224 results
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2. Turkey-West Relations: The Politics of Intra-alliance Opposition: by Oya Dursun-Özkanca, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2019, 214 pp., $89.99 (Hardback) ISBN 9781108488624, $29.99 (Paper) ISBN 9781108726726.
- Author
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Kubicek, Paul
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,NONFICTION - Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Britain and Ottoman Domestic Politics: From the Young Turk Revolution to the Counter-Revolution,...
- Author
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Unal, Hasan
- Subjects
BRITISH foreign relations ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,REVOLUTIONS - Abstract
Discusses the role played by Great Britain (GB) in the counter-revolution in Turkey on March 31, 1909 against the Young Turks. Attitude of GB toward differences of opinion within various Young Turks groups and between them and the government; Policy of GB after the suppression of the counter-revolution; Implications of the Young Turks' revolution for the Anglo-Turkish relations.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
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4. Atatürk's Middle East: representations in the construction of state identity.
- Author
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Özgür, Berkan
- Subjects
NATIONALISM ,NATIONAL character ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,POSTSTRUCTURALISM ,ISLAM & politics ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
The main argument of this paper is that Turkey had close relations with Middle Eastern states during the Atatürk period, which is contrary to the literature that claims the opposite because of Turkey's Western-oriented ideology. The article asks why Turkey as a Western-oriented state sought to have close relations with Middle Eastern states. To answer this question, the article uses discourse analysis focusing on Middle Eastern leaders' visits as represented in Turkish public discourse. Accordingly, it proposes two main answers. Firstly, the paper argues that the new state's relations with Middle Eastern countries played an important role in legitimation of its Westernization projects in the eyes of its citizens. Secondly, the Turkish state marginalized rival political discourses, mainly Islamism, by proving that even Muslim majority countries wanted to imitate modern Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Ethno-nationalism, state building and migration: the first wave of migration from Turkey to North Cyprus.
- Author
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Talat Zrilli, Ayşenur
- Subjects
ETHNONATIONALISM ,NATION building ,EMIGRATION & immigration ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey - Abstract
This paper focuses on the first wave of migration from Turkey to North Cyprus (1975–1980), which is largely absent from existing migration literature. Through extensive oral history interviews with influential policy makers, policy implementers and opposition politicians of the period, as well as through in-depth interviews with immigrants, the complexly interwoven socio-economic and political-ideological parameters of this migratory movement is discussed. Thereby the paper endeavours to challenge the dichotomy between voluntary 'labour migrations' characterised by a predominant economic dimension, and 'ethnic migrations', which stand out due to their strong political-ideological dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. The role of context in desecuritization: Turkish foreign policy towards Northern Iraq (2008–2017).
- Author
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Pusane, Özlem Kayhan
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,IRAQI foreign relations - Abstract
For decades, Turkish policymakers have perceived the possible emergence of a Kurdish autonomous region or an independent Kurdish state in northern Iraq as an existential threat to Turkey. However, from 2008 onwards, under the Justice and Development Party government, Turkish foreign policy towards the Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) was gradually desecuritized. In light of Turkey's experience, this paper explores the role of context in desecuritizing foreign policy issues in general and Turkish foreign policy towards the KRG in particular. It argues that the changing civil–military relations in Turkey as well as the country's broader political and economic conjuncture allowed for the desecuritization of Turkey-KRG relations from 2008 onwards. The context also determined what kind of a desecuritization Turkey experienced towards the KRG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. The rise of transactionalism in international relations: evidence from Turkey's relations with the European Union.
- Author
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Bashirov, Galib and Yilmaz, Ihsan
- Subjects
CIVILIZATION ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,GRAND strategy (Political science) ,EUROPEANIZATION - Abstract
This paper's main objective is to explain the concept of transactionalist foreign policy in detail and to demonstrate how it applies to a real-world case in Turkish foreign policy towards the EU under the AKP rule. We define transactionalism as a foreign policy approach that favours bilateral to multilateral relations, focuses on short-term wins rather than longer-term strategic foresight, adheres to a zero-sum worldview where all gains are relative and reciprocity is absent, rejects value-based policymaking, and does not follow a grand strategy. This paper also provides a new layer to the existing periodisation of AKP's EU policy through framing the EU as 'a foreign policy actor' in Turkey-EU relations. Scholars divide Turkey's EU policy under the AKP government into three broad periods: Europeanisation, selective Europeanisation and De-Europeanisation. We complement this literature by adding another layer of analysis that focuses on Turkey's foreign relations in its broader region, including the EU, and argue that Turkey's relations with the EU were characterised by the zero-problems doctrine during the selective Europeanisation period, and by civilisational competition with the EU during the de-Europeanisation period, and by transactionalism since 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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8. The recent rapprochement between Iran and Turkey: is it durable or is it a relationship of convenience?
- Author
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Yücesoy, Vahid
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,IRANIAN foreign relations ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
Since the coup attempt of 2016, bilateral ties between Ankara and Tehran have witnessed a significant boost. Using and refining Steven David's framework of omni-balancing, which argues that the conduct of foreign policy in Third World settings also takes stock of domestic threats to the regime, this paper explains this emerging rapprochement. The article argues that after 2016, the AKP's foreign policy became increasingly predicated on regime survival, which was also reflected in Ankara-Tehran ties. This rapprochement was strengthened by both countries' intersecting positions on the following issues (1) A mutual pro-Qatar stance in the recent Saudi Arabia-Qatar spat, (2) Mutual opposition to a Kurdish state in northern Iraq, and (3) Increasingly troubled relations with the US. Through a careful analysis of Turkish and Persian sources along with official discourses, this paper will expand on these key aspects of these significantly improved bilateral relations between both countries and will conclude with discussion of its durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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9. Europeanization of Turkey's Foreign Policy: The Case of Turkey's Mediation in the Israel–Palestine Conflict.
- Author
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Ayaz Avan, Esengül
- Subjects
EUROPEANIZATION ,ARAB-Israeli conflict ,ISRAEL-Palestine relations ,MEDIATION ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey - Abstract
This study investigates the Europeanization of Turkey's foreign policy by examining Turkey's mediating role in the Israel–Palestine dispute. The paper assesses whether, to what extent and how the EU shaped Turkey's mediating role in the conflict. It is concluded that Turkish political actors used the EU to justify certain policies and their relations with certain actors, which would otherwise be considered unacceptable. Given its indirect impact on Turkey's mediation, the EU's role in Turkish foreign policy should not be exaggerated. There seems to be no evidence in this case that Turkish foreign policy-makers internalized EU foreign-policy norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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10. Institutional Aspects of the (De-)Europeanization of Turkish Political Parties. The Case of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the Republican People’s Party (CHP).
- Author
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Wódka, Jakub
- Subjects
EUROPEAN Union membership ,POLITICAL parties ,EUROPEANIZATION ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey - Abstract
This paper investigates the impact the European Union (EU) accession process has had on Turkish political parties—the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the main opposition party, the Republican People’s Party (CHP)—as far as their internal structures and intra-party distribution of power are concerned. The paper contends that political parties in Turkey have not only been immune to any organizational adaptation that may have resulted from the accession process, but in the past decade, they have become increasingly de-Europeanized. This insularity from Europeanization impulses can be attributed to Turkey’s personalized political system and the ineffectiveness of the parliamentary institutions responsible for EU policy, especially the EU Harmonization Committee. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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11. Assessing Turkey's changing conflict management role after the Cold War: actorness, approaches and tools.
- Author
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Parlar Dal, Emel
- Subjects
CONFLICT management ,INTERNATIONAL conflict ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,PEACEBUILDING ,SOCIAL conditions of developing countries - Abstract
This paper aims to shed light on Turkey's conflict management role after the Cold War using a three-layered framework consisting of the layers of actorness, approaches and tools. In doing so, it seeks to profile Turkey's international conflict management since the Cold War years with a special focus on the nature of its participation in conflict management as an active or passive actor, the perspectives from which it approaches conflict management, and the conflict management instruments it utilises. First, the paper will provide a conceptual framework of international conflict management based on the above-mentioned triad of actorness, approaches and tools as derived from the existing literature. Second, it will apply the selected three-layered analytical framework to Turkey to decipher its strengths and limitations in managing international conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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12. Turkish Foreign Policy towards the Arab Spring: Between Western Orientation and Regional Disorder.
- Author
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Yorulmazlar, Emirhan and Turhan, Ebru
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,ARAB Spring Uprisings, 2010-2012 ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,MIDDLE Easterners ,ACTIVISM - Abstract
Turkey's foreign policy approach towards the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has been predicated on an integrationist vision through cooperation and dialogue over the past decade. The Arab Spring significantly challenged Turkey's role as a strategic interconnector and set the stage for broader debates on foreign policy orientation. This paper suggests that any fair assessment of Ankara's performance in the MENA must take into account the significant constraints imposed on Turkish foreign policy objectives by regional power rivalries and growing Western detachment from the region. The paper sheds light on the impact of global and regional powers' responses to the Arab Spring for Middle Eastern order and outlines a possible trajectory for the transformation of Turkish foreign policy to ensure effective Turkish activism in the post-Arab Spring environment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
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13. The press and Anglo-Ottoman relations, 1876-1909.
- Author
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Ozcan, Azmi
- Subjects
PRESS & politics -- History ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,HISTORY - Abstract
Discusses the effect and the influence that three newspapers-`Paik-i Islam,'`Al-Khalifa' and `al-Ghayrat' had upon Anglo-Ottoman relations in the second half of the nineteenth century. Pro-Ottoman stand taken by the Muslim newspapers during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878; Vernacular Press Act of 1878; More.
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
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14. The agency of faith-based NGOs in Turkish humanitarian aid policy and practice.
- Author
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Turhan, Yunus and Bahçecik, Şerif Onur
- Subjects
NONGOVERNMENTAL organizations ,INTERNATIONAL relief ,HUMANITARIAN assistance ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,TURKISH politics & government, 1980- - Abstract
While Turkish faith-based NGOs have been involved in delivering humanitarian aid for two decades, the relations of these organizations with the state have not received adequate scholarly attention. The main purpose of this article is to address this gap by asking what roles NGOs play in Turkey's humanitarian aid policy and practice. Despite the relative isolation of Turkey's administrative structure as a result of a strong state tradition, this paper shows that NGOs attempt to play political roles in Turkish foreign policy. The study relies on an analytical framework derived from constructivism to examine the agenda-setting and information-providing activities of Turkish NGOs between 2004 and 2016. Based on findings from a series of semi-structured interviews with 25 respondents from nine different NGOs and three state institutions, this artilce expands the research agenda on Turkey's foreign aid and shows that NGOs function as knowledge-providers, powerful catalysts for humanitarian aid activities, and influential voices in bringing humanitarian issues to light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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15. Beyond 'brotherhood' and the 'caliphate': Kurdish relationships to Islam in an era of AKP authoritarianism and ISIS terror.
- Author
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Gourlay, William
- Subjects
HISTORY of political parties ,POLITICAL parties ,IRANIAN foreign relations ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,KURDS -- History ,AUTHORITARIANISM - Abstract
Since the rise of the Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP), Islam has come to play a more prominent role in public and political spheres in Turkey. This paper draws on ethnographic data gathered in Istanbul and Diyarbakir between 2013 and 2015 to highlight Kurdish attitudes to Islam. Following the electoral success of the AKP amongst Kurds in the general election of 2007, Kurdish actors have sought to incorporate Islamic sensibilities into their political offering in order to appeal to Kurdish constituents. Amid the AKP's recent authoritarian turn and instrumentalization of religion, and the rise of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), many Kurds have sought to redefine their relationship with Islam to clearly demarcate distinctly Kurdish religious and political spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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16. ‘Friends, Balkans, Statesmen Lend Us Your Ears’: The Trans-state and State in Links between Turkey and the Balkans.
- Author
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Bulut, Esra
- Subjects
SOCIAL sciences ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
Policy makers often cite ‘human ties’ as a factor in Turkish–Balkan interstate relations, given the sizeable number of people in Turkey of Balkan origin, and perceived ethno-religious kin in the Balkans. The paper examines the period since 1989, and shows how such individuals and groups have increasingly become subjects in relations between Turkey and the rest of the Balkans. Yet, precisely as trans-state ties have increased in significance, the ‘state’ has also attempted to harness or infiltrate the ‘trans-state’ to further state interests. The paper seeks to show how non-state and state actors have interacted, resulting in an intensification and multiplication of trans-state ties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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17. Turkish–Syrian relations in the wake of the Syrian conflict: back to securitization?
- Author
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Çakmak, Cenap
- Subjects
PUBLIC demonstrations ,NATIONAL security ,MILITARY airplanes ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,SYRIAN foreign relations ,SYRIAN Civil War, 2011- - Abstract
This paper analyses the bilateral relations between Turkey and Syria since the breakout of the popular uprising in 2011, with particular reference to a securitization–desecuritization framework. The author inquires whether Turkish policymakers have securitized the Syrian civil war and framed it in security-laden discourse in the time period under review. Turkey extended strong support to the demonstrations and invested efforts towards a regime change. Assad’s response was unfriendly. Both the Assad regime’s policy vis-à-vis Turkey and the repercussions of the civil war in Syria posed serious threats to Turkish national security. However, based on the analysis of official statements by Turkish authorities during the crisis, the author argues that Turkey avoided framing the Syrian refugee crisis in security terms, whereas border violations, such as the downing of a military aircraft by Syrian regime forces, were defined as threats to national security. The paper further discusses the reasons for Turkey’s selective approach to issues concerning bilateral relations with Syria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Turkey and Iran: The Two Modes of Engagement in the Middle East.
- Author
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Keyman, E. Fuat and Sazak, Onur
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,IRANIAN foreign relations ,ENGAGEMENT (Philosophy) ,PRESIDENTIAL elections - Abstract
A series of breakthroughs in Iran's contentious affairs with the West necessitate a new way of thinking on Turkey–Iran relations. Hassan Rouhani's victory in the 2013 Iranian presidential elections and the signing of the interim Geneva nuclear agreement between Iran and the ‘P5+1’ shortly thereafter warrant an overhaul of the conventional policies concerning the Islamic Republic. Coupled with the Arab uprisings, recent developments will significantly impact not only the way Turkey and Iran approach each other but also their regional policies. This paper seeks to shed light on the two different modes of engagement that Turkey and Iran have employed vis-à-vis their approach to their shared neighbourhood. That is, while Turkey is positioned to utilize this breakthrough on a global scale to improve its relations with Iran and other countries through ‘humanitarian diplomacy’; on the regional level, Tehran's hegemonic and interest-based ambitions will stoke the subtle rivalry with Ankara. This paper provides a background for the origins of these two different modes of engagement and discusses how they have influenced the dynamics in the region. After pointing out how the recent developments concerning Iran's nuclear programme and engagement in certain regional conflicts shape the Ankara–Tehran dialogue, it concludes with the implications of these competitive approaches for the greater Middle East. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Mediation as a Foreign Policy Tool in the Arab Spring: Turkey, Qatar and Iran.
- Author
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Akpınar, Pınar
- Subjects
MEDIATION ,CONFLICT management ,NEGOTIATION ,ARAB Spring Uprisings, 2010-2012 ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,IRANIAN foreign relations ,TWENTY-first century ,HISTORY ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
This paper investigates to what extent mediation has been a relevant foreign policy tool during the Arab Spring by looking into the mediation attempts of Turkey, Qatar and Iran. To answer this question, the paper examines why and how these actors mediated, to what extent they were able to apply mediation as a tool of foreign policy, whether their mediation attempts could deliver any results and whether there was a receptive audience with respect to their mediation. Despite certain setbacks, mediation has been a relevant foreign policy tool during the Arab Spring. The uses of mediation by these actors run parallel to their foreign policy priorities. In addition, during the Arab Spring, mediation has proved more effective in small-scale conflicts, such as hostage crises, rather than large-scale ones, such as those between regimes and oppositions. Despite considerable potential for regional powers to take on mediator roles, the effectiveness of their mediation attempts depends on their commitment and reliability as mediators. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Turkish Foreign Policy in a Changing Arab World: Rise and Fall of a Regional Actor?
- Author
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Ayata, Bilgin
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,ARAB Spring Uprisings, 2010-2012 ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,POLITICAL doctrines ,POLITICAL systems ,EGYPTIAN foreign relations ,SYRIAN Civil War, 2011- ,TWENTY-first century ,HISTORY - Abstract
This article analyses Turkey’s responses to the Arab uprisings in the context of its larger foreign policy transformation and regional aspirations. The AKP government seized the uprisings as an opportunity to increase its influence in the region by assigning itself a central role in the transition processes in various countries. In the process, however, Turkey faced a number of setbacks and reversals. Comparing the cases of Libya, Syria, and Egypt, the paper argues that Turkey’s efforts to advance regime change in these sites were marked by inconsistency and incoherence. Furthermore, the paper argues that this trajectory of reactions can be explained only by taking both ideational and domestic factors into account. Despite the shortcomings of Turkey’s actions, however, the article concludes that Turkey has consolidated itself as a regional actor, albeit a controversial one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Is There Any Hope on the Revival of EU–Turkey Relations in the “New Era”?
- Author
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Usul, Ali Resul
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of the European Union ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,EUROPEAN Union membership ,TURKISH politics & government ,NEGOTIATION ,TWENTY-first century - Abstract
Turkey is a negotiating candidate for the EU membership. Though the accession negotiations between Turkey and the EU continue in the official sense, in reality, the relations are in a deadlock. It is often argued that Turkey–EU relations have entered a new era since January 2013, and new optimistic comments have emerged. This paper argues that there exists a pull–push balance in the accession process for the EU that normally attracts candidates and makes them more vulnerable to the EU conditions. The success of the political transformation of eastern European states relied to a large extent on the balanced pull–push accession processes. It is argued here that this balance for Turkey has been deteriorated and this fact has made the EU ineffective in transforming Turkish politics and polity. Therefore, this paper argues for the re-establishment of the balance to improve and normalize Turkey–EU relations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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22. Turkey and the European Union in the Middle East: Reconciling or Competing with Each Other?
- Author
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Kahraman, Sevilay
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,POWER (Social sciences) ,EUROPEAN Union membership ,ARAB Spring Uprisings, 2010-2012 ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,INTERNATIONAL economic relations - Abstract
Focusing on the Turkish Middle Eastern foreign policy from the perspective of European Union (EU)–Turkey relations, this paper argues that Turkey's recent activism and attractiveness in the region is attributable to its dual reform and accession process both of which are tied to the EU's anchoring role and leverage over the country. Turkey has self-consciously taken the advantage of its domestic transformation by emulating the EU in its own neighborhood policy. However, to the current stagnation of the accession process and the deepening of Turkey's domestic crisis is now added the new context of the Arab revolutionary movements. The central thesis of this paper, however, is that Turkish foreign policy and rising actorness in the Middle East should not be, solely driven by an interest-driven pragmatism. It should also seek a normative reconciliation with the EU and its process of enlargement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Turkey's Search for a Third Party Role in Arab-Israeli Conflicts: A Neutral Facilitator or a Principal Power Mediator?
- Author
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Altunisik, Meliha and Cuhadar, Esra
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,ARAB-Israeli conflict, 1993- ,TURKISH politics & government ,CONFLICT management - Abstract
This paper examines Turkey's increasing involvement in the Israeli-Syrian and Israeli-Palestinian conflicts as a third party in the last decade. The paper first discusses the underlying reasons and motivations behind the change in Turkish foreign policy. In this section we answer the following question: While the traditional Turkish policy in the Middle East was non-intervention, what factors contributed to this recent change? We discuss these as systemic factors and domestic factors. In the second section of the paper we summarize the theoretical literature on third party intervention and mediation especially focusing on strategies, modes, activities, and tactics used. This section lays the background for the following section which classifies the various Turkish third party strategies and activities in the Israeli-Syrian and Israeli-Palestinian conflicts so far. In the final section we focus on the challenges to this new Turkish role from Turkish, Israeli, and Arab perspectives. We also discuss the crises between Israel and Turkey in the last year and how they constitute a barrier to Turkey acting in an effective third party role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. The European Union's Accession Negotiations with Turkey from a Foreign Policy Perspective.
- Author
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Müftüler-Baç, Meltem
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of the European Union ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,GOVERNMENT policy ,POLITICAL science ,SOCIAL sciences ,NATIONAL security - Abstract
The opening of accession negotiations between Turkey and the EU is a historic turning point for the European Union's foreign policy. This paper proposes that the EU needs to accept Turkey as a member - subject to Turkey's ability to meet all the accession criteria - for the realization of its foreign policy objectives. The opening of accession negotiations with Turkey is a foreign policy decision for the EU with the aim of bringing about a transformation in Turkey as well as guaranteeing stability in the EU's borders in the region where Turkey is located. The paper argues that Turkey's accession is critical for the credibility of the EU's foreign policy and its enlargement process. In addition, Turkey's accession would significantly add to the EU's hard and soft power capabilities, enhancing its role as an international actor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. The regional trade dynamics of Turkey: a panel data gravity model.
- Author
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Frede, Julian and Yetkiner, Hakan
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,INTERNATIONAL economic integration ,BILATERAL treaties ,GRAVITY model (Social sciences) ,DEMOCRATIZATION - Abstract
This paper analyzes the Turkish export and import flows with regard to regional clusters (RCs) and bilateral trade costs (BTCs) by using a panel data gravity model. We study the role of RCs and BTCs in two complementary parts: in the first part, we use an unbalanced panel data for 180 countries over the period 1960–2012, compiled from the DOTS database. We extend these estimations by running the data at four different time intervals, each representing different economic or political regimes in Turkey. In the second part, we repeat the same exercise at sectoral level for 176 countries over the period 1994–2010, using the BACI database. Aggregate estimates show that the gravity model is very effective in explaining the export and import flows of Turkey and that all close-by regions, including EU27, have a significant impact on trade flows of Turkey. We also find that the EU Customs Union has a negative effect on Turkish exports and a positive effect on imports. Estimates at selected time intervals reinforce aggregate estimates and sectoral level analyses indicate that while some regions contribute positively in all or the majority of sectors, others contribute negatively or produce mixed results. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. A comparison of the European Union's accession negotiations with Bulgaria and Turkey: the role of bilateral issues.
- Author
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Müftüler-Baç, Meltem and Cicek, Aylin Ece
- Subjects
- *
NEGOTIATION , *INTERNATIONAL relations ,EUROPEAN Union membership ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey - Abstract
This paper compares the EU's accession negotiations with Bulgaria and Turkey to assess the conditions under which their negotiations unfolded and the role of bilateral issues in that aspect. To do so, the paper highlights the role of the member state vetoes and bilateral relations in the EU negotiations. It needs to be noted that even though the European Commission condemns the impact of bilateral problems on the accession process, unresolved bilateral issues, nonetheless, emerge as major factors complicating the EU's enlargement process, its effectiveness as well as the pace and nature of the negotiations with multiple applicants and candidates. We look at role of individual member states as veto players on the EU accession negotiations, specifically becoming the most important factor in the Turkish case. We limit our focus to the lack of consensus and commitment among the EU member states towards Turkey as a complicating factor in the EU negotiations. We are able to ascertain that a key difference between Bulgaria and Turkey with regards to their EU accession was the member state vetoes for Turkey's negotiations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Turkish transformation and the Soviet Union: navigating through the Soviet historiography on Kemalism.
- Author
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Ter-Matevosyan, Vahram
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,HISTORY of the Soviet Union ,HISTORIOGRAPHY ,HISTORY - Abstract
Being founded in the wake of the First World War, both Turkey and the Soviet Union followed revolutionary modernizing pathways. At the outset, one could trace many similar patterns in their radical modernization paradigms; however, their development models as well as political and social orders were radically distinct, which became more obvious with the passage of time. The paper discusses the external interpretations of Kemalism by observing the Soviet perspectives on the inception and evolution of Kemalism. Paying more attention to diplomatic, geopolitical and economic complexities of the Turkish-Soviet relations, scholars have rarely problematized the Soviet Union perceptions of Turkish ideological transformations. In reality, since the early 1920s, different state institutions, intellectual schools of thought and research in the Soviet Union closely observed the domestic transformations in Turkey by providing valuable insights on the perspective and the implications of the Kemalist transformation. The article also looks at the question of how the incorporation of Soviet perspectives can enrich the historiography and our understanding of Kemalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. From constructive engagement to renewed estrangement? Securitization and Turkey’s deteriorating relations with its Kurdish minority.
- Author
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Weiss, Matthew
- Subjects
ASSET backed financing ,SOCIAL alienation ,TURKISH Kurds ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey - Abstract
Over the last several years, the political will of the governing AKP in Turkey to make the historic compromises necessary to complete the peace process with the Kurds has sharply declined. This paper will examine the causes of the breakdown in the Turkish-Kurdish peace process and the Turkish government’s lurch in a nationalist direction in its approach towards the Kurdish minority from the standpoint of ‘securitization’ theory. The key catalysts, it is argued, for the re-emergence of a securitization paradigm in Turkey’s handling of the Kurdish issue are: (1) Turkey’s stalled bid for accession to the European Union; (2) the intensifying electoral competition between AKP and the Kurdish movement parties, coupled with the instrumentalization of the Kurdish peace process to serve President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s quest to install a dominant presidential system and (3) the spillover effects of Syria’s civil war on Turkey’s relations with its own Kurdish populace. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. The structure-identity nexus: Syria and Turkey’s collapse (2011).
- Author
-
Daoudy, Marwa
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,SYRIAN foreign relations ,HOSTILITY ,INTERNATIONAL relations policy - Abstract
The relation between Syria and Turkey transformed from enmity in the 1990s to détente in the early 2000s, grew into amity after the rise to power of the Turkish Justice and Development Party (AKP, Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi) in 2002, and reverted to enmity in the aftermath of the Arab Spring. This research suggests that a combination of structural and identity-based factors, at regional and domestic levels, induced the collapse of the decade-long amity. This paper builds on the notion of a “structure-identity nexus”; and determines the orientation of foreign policy outcomes from the 1990s until 2011. The discussion outlines the merits of a hybrid theoretical perspective by elaborating on Barkin’s idea of ‘realist constructivism’, which draws on two rival traditions, realism and constructivism. The structure-identity framework explains the double transformation in the relationship, considering the return to inter- and intra-state conflict in 2011. The research draws on extensive primary and secondary sources, as well as interviews carried out with key figures. In addition to the relationship between Syria and Turkey, the structure-identity nexus provides potential broader explanations that fuel the shift from amity to enmity in the complex network of states found in the Middle East. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Conceptualising and testing the ‘emerging regional power’ of Turkey in the shifting ınternational order.
- Author
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Parlar Dal, Emel
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,MIDDLE powers ,REGIONALISM ,SYRIAN Civil War, 2011- ,ECONOMIC conditions in Turkey ,TWENTY-first century ,HISTORY ,ARMED Forces - Abstract
Turkey has thus far been generally neglected in most IR studies on power categorisations, such as middle or middle-range power, regional power or rising/emerging power, despite its rising regional power status in the past decade. This paper attempts to understand Turkey’s regional power together with its rising power status using an integral approach. In doing so, it empirically tests whether or not Turkey fits Daniel Flemes’s ‘regional power’ category, which seems to be proposing a more complete and integral framework through the fulfilment of four basic preconditions: claim to leadership; possession of necessary power resources (material and ideational); employment of material, institutional and discursive foreign policy instruments; and acceptance of leadership by third parties. Based upon these analytical tools, the article will discuss Turkey’s performance in creating a regional impact in its neighbouring regions of the Middle East, the Balkans and the Black Sea and Caucasus. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. The development and future of Canadian--Turkish relations.
- Author
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Kilford, Christopher R.
- Subjects
CANADIAN foreign relations ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,DIPLOMACY ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,INTERNATIONAL trade - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Foreign Policy Journal (CFPJ) is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Practical Geopolitical Reasoning in the Turkish and Qatari Foreign Policy on the Arab Spring.
- Author
-
Pala, Özgür and Aras, Bülent
- Subjects
GEOPOLITICS ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,ARAB Spring Uprisings, 2010-2012 ,SYRIAN foreign relations ,EGYPTIAN foreign relations - Abstract
As a regional power, Turkey aspires to become an influential international actor. As a small state, Qatar seeks to enhance its security and sovereignty and become an indispensable regional middle power. The Arab Spring protests have created an ideal context for both actors to realize their geopolitical goals. However, adverse political developments have turned most Arab Spring countries into battlegrounds wherein old geopolitical rivalries deepened and new regional alliances were constructed. Taking Gaza, Syria and Egypt as cases in point, this paper investigates how Ankara and Doha's evolving practical geopolitical reasoning and its domestic and international representations converged to create venues for cooperation and promotion of relations to a level of political alignment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Reform and Capacity Building in the Turkish Foreign Ministry: Bridging the Gap between Ideas and Institutions.
- Author
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Aras, Bülent
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,INTERNATIONAL agencies ,GEOPOLITICS ,TWENTY-first century ,HISTORY - Abstract
Turkey has expanded the horizons of its foreign policy in geographical terms, as well as in terms of Ankara's involvement in global issues and in international organizations. Turkey's new foreign policy and line of geopolitical thought marks a considerable degree of discontinuity with the previous era. Turkey's ambition is to take on a central role in world politics under the guidance of the foreign policy vision of former Foreign Minister and current Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu. This paper analyses the extent to which Turkey's Foreign Ministry has been able to transform itself in accordance with the new geopolitical thinking under Davutoğlu. It focuses on the capacity building and reform of the Foreign Ministry to understand how policymakers bridge the gap between ideas and institutions to ensure that the geopolitical perspective is an enduring and long-term project. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Nationalism and Foreign Policy Discourse in Turkey Under the AKP Rule: Geography, History and National Identity.
- Author
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Saraçoğlu, Cenk and Demirkol, Özhan
- Subjects
NATIONALISM ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,TURKISH national character ,TURKISH history ,GEZI Park Protests, Turkey, 2013 ,TWENTY-first century ,HISTORY ,POLITICAL attitudes - Abstract
The argument of this paper is that the new foreign policy orientation of Turkey under the AKP (Justice and Development Party) government is a constitutive component of a new nationalist project, constructed and carried out by the AKP over the last decade. The article expounds the ways in which the AKP has reformulated the notions of nation, national history, homeland and national interest and demonstrates the role foreign policy has played in this reformulation. Our point of departure will be the patterns we have observed in the statements and political practices of the AKP government and its officials, particularly the incumbent minister of foreign affairs Ahmet Davutoğlu, whose book, Strategic Depth, presents a more systematic explanation of the major principles and assertions of AKP nationalism and foreign policy. We will also argue that after the Gezi protests in June 2013 this new conception of nation and nationalism has faced with a deep crisis, which has also exacerbated the problem of pursuing an ambitious foreign policy strategy in international arena. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Davutoğlu Era in Turkish Foreign Policy Revisited.
- Author
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Aras, Bülent
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,TURKISH politics & government ,POLITICIANS ,POLITICAL change ,ARAB Spring Uprisings, 2010-2012 ,TWENTY-first century ,HISTORY - Abstract
The challenges of the Arab Spring and of Syrian unrest in particular have generated scholarly debate on Ahmet Davutoğlu's broadly appreciated ‘zero problems with neighbours’ principle in Turkish foreign policy. This paper presents an assessment of the viability of the Davutoğlu vision and the changing parameters of foreign policy in a new era. It concludes with a discussion of a crucial question: ‘Is this the end of Davutoğlu's foreign policy vision?’ [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Differentiated integration: towards a new model of European Union–Turkey relations?
- Author
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Cianciara, Agnieszka K. and Szymański, Adam
- Subjects
EUROPEAN Union membership ,INTERNATIONAL economic integration ,FOREIGN relations of the European Union ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
With high interdependence, politicization, and unlikely enlargement, alternative options for EU–Turkey relations beg for consideration. This article argues that, first of all, conceptualization of a new model of EU–Turkey relations must thoroughly account for the evolution of the European project away from uniformity and towards more differentiation as a result of both integration and disintegration pressures. Secondly, an extended model of external differentiated integration has a potential to foster new, more dynamic EU–Turkey relations. However, its practical implementation is constrained by a number of challenges and scope conditions related to preferences and interests of key actors, namely EU institutions, member states and Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Turkey at the United Nations Security Council: 'Rhythmic Diplomacy' and a Quest for Global Influence.
- Author
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Ilgit, Asli and Ozkececi-Taner, Binnur
- Subjects
NUCLEAR weapons ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,DIPLOMACY ,INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,INTERNATIONAL security - Abstract
An important component of Turkey's 'pivotal regional power' status was its nonpermanent seat at the UN Security Council in 2009-11. By focusing on two cases - the 2010 flotilla incident and the Iranian nuclearization - this study examines (1) Turkey's regional and global leadership role at the UN Security Council and (2) how the 'rhythmic diplomacy' principle of Turkey's foreign policy is exercised internationally. This paper also demonstrates that Turkey's policy of cooperation with other pivotal states signals possible future alliances among rising middle powers that might challenge western preferences on important issues. This study is timely as Turkey is seeking, again, non-permanent membership in the Security Council for the 2015-16 term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Rising Powers in a Changing Global Order: the political economy of Turkey in the age of bric s.
- Author
-
ÖNİŞ, Ziya and Kutlay, Mustafa
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,BALANCE of power ,TURKISH politics & government ,MIDDLE powers ,DEMOCRACY - Abstract
The rise of brics presents a major challenge to the existing global order. A second category of emerging powers, which may be labelled near-brics, have also displayed increasing pro-activism in recent years in terms of influencing the regional balance of power politics, in addition to their growing presence in international organisations and global affairs. It is in this context that we aim to examine Turkey as a striking example of a ‘near-bric’ power, a country that has adopted an increasingly assertive and independent style of foreign policy with aspirations to establish itself as a major regional actor. Using the Turkish experience as a reference point, this paper aims to understand the extent to which near-bric countries possess the economic capacity, sustainable growth performance and soft-power capabilities needed to establish themselves as significant regional and global actors. The recent Turkish experience clearly highlights both the potential and the limits of regional power activism on the part of emerging powers from the ‘global South’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Shaping the Middle East in the Midst of the Arab Uprisings: Turkish and Saudi foreign policy strategies.
- Author
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Ennis, CrystalA and Momani, Bessma
- Subjects
ARAB Spring Uprisings, 2010-2012 ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,SAUDI Arabian foreign relations ,MIDDLE Eastern politics & government, 1979- ,ISLAM & politics - Abstract
While the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are undergoing rapid change, many domestic, regional and international actors are vying for space and influence as systems and customs evolve and adopt new forms. This paper characterises and compares the evolving foreign policy strategies of two such regional actors, Turkey and Saudi Arabia. It further assesses the motivations and activities of and challenges to Turkish and Saudi involvement throughout the region since the Arab uprisings. Ultimately these cases provide intriguing insight into the foreign policy purpose and methods of emerging states under conditions of uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Privileged Partnership, Open Ended Accession Negotiations and the Securitisation of Turkey's EU Accession Process.
- Author
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Macmillan, Catherine
- Subjects
ACCESSION (Law) ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,COLLATERAL security ,NEGOTIATION - Abstract
This paper argues that Turkey's accession to the EU has been securitised by the French and German right, according to the Copenhagen School's constructivist explanation of securitisation as a 'speech act'. Moreover, like other critical security schools, the Copenhagen School argues that security is not limited to the state or the military, but that securitisation may take place in other sectors, with the political, economic, environmental and societal spheres as its referent object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Turkey and the Idea of a European Union during the Inter-war Years, 1923-39.
- Author
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Barlas, Dilek and Güvenç, Serhat
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,SOCIAL integration ,WAR & society ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation ,INTERGOVERNMENTAL cooperation ,EUROPEAN integration ,TREATIES - Abstract
This paper is aimed at introducing the inter-war dimension to the debate on the history of Turkey's association with the idea of European integration. This association evolved in the context of two inter-war initiatives: Aristide Briand's European Union proposal within the framework of the League of Nations and Richard Coudehove-Kalergi's Pan-Europe idea. Although Turkey had been originally excluded from both, the inter-war great power rivalries in Europe rectified the situation, allowing Turkey's incorporation into both schemes. In the process, the Turkish leaders and public could relate to Briand's intergovernmental initiative far more easily than to Coudenhove-Kalergi's Pan-Europe ideal. This might be considered a manifestation of traditional Turkish emphasis on institutional, rather than ideational, aspect of European integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. The Opium Crisis and the Iraq War: Historical Parallels in Turkey-US Relations.
- Author
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Robins, Philip
- Subjects
OPIUM trade ,RECIPROCITY (Commerce) ,POLICY sciences ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,FOREIGN relations of the United States - Abstract
Turkish-US ties came close to crisis in the run-up to the 2003 Iraq war, thereby defying the conventional analysis which views the relationship as essentially cooperative. This occurred because experts have based their assessment of the alliance on too selective a view of the historical relationship. This article focuses on a neglected but important issue from the recent past, the opium case of the early 1970s, which provides a more comparable analogy to the 2002–03 Iraq crisis. The paper adopts a thematically analytical approach to the two cases, identifying four factors – national sovereignty, systemic contestation, democratic legitimacy and clientelist reciprocity – as crucial in explaining why the expected cooperation was not forthcoming. More broadly, the article argues that such fundamental issues of domestic importance have to be taken seriously by US foreign policymakers if they wish to galvanize high profile cooperation, even with those regional powers that are already their allies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. The Determinants of Turkish Foreign Policy, and Turkey's European Vocation.
- Author
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Aydin, Mustafa
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,TREATIES ,NATIONAL security ,GEOPOLITICS ,IDEOLOGY ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,EUROPEAN foreign relations - Abstract
This contribution suggests a framework for examining Turkish--European relations from the perspective of domestic and external inputs of foreign policy making in Turkey. In viewing the relationship as a unique part of overall Turkish foreign policy orientation, the study employs a multi-level, multi-causal approach and a contextual framework. Accordingly, the paper identifies and deals with three main structural inputs of Turkish foreign policy -- namely, the Ottoman experience and its long-lasting legacy; the geopolitical realities of Turkey; and the ideological foundations defined under the leadership of Atatürk As well as the effects of the recent systemic changes on Turkish foreign policy as an example of conjectural factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Notes.
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey - Abstract
The article presents information about several papers based on Turkey's foreign relations with several countries including Iran, Iraq and Syria.
- Published
- 2003
45. Ahmet Davutoğlu’s academic and professional articles: understanding the world view of Turkey’s former prime minister.
- Author
-
Cohen, Matthew S.
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,ISLAM & politics ,SOCIAL constructionism ,OTTOMAN Empire - Abstract
International relations theories have sometimes been criticized as being focused on a narrow set of ideas and values. This article provides a means by which this problem can be addressed by examining the theories of former Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu, who, prior to joining the government, was an international relations scholar. The article argues that gaining a greater understanding of Davutoğlu’s academic and professional publications is valuable not only to scholars interested in studying Turkey, but also to the study of international relations. Distinguishing him from other thinkers, Davutoğlu’s models are a combination of Islamic values, civilizational theories, and constructivism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Contrasting theoretical approaches to Turkish foreign policy.
- Author
-
Kubicek, Paul
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,INTERNATIONAL relations theory ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey - Abstract
This article introduces a Special Issue dedicated to applying international relations theories to Turkish foreign policy. More specifically, it contrasts structural or neo-realist approaches with ideational or constructivist ones, suggests general strengths and shortcomings in each, and briefly suggests how both might apply to TFP. It also introduces the eight substantive articles in the Special Issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Turkey as ‘a positive other’: a theoretical discussion to comprehend the British media’s view on Turkey–EU relations.
- Author
-
Paksoy, Alaaddin F. and Negrine, Ralph
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,FOREIGN relations of the European Union ,MASS media ,EUROPEAN Union membership ,ORIENTALISM - Abstract
No country has waited at the front door of the EU as long as Turkey. In addition to Turkey’s different status compared to the EU membership candidacy processes of other countries, there is also an awkward relationship between the EU and the UK, and inevitably the British media. Therefore, this article seeks to present an analytical framework which draws on the notion of ‘a positive Other’ while explaining the representation of Turkey’s EU bid in the British media. The research discusses the inadequacy of Orientalism and the Self/Other nexus to understand the context in the British coverage and highlights the ‘essentialist’ and ‘functionalist’ approaches in its attempt to explain the differences within the EU in exploring the fundamentals of the EU and the view on Turkish membership. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. IV. Stumbling in Iraq and Syria, 2011–14.
- Author
-
Stein, Aaron
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,SYRIAN Civil War, 2011- ,IRAQI politics & government, 2003- ,REGIME change ,TWENTY-first century ,HISTORY - Abstract
The article discusses how foreign policy of Turkey was affected due to political unrest in Iraq and Syria. Topics discussed include difficulties faced by Turkey in proving itself as a regional leader undermining the claim of the political party Justice and Development Party (AKP), fall of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad regime after its failure in enacting reforms and rise and spread of the terrorist organization Islamic State (IS) under its leader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. V. ‘Precious Loneliness’.
- Author
-
Stein, Aaron
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of Turkey ,GEOPOLITICS ,POLITICAL change ,TWENTY-first century ,HISTORY ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
The article discusses the role of Turkey as a regional leader and its relations with Middle East countries. Topics discussed include policies of the Turkish political party Justice and Development Party (AKP) on removing boundaries to connect its neighbors and spreading, Turkey's affiliation to Muslim Brotherhood in support of political transitions taking place in Middle East and efforts by the governments in toppling regime of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. How Closely Does the European Union's Membership Conditionality Reflect the Copenhagen Criteria? Insights from Turkey.
- Author
-
Saatçioğlu, Beken
- Subjects
EUROPEAN Union membership ,CONDITIONALITY (International relations) ,COOPERATIVENESS ,FOREIGN relations of Turkey - Abstract
Research on the EU's membership conditionality focuses more on conditionality's domestic impacts than on conditionality itself. The question of how consistently the EU seeks the Copenhagen criteria prior to offering membership is rarely investigated. To fill this gap, this article studies conditionality regarding Turkey, arguing that true conditionality should exclusively link EU demands for compliance with the formal membership criteria to rewards in the accession process. In coding the EU's conditionality signals for “exclusiveness of linkage,” low formal conditionality in Turkey was found. It is concluded that the EU's anticipated costs of “absorbing” Turkey caused its unwillingness to deploy proper formal conditionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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