Search

As Freud remarked in his letter to Einstein, "so long as there exist countries and nations that are prepared for the ruthless destruction of others, those others must be armed for war" (Freud [7], p.213). Referring to Freud's essay "Thoughts for the times on war and death" (Freud, [5]), Bell describes the translation of "Enttäuschung" as "disillusionment." I greatly appreciate David Bell's recent article; it is full of good points and typically deeply insightful. [Extracted from the article]

The controversies that characterize the history of the Stalin period are many, multifaceted, and quite complex. Finally, Ryan asks whether or not a rehabilitation of Stalin and Stalinism is occurring in Putin's Russian Federation. Revisioning Stalin and Stalinism: Complexities, Contradictions, and Controversies: edited by James Ryan and Susan Grant, London, Bloomsbury Academic, 2021, xiii + 250 pp., £81.11 (cloth), £26.00 (paper). [Extracted from the article]

Alwyn Lishman appreciated that if we are to understand the psychological consequences of cerebral disorder we must study the interaction between organic disease and psychological processes. We have reviewed Lishman's two major publications on the neuropsychiatry of head injury, published in 1968 and 1988, and considered their conclusions in the light of current knowledge. In his 1968 paper on the psychiatric sequelae of open head injuries sustained in World War II Lishman demonstrated associations between the type of psychiatric sequelae and the location of the injury. He also found that those with "somatic complaints", such as fatigue or sensitivity to light, showed less evidence of organic injury. In his 1988 paper, he attempted to explain why a mild head injury may be followed by long-lasting symptoms. He suggested that in the absence of complications early, organic, symptoms (physiogenesis) should recover quickly. However, this healthy recovery could be jeopardised by psychological factors (psychogenesis), resulting in long-lasting symptoms. This model of physiogenesis and psychogenesis remains relevant today. The ideas Lishman developed in these two papers were the basis for his huge contribution to the field of neuropsychiatry, and remain relevant today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almost two years ago I reviewed I The Triumph and Tragedy of the Intellectuals i by Harry Redner in these pages; Redner, in turn, around much the same time had reviewed a book by Beibei Guan and myself on Charles Baudelaire and what we considered mistaken about Walter Benjamin's politicized aesthetics. Much of the brilliance of I Ulysses and Faust i shines through in the aperçus that abound throughout, and one can see that Redner is as thrilled by the works he is reading as he is by the discoveries he makes in undertaking the exploration. Just before his death he had completed a book criticizing the managerial ethos of the university and academic publishing - the very project strikes me as a fitting adieu from Harry to an institution that had provided him, and those who learnt from him, with so much only to evaporate before his eyes. [Extracted from the article]

The purpose of this paper is to examine Takada Shinji's (1893–1975) view of the 'Mandate of Heaven (天命 tenmei)'. Takada understood the 'Imperial Way (皇道 kōdō)' as one of two axes, the 'Mandate of Heaven' and the 'Rectification of Names (正名 seimei)', together they made possible a theoretical systematization of the 'Imperial Way' discourse as well as its concrete political embodiment. It is undeniable that the ideas of the 'Imperial Way' received heavy criticism after WWII. Because it was used as a problematic ideology in Imperial Japan. Nonetheless, it is necessary to grasp its original meaning as understood by its theoretical founder and innovators. This paper thus turns to examine Takada's unique understanding of the 'Mandate of Heaven' from the belief that such an examination should precede before starting a more systematic and comprehensive discussion of the 'Imperial Way' discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four Years in a Red Coat: The Loveday Internment Camp Diary of Miyakatsu Koike: By Miyakatsu Koike. Just to grasp Koike's mobility during the war demands that we explore an international node between Japan, Australia, and the Dutch East Indies. Instead he was transferred to Australia in a "hell" ship, I Cremer i , by an agreement with the Dutch East Indies government to transfer internees to Australia. [Extracted from the article]

The historiographical debate over the Great War continues. This essential tome is a good example of how the Great War has been instrumentalized over the years by various individuals and groups eager to achieve their political objectives, no matter how reasonable and legitimate they were. [Extracted from the article]

This paper reports on the archaeological recording and recovery of a MK II Fairey Barracuda from the Solent, Hampshire, off the south coast of England. As its location precluded the aircraft being left in situ, the decision was made to recover the aircraft. Despite adverse visibility, and a significant amount of overburden, the extant remains of the aircraft were successfully recovered and delivered to the Fleet Air Arm Museum for conservation, as part of an ongoing project to rebuild an example of a Fairey Barracuda. In being recovered for reuse and exhibition some of the Barracuda's value to the wider community changed from that of a lost military aircraft to that of an historic object, drawing out the social history around it, and giving insights into military aircraft construction during the World War II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peace efforts to resolve the Indonesia-Malaysia conflict (1963–1966) became an important agenda in Japan's Southeast Asia policy under Prime Minister (PM) Eisaku Satō. After a cautious start, the Satō government sought to create conditions for the Indonesians and Malaysians to end their armed confrontation (confrontation), which had become a source of destabilisation in Southeast Asia. Japan's peace efforts began under PM Hayato Ikeda (1960–1964), marking the first time after World War II that Tokyo became involved in attempts to mediate a conflict. These endeavours were carried out in a region where mixed feelings lingered towards Japan for its wartime occupation. This paper investigates the factors that shaped the Satō administration's engagement in efforts to resolve the confrontation and sheds light on how Japan's relations with the United States (US) influenced its peace-making role – an aspect on which little has been written in previous studies. The findings indicate that considerations related to Japanese relations with the US were an important driver, although not the only one, of the Satō administration's diplomatic initiatives to resolve the Indonesia-Malaysia armed confrontation. Furthermore, Japan's peace efforts contributed to the US policy in Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Olympic Games of 1940 were due to be organized in Tokyo, Japan, but because of the Sino-Japanese war, the event was hastily re-scheduled to be organized in Helsinki, Finland. The Second World War however interrupted the preparations. Instead of 1940, the Games were organized in Helsinki in 1952. It thus became necessary to prepare twice for the same event. During the 12 years that had passed, the political situation had become significantly different, while also views concerning architecture and urban planning had changed. The postponed Helsinki Olympics represent an intriguing case in the history of Olympic Games, that has remained relatively little researched. This paper proposes that this 12-year 'Olympic gap' brings to view on one hand the need to prepare twice, and on the other hand, the processual, slow nature of building and planning, which continued almost uninterrupted. A close reading of period newspaper articles, history of urban planning and architecture, as well as studies of the Olympic Games reveals tensions between architecture, planning, and politics on local, national, and international level, as they unravel in the context of preparing for the Helsinki Olympics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the impact of social media and online information on elections and the importance of academic publishing in providing reliable and fact-checked information. It highlights the need for peer-reviewed research and the role of reviewers in ensuring the veracity of academic publications. The article also emphasizes the importance of accurate historical narratives and the potential for historical events to be co-opted for political purposes. Three papers on conflict archaeology are presented, showcasing different methodologies and their contributions to understanding warfare in different time periods. The article concludes with a reminder to readers to exercise their democratic right to vote in elections. [Extracted from the article]

Within this paper, a case study on the application of drone photogrammetry at the Second World War armament bunker Weingut I is presented. The aim of the project was the mapping of the preserved remains in advance to the installation of a memorial site. In particular, the preserved concrete arch and one of the ventilation shafts were mapped by this method in high quality. Therefore, even small details of the building structure as well as several damage spots needing remediation became visible. One important advantage of drone prospecting is an enhanced occupational safety and a cost and time reduction as no further manual resources are necessary. In areas without finalized clearing for Unexploded Ordnance, other manual survey method would be especially dangerous. By comparing the photogrammetric model of the bunker Weingut I with corresponding ALS Digital Surface Models (DSM) of varying resolution, the increase in information is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of the revisionist state has been central to IR, and the literature demonstrates that they initiate international conflicts. As a subset of the revisionist state, revolutionary states in particular have been shown to foment international conflicts. Moreover, ideology has come to explain international conflicts, especially the Second World War, Cold War, and "War on Terror." Nevertheless, the literature on revolutionary states discounts the role of ideology and that on ideology often discounts the role of revisionist or revolutionary states. This paper develops the concept of a distinct type of revisionist state—the revolutionary actor—that explains the outbreak of the Second World War, the Cold War, and War on Terror, three of the greatest global conflicts of the last century. It first develops a model of the revolutionary actor, linking the ideologies of Marxism-Leninism, Nazism, and jihadism that led to the Second World War, the Cold War, and War on Terror. It then offers a theory based on ideology as to why the revolutionary actors initiated these three global conflicts. Lastly, it offers a research design to test the theory and highlights the three cases with recent literature on them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bengali politician Subhas Chandra Bose was one of the main protagonists of India’s fight for independence. From the early stages of his political life, he proved to be particularly receptive to the ideologies that were developing outside India at the time. His sojourns in Europe between 1933 and 1943 allowed him to directly observe and draw inspiration from the political experiments taking place there, and promote the cause of India’s independence. Bose’s personal contacts with, and declared support to Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, and his original ideology, sāmyavāda (described by Bose as ‘a synthesis between Communism and Fascism’), have sparked controversy. Historiography frames Bose either as a mere supporter of Nazi-fascism intending to establish a similar regime in India, or a hero willing to do anything to free India from British colonialism. This paper argues that both fascination and strategy concurred in defining Bose’s relations with Italy and Germany, which differed from each other and developed over time. Similarly, sāmyavāda cannot be dismissed as derivative of Nazism or Fascism; this paper contends that it was a non-Western attempt to combine two ideologies traditionally considered antithetical into an original, though paradoxical, synthesis suited to an anti- and post-colonial programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines newspaper cartels, a largely unoccupied field in media history, from the perspective of longevity. We analyse Finnish newspaper industry from the 1910s to 1970s and show that newspapers sought to regulate various aspects of competition, such as subscription prices, advertisement tariffs, and newsprint prices. Data indicates that political rivalry shaped the newspaper cartel collaboration until late 1950s: the cartel was set up by right-wing and centrist papers and, unlike in other Nordic countries, the Social Democratic press remained outside of the association until 1958. Political shocks of the Finnish Civil War in 1918 and the Second World War also changed the composition of the cartel. The era of private cartels in the newspaper industry gradually started to fade away as a result of anti-cartel laws in the 1960s and governmental anti-inflation measures in the 1970s. We conclude that the economics of newspaper industry and the cartelisation of the wider business environment, newsprint suppliers in particular, encouraged newspapers to co-operate with each other. The results of this article increase the understanding on the collaborative and competitive environment of newspaper companies, but also contributes to broader questions on cartels and their inner dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the successful translation and reception of Maria Dermoût's De tienduizend dingen (1955), most particularly in the U.S. and Italy: a quite unique case of a Dutch book which has found its way to world literature. In the late Fifties, this beautifully crafted literary work about the faded world of the Dutch Molucca's prior to WWII, could reckon on sympathy, empathy and interest in different countries. In the U.S., the ongoing decolonization process found a certain support, while Italy did its best to fully erase all traces of its colonial past and only few people with colonial roots tried to keep them alive. The ambivalent, liminar status of this fascinating book, written from a distant elsewhere by a displaced Eurasian author, can explain its appeal to translators Hans Koning and Quirino Maffi – both displaced, too – and international audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medina of Fez started to play a key role in the tourism industry after the Second World War (Girard, M. 2006a. "Imaginaire touristique et émotion patrimoniale dans la medina de Fès (Maroc)." Culture & Musées 8: 61–90). The city's image, traditionally linked to craftsmen, religious buildings and cultural heritage has contributed to the tourism industry and put Fez on the international map of world destinations. Labeled in 1981 as a World Heritage site, it has been experiencing government-orchestrated rehabilitations parallel to private investments in built heritage. Contributing to the economic development of the city, these investments have also transformed the image of the medina. A flourishing touristic destination and an urban environment of daily life shape the contemporary identity of the medina, structured around plural social imaginaries sometimes complementary and sometimes competing with one another. The paper qualitatively addresses the transformation of Fez's medina from the angle of spatial imaginaries considering the latter as a defining factor in the formation of the medina's contemporary identity. It discusses the emergence of new spatial imaginaries, which are thriving daily at the crossroads of diverse practices and initiatives of local and international actors. Results suggest that further understanding of the conditions of emergence, and spatial expression of these imaginaries can contribute to the debate on the development of historical medina in Morocco while highlighting the forces of reinvention of local identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The late 19th and early 20th centuries were a period when artistic endeavours, aimed at expressing a national identity, were thriving in Hungary. The Jewish minority of Budapest also found it important to be present in public spaces. A couple of years after the emancipation of Hungarian Jews, the first statues of Jewish personalities appeared on the streets of Budapest. Who were these statues dedicated to? Who were the artists commissioned, and who paid for them? What were the invisible texts beyond reading the statues as texts? What happened to the public monuments during the Second World War? This paper aims to respond to these questions as a part of a research project mapping Jewish interventions in public art in Budapest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural heritage is an integral part of a people's identity, both for future generations and for preservation of historical memory and cultural development. In the face of the aggression of the Russian Federation, preservation of Ukraine's cultural heritage requires the joint efforts of national and international organisations, scientists and cultural experts. The paper compares the loss and damage brought about by Russia's war on Ukraine since 2014 to the loss and damage inflicted by Germany during World War II. Both aggressors have inflicted serious damage with large-scale theft and looting of cultural values on the territory of Ukraine, destroying architectural monuments, museums and libraries, with the aim of erasing national awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Japanese policies toward different races (minzoku) in Singapore during the Second World War. These policies, which victimized the Chinese community and appeared to favor others such as the Malay and Indian communities, fostered inter-racial resentments that would persist long after the war. Drawing on internal occupation guidelines produced by the Japanese state and the accounts of the administrators who implemented them, this paper shows that the treatment of the Chinese community was in fact a direct result of the perceived significance of these groups to the success or failure of Japan's wartime imperial project in Southeast Asia. Groups whose importance the Japanese initially dismissed, however, had greater freedom to chart their own destinies and demand Japan live up to its promise of an "Asia for Asians" as the war progressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the changes in infant homes for children under the age of three in West Germany after the Second World War by combining two research perspectives. First, it will show that the increase in institutional care in the decade after 1945 was not simply dictated by a growing number of orphans. Instead, it primarily resulted from the way how authorities dealt with single mothers and their children. In a second step, the adverse influence of Maternal Care and Mental Health, the WHO report by British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby, will be analysed. It will become clear that this monograph from 1951 was enormously influential within West German infant home education, such that institutional care for children under the age of three was almost completely abolished only a few years later. Thus, the paper contributes to the historization of residential childcare and of attachment theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a historical analysis to demonstrate the connections and developmental links which emerged between cookbooks and television in Britain after World War II, focused on television broadcasts in the period 1946 and 1976. In this paper, I discuss how early presenters of British television cookery programmes, and their publishers, had vision and marketing skills which enabled links between visual and printed media, and established a pattern of connected cookbook and television production which is taken for granted today. I examine the connected television and publishing careers of three early British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) television cooking pioneers: Marguerite Patten, Philip Harben and Fanny Cradock, who collectively dominated on-screen cooking programmes from the late 1940s until the mid-1970s. By analyzing their cookbooks, particularly their jackets and promotional materials, and interpreting archival research conducted in the BBC Written Archives and other documentary archives, their contributions will be discussed alongside the development of the television-connected cookbook in Britain. I conclude that these television cooks and presenters made a significant contribution on and off our screens during that period which established the connection between television cooking programmes and cookbooks in Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part one introduces the reader to the basic national narratives of the Indigenous peoples of each of the four settler states, contextualises their histories of military service and gives an overview of the key milestones for each state in World War II. In New Zealand, as one Maori sergeant recalled, joining 28 (Maori) Battalion was 'a matter of family honour that the whanau [family] must be represented, so we had men as young as fifteen in the Battalion' (83). In I Indigenous Peoples and the Second World War i R. Scott Sheffield and Noah Riseman have crafted a detailed comparative study of Indigenous peoples - Native Americans of the United States, First Nations peoples of Canada, the Maori people of New Zealand and the Indigenous peoples of Australia and the Torres Strait Islands - and their military service during World War II. [Extracted from the article]

On 5 May 1957, Leopold Löwenheim passed away in a Berlin hospital following a short but severe illness, unnoticed by the community of mathematical logicians who believed that he had perished in a Nazi concentration camp in or shortly after 1940 (the year of publication in the Journal of Symbolic Logic of his last paper before the end of World War II). The 50th anniversary of his death seems an appropriate date for the posthumous publication of a paper that was supposed to appear in Fundamenta Mathematicae in 1939, the galley proofs of which Löwenheim had already seen and corrected when German troops invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. Löwenheim managed to save the proofs through the War, despite the loss of most of his possessions during the bombing of Berlin in 1943 and 1944. By another lucky chance, a copy of the proofs survived in the present author's possession, when the originals were lost during a flat clearing in Berlin as part of the estate of Johannes Teichert (1904-1994), Löwenheim's step-son, when his widow moved into a nursing-home in May 1999. Later, I will expand these short remarks slightly but seize the present opportunity to resume (and in some places add to) the extant data on Löwenheim's life and writings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yet the relatively small presence of Pacific Islanders in Australia can mask the extent of Australia's presence in Pacific people's lives. The theme of Australia's national amnesia about the Pacific is present one way or another throughout the book. Not all island populations have admittedly had or have that level of access and Hoskins does not ignore the history of such barriers, including the perception of New Zealand as a "back-door". [Extracted from the article]

The Franklin Delano Roosevelt administration sought to improve relations between with Latin America and strengthen the Inter-American system through the Good Neighbor Policy. In 1940, to combat the spread of Axis influence, the Roosevelt administration formed the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (CIAA). Tasked with improving perceptions of the United States in Latin America and of Latin America in the United States, the CIAA worked closely with U.S. organizations and businesses to achieve these ends. One frequently cited success story of this period was sending Walt Disney to South America and its resulting films. This paper places the role of the CIAA and Walt Disney Studios within the broader strategic context of the Good Neighbor Policy. In addition, this paper attempts to glean lessons from the CIAA-Disney partnership that epitomize best practices and potential pitfalls in U.S.-Latin American Cultural Diplomacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colonel William Roy Hodgson was Australia's representative on the Human Rights Commission and member of the drafting committee for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. However, 75 years on, his contribution has largely been forgotten. This paper seeks to rediscover his legacy. He was a survivor of the World War One battle at Gallipoli, a dedicated and hard-working member of Australia's fledgling External Affairs Department during World War Two and a passional advocate for enforceable human rights as a necessary part of ongoing peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The replanning of London following the Second World War is, in many ways, a familiar story. However it has often been told in fragments, usually prioritizing the best-known plans and the involvement of Professor Patrick Abercrombie. This paper positions the replanning more widely, considering a hierarchy from region to specific locales, and the problems of fragmented planning within such a structure. It explores issues of agents, agency and authority. The sanitized and orderly vision of a new London is set against a more complex and disordered reality of reconstruction-plan production. The urgency, scale and complexity of the task, and questions of why should 'author' plans, are significant issues. The realities of postwar London have been shaped by a messy and misunderstood process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of female economists during the post-World War II reconstruction of Western Europe is as yet unresearched. A small but substantial collection of publications discusses the role of male economists within the European institutions created after World War II. However, none of them analyzes contributions made by female economists. This paper aims to shed some light on female economists who participated in the reconstruction of Europe through their work in the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), which was created by the Marshall Plan following the Conference of Sixteen (Conference for European Economic Co-operation). Firstly, we searched for names of female economists who served the institution, hoping that some relevant hidden female figures in the OEEC would resurface. Secondly, through oral history archives and personal documents, we reconstructed the biographies of three female economists who contributed, in different ways, to the activities of the OEEC: Miriam Camp, Florence Kirlin, and Vera Cao Pinna. By comparing these three figures, in terms of their educational and social backgrounds, their narrative, as well as their connections with international networks of experts, we defined their similarities and differences in order to identify the main characteristics that allowed them, even if at different levels and with different roles, to participate in international diplomacy and technical support deployed in the construction and diffusion of the idea of the peaceful, united, and prosperous Europe which we live in today. Tracing back the presence of women in OEEC, this article aims to bring some light on: what did being a woman economist entails in the after WWII in the newborn European institutions and what did it mean in terms of the kind of work and experience a woman could be doing within the process of professionalisation of the economics discipline in the international organisations. We are interested in describing the experiences and self-perceptions of women economists working in male dominated international institutions. Female international thinkers and experts, well known in their own time, were largely overlooked and neglected by scholars, politics, and international history later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author uses an AsianCrit analysis of US Department of War Educational Manual No. 42, Our Chinese Ally (EM42), a document of military curriculum from WWII. Their argues that EM42 demonstrates both a state-sanctioned [re]racialization of Chinese and Chinese Americans through simultaneous technologies of Sinophobia and Sinocentrism. Their analysis of EM42 has implications for the construction of Asian Americans as a 'model minority' in the United States, and highlights EM42's contemporary reverberations on the construction of Asian American identity, as well as how nation-states challenged stereotypes of Chinese people without decentring whiteness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his 1961 farewell address, US President Eisenhower coined the term "military-industrial complex," referring to the coalescing of military, industrial, and political interest groups. In contemporary Europe, the military-industrial complex is arguably transforming into a complex with a noteworthy commercial civilian dimension, blurring traditional military and arms-focused understandings of European defence and security. Our emphasis on an added corporate civilian component captures the expansion of defence and security beyond the traditional military domain. Coalescing of industry and politics is observed in Europe, blurring the military-civilian divide, technologically as well as in organization and governance, particularly through public-private partnerships. Eisenhower, himself a decorated WWII general, warned of how the US military-industrial complex could lead to "disastrous use of misplaced power." Rather than reiterating such a conclusion in the European context, our paper examines how the European military-civilian-industrial complex is emerging, looking at how elite participants shape the public-private structure of the complex, and specifically how policies on dual-use and emerging technologies influence developments in Europe. The focus herein is on novel actors, characteristics, and the European Union and charts out defining conceptual features of the defence and security industry in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

José Medina Echavarría is known as one of the most important sociologists of the twentieth century in Latin America. During his exile in México, Puerto Rico, and Chile, he developed vast intellectual networks that contributed to the complex process of institutionalization of sociology in our countries. In this paper, we explain how this was possible through new editorials, translations on social science topics, seminars, debates, and the foundation of important departments of Sociology. These included a double contribution of Medina Echavarría: a reflection on sociology that required a precise conceptual language, and what he called vertical and horizontal theories. And second, his guiding efforts with the critical analysis of the modernization processes in this continent, after the Second World War. We analyze in both these contributions the clear legacy of Weber's theory of action and his economic sociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical re-enactments have become an increasingly popular topic in academic debate, as some scholars argue that re-enactments allow participants to critically investigate history and its representations. As a pastime dominated by men, most literature on war re-enactment and gender, however, has emphasized the subordinate position of women and the reproduction of conventional gender roles. This paper focuses on two European women re-enactment groups that challenge this understanding: Die Flakhelferinnen in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany and the Army Nurse Corps of the United States. Based on a visual ethnography of their Instagram combined with fieldwork in the Czech Republic and Belgium, I analyse the strategies these reenactors use in the remediation of the 'invisible' histories of women in the armed forces during WWII. The analysis demonstrates a complex negotiation between historical notions of 'femininity', contemporary identities, and Instagram's affordances in the remediation of gendered pasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature and popular media in the past decade have served to introduce the broader public to the infra-red night vision developments of the Second World War, yet focus has primarily fallen upon those devices made and used by Germany and the USA. Through archival research this paper explores the British perspective, detailing the history and design of an infra-red weapon sight produced experimentally before the war's end, as well as the organisations and companies involved in the process. This is followed by an assessment of Britain's immediate post-war efforts in the field, showing why it was instead American equipment which was used in Britain's first martial deployments of infra-red weapon sights in the early 1950s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1930 and 1943 over 400 public radio receiver installations were erected by Japan's national broadcaster in public parks around Japan. They were intended to bring radio broadcasting, during this period the voice of the state, to a wider audience and to play a part in Japan's home-front mobilisation efforts. The majority of installations seem to have been destroyed during or shortly after World War Two but roughly 40 are known to be extant, these have yet to receive systematic attention from either Japanese or foreign academics, they thus offer a fresh focus for research into the relationships between the interwar Japanese state and the listening publics. This paper aims primarily to draw attention to the existence of these little—known objects, it also offers a sketch of the media landscape into which they emerged, and covers two significant contemporary social developments—the growth of coordinated mass sport and exercise, and the 'year 2600' celebrations of 1940—which contributed to the spread of radio towers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous research projects have faced the problem of the interpretation of post-disaster reconstructions. Several contributions have approached the problem in terms of identifying urban-setting reconstruction models, some attempting a systemization on a historiographic basis. To date, however, there has been no comprehensive work aimed at developing a quantitative method for evaluating and comparing reconstruction experiences. This article proposes a reproducible method for the systematic classification of post-disaster reconstructions, based on critical redrawing and data analysis. In the paper, the method is applied to 30 cases of reconstruction after the Second World War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the twilight of and right after World War II millions of Germans were expelled from areas initially called the Recovered Territories, and later – the Western and Northern Lands in Poland. This article focuses on the property left behind by Germans. It investigates the experiences of the Poles who directly and actively took part in the practices of appropriation of German objects. The analysis is based on memoirs submitted to the contest for diaries by settlers in the Recovered Territories that was organised by the Western Institute in Poznań in December 1956. Through the analysis of the testimonies, this paper aims to explore the constellation of meanings attributed to taking over of German property by actors who directly participated in those practices, and the meanings according to which looting functioned in daily experience after the war. It argues that the internal resistance against loot is weaker than against ordinary theft because the objects are taken out of the context of the social relations in which they functioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes the culmination of the U.S. Third Army, led by General George S. Patton, on the Moselle river in France in 1944. Factors that led to the culmination of the Third Army; Argument that the culmination was not caused by a logistic failure; Benefit of fuel shortage to the Third Army on the Moselle;

Narva, Estonia's easternmost city, was once famous for its baroque Old Town, but this was sadly destroyed during World War II. When Estonia regained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, the border town quickly became a site of complex memory politics, intensified by a widely felt loss of its former architectural and industrial status. This was particularly manifested in growing nostalgia for the Old Town and discourses on rebuilding it, despite the changed urban dynamics. Building on a media archaeological approach, this paper explores the role of nostalgia and local memory politics in conditioning the emergence of novel kinds of mediations of the 'lost city', especially in the form of specific mobile media and augmented reality (AR) applications aimed at mapping the whole of the city and allowing experiencing it first-hand. Second, the paper studies the roles these same forms and mediations play in further channelling the nostalgia and modes of reproducing Narva's destroyed Old Town. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the wholesale destruction of priceless and irreplaceable historical records in Australia during World War II. Impact of Australia's involvement in the war on the policy on waste materials; Features of the plan for the salvage of waste materials; Results of salvage collection in the country; Four types of salvage activities; Historical records destroyed during the campaign.

This essay adds to previous research of Putinism an investigation of the political thought and foreign outlooks of Russia's Secretary of the Security Council Nikolai Patrushev and Head of the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) Sergei Naryshkin, with a focus on their statements between 2006 to 2020. The paper outlines Patrushev's and Naryshkin's thoughts regarding the United States, Ukraine, and the idea of multipolarity/polycentrism. We then introduce Patrushev's critique of liberal values and color revolutions, and Naryshkin's statements on the memory of World War II and Western institutions. The salience of these altogether seven topics is interpreted with reference to three classical topoi in Russian political thought: the Slavophile vs. Westerners controversy, the single-stream theory, and the civilizational paradigm. Our conclusions inform the ongoing debate on whether to conceptualize Putinism as either an ideology or a mentality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Battle of Neretva, directed by Veljko Bulajić is one of the biggest war spectacles produced in Yugoslavia following the famous partisan battle with Axis forces during World War II. The film serves as a useful site from which we can understand the conventions of the Yugoslav war film while its exceptional production and exhibition strategies and reception history signal a critical turning point in the cultural understanding of the war film as a meditator of history. By studying the film's production, exhibition, and reception, aesthetics, and historiographical significance, and drawing upon original archival documents preserved in the Jugoslovenska Kinoteka/Yugoslav Cinematheque in Belgrade, this paper aims to identify, assess, and expose the layered significance of the film The Battle of Neretva, and to further map out its position within (Yugoslav) film history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1940 the US Army's Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) cracked PURPLE, the Japanese diplomatic cipher. Shortly after that accomplishment, William Friedman, legendary cryptographer and civilian head of SIS, wrote his Preliminary Historical Report on the Solution of the "B" Machine. In it he introduced the mysterious "Identification of Homologs" and stated there that it had been a crucial technology to the success of cracking PURPLE. Despite that dramatic assessment, the concept simply disappeared, ignored by all subsequent authors of PURPLE histories and technical analyses. So what exactly is the Identification of Homologs and what role did it play in the cryptanalysis of PURPLE? That is the subject of this paper. We give a complete technical description, as well as historical information, some newly uncovered, about how SIS collected PURPLE "data". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arthur C. Danto's distinction between monuments and memorials proposes a differentiation between two ideologically-determined modes of commemoration, encompassing not just architectural symbols of the past but also all other forms of cultural 'remembering', including documentary, literary, and cinematic forms of representation. My discussion will focus on a photographic album significantly entitled The Last Good War and the transhistorical depictions of the war veteran in the film Memorial Day. The purpose of this paper is to underscore the ideological ambivalences at the heart of the American Second World War veteran 'craze', which not only paved the way for overriding the post-Vietnam War cultural legacy, but also served to ethically and ideologically legitimize contemporary US military interventions in national (collective) memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines a series of unsettling images from the Finnish Continuation War (1941–1944) and the memories of the war that these photographs construct for contemporary Finns. We argue that these images can be viewed through Alison Landsberg's (2004) notion of 'prosthetic memory', which underlines how visual media enable the acquisition of vivid memories of past events. The paper outlines how these long-ignored photographs narrate unexamined dimensions of World War II in ways that transform how Finns in particular remember the war. The images illustrate a neglected Finnish occupation of Soviet territories and the treatment of Russian civilians under Finnish rule. We argue that the images can provoke empathy for their experiences and therefor challenge traditional and nationalist Finnish war interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA) was formed in 1923 to promote urban development based on the English Garden City ideal linked to the regionalism of Patrick Geddes. But Lewis Mumford, the RPAA's principal spokesperson, incorporated his version of Geddes' ideas in the RPAA's agenda. Arguably the RPAA/Mumford's vision of garden cities as a remedy for the problems of the sprawling metropolis incorrectly became identified with Geddes. This essay presents a more nuanced perspective by examining the RPAA and efforts to relaunch it, starting in the late 1930s, through the lens of Jaqueline Tyrwhitt, who was largely responsible for the revival of interest in Geddes's ideas after World War Two. The paper traces the development of Tyrwhitt's ideas as she introduces Geddes in his own words to a new generation, thus dispelling previous misconceptions, and formed an influential synthesis of Geddes' bioregionalism and modernist urbanism that framed debates on post-war reconstruction. She put forward the urban constellation – a further development of Geddes' concept of the conurbation – explicitly as an alternative to the relaunched RPAA's call for decentralization, now as strategy for civil defense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior to 7 December 1941, Pearl Harbor was perhaps best known for its associations with the Hawaiian Shark Goddess, its pearl-producing oysters and as a strategically important US naval base. It was not until 1962, some twenty years after its attack during World War II, that it emerged as a place of heritage, when the USS Arizona Memorial was first opened to the public. Transformed from a place of war to a place of heritage and finally into a prepared touristic experience, Pearl Harbor today transmits, absorbs and constructs a range of personal and nationally based meanings about the past. It thus provides a vivid case study through which to interrogate the construction of heritage in a politically charged, contested and institutionally mediated environment. Drawing on the reflexive responses of 73 visitors, collected through in-depth, onsite interviews with domestic tourists, the paper unfolds around two key themes: (1) the varied ways in which visitors come to terms with a 'dark' national past; and (2) the affective entanglements that emerge from such efforts and concomitant attempts to understand their visit as a performance of national identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honing in on how citizens in the former Soviet Union find themselves in an information competition over their own past, this paper explores whether and why ordinary people's perceptions of historical events and figures in their country's past are in line with a Russian-promoted narrative that highlights World War II – known as the "Great Patriotic War" in Russia and some former Soviet states – as a glorious Soviet victory and Stalin as a great leader. We draw on comparative survey data across six states and one de facto state in 2019–2020 to examine whether geopolitical or cultural proximity to Russia is associated with a more favourable view on a Russian-promoted narrative about the past. We find that closer geopolitical proximity to Russia is associated with perceiving the past in line with the Russian-promoted narrative, though the findings are less consistent when it comes to measures for closer cultural proximity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on archival material from the National Archives of Zimbabwe, Adam Matthews Digital Archives and newspaper reports, this study locates Southern Rhodesia's tobacco industry within post-war currency developments and the politics of international trade. Following the Second World War, the shift in the financial balance of economic power triggered by the shift from the gold standard to the reformed gold standard had a lasting impact on global trade. This resulted in the British retreat from the position of hosting the global key currency denominated in sterling towards the US dollar from 1944 onwards. This study utilises the effects of this shift in the case of Southern Rhodesia, a British colony, and its impact on one specific commodity: tobacco. Because of the dollar crisis of 1947 in Britain, however, and Cold War geopolitical considerations explored in this paper, Britain was extended some leeway by the United States to recover from the losses of two world wars and a depression, as well as the loss of key currency status in ways that resulted in the establishment of a discriminatory sterling area that informed colonial trade dynamics in interesting ways. This paper thus brings the experience of Southern Rhodesia's tobacco industry into sharp focus by centring it in the context of international exchange arrangements and trade considerations in the post-Second World War period. In doing so, it illuminates imperial-colonial relations in a settler colonial setting against the background of post-war Anglo-American economic relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]