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We previously have developed two methods for constructing codes and designs from finite simple groups. In a recent paper we introduced a new method (Method 3) for constructing codes and designs from fixed points of elements of finite transitive groups. This new method together with background material and results required from finite groups, permutation groups and representation theory were discussed fully in that paper. The main aim of this paper is to apply the method to the fixed points of involutions of the Alternating group An (for n ≥ 5) on its action on Ω, 2-subsets (or duads) Γ{2} of a set Γ of size n. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching outdoors is an obligatory part of physical education (PE) in most countries; therefore, PE holds great potential to contribute to learning about nature, the environment and environmental sustainability (ES). This paper reports the investigation of whether Swedish PE teachers perceive ES as part of their subject, and if so, how do they implement it? Drawing on 60 PE teachers’ answers to five opened questions (53 written answers and 7 oral interviews), and using British sociologist Basil Bernstein’s concepts of classification and codes, this study have asked the following research questions: 1. What influences the position and legitimisation of ES in PE? 2. How does the subject culture of Swedish PE influence the introduction of ES? The result from the study shows a complexity regarding the strength of the boundaries that surround ES in PE and what this complexity might offer in terms of enablers and constraints. The result also displays a strong connection between outdoor education and its potential for teaching ES. Various options are discussed with regard to where (in what content areas in PE) and how to implement ES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We previously have developed two methods for constructing codes and designs from finite groups (mostly simple finite groups). In a recent paper we introduced a new method (Method 3) for constructing codes and designs from fixed points of elements of finite transitive groups. This new method together with background material and results required from finite groups, permutation groups and representation theory were discussed fully in that paper. The main aim of this paper is to apply the method to the first Janko sporadic simple group J 1 , for the first 3 conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups and its 2A, 3A, 5A and 7A conjugacy classes of elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We previously have developed two methods (Key–Moori Methods 1 and 2) for constructing codes and designs from finite groups (mostly simple finite groups). In this article, we introduce a new method (Method 3) for constructing codes and designs from fixed points of elements of finite transitive groups. We first discuss background material and results required from finite groups, permutation groups and representation theory. The main aim of this article is to discuss this new method and give some examples by applying it to the sporadic simple groups HS and J2. In subsequent papers, we aim to apply it to several other simple groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ethics of journalism is increasingly an area of scholarship, yet the role of journalists as workers is rarely discussed in this context. This paper explores the tensions between journalists' roles as truth-seeking professionals, as employees or factors of production within a marketplace, and as citizens. To this end, the paper traces the role of the National Union of Journalists (NUJ) in the UK, the largest journalists' trade union in the world, in raising concerns about journalistic ethics. Particular attention is paid to the role of the union's Ethics Council at a national level; and the extent to which journalists have acted through their union to engage with ethical issues at a workplace level. The paper explores the impact of the industrial relations climate on journalists' willingness and ability to raise ethical concerns collectively. The paper concludes with the suggestion that the ethics of journalism can only be understood if scholars take into account the conditions under which journalism is practised and produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In limit states design codes for building structures, the load and resistance factors are derived based on a ‘target’ reliability index, which is determined based on a code calibration process. It is not clear whether the target reliability index selected through the code calibration is optimal with respect to the cost, because through calibration the structural safety is achieved quantitatively while the economic aspects are only considered qualitatively. The intention of the present paper is to formulate a basic approach to reliability-based economic design, based on structural reliability theory. The focus of the paper is to derive an analytical solution to optimized reliability index. A parametric study is conducted for sensitivity analysis of the optimal reliability index to different variables. Finally, the application of the solution to design codes, i.e. determining load and resistance factors in design formulae, is outlined. Dans les codes de conception d'états limite se rapportant à la construction des structures de bâtiments, la charge et les facteurs de résistance reposent au départ sur un index de fiabilitié 'cible', qui est basé sur un processus de calibrage de code. Il n'est pas possible de savoir si l'index de fiabilitié cible choisi par le calibrage de code est optimal en ce qui concerne le coût parce que lors du calibrage, la sécurité structurelle est évaluée de façon quantitative. L'objectif de cet article est de formuler une appréciation de référence sur la conception reposant sur la fiabilité économique, basée sur la théorie de fiabilité structurelle; le point fort de ce texte est de trouver une solution analytique afin d'optimiser l'index de fiabilité. Une étude paramétrique est conduite pour analyser la sensibilité de la fiabilitié optimale de l'index par rapport aux diffeérentes variables. Au total, est proposée une solution consistant à concevoir des codes, c'est-à-dire la détermination de la charge et des facteurs de résistance sous l'aspect de formules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a multi-level strategy with increased complexity through four levels of structural analysis of concrete bridges. The concept was developed to provide a procedure that supports enhanced assessments with better understanding of the structure and more precise predictions of the load-carrying capacity. In order to demonstrate and examine the multi-level strategy, a continuous multi-span prestressed concrete girder bridge, tested until shear failure, was investigated. Calculations of the load-carrying capacity at the initial level of the multi-level strategy consistently resulted in underestimated capacities, with the predicted load ranging from 25% to 78% of the tested failure load, depending on the local resistance model applied. The initial assessment was also associated with issues of localising the shear failure accurately and, consequently, refined structural analysis at an enhanced level was recommended. Enhanced assessment using nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis precisely reproduced the behaviour observed in the experimental test, capturing the actual failure mechanism and the load-carrying capacity with less than 4% deviation to the test. Thus, the enhanced level of assessment, using the proposed multi-level strategy, can be considered to be accurate, but the study also shows the importance of using guidelines for nonlinear FE analysis and bridge-specific information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a semiotic analysis of Summer Olympic Games Opening ceremonies as performative texts. Owing to massive media attention, these events have become eagerly awaited global spectacles. However, with such a wide audience, the challenge is to convey both an Olympic welcome and something truly unique about the host city and nation. This creates a communication challenge and some interesting questions in terms of symbolism. Research into the content of Olympic Games ceremonies reveals an exercise both in forging internal cohesion and in projecting soft power. Soft power is an increasingly valuable currency in a multipolar world and opening ceremonies are a prime soft power opportunity. The paper seeks to uncover the ways successive Olympics Games organising committees have sought to balance the competing communicational objectives of opening ceremonies through double coding. The author considers every ceremony from Moscow 1980 to London 2012 in this comparative semiotic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper develops an analysis of how 'educability' and 'physical ability' are socially configured through the practices of physical education (PE) in schools. We pursue this interest as part of a broader project, shared by many in the wider community of social science researchers in PE, to better understand how 'knowledge of the body' is produced, transmitted and 'received' in and through the educational practices of schools, and how these processes relate to social justice, inequality, cultural reproduction and change. Purpose: Our specific interest here is in how the physical education curriculum is 'encoded' with particular conceptions of education, childhood, development and 'educability' and how these, when expressed through various pedagogical modes, may impact a child's opportunity to display or perform 'ability' in PE classrooms and, ultimately, their 'desire' to learn. Research design: Drawing on sociological concepts from Bernstein, the paper undertakes a comparative, narrative analysis of two curriculum texts, Movement and Growing (HMSO) and the National Curriculum PE (DFEE), both of which have sought to define thinking and practice in PE in the UK over the last 50 years. The former, influential in the 1950s and 1960s, is now a 'redundant pedagogy'; the latter has defined PE in England and Wales since the 1990s. Findings: The analysis suggests that in the contrast between these texts we can identify two forms of pedagogy, each representing and reflecting distinctive political ideologies, versions of education and social control. The former (Movement and Growing) predicates 'horizontal relationships', the recognition and acceptance of diverse 'abilities', shared needs and interests, and the achievement of personal value and status. The latter (National Curriculum PE), 'vertical relationships', differentiation and the creation of 'ability' hierarchies, and the ascription of positional status and value. Conclusion: The analysis invites teachers to consider whether modern variants of PE have liberalised or limited teachers' understandings of 'ability', 'educability' and how children learn to succeed and fail in PE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Local health system managers in low- and middle-income countries have the responsibility to set health priorities and allocate resources accordingly. Although tools exist to aid this process, they are not widely applied for various reasons including non-availability, poor knowledge of the tools, and poor adaptability into the local context. In Uganda, delivery of basic services is devolved to the District Local Governments through the District Health Teams (DHTs). The Community and District Empowerment for Scale-up (CODES) project aims to provide a set of management tools that aid contextualised priority setting, fund allocation, and problem-solving in a systematic way to improve effective coverage and quality of child survival interventions. Design: Although the various tools have previously been used at the national level, the project aims to combine them in an integral way for implementation at the district level. These tools include Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) surveys to generate local evidence, Bottleneck analysis and Causal analysis as analytical tools, Continuous Quality Improvement, and Community Dialogues based on Citizen Report Cards and U reports. The tools enable identification of gaps, prioritisation of possible solutions, and allocation of resources accordingly. This paper presents some of the tools used by the project in five districts in Uganda during the proof-of-concept phase of the project. Results: All five districts were trained and participated in LQAS surveys and readily adopted the tools for priority setting and resource allocation. All districts developed health operational work plans, which were based on the evidence and each of the districts implemented more than three of the priority activities which were included in their work plans. Conclusions: In the five districts, the CODES project demonstrated that DHTs can adopt and integrate these tools in the planning process by systematically identifying gaps and setting priority interventions for child survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying simplified design code provisions for the shear assessment of existing concrete girders may result in unnecessary strengthening, justifying the effort to apply more refined approaches. Based on the crosssectional analysis for continuous girder zones (Bregions), this paper discusses the theoretical influences of transverse reinforcement ductility and effective web concretecompressive strength on shear resistance. It is shown that the plastic deformation capacity is fundamentally influenced by the hardening behavior of the transverse reinforcement and by the bond properties between reinforcement and concrete. For typical examples of stirrup configurations, allowable compression field inclinations are derived and are also compared to the provisions of the fib Model Code 2010 and the Generalized Stress Field Approach. This paper concludes with an outlook on practical considerations and how the findings have been integrated in the recently published Swiss code SI A 269/221 on existing concrete structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While harmonization of structural design codes in Europe has been a carefully coordinated and organized process, significant similar changes in American codes occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s through completely different processes. These changes included the imposition of a single national code, the clear separation between the load and resistance parts of the design into distinct documents, and extensive attempts at streamlining the inclusions of the latest research results into the codes, among others. The paper first traces the development of design codes in the USA to provide a context for these recent developments. It then describes two examples of current code development processes: (a) the “loads” code or ASCE 7-10 and (b) the “steel” code or AISC 360-10. Finally, this paper describes the new building code regulatory landscape and the first attempts at generating performance-based design guidelines, in the form of seismic provisions for tall buildings in high seismic zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction to the journal is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including the prospects of a banker's oath, the epistemic aspects of economic practice, and the power of speech acts in ethical oaths in economics and business.

More frequent use of advanced types of structures with limited redundancy and serious consequences in case of failure combined with increased requirements to efficiency in design and execution followed by increased risk of human errors has made the need of requirements to robustness of structures essential. Further, the collapse of the World Trade Centre towers and a number of collapses of structural systems during the last 10 years has increased the interest in robustness. Typically modern structural design codes require that ‘the consequence of damages to structures should not be disproportional to the causes of the damages’. However, despite the importance of robustness for structural design such requirements are not substantiated in more detail, nor has the engineering profession been able to agree on an interpretation of robustness which facilitates for its quantification. In this paper a theoretical and risk based framework is presented which facilitates the quantification of robustness and thus supports the formulation of pre-normative guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Letters, notes, and above all an original notebook by Luigi Sacco dated 1916 have shed new light on the establishment and development of the “Ufficio (or Reparto) Crittografico” of the Italian Army Headquarters in World War I. Three decrypted messages, unpublished until now, are included with Sacco’s comments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pietro Giannone (1791–1872) was an Italian poet and patriot, a friend and associate of Giuseppe Mazzini. In his last years, he wrote a secret poem using unusual symbols. For nearly 150 years, the poem resisted decryption attempts, but the code has recently been broken and recovered: a mix of monoalphabetic, digraphic, trigraphic signs, polyphones, and a little repertory. Some serious (but useful) flaws made decryption possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shona-speaking Zimbabwean migrants have become an ingrained part of Johannesburg, South Africa. This situation has radically transformed Zimbabwean migration to South Africa from a historically largely ethnicized—mostly Ndebele speaking—to a more mixed movement of both Shona- and Ndebele-speaking people. This pronounced presence of Shona-speaking migrants raises questions of how they situate themselves in Johannesburg in light of how their language indexes them as “amakwerekwere” in a hostile context characterized by intense othering. This article stems from a multisited sociolinguistic ethnography in Johannesburg and discusses the experiences of Shona-speaking migrants across various interactional domains. Migrants’ narratives reveal that without the “appropriate” linguistic repertoires in a hostile and xenophobic context, they navigate “insecure spaces” through a range of strategies that mainly center on the body such as “appropriate” dress code (stylizing and decoration), deploying a “streetwise” gait, and calculative management of personal space—acts that blur and destabilize the categories and classifications of a “legitimate” body. I frame my analysis within a selective reading of diverse critical perspectives on situated discourse, with the major concepts being from foundational work by Goffman, Bourdieu, and Blommaert, whose concept of “orders of indexicality” builds on the genealogy of work attuned to issues of the corporeal, power, inequality, and performative in sociolinguistic interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A basic epistemological conflict is found to exist between modern and non-modern practitioners of sustainable development. These categories distinguish the ways professionals interpret or frame reality. The hypothesis developed is that this inconsistency, at least partially, explains the limited success that energy-efficiency research has realized in the prediction and control of climate change catalysed by the built environment. An analysis employs both historical and empirical methods to understand how the North American air-conditioning industry has framed, and subsequently regulated, the inseparable problems of human comfort and energy consumption. Historically, the dominant framework long-inhabited by moderns has constructed a unit-efficiency model of evaluation that is concerned with universal standardization and normal design. In the empirical analysis of the selected case, an emergent framework inhabited by non-moderns constructed a unit-efficacy model of evaluation concerned with local implementation and post-normal design. The two models came into conflict when designers applied code-required energy models and financing formulae based on unit-efficiency assumptions to a case of sustainable, affordable housing. The analysis concludes with seven findings designed to move building energy research and practice beyond the current epistemological divide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The years 1929 through 1931 were among the most turbulent in American cryptology. During this period, the joint War and State Department Cipher Bureau of Herbert Yardley was closed. The Army created the Signal Intelligence Service under William Friedman. Finally, the Army and Navy began their first tentative steps towards inter-service cooperation. This article examines these events in detail and also takes a look at the relationship between Yardley and Friedman. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

One of Herbert O. Yardley's many careers was as a writer of short stories and novels of international intrigue. It is widely accepted [12] that Yardley wrote at least some of his fiction in collaboration with Carl H. Grabo, a professor of English at the University of Chicago. What is not completely known is which of Yardley's novels are predominantly Grabo, and which might be predominantly Yardley. This article presents a stylometric analysis of Yardley's novels and gives evidence on the identity of the author(s) of each. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that synchronized extension systems [17] can be successfully used to simulate timing mechanisms incorporated into grammars and automata [3, 7-9, 12]. Further, we introduce the concept of a time-varying code as a natural generalization of L-codes, and the relationship with classical codes, gsm codes and SE-codes is established. Finally, an algorithm for testing the time-varying code property in case of periodicity is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is commonly assumed that Codes of Ethics are supported by concrete ethical principles, that adherence to Codes of Ethics guarantees ethical behaviour and that there is widespread agreement about ethical standards. Each of these assumptions is false. Codes of Ethics are inevitably open to wide interpretation, and it is impossible to demonstrate absolute moral standards. Health and social care workers should not adhere to unexplained 'ethical principles' insufficient to guide practical decision making. Anyone who recognises that all human actions potentially have ethical content may choose to make an ethical commitment. In order to work for health, health workers ought to commit to a substantial theory of health. One such theory—the foundations theory of health—is briefly explained and illustrated. The foundations theory can form a shared ethical bond between health and social care professionals, since both professions regularly strive to achieve foundational health for their patients and clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main issues in the philosophical foundations of ethics and tendering ethics are outlined, and an introduction is provided to the Australian codes of tendering practice. A questionnaire survey is then described which sought to ascertain the extent to which ethical behaviour in tendering is supported and practiced in Australia. The results of the survey indicate that most companies support the use of codes of tendering; defend the right of withdrawal of tenders; disapprove of bid shopping, cover pricing and union involvement in the tendering process, and support the principals' right to know what is included in a tender as well as the self-regulation of the tendering codes. It is also shown that most companies have developed, and follow, idiosyncratic ethical guidelines that are independent of, and often contrary to, the nationally prescribed codes. The conclusions recommend a need for the development of a theoretical frame of reference that can be tested through a more detailed empirical approach to the development of future ethical prescriptions in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]