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This paper explores the connection between scent and well-being (eudaimonia) in some ancient Greek and Roman sources. Focusing on the metaphor of the 'perfumer's garden' — the blend of scents in ancient perfumes used to evoke faraway lands like Arabia Felix or Egypt — the paper discusses how these aromatic creations communicate more than the fragrance of the gardens they come from. Believed to possess medicinal properties mirroring their plant sources, perfumes offer a unique window into health and social life. While all classes sought well-being through scent, specific perfumes varied based on factors like social status and gender. This work focuses on these variations, examining medical and philosophical texts about the relation of scent and health alongside literary case studies: Herodian's account of remedies used during the Antonine Plague, where class dictated perfume choice, and the use of Egyptian-inspired scents during the Hellenistic period, which expresses differences between men and women. In exploring these aromatic landscapes, we uncover a complexity where the essence of gardens and their fragrances reveal more than attempts at using scent to secure health; they show themselves to be rich sources of symbolic meaning reflecting the values and aspirations of ancient authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the Garden of Mount Yu in the late Ming Dynasty, owned by the prestigious scholar-official and drama critic Qi Biaojia. As seen in his literature on Mount Yu, Qi had projected his theatrical sensitivity onto his viewing of the garden, imagining the emotional interactions between his 'theatrical self' and the garden, which emerged again on the night of his martyrdom upon Ming's collapse. In both circumstances, the alienation of a 'theatrical self' enabled Qi to immerse himself in the imagined theatrics while apprehending their illusory quality. This paper takes the nocturnal obscurity and mutability of temporal stages as opposites of daytime normality and demonstrates the obsession with theatricality and its manipulation in seventeenth-century China. Such obsession, when examined in the context of the Ming-Qing transition, reflects a philosophy of living in the post-conquest world, wherein the significance of a garden was highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this introduction to the special issue on Gardens of eudaimonia: cultivating human flourishing through sensory experiences, the topic of the collection is contextualized within the recent and growing interest in gardens among scholars from different disciplines as well as the wider public. Since the beginning of this millennium, academic attention to gardens has moved its focal point from aesthetic considerations to an interest in the benefits gardening can offer to human life and well-being. In this introductory chapter, we first lead the reader through a small selection of examples from garden history, which highlight sensory impressions; secondly, we introduce sensory history with an emphasis on garden perception. Thirdly, we present the concept of a 'flourishing life' (one of the ways how one could translate the Greek word, and rich concept of eudaimonia) and its relations to the sensations available to human experience in gardens. Most importantly, we strive to show that the sensorium is not limited to the five senses traditionally intended; rather, it contains a synesthetic variety of feelings, perceptions, moods, and atmospheres that emerge as an environmental ensemble in gardens and contribute as such to the achievement of a 'good human life'. The introduction is closed by a content overview of the individual contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we concentrate on the garden as a place capable of offering physical protection from danger, as well as fostering psychological or physical well-being through relaxation and soothing activities in a variety of ancient Greco-Roman sources, including not just poetry but also philosophical, medical, and specialist literature generally. In the first part, we consider the environment in Greco-Roman medical discourses with specific reference to gardens. Various themes in what are sometimes called 'enviromental' medical approaches are illustrated to narrow the analysis to the case of gardens and cultivated land as a space for therapeutic activity, relaxation, diversion, and intellectual and philosophical exchange. The inclusion of the garden, we propose, within the range of the medically useful is indebted to the stereotyping of gardens in philosophical genres, but also to a wider understanding and exploitation, literal and metaphorical, of the garden as 'controlled nature'. The latter point emerges more clearly in the second part of the chapter in which we focus on two poetic texts (Ovid, Metamorphoses 14.623–771; Columella, De Re Rustica 10.255–310). In our conclusions, we bring together these two strands of observations and offer remarks about the conceptual parallel between the human body (including its health and safety) and landscaped vegetation in ancient cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There continues to be much debate as to whether to preserve buildings, and this is particularly pertinent to post-war architecture, especially in the UK. This paper further explores the issue by concentrating on the acquisition of a fragment of Robin Hood Gardens by the Victoria and Albert Museum. The Smithsons' key work was deemed a failed social experiment in its listing verdict, and the acquisition of the fragment during demolition sparked controversy when exhibited at the 2018 Venice Biennale. Devoid of its context in an exhibition setting, the fragment of building questions the applicability of traditional conservation values, particularly those relating to age or architectural value. This paper aims to demonstrate the value of taking a more sociological approach to this dilemma. It uses theories of collective memory, specifically Halbwachs and Bachelard's variations, to explore multiple interpretations of the fragment's physicality. Three frameworks have been chosen for analysis: the changing social housing rhetoric, its listing campaign, and finally the present, a speculative section on what the current interpretations of the past indicate for the future. Through this chronological analysis it is concluded that the Estate's physicality is reduced to a semantic contribution, representative of our current crisis of collective memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on how the Hospitallers cultivated the island of Rhodes between 1309 and 1522, drawing on both published and unpublished documents from the Hospitallers' archive on Malta. After their conquest of Rhodes, the Hospitallers not only inherited the available land, but attempted to expand and enhance its productivity and use. This article considers both agricultural and possible recreational spaces, in particular looking at the diverse types of gardens that developed. The paper argues that there were distinct stages to the cultivation of Rhodes, especially apparent in the first half-century of occupation of the island: that is, settlement of Latins and Greeks on the island, which equates to the social cultivation of Rhodes, then bringing uncultivated land into cultivation, the conveying of already cultivated land under Hospitaller control, and finally the maintenance and improvement of farmed lands. This last task was something shared by the many Hospitaller commanderies throughout Europe and continued until their lands were gradually confiscated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarly interest in the counter-movement during the third food regime transition has mainly been focused on open resistance. However, that view omits the grand picture consisting of 230 million Chinese smallholders and their everyday practices. This paper analyzes home gardening by Chinese smallholders based on a 10-year follow-up investigation. It reveals that their goal is to achieve 'insiders eating home-grown food', constituting a hidden and unconfrontational resistance to commercialization and globalization. Moreover, such resistance has formed a powerful force with strategic importance in China, having the potential to enlighten the counter-movement and thereby reshape the food regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This anthropological-historical paper explores the oft-neglected inner connotations of morality and history as embedded in China's historic landscape. Situated in the heritage city of Kaifeng, it reveals how local gardens not only are architectural imitations of this ancient capital, but also are connected to the nation's past and mediate moral lessons. A deeper textual dimension is further exposed, with an examination of a dynastic record, as well as the rich historiographical corpus lying behind it, to which garden designers refer. The arguments appearing in such a textual and intellectual dimension are then explicated with regard to the city's old walls. The walls, which are supposed to be formidable defensive facilities, now are viewed as the symbols of learning, virtue and civilisation in contrast to sheer militarism. A further discussion about pertinent ideas in Chinese thought finally discloses the richness of this historical-moral aspect of the city's landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a systematic data base search this paper provides a comprehensive survey of empirical research on garden visitor experiences, arguing that prevalent studies in garden tourism, psychology and education shed little light on the esthetic experience of gardens as cultural artifacts. Gibson's transdisciplinary concept of 'affordance' is therefore used to reinterpret findings from the social sciences in light of landscape design and cultural analysis. The paper addresses how horticultural designs afford visitors to move through landscapes, to perceive and sense plant displays and to create meaning through bodily engagement. It furthermore shows, how media technologies such as mobile guides afford visitors to engage the garden through their specific material and operational design. As a result, the paper introduces a transdisciplinary model of the garden visitor experience that integrates bodily perception and conceptual understanding. Accordingly, the deliberate design of interpretative media is identified as a key agenda for visitor engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on Scottish Open Gardens (OG) run by a charitable organisation. OGs are those attached to private houses that are opened as visitor attractions, where a proportion of the money charged for entry is raised for charity. Whilst there have been a few studies on OGs, they have omitted to develop conceptual debates relevant to OGs. This paper identifies privacy and power as key themes determining the ways in which OGs are produced by three kinds of 'co-producers': garden owners, volunteer organisers and helpers. Drawn from 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork conducted in the Scottish Lowlands, I will explain how the deconstruction of the private-public boundary in OGs underlies the nuanced power relationships. I argue that legitimacy of power exercised by the co-producers is determined by their perceptions of what is morally justifiable and by the geographical remits of locations where power is exercised. The paper concludes by emphasising implications for practice and suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses Song dynasty garden documents and paintings and identifies three methods to create mountain-viewing experiences in private gardens. The landscaping techniques, aesthetic sensibilities, and cultural implications of each method are discussed, and the evolution of the mountain-viewing tradition is examined. Due to changes in natural conditions and the influence of royalty, mountains and stones as garden design elements held greater significance under the Southern Song dynasty than the Northern Song dynasty, with marked changes in mountain-building techniques, appreciation of stones, aesthetic preferences, and the professional esteem of designing gardens. Mountain-viewing pavilions became more prevalent during the Southern Song dynasty because the Song people deeply revered scholar Tao Yuanming. This paper contributes to Chinese landscaping history literature by showing how and why the mountain-viewing trend grew and how the Song dynasty influenced garden landscaping in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It seems inconceivable for a garden in China (or a Chinese garden elsewhere) not to feature bamboo, serving a variety of aesthetic, practical, and metaphoric purposes. This paper offers both a translation of a set of some of the most famous celebrations of the bamboo, in prose and poetry, from the Book of Odes (Shijing 詩經) down to the late imperial period, and a discussion of the role of this particular plant in the design and life of the Chinese garden and the levels of symbolic meaning it brings to these gardens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A specific amount of shade tree density is essential for quality tea production. Here, deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) based architectures are used for detecting and measuring the canopy area of shade trees in high-resolution remote sensing (RS) images covering tea gardens with precision, recall, F1 score and Intersection-over-Union value of 98.9%, 85.1%, 91.36 and 0.96 respectively. Subsequently, shade tree density is estimated with average error of 0.03. In the present paper a fully automated DCNN-based process is established which not only detects shade trees in RS imagery, but also estimates their canopy density for assisting tea garden management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence demonstrates the benefits of gardens for promoting wellbeing. Some gardens are now being designed specifically to promote wellbeing; however, there are currently no evidence-based guidelines or recommendations available for designers to support such endeavours. The present study undertakes a systematic review of garden design literature to: (1) identify the defining characteristics of a garden that promotes wellbeing in non-clinical populations; and (2) summarize existing evaluations of garden designs into recommendations that can promote wellbeing. Online databases were used to identify papers published before October 2022, from which 17 publications were reviewed. This review was conducted following PRISMA and framework for scoping reviews. Results: The defining characteristics of wellbeing gardens centred around six design aspects: accessibility, wayfinding, fostering serenity, multisensory planting, spatial organization, and cultural artefacts. From these, recommendations were developed for garden designers to create wellbeing gardens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to reveal what is the current position of gardening as a leisure activity for urbanites, in general and in competition with other hobbies, and how the space of the urban domestic garden is perceived in this regard. To gather data, a questionnaire survey of 302 urban domestic garden keepers was conducted. The survey took place between April 2019 and November 2019 in the capital city of Prague, Czechia, and in 8 locations in other Czech cities and towns as a control sample. The results show that the importance of outdoor relaxation in evaluating one's garden prevails, but the possibility of creating something with one's own hands, to produce own food, or to form a more beautiful place are also highly appreciated. In the perception of Czech gardeners, work and leisure often intertwine. Similarly, gardens act as a multifunctional environment, which can be changed in particular phases of the human life cycle. Since gardens were often declared as vital components for many people, it is probable that there is a future for gardening as a leisure activity, although it may be construed rather as a 'light' version of gardening, adapted to one's busy schedule and other hobbies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines some of the ways Mengen speakers have positioned Ulawun volcano, its inhabitants and outputs as beneficial features of daily life. By way of contrast, volcanology and more recent disaster planning discourses in Papua New Guinea, have often positioned Ulawun as a hazard that creates potential dangers and risks. The paper explores how these two distinct orientations to Ulawun's past and future influence the possibilities of Ulawun's beneficial and dangerous outcomes. We emphasise how Ulawun's anticipated future has been articulated into forms of disaster planning involving new modes of action, accountability and world making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental scaffolding refers to the ways in which agents make use of features of the environment to augment and enhance their cognitive behavior. Recent discussion on the notion of affective scaffolding extends this perspective to investigate how agents’ affective states are supported by environmental scaffolds. This paper builds on such discussion by exploring how elements of nature, such as forests, oceans, and gardens, function as affective scaffolds. Empirical research demonstrates that the presence of natural elements has a positive impact on health and wellbeing, as well as a modulatory effect on stress response mechanisms. I argue that there are specific characteristics to these types of scaffolds which can be surveyed to shed philosophical light on this research. I suggest that natural environments scaffold our affective lives by enabling, enhancing, and promoting a specific bodily affective profile characterized by restorativeness and immersion attentiveness. An analysis of this scaffolding can aid in understanding the relationship between nature and affect, in turn identifying a new application for the scaffolded mind framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This volume argues that looking at gardens through the lens of art and aesthetics generates new insights into the role that gardens have for those who make and depend on them. Drawing on some of the debates around the anthropology of art, we suggest that aesthetics provides a rich analytical perspective on the importance of gardens to many wider aspects of social life. We argue for the critical conceptual significance of gardens in Melanesia, and in Amazonia. In doing so, we foreground the importance of diversity in gardening: in plants and knowledge practices, and in the recognition of non-human beings and their collaboration with gardeners. This is, in part, a factor of the satisfactions that people find in growing beautiful and diverse gardens that link to myth, to history and to place. This introduction sets out these arguments and also provides a summary of each of the papers presented in the volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the case of Nyamikum village's Abulës-Speakers ('Abelam') in Papua New Guinea, this paper weaves two parallel discussions: the first shifts our approach of gardens from being horizontal surfaces, covered in assemblages of plants, towards a vertical one, in which gardens are dynamic interfaces upon which recursive processes of generativity and depletion appear in temporal sequences of movement between a space above and another below, acting as a container of capacities. The second discussion focusses on how humans engage with garden plants, enact technics (defined here as a specific configuration of practices/techniques, objects and relations) which facilitate the becoming of plants, in a way that actualises a 'friendly' or 'moral' order elicitation according to principles of enablement instead of extraction. Finally, the paper makes the hypothesis that the transposition of visual forms created by technics to other places, such as the ceremonial house, makes them as efficacious in manifesting and enabling vital processes of generativity. This leads to the conclusion that technics play indeed a central role in the unifying the moral and the cosmic order, because they always contain a part of material self-evidence which does not rest on conventions or beliefs. As a result, it confirms that local notions of efficacious actions are the bases upon which wider vernacular conceptions (of sociality, of generativity or of morality) and logics can be built. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study the impacts of complex political changes on the material and socio-cultural dimensions of the heritage gardens, which initially belonged to the nobilities of Shiraz. The paper scrutinises the factors that have altered the gardens' lives during the Festival of Arts in the 1960s, followed by the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Through employing interpretive-historical research methods and examining primary sources including memoirs, memos, documents, and interviews conducted with managers involved in heritage affairs, the paper details how political, social, and economic parameters affected the Shiraz gardens. While the political states interpreted the heritage differently, possible factors responsible for changing the life of gardens are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School gardens provide collaborative grounds for education and cultivation, operating within the U.S. education system and in connection to movements to rectify societal and environmental injustices. Based on perspectives of gardeners in public schools in Brooklyn, NY and the intersection of school gardens with other movement work, a four-part framework of liberatory practices and potentials via school gardening is outlined. This paper asks: What liberatory practices are happening in Brooklyn school gardens, and what is the potential for building upon them, particularly in relation to rectifying injustices faced within racially minoritized communities? In this study, gardens were found to support personal achievements, health benefits, adult mentorship, peer bonding, identity affirmation, community transformation, and positive relationships with the natural world. Some programming addressed social and environmental injustices explicitly, but students and staff identified potential to expand this; particularly needed are clear curricular prioritization and social and material support. Important to engendering any form of liberation through school gardening are: intentionality and transparency regarding program aims, just forums for student engagement and impact, and critical acknowledgement of the political and geographic realities in which these gardens operate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gardens enact memories of our lives, tell of cultural traditions, create and reproduce narratives and contain the memory of the land on which they are constructed. Gardens in fiction work to reflect and construct ecological imaginaries that value certain kinds of nature/culture relationships which gardens themselves enact. However, fiction might also be employed to reimagine the relationships between humans and non-human others. The purpose of this paper is to describe the process of research that led to developing new environmental imaginaries through fiction. I take Hamilton Gardens as a site for research-creation, employing a critical walking methodology for arts-based practice. I undertook three walks, informed by a posthumanist perspective, that engaged in ecocritical analysis and ethnographic reflections of selected garden narratives. These methods allowed me to examine the relationships between memories, narrative geographies and gardens in order to develop my own 'environmental imaginary' of gardens. The value of this approach is that it allows geographic knowledges of gardens to be situated and embodied. This knowledge can question dominant garden imaginaries that reproduce bias towards temperate gardens and Global North gardening practices and can produce narratives that tell marginalised stories of gardens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gardens open to the public are popular tourism attractions. Even though human geographers have studied gardens from the perspective of actor–network theory (ANT), there has been little empirical research into the ways in which gardens open to the public are produced by a hybrid of human and non-human entities. In addition, despite its linkage with Foucault's relational notion of power, recent ANT-inspired studies are not explicit about the investigation of power relations between human and non-human actors. Therefore, this paper explores what kinds of heterogeneous power relations emerge when gardens open to the public are produced by a hybrid of human and non-humans. On account of its suitability for ANT, ethnomethodology was employed as a methodological underpinning and qualitative data were collected from fieldwork conducted in gardens open to the public in Scotland. The paper contributes to the geographical school of tourism by suggesting four types of heterogeneous power relations: coercion, acquiescence, negotiation and synergistic transaction. Coercion refers to a relation in which one actor's will or identity is forcefully marginalised by another actor; acquiescence is a relation in which an actor unwillingly accepts its marginalised status whereas another actor maintains its ruling status; negotiation denotes a situation in which power balance between heterogeneous actors are provisional; synergistic transaction is a hybrid assemblage that brings a greater effect, than that of a single actor, on the enhancement of tourism spaces. The paper concludes by discussing how the proposed typology helps ANT researchers rethink the production of tourism spaces, and by asking readers what other types of heterogeneous power relations are possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recurring debate in cities and in the literature is whether gardening food to eat is essential or recreational. When the COVID-19 pandemic began, some political jurisdictions closed gardens, deeming them non-essential to life – including the province of Ontario where fieldwork for this study was conducted. This paper analyzes mixed methods data generated pre-pandemic to understand the role of urban agriculture in the lives of gardeners in Toronto, Canada. When people produce food for the home, is their activity recreational or an essential source of food? We employ a social-ecological lens and find that gardening supported health and wellbeing and provided participants with an important food source, oftentimes culturally significant. Qualitative and quantitative data describes the rich experiences of gardener participants in the diverse city. We argue that gardens are essential and seeing them as part of culinary infrastructure makes space for nonmarket food production in food systems analyses. Viewing gardens as essential should prompt policy decisions, particularly during crises, which support social-ecological, nonmarket food sources as important parts of culinary infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classical Chinese gardens have a distinct layout structure. By studying the traditional Chinese conception of space–time and its characteristics, this article explores the spatiotemporal narrative structure and typological patterns of the Lingering Garden, which is highly representative of Souzhou gardens in China. While existing literature addresses the sagittal and cyclical concepts of space–time, this paper advances a separate and interactive view of space–time using Yin-Yang transformation logic. Field research revealed that three space–time natures emerge as three spatiotemporal narratives in the Lingering Garden (sagittal, cyclical, and separate-and-interactive) with different characteristics. These modes intertwine in different ways in the garden's five areas to form the Lingering Garden's holistic spatiotemporal narrative structure, which nurtures dynamic experiences and infinite imagination. This result helps us better understand other Chinese gardens and supplements the theory of gardening art; however, more case studies should be done to determine its generalisability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on case studies in Dublin, Ireland, this paper examines the motives for individuals to establish community gardens therein. The paper also outlines the capacities required for community groups to successfully establish and sustain community gardens in Ireland. These capacities include the involvement of individuals with a range of expertise, the presence of supportive community groups/organisations and state agencies, and access to resources, including land. The research findings, detailed in this paper, indicate that community gardens in urban settings encounter a number of challenges, including the absence of a mechanism for community groups to access land. The article provides a framework for community groups and community organisations to develop community gardens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garden balsam optimization (GBO) is a new proposed evolutionary algorithm based on swarm intelligence. Convergence and time complexity analyses are very important in evolutionary computation, but the research on GBO is still blank. Same as other evolutionary algorithms, the optimization process of the GBO algorithm can be regarded as a Markov process. In this paper, a Markov stochastic model of the GBO algorithm is defined and used to prove the convergence of GBO algorithm. Finally, the approximation region of the estimated convergence time of GBO algorithm is calculated, which characterizes the evolution of the evolutionary process of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the role of timber in articulating a modern American project in nineteenth-century Lebanon. It focuses on the architecture of the Syrian Protestant College in Beirut, an educational institution founded by American missionaries of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in 1866. The paper examines the evolving role of timber within this foreign missionary project—deployed in multiple forms and scales—and traces the shifting values ascribed to its use. I argue that the missionaries used timber to elaborate specific relationships towards students and the city, reflecting cultural, racial, and religious notions of superiority, carving out an American "garden" in the "wilderness" of Ras Beirut. I analyze these theological aims and their practical application through the conceptual lens of Edward Said's "modern Orientalism". The deployment of timber as a claim-making and space-making device frames the construction of the Syrian Protestant College as a modern, imperial project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban community gardens are well known as safe and friendly spaces that help shape a sense of community. Their capacity to reflect these ideals in the higher education policy sector has been less examined, even though students are particularly well-disposed to reaping the healing benefits of gardens. COVID-19 displaced students and shut down campuses globally. With Australian universities reopening, fostering a sense of community and re-establishing campus culture is among top priorities. This paper uses a multiple case-study methodology to explore how a unique policy instrument—the university 'masterplan'–expresses the benefits of campus community gardens, as green community spaces, and how they might better aid universities in achieving strategic missions. The research compares dominant themes in the community garden literature with the visions of campus masterplans to understand how community gardens might be better positioned as tools for place and community building. The results provide a finer-grained understanding of green infrastructure in campus master planning for a post-COVID-19 moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper places William Pereira's designs for the campus of UC Irvine within the context of Post-World War II development in Southern California. Using Leo Marx's Machine in the Garden as well as Ebenezer Howard's Garden Cities, Pereira's work is evaluated for its ability to blend nature and artifice through his integration of landscape and architecture. Irvine is considered relative to existing planning ideologies of this era, including the development of suburban corporate campuses and auto-dominant suburbs. New developments and emerging growth enclaves reflected a desire to retain a sense of pastoralism, while accommodating the conveniences associated with modern living. The context of Marx and Howard, along with case studies of the mid-twentieth century help to frame the analysis of UCI's landscape and architecture. Planning texts, diagrams, and photographs are considered in the evaluation of UC Irvine's design and construction. Situating the campus as both town and garden, the analysis focuses on whether Pereira's modernist intentions to create a new space where both campus and nature could evolve together, were fully met. As a semi-natural, intensely social space, UC Irvine's development is laid out as a construction project, while serving the cultural needs of this mid-twentieth century academic community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swaziland was affected severely by the 2015–16 El Nino drought, which severely affected agriculture and food security. Of special interest to this paper is its impact on irrigated home gardens on the Komati Downstream Development Project. This project was designed to extend irrigated sugar cane onto customary tenured Swazi Nation Land, with a secondary objective to improve food security by enabling farmers to convert some land from rain-fed to irrigated maize and vegetable production. A random questionnaire survey was undertaken on three farmers' associations of the KDDP which have adopted irrigated home gardens, sampling approximately 50 per cent of those eligible. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted with committee members of the associations. The paper concludes that unlike previous droughts where the gardens enabled farmers to produce food at a time when rain-fed production had collapsed, in the 2015–16 drought, the impact on water supplies was so great that the irrigated gardens also failed, compromising the food security of the farmers and their neighbours. It also appears that a significant number of farmers are beginning to question the long-term viability of their current farm system in the face of what many perceive as long-term changes in the regional climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With mega state housing projects needing large land parcels and that are often located in the periphery, this paper investigates what impact relocating residents to Golden Gardens housing development has had on the quality of life and their financial wellbeing. Using primary data obtained from residents living in the Golden Gardens housing development, the findings show that respondents' access to and quality of physical and social facilities, such as refuse services, water, and electricity, has improved. Respondents were also unanimous that staying in their Golden Gardens homes has significantly improved their security. However, many residents currently living in Golden Gardens used to live closer to work and social activities than they do now, which means that they used to spend less each month on transport than they do now. The high-commuting cost has increased household expenses, meaning that the respondents' financial wellbeing has been negatively impacted. These results imply yet unmet long-term objectives of human settlements as envisaged in various government policies and programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been well documented that northern Indigenous communities in Canada have disproportionately high rates of food insecurity which is contributing to chronic health conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Indigenous communities face complex challenges getting regular access to healthy food, whether through traditional food harvesting practices or through imported market food items. In response, many Indigenous communities are seeking ways to develop locally derived solutions that increase local food procurement capacity and rebuild local food systems. The purpose of this paper is to further understand local food initiatives in Moose Cree First Nation, a remote northern community at the base of James Bay, Ontario, Canada. This paper builds on the Indigenous Health Research Group's focus on understanding and documenting the steps taken in support of building local food capacity, more specifically through a community garden project. With a deepened understanding of the challenges and opportunities the community faces in regaining greater autonomy over their food system, the findings presented here build on community-based participatory action approaches when learning and working with communities in support of local food efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing for people's health and well-being is one important purpose for landscape design in healthcare environments. The concept of therapeutic landscapes has been applied widely in various healthcare settings. This research extends the concept of therapeutic landscapes in ordinary everyday context and explores the role of gardens in Australian aged-care facilities. Fieldwork shows aged-care residents reclaim the outdoor environment by actively shaping the landscape to create special meanings and embed memories in characterising their current living space. Findings suggest broadening the current understandings of therapeutic landscapes to incorporate residents' vernacular healing landscapes. This paper addresses a gap in existing literature and introduces the importance of vernacular healing landscapes in aged-care facilities for its holistic reflection of older people's landscape experiences and connection with residents' memories, which positively contributes to their health and wellbeing. It argues for future design to value and incorporate residents' vernacular healing landscapes in aged-care gardens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past decade has seen many calls for the development of unified ‘world historical archaeologies’ of the past 500 years. While the field benefits from growing international exchanges and collaborations, retaining the diversity of regional traditions is a major and emerging challenge. As the field increasingly tests the temporal, geographical and interdisciplinary limits of archaeological perspectives, engaging with the diversity of modern material, these complexities remain little discussed, and the situations and contingencies of disciplinary narratives, priorities and interactions remain unproblematized. Exploring these matters, this paper considers transatlantic interactions between British and North American traditions of historical archaeology over the past two decades, journeying between two garden landscapes – in Annapolis and Bristol. After considering Mark Leone's 1984 study of the William Paca garden in Annapolis, Maryland, and its subsequent reinterpretations, the paper discusses an eighteenth-century ‘eclectic’ garden at Goldney in Bristol. The paper argues that situational and ‘symmetrical’, rather than interpretative, approaches to archaeological material would aid the development of multi-vocal and inclusive ‘world historical archaeologies’, acknowledging and celebrating the archaeological complexities that are encountered in the past and the disciplinary present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Many public issues require collaboration between governments, private actors, NGOs, civic organizations, and individual organizations. Initiating such a collaboration is challenging, but sustaining such a partnership can be even more difficult. This paper aims to explore what types of collaborative governance structures (CGSs) are found in urban gardens that have continued to exist over the years and that have been discontinued. In order to do this, we analysed 14 urban gardens in the Netherlands as striking examples of CGSs. By applying Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (FsQCA), we were able to unravel plausible explanations for gardens that (did not) stand the test of time. The analysis shows that financial independence, strong institutionalization, and having a small core group of volunteers is the most important configuration for the durability of an urban garden. Even though some gardens were meant to be temporary, this structure made them durable. Two urban gardens – envisioned to be temporal – did not develop an institutional design or financial independence, which led to their discontinuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper utilizes the concepts of agonism and antagonism to further the existing analysis of active citizenship within local governance. At present, this relationship is taking place as housing stock increasingly becomes the subject of financialization. Embedded in this context, and with a particular focus on active citizenship's manifestation in estate redevelopment and how it moulds the interactions between citizen and state, I discuss how differing conceptions of the nature of active citizenship serve to create distrust and hostility throughout the redevelopment process, using the case study of the Cressingham Gardens estate in the London borough of Lambeth. Through conducting extensive qualitative research with state actors and estate residents, this study illustrates the mechanisms by which active citizenship that falls outside the remit deemed acceptable by the state is challenged on a live, contested site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The online portion of the course provided flexibility so that students could dig deeper into history or geography, or both, according to the course(s) in which they were enrolled. Students were recruited from across the university through campus-wide marketing and recruiting events, but the majority of the students who enrolled were those majoring in one or both of the disciplines of the co-leading faculty: one from History and the other a geographer from a combined Anthropology and Geography department. For HIST 333, student readings during the online portion of the course focused on modernization in post-revolutionary France, and students completed a final paper that used evidence from their observations made during the trip. The disciplines of geography and history have long been intertwined, classically so in the French tradition. [Extracted from the article]

This paper charts the changing cultural-personal uses and meanings of Port Arthur gardens from penal settlement, to rural township, to heritage site as a way of reflecting on the process of reforming and remembering the site as a material and discursive landscape of in/justice. It draws on contemporary and first-person accounts of the ideology and experience of Port Arthur gardens and uses both expository and descriptive forms of writing to show the gardens as agents of brutality and inequity, as resistance and healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rooftop garden is growing in popularity and can be seen as a green roof for the local production of crops in urban buildings. This study focuses on the nutritionally important plants grown in the rooftop garden and their diversity index and evenness in urban roofs. A total of 103 respondents were selected randomly and interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire from the 12th of February to 23rd of May 2020. The findings suggest that the average area under rooftop gardening is 13.52% in Dhulikhel and 7.32% in Kathmandu and all of the respondents have a positive response regarding its continuation because of its multiple benefits from rooftop gardens. The plant species used for edible purposes were 43 species among the reported 91 species. The Shannon diversity index of Kathmandu was 3.58 and of Dhulikhel was 3.04. Due to lack of technical knowledge and fear of heavy load, rooftop garden in Nepal is suffering. Still, the respondents had problems regarding its management and further extension. Thus, this paper recommends the management of proper training to the growers regarding rooftop gardening, its management, and further extension and continuation. Also, much more research is necessary for developing a good crop calendar for rooftop farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper problematizes public housing privatization. It compares the trajectory of tenure change in two garden communities – Garbatella, Rome and Sunnyside Gardens, New York City – which privileged public and private ownership, respectively. The cases are currently dealing with tenure change. Sunnyside experienced the enclosure of gardens and citizens’ attempt to reclaim what was held in common in order to bring back the communal spaces. Garbatella is a place where growth over time of rights, powers, immunities, and privileges is manifested in long-lasting processes of appropriation of public housing goods. Despite their different stories, Sunnyside helps to problematize the process of public housing privatization in Garbatella which is further complicated by tenure complexity, State-induced rent gap and institutional displacement. The analysis of tenure change, done by using the ‘incidents of ownership’ notion developed by Marcuse, contributes to the understanding of what public housing privatization means in social and spatial terms. Housing privatization leads to an erosion of the in-between space where individual and collective aspiration meet as a precondition for the reproduction of what is held in common: spatial goods such as open spaces and housing – a fundamental aspect of our citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In 2010, the Galleries of Modern London opened at the Museum of London, and included a re-making of London's Pleasure Gardens. Using an embedded ethnographic perspective at the museum, this paper explores the re-making of the gardens, and looks in detail at how and why the museum chose the gardens to explore London's history as a changing city. The gardens display required an ambitious combination of objects and display technologies, such as historic costume, film projections, Philip Treacy hats, object reproductions, specially made mannequins, and a soundscape, and this paper discusses the production and composition of these components. Reflecting on the gardens' place in London's history, the paper identifies what the gardens offer contemporary understandings of the city's past and the role of pleasure in public history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we introduce the concept of '(in)significance' as a way to think about values in heritage, and in the attribution, recording, description, assessment and categorisation practices that characterise heritage processes. Our aim is to throw light on how this concept shapes, and is shaped by, contemporary heritage practices and outcomes. We consider the history of the idea of significance, particularly as it is defined in the Burra Charter, and trace its inheritance lines in settler nation states and capitalist economic structures, and highlight its retention of concepts of heritage value as both intrinsic and culturally attributed. Using international, mainly Anglophone examples, we review a range of case studies and examples of significance and insignificance, of significance assessment in practice, and the tensions between expert, institutional or 'official' values and broader concepts of heritage and attachment. We suggest that the dual or layered concept of '(in)significance' might allow for heritage practices that interact with emotions, memory, place and things in ways that are often not possible in the context of official heritage regimes because of rigid aesthetic and conservation paradigms, as well as identity and ownership claims and deeply invested national narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bundelkhand is a region in central India, its identification based on its peculiar socio-cultural values. During the sixteenth to nineteenth century Bundelkhand was under the reign of Bundela kings. The architectural edifices of Bundela rulers lie in all parts of Bundelkhand including popular places like Orchha, Datia and Khajuraho. Other than the palaces, forts and temples, Bundelkhand has a number of gardens created by the Bundela rulers. These gardens are an important link to the socio-cultural history of Bundelkhand, but they lie neglected. Rajnagar is a small village, only 3 km north of the World Heritage Site of Khajuraho, in the Chhatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh. The village was a prominent political centre during the eighteenth to nineteenth century, under the Chhatarpur princely state. As many as sixteen Bundeli gardens exist in Rajnagar! Similar gardens were found all over Bundelkhand during research visits by the authors. There is no previous research available about the typology and characteristics of these gardens, and the current research paper is a first attempt to describe the architecture of the Bundeli gardens and its extent in the region, citing examples in the Chhatarpur district. The research paper aims to establish the typology, including the period of construction of these eighteenth-century Bundeli gardens, based on architectural analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The growth in the provision of gardens has been an important feature of housing in the UK during the 20th century, and yet the significance of the humble domestic garden has been neglected in studies of housing and home. This paper examines the role of the garden in the meaning of home, and draws on theoretical discussions of nature, environmental risk and social uncertainty in late modernity. Secondary empirical data is used to investigate the changing uses of gardens and practices of gardening. A survey of garden owners provides primary empirical data to examine meanings of gardens and personal experiences of nature. The paper concludes that the garden is an important site for privacy, sociability and sensual connections to nature, and these activities can be understood as negotiations and practices to address the social and environmental paradoxes of late modern life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the existing virtual scenarios built for the digital protection of Chinese classical private gardens are too modern in expression style to show the aesthetic significance of their historical period. Considering the aesthetic commonality between traditional Chinese landscape paintings and classical private gardens and referring to image style transfer, here, a deep neural network was proposed to transfer the aesthetic style from landscape paintings to the virtual scenario of classical private gardens. The network consisted of two parts: style prediction and style transfer. The style prediction network was used to obtain style representation from style paintings, and the style transfer network was used to transfer style representation to the content scenario. The pre-trained network was then embedded into the scenario rendering pipeline and combined with the screen post-processing method to realise the stylised expression of the virtual scenario. To verify the feasibility of this methodology, a virtual scenario of the Humble Administrator's Garden was used as the content scenario and five garden landscape paintings from different time periods and painting styles were selected for the case study. The results demonstrated that this methodology could effectively achieve the aesthetic style transfer of a virtual scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue that Latour's distinction between 'intermediaries' and 'mediators' captures important facets of tensions in market encounters and in the co-creation of 'supply' and 'demand' within digital advertising. Drawing upon 110 interviews with 87 practitioners, participation in sector meetings and training courses, and McGowan's 'autoethnographic' experiences, we explore the different forms tensions take in the two main configurations of digital advertising: (1) the 'open marketplace,' which is the site of much effort to turn mediators into intermediaries; and (2) 'walled gardens,' which increasingly are unequivocally mediators, and which are 'de-agencing' advertising's human practitioners in specific ways (e.g. by making human-guided targeting less attractive and more difficult). De-agencing interacts with current initiatives, especially Apple's, that partially 'de-individualize' advertising's audiences and reinforce walled gardens' mediator roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilience has been a challenging approach to analyse the built environment–society linkages and to design more sustainable built environments for enhancing society's quality of life. This paper explores the linkages between the building, home garden and human system resilience in the Lefke region of North Cyprus. To this end, 50 buildings with a vernacular value, their home gardens and householders were evaluated. The method consisted of developing a conceptual framework for better understanding the linkages among the three systems, exploring the appropriate resilience assessment indicators for the systems, data collection with a questionnaire and data evaluation (based on a 1–5 Likert scale). The results revealed that the average relative values of the building, home garden and human system resilience are, respectively, 2.22 (low), 2.49 (low), and 3.63 (medium). Diversity, traditional knowledge and connectivity were found to be the key indicators for evaluating the linkages amongst the systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]