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Discusses rural surveys used by Henry Rider Haggard in England during the early 20th century. Placement of Haggard into the context of other social researchers; Comparison with methods used by Charles Booth, Seebohm Rowntree and other social investigators in urban Britain in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods; Intention of enquiring into the state of the English countryside.

The article examines the relations between continuity and innovation in the social thought of the 1880's as it relates to poverty in England. It evaluates 1880's as a watershed in the history of English social theory by examining the two publications entitled "Life and Labour of the People of London," by Charles Booth and "Final Report" of the Select Committee of the House of Lords of the Sweating System in 1980. Under the study, the relationship of Booth's view about society and nature of social progress in 1880's and 1890's was analyzed.

This article uses population censuses to provide the first consistent counts of the population of business proprietors for 1891–1911. After appropriate adjustments for imperfect Census design the article confirms the persistence of own account self-employed as the most common businesses throughout the period. However, it identifies a turning point around 1901 when the business numbers decisively shifted towards larger firms, where employers with waged workers began substituting for many own account businesses. Developments were, however, multi-faceted, with important sector differences, and some fields of female business beginning to take off over the period, especially in retail and the professions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using documents from the Grand Lodge of Free & Accepted Masons of the State of Indiana (USA), I show how the material practices and symbolic orientations of finance capitalism became transposed into Freemasonry in the early-nineteenth century. I briefly discuss why this happened and point to how these developments shaped the institutional trajectory of Freemasonry. Next, I observe that the symbolic moral standing of Freemasonry became transposed onto finance capitalism as undertaken by its members and other white men like them. After a brief explanation, I outline how these developments affected the institutionalisation of finance capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History has long been recognised as a strategic and organisational resource. However, until recently, the advantage conferred by history was attributed to a firm’s ability to accumulate heterogeneous resources or develop opaque practices. In contrast, we argue that the advantage history confers on organisations is based on understanding when the knowledge of the past is referenced and the reasons why it is strategically communicated. We argue that managers package this knowledge in historical narratives to address particular organisational concerns and audiences. As well, we show that different historical narratives are produced with the goal of achieving different organisational outcomes. The success of an organisation is thus dependent on the ability of its managers to skilfully develop historical narratives that create a strategic advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the back of recent and significant new debates on the use of history within business and management studies, we consider the perception of historians as being anti-theory and of having methodological shortcomings; and business and management scholars displaying insufficient attention to historical context and privileging of certain social science methods over others. These are explored through an examination of three subjects: strategy, international business and entrepreneurship. We propose a framework for advancing the use of history within business and management studies more generally through greater understanding of historical perspectives and methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops an ethnographic account of the development and history of the British Airways Heritage Centre (BAHC). Responding to several observations throughout the literature, we report on our experiences of engagement with British Airways’ archives over a 25-year period. In doing so our focus is on the much-neglected history of archives as powerful influences on how corporate histories are written. The ethnographic account is rooted in ANTi-History, an approach to historiography, that focuses on the production of history as knowledge of the past by following a number of human (e.g. archive volunteers) and non-human (e.g. airline artefacts) actors to reassemble the elements that constitute an archive at a point in time. To that end, we trace the inter-relationships between histories of British Airways and the development of the BAHC. We conclude that a focus on the various human and non-human relationships that constitute an archive can help the researcher to identify the hidden influences on the production of history that can otherwise serve to enrol him or her. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article offers information on two plays including "Fish in the Sea," (1972) and "Yobbo Nowt." (1975) from John McGrath, depicting the life of working class. It mentions that the characters are viewed seriously, at emotional and intellectual levels. It focuses on the role of the family, the nature of work, and the experience of class struggle.

This paper considers the use of secondary data analysis in educational research. It addresses some of the promises and potential pitfalls that influence its use and explores a possible role for the secondary analysis of numeric data in the ‘new’ political arithmetic tradition of social research. Secondary data analysis is a relatively under-used technique in Education and in the social sciences more widely, and it is an approach that is not without its critics. Here we consider two main objections to the use of secondary data: that it is full of errors and that because of the socially constructed nature of social data, simply reducing it to a numeric form cannot fully encapsulate its complexity. However, secondary data also offers numerous methodological, theoretical and pedagogical benefits. Indeed by treating secondary data analysis with appropriate scepticism and respect for its limitations, by demanding that tacit assumptions about the unreliability of secondary data are applied equally to other research methods, and crucially by combining secondary data analysis with small-scale in-depth work, this paper argues for a return to prominence of secondary data analysis in its own right as well as becoming a central component of the new political arithmetic tradition of social research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a decade beginning in the late 1940s, David Riesman, with a variety of collaborators, produced a sustained body of work on the methodology of the interview. This article looks at Riesman's writing on the interview. It explores the relationship between this work and Riesman's initial development as a sociologist, examines how he and his collaborators viewed the interview as a method, and assesses the relevance of Riesman's work to contemporary understandings of the interview as a research method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relative to other fields, social work has been slow to adopt geographic information systems (GIS) as a tool for research and practice. This paper argues that GIS can benefit social work by: (1) continuing and strengthening the social survey tradition; (2) providing a framework for understanding human behavior; (3) identifying community needs and assets; (4) improving the delivery of social services; and (5) empowering communities and traditionally disenfranchised groups. Examples from a social work course on GIS and published social work research help illustrate these points. The paper concludes by considering the ways that social work can contribute to the development of GIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This critical case study assesses the utility of spatial analysis based on maps rather than statistics for evaluating a fundamental premise of the social disorganization perspective: that immigration and ethnic heterogeneity weaken social control and increase community levels of crime. We investigate the relationship between the most recent wave of immigration and community levels of black homicide in the northern part of the city of Miami, an area that has received a large number of recent arrivals from Haiti and contains an established African American community. While quantitative methods have been used to explore this issue as pan of an ongoing city-wide analysis, the current focus is on visual representations of the immigration / homicide linkage in the subsection of the city where the theoretically important target populations of African Americans and Haitians reside. Key findings are consistent with previous quantitative analyses that have demonstrated that immigration is not generally associated with higher community levels of homicide. These results call into question basic tenets of the social disorganization perspective while lending support to the concentrated disadvantage and immigration revitalization perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the historical development of management consulting in Australia. While some observers have argued the origins of management consulting involved primarily executive and board-level advice over corporate strategy and structure, as was the case in the United Kingdom, Australian management consulting began with a dominantly Taylorist focus on shop-floor productivity before diversifying into the broader range of general management services. It is argued that while economic and technological changes have played a role in such diversification, of equal importance has been the ability of consultancies to reinvent themselves and create demand amongst client organisations for an ever increasing range of services. The article concludes by arguing that modem management consulting is a diverse and segmented industry that has been involved as much in the provision of advice and expertise over shop-floor efficiencies, as it has in boardroom strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raises questions about the process of suburbanization and the experience of the immigrant working class in early-twentieth-century North American cities, focusing on the city of North Earlscourt, a suburb of Toronto that was settled mainly by working-class immigrants from Britain, who helped one another in building their own houses through formal subcontracting and informal exchange. House construction; Installation of public services; Conclusion.

Examines the education of Jewish children in late 19th century England. Impact of the social and economic restrictions on the education of Jewish children during the period; Factors that contributed to the success of the elementary education provided for both immigrant Jews and those born to immigrant parents in the country; Teachers' expectations towards Jewish children in the country; Ways by which attitudes towards Jewish parents affect the performance of their children.

This paper is concerned with the interrelationship between sociology of education, state schooling and social class It is suggested that we need to move beyond critiques of the New Right hegemony and begin critically to explore social democratic alternatives In the paper there is an examination of the 'old sociology of education' and inequality and its take-up by policy-makers Social class was of central explanatory value in these early social democratic accounts of state schooling This is followed by an exploration of the erasure of social class, that has emanated from such diverse sources as the rise of the New Right, the emergence of new social movements, and more recently, the ascendancy of the school effectiveness/school improvement literatures Of key significance here is to argue fir the need to develop reconceptualised frameworks and empirical studies of class analysis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT. Since 1980, UK individual pension and retirement assets have increased about twelvefold to around _GCP_1.5 trillion. Over the same period, US household retirement assets have increased about tenfold to more than US$7 trillion. High rates of asset growth have also been observed for Australia and Canada. Notwithstanding their current high standards of living, countries in much of continental Europe have not shared in these extraordinary rates of growth of pension assets. In fact, many analysts believe that their long-term prosperity is threatened (relatively speaking) by inefficient, institutionally cumbersome finance sectors. While saving now for retirement has significant advantages for beneficiaries, less recognized is the fact that the growth of pension assets in the Anglo-American economies has profoundly changed the financial structure of these countries. In this paper I explain how and why pension assets have grown so large in the Anglo-American countries, beginning with a historical account which helps to identify the reasons why German and continental European countries (excluding The Netherlands and Switzerland) have not shared the same rates of growth in pension assets. In doing so, the paper develops a causal model which discriminates between various causes of Anglo-American pension fund capitalism: structural determinants (institutional framework), second-order determinants (postwar conditions), and third-order determinants (the flow of contributions). The identified causal logic integrates structure with historical and geographical contingency. Implications are also drawn regarding the significance of Anglo-American pension funds for global capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines to what extent mass unemployment increases risks of poverty in Denmark. A study of the influence of welfare policies on the relationship between unemployment and poverty must incorporate contemporary research on unemployment. welfare policies and poverty. Unemployment research has examined those mechanisms which cause the concentration of unemployment in specific groups and strata, that is the relationship between unemployment and marginalization. Poverty research has examined the relationship between marginalization and poverty. Welfare policy research can furnish evidence on how the welfare state affects the total relationship: unemployment-marginalization-poverty. The project will rely heavily on international poverty research in relation to both the empirical study and to theory development. By marginalization the project denotes a labor market selection where specific groups in the labor force are expelled from the labor market and systematically disfavored when trying to attain reemployment. By poverty the project denotes a social situation of accumulated bad living conditions in terms of a personal command of social, physical and psychical resources. The existence of poverty in the Danish society, the so-called new poverty, must primarily be explained by developments in the labor market and in welfare policies. The crisis of employment has sharpened the mechanisms of selection and stratification operating in the labor power that is least able to adapt to the demands of market competition is marginalized. Since the early 1970s a growing section of the unemployed experience prolonged spells of unemployment figures in Denmark and in Great Britain doubled and the number of long-term unemployed grew simultaneously. The rise in unemployment in Denmark in 1983-1984 was not just a consequence of a growing number of people experiencing unemployment but was also caused by a growth in average unemployment duration.

The term slum is a loose definition of the environs and behavior of the poor. Isolated from the remainder of society, slum residents are presumed to live a deviant life either by preference or cultural predisposition, or as a consequence of their deprivation. This synthesis of spatial isolation and social deviance was an inextricable element of changes in attitudes to poverty in the early nineteenth century, and has been remarkably persistent. The concept of the ‘Victorian Slum’ has been questioned in relation to modern cities, but the concern also appears to lack validity in Victorian cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on German economic activities in Britain during the First World War. The author says that the German economic activities in Britain fall into four groups. Firstly, Germans became employees in various occupations including teaching, at all levels from governessing to university lecturing. Germans also became important as small retailers in various fields-for instance in tailoring. In addition to becoming small retailers, some Germans established business concerns on a large scale. The founders of major firms entered Britain before the 1870's and in many cases their concerns became purely British, although this did not prevent the development of hostility towards them during the Great War. German economic interests in Britain consisted of the branches of multinationals established during the Victorian and Edwardian periods. In finance, three of the major German banks established offices in London. The Deutsche Bank opened a branch in 1873. Its main business consisted of accepting bills of exchange, mostly on German account, and financing imports and exports to and from all parts of the world.

Social statistics have played a large role in describing the nature of the problem of an emerging urban underclass in the United States and in placing these issues on the public agenda and before the research community. Extant social statistics, however, are inadequate to the task of understanding the processes and mechanisms that create, maintain, or overcome the conditions and consequences of the urban underclass. Without theoretically informed social statistics of organizations and institutions and of geographic and contextual detail, social statistics will be unable to inform public policy in the l990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imprecision of the term ‘sweating’ in the 1880s and 1890s (and since) is part of its historical meaning. That ambiguity was fixed in a political struggle, in which Beatrice Potter was involved, over the text of the Report of the Lords Select Committee (1890) to ensure that the Report should acknowledge only discrete ‘forms of sweating’, a condition of misery, and ignore sweating as a system for the production of misery. The public debate over sweating around 1890 thus entertains while finally rejecting a new sort of knowledge of the nature of the late Victorian/Edwardian capitalist social formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Unitarians, a leading middle-class grouping in Manchester, England between the 1820s and 1840s, to delineate some of the nuances of liberal culture and to identify some of the precise points of ideological transformation in these years. The experience of the Unitarians exemplifies some of the potentially disruptive antagonisms that existed within the middle class. From the early 1830s there were shifts in the character of the liberal culture. The language of paternalism offered an ideological model of class relations and a way of articulating precise problems of social policy.

This article highlights the differences of cities in North America and Great Britain during the Victorian period. The advent of industrial revolution has made the study of residential congregation patterns in the 19th-century complex. The notion of modern city is viewed differently by historians. Traditionally modern city is described as having at the center the rich and the poor at the periphery. The advent of mass transportation has reversed the description of modern. The rich abandoned the center and stayed at the periphery and segregation is basically by status and income.

This article discusses the history of welfare legislation in Great Britain between 1905 and 1914. In capitalist societies such as Great Britain the evolution of social policy is extremely complex and historians often treat it as part of the whole political process. The modern welfare legislation is an important part of social policy and it is important for historians to explain its origin. In Germany and the U.S. business interests played an important role in the evolution of welfare legislation.

The article comments on poverty in the welfare state. According to the sociological school, poverty, like other problems of man in society, should be interpreted in social and not purely individual terms. Poverty is not just a question of the bare necessities of life, such as food, shelter, and clothing, but more generally of being able to cope in the kind of society where one happens to live. A more recent example is the official concept of poverty used in public statistics in the U.S., which has often been referred to as an absolute concept. This is very misleading. It is true that the U.S. poverty index is estimated on the basis of the cost of food which is held to be necessary for families of different compositions. But the decision about what foods are regarded as necessary is made with reference to American nutritional habits. Somewhat different poverty lines are defined for different regions because of assumed differences in economic and social circumstances. The U.S. poverty index does not set the poverty line at a very generous level. Nor is it adjusted from one year to another except for inflation. But this has nothing to do with the theoretical question of absolute or relative concepts. The theoretical problem of poverty research does not lie so much on the conceptual level, as in the problem of measurement. Having decided that poverty is relative, one is not much the wiser about how to actually measure it.

The article focuses on the history of the School Meals Service. During the latter part of the nineteenth century reformers had become increasingly aware of the poor home conditions of many children, and their weak physical state. Many people during the nineteenth and early years of the twentieth centuries had feared that such a service as feeding school children might destroy family responsibility and the values of family life. Supporters of school feeding and the school medical service had not only to fight apathy and ignorance, but the criticism of those who strongly believed in the importance of maintaining the unity and independence of the family. Very few authorities had organized a School Meals Service by the First World War, but during this War and the subsequent depressions of the 1920s the numbers increased. During the 1930s the numbers fell. The necessity of feeding large numbers of children during the Second World War, however, animated the demands for a better service, and the 1944 Education Act made it obligatory for local education authorities to provide a School Meals Service.

The article presents information on the Education Act of 1870 in Great Britain. The superintendent of schools in Philadelphia, Pennslyvania reinforced the case made by Follett Osler, Fellow of the Royal Society on October 13, 1869 for a comprehensive Education Act by the British government. In its original form the government bill proposed that the Committee of Council be given powers to ascertain existing deficiencies in schooling by dividing the country up into school districts based on boroughs and parishes. Existing denominations were to have a year's grace to make up these deficiencies. They were also to lose their own inspectors. If they failed, School Boards were to be elected by Town Council or select vestries. These boards were to be themselves endowed with powers to rate, remit fees, assist existing schools and, if they wished, frame byelaws compelling children between the ages of five and twelve to attend schools and offer religious instruction subject to a conscience clause.

This article focuses on the influence of religion on the educational policy in Great Britain. Religion is a source of norms and values, but on the other hand its rites may continue to be practiced because they retain social significance without religious meaning. There are also religious institutions, and these are interrelated with secular institutions in such a way that a considerable amount of religious influence may be discovered at the institutional level in an apparently secular society. The aim of this article is to stress one aspect of this relationship, by showing how the influence of religion on education has been maintained, and in some ways increased, during the twentieth century, in a period of steady decline in popular support for the churches. But this dichotomy in itself is too simple, for the decline in religious support has not been a unified one. Some forms of religious behavior have become minimally practiced while others are still widespread; also, measures of religious behavior must not necessarily be taken as measures of religious beliefs, which are much less susceptible to sociological analysis. Similarly, the relationship between religion and education is of several kinds. First, there is the policy making relationship, involving analysis of the religious pressures behind legislative action; second, there is the existence of both religious and secular educational institutions; and third, there is the influence of religion in the schools themselves.

Presents a comment in reply to the article "Residential Structure and Housing Quality," by Barry S. Wellar. Reluctance to recognize emerging urban patterns; Failure to understand that studies at varying scales show different results; Notion that employment and retailing activity are becoming more uniformly distributed throughout the city.

Comments on issues related to residential structure and housing quality in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Discussion of changes in home design and its quality; Criticism on the proposed one single, central employment area; Insight into the behavioral processes modeling the residential structure.

The article presents figures show that the size of the domestic group in England and Wales did begin to fall sharply in 1891 and has not ceased to fall since that time. It is true to say that the whole period 1891-1961 elapsed before the decline reached the full one-third mentioned in the original article. Nevertheless the level reached in 1911 was only very slightly lower than that of 1861, and the rate of fall was markedly greater after that date than before it, the descent in the fifty years 1911-1961 was only 4% less than in the seventy years 1891-1961. Some of the variation between count and count was undoubtedly due to changes in the definition of the domestic group used by the census takers, the rise to a peak in 1851 took place when occupier replaced family, and the sharp fall in 1861 when lodgers were first officially counted as occupiers. The changes which went on between the second and the fourth decades of the twentieth century are much more likely to have been wholly due to alterations in the actual composition of the domestic group, and they appear to represent its final and definitive transformation.

Presents an obituary for Sir Alexander Carr-Saunders, director of the London School of Economics, England.

It is informed that in view of the widespread post-war interest in problems of marriage breakdown, it is surprising that so little is known of the demographic and sociological aspects of divorce in England and Wales. Since there had appeared for some time to be a need for mote information, the members of the Population Investigation Committee decided to initiate a statistical inquiry into marriage and marital breakdown. This study, now in progress, includes an analysis of the published statistics on divorce and also an examination of statistical material extracted from samples of divorce petitions filed in the two census years, 1871 and 1951. Before the middle of the nineteenth century divorce was an extremely expensive and complicated judicial, ecclesiastical and legislative process. The 1857 Matrimonial Causes Act, which first made civil divorce available, was not a great legal innovation, its main purpose being merely to simplify, and incidentally to cheapen, procedure so that it might become accessible at need to the rising middle classes. Under the Act a petitioner, who previously had to go first to a civil court, next to the ecclesiastical court and finally to Parliament for a private Act, was able to sue at all stages of divorce in one specially established section of the High Court. The grounds on which the new court could grant decrees were exactly the same as under the former ecclesiastical jurisdiction.

The article discusses the issue of violence and abuse against child prisoners. Topics discussed include harmful effects of prison conditions which include violence, violations, and abuses, statistics of children died in prison custody between 1990 - 2012 in Wales and England, and self harm not uncommon among child prisoners as they go through violence and abuse.

This article presents information on publications of books related to population studies. Some of the books are as follows: "Fertility and Family Planning in the Third World. A Case Study of Papua New Guinea," by William K.A. Agyei; "Developments in Kinship Support Networks for the Aged in the Netherlands," by J. Bartlema; "Mobility and Employment in Urban Southeast Asia. Examples From Indonesia and the Philippines," by Michael A. Cosello, Thomas R. Leinbach, and Ulack Richard; "Global Restructuring and Territorial Development," by Jeffrey Henderson and Manuel Castells.