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Aims: Varicocelectomy is the most common operation carried out by doctors for male infertility treatment. The aim of varicocele treatment is to hinder the refluxing venous drainage to the testis, retaining arterial inflow, and lymphatic drainage. A lot of pain is generated after this surgery, and the use of opium should be reduced to nearest minimum, as all drugs are toxins. Thus the aim of the present study is to facilitate morphine usage reduction after varicocelectomy surgery., Material and Methods: One-hundred (100) patients who were varicocelectomy candidate were randomized into two groups: experimental group contain 50 patients and control group contain 50 patients as well. In experimental group, 2 mL magnesium sulfate in 2 mL normal saline was injected into patient immediately after surgery. The control group received only 4 mL normal saline. Morphine dosage administered, and severity of pain monitoring was accessed and recorded with a visual analogue scale (VAS)., Result: Result indicated that administration of morphine dosage in the test group 0.21 ± 0.64 mg was significantly lower as compared to the control group 0.75 ± 1.30 mg during the first 24-hour after surgery (p = 0.01). Average VAS scores in the experimental and control groups in the first 4-hour interval were 0.91 ± 1.30 and 2.9 ± 2.50 (p = 0.02) respectively. We observed a significant difference in the VAS score for pain severity and the dosages of morphine administered., Conclusions: The experimental group with magnesium sulfate in its drug formulation showed better pain control compared to the control group which received only normal saline, whose pain manifested after every few hours. This can be used for the formulation of opium for this surgery in a large scale.

Prolonged delivery of analgesic drugs at target sites remains a critical issue for efficient pain management. The use of nano-carriers has been reported to facilitate applicable delivery of these agents to target sites with a reduced level of systemic toxicity. Different analgesics have been loaded onto various nano carriers, including those that are natural, synthetic and copolymer, for various medical applications. In this review, we will discuss the concept of nano-formulated carriers for analgesic drugs and their impacts on the field of pain management.

Several advancements have been made on the exact release of local anaesthetics formulation and its efficiency at inducing motor and sensory block for an extended time has been harnessed in clinical practice. The use of sustained release formulations delivers analgesia for a lengthier period of time with one administration, thereby reducing complications that usually arise with administration of conventional analgesia. In addition, controlled release of an anaesthetic drug is said to prevent overdosing, reduced side effects, especially cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity and tissue lesions. The use of nanotechnology knowledge via liposomal formulation has recorded high successful results in pain control and quick patient recovery.