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Twenty-four capitals of Nazi-occupied countries suffered grievously under the jackboot heel of the Third Reich. Herzog exemplifies the best the Third Reich might have amounted to save for Hitler's depraved and delusional influence (which Herzog despises). At the same time Manet's many factories produce armaments for the Third Reich, and he has a delighted Lucien design new showcase factories. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a conference paper about "Next Generation" libraries. It cites changes that impacted library design such as developments in active collaborative and discursive learning and the transformation brought about by information technology. It discusses the Workshop Process utilized by the Iahznummo architects in building consensus for innovation in library design that involves all stakeholders, citing processes involved in libraries in Australia.

The main aim of the following paper is to unpack the construction processes behind global architecture that have remained conceptually under-theorized and empirically unexplored. This is achieved by shifting the focus away from the brand-name global architects to the invisible, less prominent project architects employed in their celebrity offices. Based on the analysis of qualitative interviews, the paper conceptualizes project architects as key intermediaries and systematizes their embodied practices of intermediation enacted between design and execution. Project architects are revealed as key actors who negotiate between design ideas and the local contingencies, bridging between different sites of materialization. By introducing the conceptual lens of practices of intermediation, the paper explores how architecture takes its physical form, elucidating the micro-geographies behind construction processes. The construction of global architecture is hereby conceptualized as a 'building event', as a situated 'performance', during which professionals can transgress cognitive boundaries between design knowledge and execution expertise, and formal boundaries, defined by contracts, regulatory framework, and organizational hierarchies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the processes of naming streets in four Swedish post-asylum landscapes and, consequently, the processes of constructing heritage. The paper shows that the memorialisation of (1) hospital buildings, staff members and architects; (2) the hospitals surrounding nature and park landscape; and (3) historical periods predating the hospital and the time of deinstitutionalisation are central ways in which heritage is constructed. The paper further explores how different discourses materialise in the name-giving processes. The examples are further discussed in relation to arguments made by scholars about how the past of the post-asylum landscape is remembered. In doing so, assumptions about what the heritage of post-asylum landscapes consists of are critically discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To positively strengthen the relationship between the physical character of a palliative environment (PE) and the service users who reside, visit or work in it, the architectural design process should adopt a human-centred approach. Implementing this approach would imply 'looking through the eyes of service users'. Since practical and ethical factors seem to prevent architects from engaging directly with service users in PEs, this paper studies the appearance of architectural-rich service users' experiences within PEs in the existing literature. In addition, we wonder why research knowledge in this field seem to remain confined to academic discourse and how academia can increase the transfer of 'designerly' know-how to support the architectural design process of human-centred PEs. In doing so, we propose the designerly scoping review, a methodology that customizes a scoping review in a more relevant and friendly way to architects. This review resulted in thirteen spatial aspects, divided over four atmospheres and linked to actual service users' experiences with(in) PEs. While the review showed that theoretical knowledge is available in this particular field, the 'architectural richness' is often lacking in current literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the role of architects in improving in-building wireless coverage, a hitherto unexplored and interdisciplinary domain. While architects are still fully focused on built spaces, in this modern era, the attention of the occupants is gradually being influenced by the virtual surrounds, created by wirelessly connected electronic devices, compared to the quality of actual built spaces, they have around them. The rapid growth of internet usage and related technology is bringing a new demand for building occupation—improved wireless connectivity. This paper presents an in-depth analytical discussion of the challenges of in-building wireless signal coverage. It further elaborates on the additional complexities for support at high frequencies. However, studies show that the nature of the space and its bounding surfaces have a direct influence on signal propagation, and thereby, reception. Therefore, this paper proposes architectural interventions to improve in-building wireless coverage and highlights its necessity. In this process, it proposes a collaboration between radio frequency (RF) engineers and architects, during the design phase of buildings. Considering the scope of architectural design, some guidelines are proposed for the architectural interventions, and the possible outcomes of the interventions are discussed. The improvement in user data rate experience, from one of the proposed architectural solutions, has also been investigated using MATLAB-based simulation, along with necessary derivations. The paper, thus, aims to pave the way for farsighted contributions to in-building wireless coverage, from architects, so that buildings can better cope with the demands of the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1964 the American Institute of Architects (AIA) launched a competition to redevelop its headquarters at the Octagon Building (1801) in Washington, DC. The Kennedy Administration had recently reset the direction of Federal architecture and committed to new legislation to protect the historic environment. But while the government embraced architectural modernism in this period there was uncertainty about how architects should relate new buildings to existing cities. This paper examines the competition-winning entry by Mitchell/Giurgola and the design review process that unfolded in its wake. Doing so reveals competing aspirations for the site and professional disagreement about how new and old buildings should be related in such situations. The paper argues, however, that forces beyond architecture, notably urban land value and the responsibilities of the profession to its members, crucially shaped the outcome, depriving Washington, DC of an exemplar for how contemporary architecture could engage with valued existing buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses aspects of urban design education. He mentions architect Denise Scott Brown who discussed the need for ameliorating urban design education which was established in the 1950s and 1960s as well as implicated alternative models. An overview of its expansion and availability is also presented.

The turn of the twentieth century brought many progressive ideas in the field of architecture and urban planning that are also reflected in modernist urban residential estates. These modern structures and spatial compositions reflected the need for good quality of living in healthy urban, natural and social environment. The paper focuses on two estates of the German Werkbund located in Wrocław (WUWA, Poland) and Stuttgart (Weissenhof, Germany), which due to their uniqueness constitute tourist attractions of both cities. The main objective of the comparative analysis was to identify model solutions for making historic housing estates available to visitors, shaping an attractive tourist product from entire urban complexes based on architecture and open spaces, simultaneously maintaining the balance of their basic social and tourist functions and the principles of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child-friendly cities are places that support opportunities for children's play and community connection in safe urban environments. A dominant practice in urban planning and design has been to separate people and their activities spatially (i.e., residential zones, learning zones, play zones) and this coincided with the remaking of cities around private vehicular travel which together necessitated carving out safe spaces for children play. This has meant that children's play has been geared towards permanent equipment in fenced-off playgrounds or more formal educational settings. However, the inclusion of temporary play spaces in cities to support community engagement in the local environment is growing to combine urban design, play and community wellbeing initiatives. This paper documents the experiences of stakeholders of a temporary play space in an inner-city suburb of an Australian city. This work includes key perspectives of the architects and designers and local council members to evaluate how a 12-week activation of a temporary play space came into being and what can be learnt from this collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architectural synthesis is a key phase of the conceptual design process. In the constant evolution of complex systems, architects have found it difficult to carry out an exhaustive search of all the feasible architectural solutions for a set of given requirements. This paper proposes a computational synthesis framework that automatically generates, from a set of formatted requirements and a sub-systems database, all architectures that are requirement consistent, minimalist regarding the number of components and non-redundant. The resolution principles are based on graph theory representations and Constraint Programming solving techniques. Key features of the framework and an application example are also detailed. Abbreviations: AO: architectural object; BPMN: business process model and notation; CSP: constraint satisfaction problem; DSM: design structure matrix; SE: systems engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines patient-involvement in the process used to design new hospitals. Denmark is in the midst of a phase of hospital building. This recent experience is studied by means of expert interviews with senior practitioners involved in three projects. Examined thematically, the data covers the structure of the design process, identification and ranking of stakeholders, the methods of user-involvement and approaches to accessibility. The paper adds new insight on an under-studied area, design for hospitals and makes recommendations for a change of approach to user-participation in their design. It highlights the difficulties in applying the methods of user-centred design and Design for All in large projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-disciplinary collaboration is considered necessary for solving complex designs, and belief in its merits is unequivocal in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) literature. However, this paper argues that collaboration is a challenging endeavour that entails creating a unified platform for professionals to converge. Challenges are compounded when the collaboration is for building performance assessments, as architects’ and Building Performance Simulation (BPS) consultants’ worldviews are divergent. This paper presents part of a mixed-methods study investigating collaborative relationships between architects and BPS consultants. Questionnaires are designed to re-test non-technical barriers in collaboration, described during preceding interviews. Six salient factors representing barriers impeding fruitful collaborations are extracted, and inter-relationships are explored using inferential statistics. Barriers include perceptions about architects’ attitudes toward BPS, using BPS for compliance, trust and communication between architects and consultants. Finally, this research illustrates how recourse to methodologies from outside the traditional BPS realm may open new research avenues in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public authorities’ declared rationale for the commission of star architects is based on the hypothesis that due to their specific capacities, buildings designed by star architects can have significant effects on the economic and social performances of their respective cities. With a conceptual impact model on hand, this paper illustrates the specific offerings of star architectural projects and the underlying hypotheses that link these offerings to intended and effective impacts. The investigation of three case studies shows that different rationales guided the development of these ‘special’ projects. The application of the impact model assists in identifying these differences. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Regional Organizations (ROs) have become a central pillar of governance beyond the nation-state. This paper investigates why European states turned into architects of regional regime complexity: they have created and joined numerous different ROs and equipped them with a broad range of different policy competencies. Thereby, European states – some more than others – have increasingly duplicated identical policy competencies in multiple ROs. The phenomenon is puzzling as it is potentially costly and might undermine the effectiveness of regional cooperation especially if incompatible regional rules trigger non-compliance. Therefore, we ask why states differ in the extent to which they cover identical competencies in different ROs. Drawing on a unique dataset and analyzing cross-sectional temporal variation, we show that both indirect factors, such as late accessions and the number of states in Europe, as well as direct factors, such as state power and democracy, drive regional regime complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet-based online cloud services provide enormous volumes of storage space, tailor-made computing resources and eradicate the obligation of native machines for data maintenance as well. Cloud storage service providers claim to offer the ability of secure and elastic data-storage services that can adapt to various storage necessities. Most of the security tools have a finite rate of failure, and intrusion comes with more complex and sophisticated techniques; the security failure rates are skyrocketing. Once we upload our data into the cloud, we lose control of our data, which certainly carries new security hazards toward integrity and privacy of our information. In this paper, we discuss a secure file sharing mechanism for the cloud with proxy re-encryption (PRE). PRE-scheme is implemented with the Disintegration Protocol to secure storage data in storage and in the flight. The paper introduces a new contribution of a seamless file sharing technique among different clouds without sharing an encryption key. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contest between the U.S. and China for who gets to define the region has been developing since the early 1990s. During this time, various competing images of who comprises the region have been seen from the narrow and geographical conception including just the ASEAN states, to wider China-preferred images based on the ASEAN plus three grouping, towards broader perspective favoured by Japan including Australia and New Zealand reflected in proposals such as the Comprehensive East Asian Economic Partnership Agreement. How do these regional competitions affect the status of Taiwan? This paper makes the argument that the move towards more state-based regional entities and patterns of engagement (regionalisation), which so far have not (yet) adversely affected Taiwan economically, it has produced significant political challenges for Taiwan's ability to continue to be autonomous from the mainland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of the unofficial runner-up in the 1961–62 design competition for Boston City Hall—the scheme by the Philadelphia-based team of Mitchell/Giurgola Architects (MGA) in association with David A. Crane and Thomas R. Vreeland Jr.—reveals not the creation of an isolated monument but a humanist restructuring of a city's urban spaces at the heart of a modernist-inspired post-war government centre. Unusually for the time, this scheme was developed through deep dialogue with an existing urban morphology, historic buildings, and the literal "ground" of the city. This paper highlights the scheme as the first in a series of significant urban design projects undertaken by MGA in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s. These projects sought to directly engage with the structure, spaces, and artefacts of the historic American city. Further, MGA's City Hall also crystallised compositional themes that would be pursued and developed by the practice in subsequent decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers Judith Butler's exploration of the symbolic and iterative relations of gender and the extension of her ideas into architectural discourse. The paper is set out in two main parts. The first introduces Butler's notion of performativity, in particular looking at how space operates in her text. The second part of the paper looks critically at how her work has been explored by architectural scholars; highlighted in this section is the translation of Butler's work into architecture through the lens of performance. This paper concludes by arguing that a synthesis between performance and performativity opens up a more nuanced theorisation of a subject who acts in space and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edward H. Bennett (1874-1954) was co-author, with Daniel Burnham, of the 1905 Plan for San Francisco and the 1909 Plan of Chicago. He was extensively engaged in the implementation of the Chicago plan for over 20 years, designing bridges, parks and road improvements. Although Bennett was educated as an architect, he designed few buildings. His consulting practice ranged from the preparation of comprehensive plans for major cities (Minneapolis, Brooklyn, Portland, Ottawa) to the design of civic centres (Denver, Detroit, Pasadena), building ensembles (Washington's Federal Triangle) open spaces, infrastructure and memorials. Bennett was therefore one of the first American urban designers, although the term was not in general use at the time. Bennett's papers and drawings are held by the Art Institute of Chicago and are a significant opportunity for research into the practice of a pioneer urban design and planning consultant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on South Africa's post-apartheid foreign policy decision-making has stagnated. For more than a quarter century analysts have generally drawn on secondary material from other scholars, newspaper reporting, and the speeches of government officials to elucidate how South Africa crafts and carries out its foreign policy. The accessibility of previously classified archival documents and the availability of policy makers for research interviews holds the potential to advance scholarship on South African foreign policy along two fronts. First, these primary sources offer insight into foreign policy decision-making processes. And second, they encourage a critical re-evaluation of many of the traditional understandings and tropes that have dominated the study of South African foreign policy. This paper outlines the state of foreign policy studies in South Africa and then demonstrates the power of primary research to alter key ideas about the conduct and content of South African foreign policy through three case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing a school library is a complex, costly and demanding process with important educational and social implications for the whole school community. Drawing upon recent research, this paper presents contrasting snapshots of two school libraries to demonstrate the impacts of greater and lesser collaboration in the designing process. Following a brief literature review, the paper outlines the research design, a qualitative case study involving collection and inductive thematic analysis of interview data and student drawings. Selected findings highlight the varying experiences of each school's teacher-librarian through the four designing phases of imagining, transitioning, experiencing and reimagining. Based on the study's findings, the paper concludes that design outcomes are enhanced through collaboration between professional designers and key school stakeholders including teacher-librarians, teachers, principals and students. The findings and recommendations are of potential interest to teacher-librarians, school principals, education authorities, information professionals and library managers, to guide user-centred library planning and resourcing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Writings on architecture in the Middle East during the first half of the twentieth century have often focused on the legacies of colonial architects and planners in shaping Middle Eastern cities and built environments. Contrarily, this article focuses on the overlooked history of the first milieu of trained Arab architects in Middle East, focusing on Palestine, Syria, Lebanon and Egypt. Examining unstudied historical materials and archives, it maps out the trajectories of individual architects as well as the architectural profession more generally in this period of rapid change. It is divided into three main sections that highlight this: first, architecture's transition from the Ottoman guild system to its professionalisation by the turn of the century; second, the mobility of architectural knowledge and expertise in the Arab region following the First World War; finally, the development of a new institutionalised architectural culture that sought to cultivate bonds between Arab architects not only in their individual countries, but also regionally throughout the Arab world towards the mid-twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of Reflective Practice and Team Learning when architecture teams pitch their proposals in a design competition. Pitching proposals is significant to architects because pitching designs in competitions is one of the ways architects procure jobs. Previous researchers used the principles of Reflective Practice to describe how teams design together. This study adds to those works by using the principles of Reflective Practice to describe how teams communicate their design to clients. Additionally, this case study introduces team learning concepts to describe how clients perceive design teams when pitching their proposal. In 2018, we observed six architecture teams pitch their design in an architecture competition, analysed the documents presented, and interviewed the jury. Results revealed that the winning team demonstrated the most Framing, Moving and Evaluating language in their pitch. They were also perceived to have demonstrated the most team learning behaviours amongst all the competitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper performs a theoretical-empirical analysis of the effect of globalization on buildings' height in Latin America and Southeast Asia. We develop a principal-agent model where global architecture firms use extra height as advertising in the tallest building per city, adding it to what determined by cities' fundamentals of economic and geographic size. The model develops two ideas: (1) global architects have prestige advantages that allow them to add extra height, an advertising feature of their technical expertise and specialist competence, and (2) international architects of the Global South have additional reasons to use extra height compared to their Global North peers. The model is tested using a 2000-2018 panel database comprising 55 cities (from 25 countries). We find that in addition to economic and geography fundamentals, globalization and the location of architecture firms are strong determinants of buildings' height, as predicted in our theoretical model of height as advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineers and Architects require effective communication and interdisciplinary team working to be successful throughout their career which, is often overlooked during formal undergraduate education. The purpose of this paper is to disseminate the novel design and evaluation of a module on communication and interdisciplinary team working in the combined teaching of undergraduate Engineering and Architecture students. An Interdisciplinary Problem-Based Learning (IPBL) approach is used and the theoretical construct for this work is the application of dialogical theory to the shared habitus between engineers and architects. The constructivist theory of learning was employed in the design and delivery of this module. It is an action research pedagogical intervention to support the improvement in the teaching and learning of communications and teamwork between architects and engineers. Feedback shows students identified improvement in their communication and teamwork skills at the end of the module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Professionals involved in organizing and undertaking domestic works, such as extensions, maintenance and refurbishment, have an important role in influencing how homes are configured and how occupants live within them. Despite this, the professional identities of these actors, and their impact on domestic energy use, is often overlooked. In response, this paper argues that one useful way of examining their influence is to consider how professional identities shape everyday working practices in relation to clients. Data from two UK interview and observation studies are combined: one with heating installers and the other with architects. The data are analysed using concepts from Abbott’s ‘system of professions’ framework that focuses on how the routine working practices of professional groups are born of how they see themselves and the tasks for which they are responsible. This comparison provides insights into how these two groups manage their professional ‘jurisdictions’ during their client interactions and what this means for policy-makers and industry representatives hoping to influence their work in pursuit of less carbon-intensive living. It also points to the value of further in-depth studies that explore how the routine management of professional jurisdiction impacts upon domestic energy use in a range of contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sanskrit building literature offers a thorough presentation of the complex planning, building and ritual that goes into a construction. Among the factors considered by these building manuals is the choice of the architect. In greater or lesser depth, they list the qualifications and qualities to be looked for in an architect so that all will go well, and a few of them go on to address what can go wrong. The paper will follow four texts that examine the architect: the Devyāmata, Samāraṅgaṇasūtradhāra, Aparājitapṛcchā, and Mayamata. The focus will be on the watchful relationship between the architect and his royal patron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data from the Architects' Council of Europe (ACE) show a very inhomogeneous distribution of architects among European countries, for example, high numbers of architects in Italy and Germany versus low numbers in the UK and France. These discrepancies cannot be explained by differences in the domestic construction markets. This paper reviews models of professionalisation to explain the heterogeneity among European architects and shows potential implications for the planning profession in Europe. We analyse the 2018 ACE data for the five European countries with the strongest labour markets for architects. Our findings led to three main conclusions: Firstly, such models of professionalisation add to an understanding of statistical data on architects in Europe. Secondly, a better understanding of the statistical data requires more than a single theory. Thirdly, as to the planning profession, the standard process model of professionalisation may work well for the UK, but not for the other European countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typically enmeshed in the ‘voice’ perspective within children’s participation debates, there are currently sporadic insights into designer–child creative dialogue. Drawing on the findings of a Leverhulme Trust-funded research project, this paper articulates moments of dialogue between architects and children in spatial design processes, whose spatial and symbolic qualities help to understand the interactions and meeting of cultures. Several authors have discussed the transformational potential for adults and children to ‘co-author’ identities in dialogical contexts. The paper builds on this body of research to suggest that design dialogue offers the space, literally and metaphorically, for children and architects to participate together. Identifying the qualities of the dialogic design space as potentially present in children’s and adults’ everyday cultures and interdependent relations, it is proposed that this dialogical framework might diversify architects’ and children’s roles in the design process and enrich practices and perceptions of design participation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Gordon Joseph Culham (1891–1979), a landscape architect and town planner, was instrumental in the professionalization of both his disciplines in Canada. He helped lead the disorganized practitioners of the 1930s into the modern age and enabled them to assume their professional role in the improvement of Canada's urban centres. The discovery of an archive of Culham's papers provides a previously unavailable insight into the conceptualization and creation of the professions of landscape architecture and town planning in Canada. Culham characterized this as leading a ‘useful life’. He prepared, practiced and enjoyed the power associated with the professions he helped found in leading this useful life. He was a Harvard graduate who worked with the greatest landscape architectural firm in America, the Olmsteds and with the premier British town planner, Thomas Adams. Culham returned to his homeland on the eve of the Depression with an unrivalled reputation. He brought with him a strong sense of professionalism and helped elevate a small, dispirited community of Canadian landscape architects and town planners into one united organization for almost two decades. Professional specialization was an inevitable outcome but Culham continued to bridge the divide between his chosen fields throughout his ‘useful life’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper considers Indigenous place-making practices in light of an idea for a major Victorian Indigenous Cultural Knowledge and Education Centre in central Melbourne as championed by Traditional Owners in Victoria. With only eight Aboriginal architects in the country, collaboration with non-Indigenous architects will be inevitable. Two case studies from the recent past—the Tent Embassy in Canberra and a street corner in Collingwood—reveal that dominant cultures of place-making continue to marginalise Aboriginal people in urban Australia. This paper will contend that delivering spatial justice will require both an opportunity for Indigenous Victorians to build visibility in the centre of the city and a willingness within the dominant culture to be deterritorialised. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper aims to explore the concept of the dispositif and develop arguments as to its value in reconceptualising the social function of architecture. The notion of the dispositif is derived from the writings of Michel Foucault and is explored in respect to the work of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. The notion of the dispositif of concern emerges from Foucault's concepts of an apparatus that manages relationships of power between different bodies and organisations. Foucault considers the dispositif to be at once object and apparatus - a dynamic tension that is well recognised by theorists of architecture as a potentially productive condition. It is upon this dynamic tension that the present paper will focus and present an exploration of Giuseppe Terragni's Casa del Fascio as an example of an architectural dispositif. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper draws on a recent research project 'Design at the Heart of Housebuilding', commissioned by the Scottish Government and undertaken in 2006-7; subsequently published in early 2008. This research focused on the conceptions and practice of design within private sector house developers in Scotland, which is used here as a basis for speculatively exploring opposing values between private sector housing developers and architects in housing design. Drawing initially on reviews of this relationship in the initial mass private sector housing provision in the inter-war period in the UK the paper then compares this with the more recent position as evidenced in the research, two generations later. It identifies and analyses the basis for a perpetuated mutual wariness as a way to understand the potential for change in current trends, and ends by highlighting some examples of alternative collaborations, where the skills and values of architects are more fully articulated with those of developers and manufacturers in innovative housing provision, including forms of mass customisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nineteenth-century architecture evolved between unearthing the past and defining the future and the complex situation that architects negotiated between past and future surfaces in their drawings. This paper works between representations of the past (restorations) and projections into the future (projects' presentation drawings) to uncover some of the ways in which time can be drawn into architecture. Looking particularly at projects and drawings by the nineteenth-century English architect C. R. Cockerell, this paper reveals how he continuously sought to approach the conception of architecture as a fragment of a larger whole that extended deeper in different dimensions, both spatially and temporally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Spinoza makes few remarks about architecture, his use of architectural examples, understood in the context of his metaphysics and theory of knowledge, reveal the architect to be a distinctive kind of human thinker. In this paper I explore the kind of thinking the architect does, first by demonstrating that Spinoza distinguishes the architect's adequate way of conceiving a building from inadequate ways of imagining one, and second by considering how Spinoza might have understood the architect to translate that adequate thinking into the practice of building and construction. I argue that for Spinoza, the architect integrates imaginative, rational, and intuitive thinking, and the parallel forms of bodily action, to understand and construct a building in its causal connections to its component materials, environment, and users. To understand the true idea of a building is therefore to understand its embeddedness in the world and its functional place in a network of modal relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the analysability of landscape experience and the interpretation enabled by the concept of the chronotope. Beyond its potential for a holistic study of texts, the chronotope can also be applied in landscape studies. In geography, the chronotope has primarily been used for analysis within three different areas: discourses and narratives, spatiotemporal sense of everyday places and biological spaces. Our aim is to show the applicability of the chronotope in the experiential aspect of landscape studies. Experiencing the landscape implies a dialogic understanding of action in a situation including the subject's interrelationship with the environment. We examine how the subjective experience of an abandoned landscape is internally multiple and has significant value for imagination and meaning-making. The example analysed is an Estonian architect's description of his visit to Hashima Island, Japan, and focuses on three levels of chronotopes—the topographic, the psychological and the metaphysical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social contextualist analysis, by contrast to much of the existing research on international negotiations, emphasizes the social and organizational environment in which negotiations take place and the effect that it can have on the decision-making of participants. This paper applies a social contextualist lens to negotiations held to decide upon the form and function of the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA). Certain elements of the Architecture, which is one of the central pillars of the African Union (AU), present something of a puzzle for theorists, given the cession of sovereignty they represent on a continent where leaders have traditionally been very protective of their authority. After illustrating the limited value of the most prominent approaches to negotiation analysis, the social contextualist framework is outlined. The analysis incorporates negotiations held to decide upon a number of features of APSA. Its findings rest upon interviews conducted with representatives from AU member states and AU officials, as well as examination of a broad range of primary and secondary documents. In highlighting the significance of factors that are generally overlooked by traditional approaches, a case is made for greater consideration of social contextual factors in analysis of international negotiations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to understand the transformation of built environments in Chinese cities through the lens of transnational architectural production. I examine why private developers and government bureaucrats have opted for international architects to design their mega projects, as well as the consequences. I argue that the transformation of the symbolic capital embodied in architectural design is the key to understanding such preferences. Through two case studies in Beijing, the paper shows how the symbolic capital of architectural design is transformed into economic, political, and cultural capital by various segments of the transnational capitalist class, and how tensions and controversies are generated in the course of using foreign architecture to brand Chinese cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper systematically reconstructs the path of 'the model of a core of a future city' concept, from formation to culmination, proposed by Uzô Nishiyama's team for the Master Plan of the site of the Osaka World Exhibition of 1970. Although it was not realized, what was important was the proposal to build, in the Expo 70 site, a structure that could be used for the event and which could later become a model for a future city centre area. The main objective of this paper is to clarify fundamental elements of that idea through an analysis of Nishiyama's plans from 1960 to 1973, which define a singular period within his whole career. Nishiyama was an important figure in Japanese urban planning, relatively unknown abroad because few of his plans were realized. His importance lay in his work developing a critique of current planning practices in Japan. Support for his ideas led him to become Vice-President of the Architecture Institute of Japan in 1959 and to be consulted on major planning projects of national importance. The new concepts he proposed during the peak of his career will be contextualized within the historical process of Japanese urbanization, showing that Nishiyama developed his ideas by responding critically to the system of planning then in place. This paper uses, among others, primary sources collected in 'The Memorial Library of Uzô Nishiyama' and aims to introduce Nishiyama's work in detail, almost unknown internationally. Also, this investigation gives a new perspective on the site planning process of Osaka Expo 70, commonly regarded as a project developed mainly by the Japanese architect Kenzô Tange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper challenges the prevailing conventional wisdom in the UK that the government is the sole architect of the education and training (E&T) system and that qualifications are the magic bullet for securing employment in the creative and cultural sector. It also argues that if policy-makers are serious about wanting to diversify the occupational profile of the creative and cultural sector to reflect both the multicultural composition of the UK's population and the rising demand for broader creative and cultural products and services, then it is necessary to develop a less qualification-driven and more multifaceted approach to facilitating access and supporting learning and development in that sector. The paper maintains that this presupposes a shift from the current credentialist strategy to develop 'creative apprenticeships' towards a strategy that supports people to 'be apprenticed' in a variety of ways in the creative and cultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architects theorise their work through the practices of writing and drawing, but they largely ignore theorisation of, or through the architectural model. Whilst architectural drawings are often discussed in relation to ideas, architectural models are more likely to be discussed in relation to matter. The division between intellectual and material aspects of architecture can be traced back to the Italian Renaissance when architectural labour became associated with intellectual rather than manual labour. Architectural models have tended to escape theoretical consideration because they have been associated with matter, manual labour and craft, and therefore dissociated from the intellectual.With reference to mediaeval models of divinity, the paper discusses how the mind was considered superior to matter because it permitted access to the spiritual. Whilst we live in a predominantly secular age where the spiritual dimension itself is suspect, the supremacy of the intellectual is maintained.With reference to a levitating architectural model constructed by the author, the paper discusses how the strategy of design by making challenges the hierarchy of the intellectual over the material by adopting an embodied approach. Furthermore it examines how the division and dissociation between spiritual and material dimensions might be rethought through the notion of ‘ensoulment’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the fourth international held at Sint-Lucas School of Architecture in Brussels, by the Network for Theory, History and Criticism of Architecture. Papers on the possibilities and problems of practice or design-based doctorates in architecture are presented. Four interlinked sections of the colloquiumout of twenty papers presented by eminent personalities like Rolf Hughes, Yeoryia Manolopoulou, and Chris Younes are presented.

The article provides an insight to the notion of physical hypermedia. The "Augmented Reality" research area focuses on linking digital information to physical objects, places, and spaces. AR aims at bringing information technology capabilities out of the traditional computer and embodying them in the physical environment in which people work and live. Hypermedia research focuses on supporting organization of information through concepts like links, composites, hierarchies and groupings. Studies of the work practice of architects have revealed a plethora of diverging material organization demands. Organizing material and information is related to a whole host of different concerns that closely intertwine natural, material, and social concerns. A special kind of annotation often made by architects and designers are layered sketches. Architects often use transparent tracing paper to draw on top of previously produced drawings and sketches. Studying organization and management of physical material and information sets focus on a range of methods, and subsequently on the artifacts used for supporting this process.

In 1949, in the newly founded state of Israel, South African architects Norman Hanson and Roy Kantorowich planned the city of Ashkelon and, within it, the exclusive neighbourhood unit Afridar. Managed by the South African Jewish Appeal, which initiated and funded the project, Afridar presented a radical exception to Israel's centralized planning approach during that period. An early example of a semi-private settlement initiative for an ethnic and classbased enclave reserved for 'Anglo-Saxon' Jewish immigrants, it functioned as a 'model town' for the immigrant population from the Middle East and North Africa, which was housed by the government in the rest of the city of Ashkelon. Afridar's enclave reproduced planning practices from South Africa, which had been coloured by race since the 1920s. Despite its exclusive image, it was modelled after progressive experiments in the design of Native Townships. Their main objective of such experiments was to improve the standards of housing of racially discriminated populations yet, in practice, they served as a tool to implement apartheid policies. This paper interrogates this ambivalence of social aspirations and complicity with state segregation practices through examining the translation of apartheid's planning practices to the Israeli context, and the negotiations and conflicts this translation entailed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to create an atmosphere, architecture and light must interact; they are intimately linked. As architects we consider light as a mysterious substance, about which we are not necessarily experts. This paper presents a pedagogy to teach the construction of such mystery, while understanding the physical and phenomenological mechanisms at play and the literary dimensions they hold. By constructing light installations students learn to design immersive environments that test various theses on projection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immersive technologies are not only gaining popularity in various fields but are also heralded as the obvious next step in architectural practice. Now that almost five years have passed since the release of more accurate and affordable headsets, a review focusing on immersive technology applications in the architectural field is needed to reflect the current fields investigated. This systematic literature review discusses the sample used in the 201 selected studies about immersive technologies published from 2015 to 2019. The study identifies gaps in the current literature. The results highlight that professional architects are almost never queried in searches conducted over the past five years in the selected database. It unveils the necessity to take into consideration the context of studies in order to develop tools truly dedicated to the real practices of professional architects. This paper constitutes a reference for further researches by facilitating their contextualization within the research landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is about the history of Norfolk & Prior, a firm of architects & surveyors based in Lewisham 1893-1923, and their role in that area’s house building boom of the time. The case study helps to shed more light on a crossover occupation that played a key role in the planning and design of London's speculative housing in this period. The first section touches on the business history and biography of the two main partners, Stanley Prior and Edward Stone. Stone was responsible for the architectural work of the firm, so his education is then discussed in more detail. Subsequent sections examine Norfolk & Prior’s work for several local house builders. The paper concludes by summarizing the role of Norfolk & Prior as designers of speculative housing and placing it in the wider context of a process of professionalization in architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egon Hartmann (1919-2009) was a prominent East German planner and a rising star of the architectural scene in the early years of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). A graduate from the College for Architecture and Fine Arts, he became Chief Architect of Thuringia in 1951 and built such remarkable architectures like the government high-rise in Erfurt. Nevertheless, he left the GDR in 1954, settled in West Germany where he first worked in Mainz and then moved to Munich and thereby became a 'crosser', one of the few planners who successfully worked on both sides of the Iron Curtain. This paper traces Egon Hartmann's private--professional ties based on the letters sent to/ from him across the inner-German border that have been archived in his estate. It aims to show that integrating a personal dimension and very specific patterns of communication into the analysis of transnational connections, transfers, exchanges, and cooperation of planners reveals rather informal ties that created unexpected relations across the Iron Curtain. Nevertheless, those were a crucial resource for the planners' career and private life, when formal bonds were destabilized due to large-scale political tensions and the division of the two worlds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]