ethnic-civic dichotomy that is not captured by an approach resting solely on development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economist Torn Asimakopulos Asimakopulos died after a long and courageous fight against leukemia, at Montreal, Quebec Province, on May 25, 1990. His wife writes that Asimakopulos was a fighter. She said he would never give up, and he did not, typically characteristic of a nevertheless gender man noted for his honesty, integrity and determination. He faced the last years of his life with cheerfulness, an almost detached analysis of his condition, and consideration and concern, allied with his usual efficiency and order in practical matters, for his much-loved family.

We explored the experiences of working-age and older adults with acquired vision impairment who pursued braille rehabilitation training, and the facilitators and barriers they encountered throughout this process. Semi-structured interviews of up to 90 min in length were conducted with 14 participants from across Canada who learned braille between the ages of 33 and 67 (Mdn = 46). Transcripts were analyzed by two researchers using interpretive phenomenological analysis. A variety of personal, social and institutional factors characterize the adult braille learning experience. Among these, participants highlight the role of prior identity and experience, the impact of access to resources and the cost of materials and devices needed to maintain braille skills. Findings also emphasize invisible barriers, including the role of societal perceptions towards braille, the level of support provided by family and friends, and the influence of unconscious biases towards braille and aging held by both adult learners and those around them. These findings provide important context to improve policies and practice in adult braille rehabilitation. As the prevalence of age-related vision impairment continues to increase, it will become imperative to understand the unique needs of working-age and older adults with acquired vision impairment who pursue braille. This study is one of the first to explore the experiences of working-age and older adults with acquired visual impairment who pursue braille rehabilitation training. Rehabilitation professionals must take into account prior learning and reading experiences which may shape the braille learning process. Family members require greater access to resources and support during the training process. There is a significant need for public education to address societal misconceptions about braille and blindness that can lead to a reluctance to use braille. Interactions with other braille users foster more empowering definitions of braille that align with the social model understanding of disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses highlights of the convention on educational psychology to be held in Quebec, Montreal from August 27-31, 1973. Information on the work done by educational psychologist Benjamin S. Bloom in the field of mastery achievement; Progress report on the first year of National Institute of Education by the institute's director Thomas K. Glennan; Details on a paper session devoted to the topic of teacher behavior and evaluation.

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Although carsharing is spreading across the world, few studies have examined its collective benefits. There is a need to analyze the socio-demographic features of users, and assess the role and impact of carsharing on the overall travel behaviors of their households. This article compares the results of two simultaneous surveys in the Montréal area: a web-based survey among carsharing users; and a regional, large-scale household travel survey. Results show a significant difference in modal split of car use between carsharing users and typical residents, for various types of households and levels of carsharing use. In all cases, carsharing members never reached the level of car use observed in the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the transformation of metropolitan institutions in two Canadian city-regions (Toronto and Montreal). Taking Neil Brenner's argument about new state spaces as a starting point, we discuss comparatively how governance restructuring in recently consolidated Toronto and Montreal has been part of more general changes to the architecture of governance in Canada. We look specifically at changes to the mediation channels between civil society and metropolitan institutions. A "nationally" scaled comparison, this project must take into account the specific differences between Francophone and Anglophone Canada, between the different civic traditions in Montreal and Toronto and different traditional significance attributed to the scale and nature of metropolitan governance structures and variously scaled agency in both cities. This makes our case in many ways more like an international comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the competition between, on the one hand, regional and super-regional shopping centers and, on the other hand, "category killers" and "big boxes" is analyzed using discrete choice modeling (logistic regression). An extensive Origin-Destination phone survey in the Quebec Metropolitan Area in 2001 provides detailed information on both households' socioeconomic and demographic profiles and daily trip patterns, making it is possible to identity and model customers' shopping destination choices. The findings suggest that several trip and household attributes impact customers' choice for either big boxes or traditional shopping centers: trip purpose, transportation mode and car ownership, day of the week, departure time and place as well as trip length and, finally, respondent's gender, age and type of household. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrimp waste disposal represents a financial and environmental cost to processors and society. There have been successful biotechnology experiments in producing certain value-added marketable consumer products from shrimp waste. This study reports on the economics of that process and its commercial viability in Quebec. Discounted cash flow methods (NPV, IRR) and the payback period criteria were employed to conduct investment analysis in a technology that transforms shrimp processing waste into value-added surimi-shrimp nuggets. The planned extension was estimated to cost $4.3 M in capital investments and can process an estimated 5,000 mt of shrimp nuggets per year at $2.62/kg. If the plant operates at full capacity (5,400 hours per year) for 10 years, it will recover initial outlay and interest payments in 2.3 years with a net present value of $6.9 M and an internal rate of return of 43%. The expected values of net present value, internal rate of return and the payback period for the project, given varying output levels, were $3.27 M, 26% and 3.9 years, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a report on the 14th International Conference in Input-Output Techniques held in Montreal, Quebec during 10-15 October 2002. Names of distinguished speakers who delivered keynote addresses; Role of the Scientific Program Committee for the conference; Names of people to whom the author expresses his gratitude.

We introduce the time-dependent shortest path and vehicle routing problem. In this problem, a set of homogeneous vehicles is used to visit a set of customer locations dispersed over a very large network where the travel times are time-dependent and therefore the shortest path between two locations may change over time. The aim of the problem is to simultaneously determine the sequence in which the customer locations are visited and the arcs traveled on the paths between each pair of consecutively visited customers, such that the total travel time is minimized. We are the first to formally define and solve this fully integrated problem, providing tight bounds to it. We then propose a dynamic time-dependent shortest path algorithm embedded within a simulated annealing metaheuristic to efficiently solve the problem. We also propose a variant of the algorithm where some time-dependent shortest paths are precomputed. We test our formulations and algorithms on a set of real-life instances generated from a dataset of the road network in Québec City, Canada. Our results indicate that the resulting models are too large to be solved even for small instances. However, the obtained bounds show that the developed simulated annealing heuristic performs very well. We also demonstrate that neglecting time-dependent information on traffic leads to imprecise estimation of the traveling time. Moreover, the results show the importance of solving the shortest paths and routing problems simultaneously, as using a set of precomputed shortest paths leads to slightly worse solutions. This work adds new research avenues to city logistics and congestion studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The James Bay Agreement reinforces the rights of the Crees to 500,000 km² of territory in the boreal forest and taiga of northern Quebec. In it, consultation and environmental assessment (EA) mechanisms were set up to ensure the Crees' direct involvement in environmental decisions. This paper addresses three matters: the influence of Native involvement in the EA process; updating the EA process under the Agreement to in-corporate the apparently new tools of strategic environmental assessments (SEAs); and adaptation of the concept of SEA to the Native context. Our analysis focuses on the experience gained from large hydroelectric development projects, recent and planned mining developments, and forestry operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to explore mortality in Quebec during the nineteenth century from a demographic perspective. During the nineteenth century, there was excess urban mortality in various countries; in order to identify such mortality differentials, we compared mortality indicators for the province of Quebec and then for the urban areas of Montreal and Quebec City. Using data from various studies, we produced life tables and compared life expectancies. We show that at different times during the nineteenth century, spatial variations in mortality levels across the province of Quebec and its urban areas were significant. According to the data we analyzed, mortality is undoubtedly higher in urban areas even though a convergence in trends took place towards the end of the century, resulting in an overall reduction in mortality. Also, exploring life expectancies within a cohort approach at times of fast-changing mortality patterns has proved to be instructive. Life expectancy estimates based on a cross-sectional approach were systematically lower than those resulting from a cohort-specific one. Trends diverged to a greater extent beginning with the 1870 cohort, reflecting the improvements made from that point on to World War II. Since current mortality levels are substantially determined by the cumulative effects of past behaviour specific to each generation, it is quite obvious that mortality analysis will reveal its true meaning only with the help of cohort life tables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper applies the hedonic approach to five rental submarkets in the Quebec region, namely Quebec City, Vanier, Ste-Foy, Beauport and Charlesbourg. The databank consists of information obtained from property owners via a yearly survey; some 32,000 rental units and nearly 3,300 buildings are included in the study. Data provide detailed information on building and apartment size, age, location, services provided, quality of premises and type of occupants; vacancy rates can also be derived from the bank. In addition, resorting to a regional geographic information system permits integration of neighborhood effects into the analysis. Findings suggest that significant differences in implicit prices do exist across market segments. However, while consistent results are obtained for major rent determinants, collinearity clearly emerges with respect to some rental attributes. Using a regression-based paired comparison approach, it is possible to identify stable hedonic prices for main rental services; the coefficients thus obtained are then forced back as constraints into the service-adjusted model, thereby improving its overall consistency and practicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has been written within the context of a wider research project on contemporary art in the province of Quebec, Canada, in the 1960s. The article is the result of an interactive process between two researchers who are investigating the relationship between the field of contemporary art and public art education within the theoretical perspective of the social history of art. Our analysis particularly focuses on the consolidation of modernism and the importance of the societal debate on education which, at a precise historical conjuncture, questioned the place and the role of art in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]