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We studied the effect of neural stem cells (NSC) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from mouse adipose tissue on survival, clonogenic activity, and senescence of NSC after exposure to γ-radiation. It was found that survival and clonogenic activity of NSC irradiated in doses of 1 and 2 Gy was enhanced when irradiated cells were co-cultured with non-irradiated NSC and MSC in permeable Transwell inserts. The proportion of senescent NSC (cells with high β-galactosidase activity) increased with increasing irradiation dose. Co-culturing with non-irradiated NSC in 3 days after irradiation in a dose of 1 Gy led to a decrease in the proportion of senescent cells among irradiated NSC. Factors secreted by NSC and MSC can become the basis for the development of means for prevention and treatment of damage to brain cells resulting from radiation therapy of head and neck cancer.

The production of new effective hemostatic materials based on a polymer composition of modified chitosan with a three-dimensional cross-linked structure as a polymer matrix and calcium ions coordinated to it is addressed. The optimum concentration of calcium ions in the chitosan-based composition was established as 10 – 20 mM and ensured an effective in vitro blood coagulation time of 40 sec. Compositions of chitosan succinate and chloride in addition to chitosan in solutions with nicotinic acid were shown to have effective hemostatic activity. Statistical differences in the effects of various calcium salts on the blood coagulation time were not found. In vivo tests showed that a chitosan-based composition was effective for stopping bleeding of any degree of severity, both with external and internal injuries to tissues.

Polyamides based on the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural derivative (2,5-furandicarboxylic acid dichloroanhydride) and diamines of both aromatic and aliphatic series were synthesized. The reactions were monitored by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy. The thermal stability, glass transition temperature, and intrinsic viscosity of the synthesized polymers were determined.

We analyzed the expression of molecular targets of natriuretic action of prolactin in different layers of the kidney in the rat model of cholestasis of pregnancy. Sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe1 was most sensitive to the conditions of cholestasis and cholestasis of pregnancy: the expression NBCe1 mRNA and protein in the renal outer medulla decreased in comparison with the normal. All forms of cholestasis affected the mRNA expression of sodium-potassium chloride co-transporter NCC, α-subunit of the ENaCα epithelial sodium channel, and Nedd4-2 ubiquitin ligase in different layers of the kidney. The obtained data suggest that prolactin provides fine tuning of various sodium transporters in different parts of the nephron under pathological conditions.

The optically transparent biocompatible, biodegradable, wound-healing materials were obtained based on chitosan and poly(lactide–titanium oxide). The optical transmittance of these films was more than 70% in the visible light region. The decreasing of the films transmittance by ~ 5–10% was observed under its UV irradiation as a result of the one-electron transition Ti4+ + e− ⇄ Ti3+. The tensile strength of the samples was up to 117 MPa. The investigation of the materials biocompatibility on experimental animals demonstrated the positive blood parameters and the absence of the inflammation process in the animals’ organisms, allergic reactions and stress after implantation of film and non-toxicity of the composite. The materials can be bioutilized and are biodegradable. The fibroblast cells (hTERT BY-5ta) adhesion and proliferation on the films surface were demonstrated in vitro. The films exhibited the UV-induced antibacterial properties.

The spatial structure and electronic structure of oxygen defect and nitrogen impurity centers of anatase and their manifestation in water adsorption, O1s XPS spectra were analyzed. The role of various forms of adsorbed water on anatase surface is considered. The results of experimental studies are compared with the properties of molecular models for the bulk and surface of titanium dioxide studied by the quantum chemical density functional theory method.

High-risk financial markets are considered in which transactions with financial instruments without reservation are conducted. The following risk-free trading strategies with a guaranteed profitability or loss are analyzed: scalping, spoofing, flipping, and scalping with hedging. A mathematical model is constructed for them. Examples of calculations performed by the obtained algorithms in the process of option trading are given.

Fluorinated esters of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid have been synthesized starting from 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid dichloride and fluorine-containing diols. The reaction control was performed by means of 1H, 19F NMR, and IR-spectroscopy. Thermal stability, as well as glass transition temperature, and intrinsic viscosity parameters of the obtained oligomers have been determined.

Transformations of structural defects, the hydrogen state, and electrophysical properties of silicon treated in hydrogen plasma are studied. Treatment in plasma (150°C) produces bands in Raman spectra at 2095 and 2129 cm–1 that are associated with scattering by Si–H vibrations. Subsequent heat treatment (275°C) causes a band for gaseous molecular H2 to appear at 4153 cm–1. A comparison of Raman spectra and scanning probe microscopy results shows that hydrogenation forms defects (platelets) of average size 43 nm and surface density 6.5·109 cm–2 that are due to precipitation of H2 and formation of Si–H bonds. Inclusions of average size 115 nm and surface density 1.7·109 cm–2 that are filled with molecular H2 are observed after heat treatment. The concentration of free charge carriers remains constant after treatment in plasma and subsequent heat treatment.

We studied possible involvement of prolactin in the regulation of bicarbonate biodynamics using female rat model of cholestasis of pregnancy induced by transplantation of the donor pituitary under the renal capsule of a recipient (hyperprolactinemia) and bile duct ligation (cholestasis). The concentration of bicarbonates in the bile and blood, their excretion, clearance, and reabsorption, as well as glomerular filtration rate and excretion of sodium ions were assessed. It was found that the main effect of prolactin was directed to the kidney-regulated pool of bicarbonates and consisted in stimulation of their clearance and inhibition of reabsorption, which led to a decrease in bicarbonate blood concentration. Parallel influence of prolactin on the clearance of bicarbonates and sodium ions was observed.

The heat capacity and the temperatures and enthalpies of physical transformations of the alternating terpolymer of carbon monoxide, ethylene, and 1-butene (the content of butene units is 10.7 mol.%) were studied by adiabatic and differential scanning calorimetry in the temperature range from 6 to 520 K. The energy of terpolymer combustion was measured at 298.15 K on an calorimeter with an isothermal shell and static bomb. The standard thermodynamic functions C°p(T), H°(T)–H°(0), S°(T)–S°(0), and G°(T)–H°(0) for the range from Т → 0 to 400 K, the standard enthalpy of combustion, and the thermodynamic parameters of formation of the partially crystalline CO—ethylene—1-butene terpolymer at 298.15 K, as well as the thermodynamic characteristics of its synthesis in the range from T → 0 to 400 K were calculated.

Using immunohistochemical method with semiquantitative analysis of images, we showed that mrp2 expression in response to cholestasis decreased in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, and remained unchanged in the kidney structures. A decrease of mrp2 expression in renal tubules leading to a decrease of metabolic intoxication of the kidney was demonstrated in cholestasis of pregnancy model. In bile ducts cells, negative correlations of mrp2 with previously measured levels of prolactin receptors, CFTR, and mrp3 were revealed. In renal structures and in hepatocytes, no correlations were found between the expression of these proteins. We hypothesize that prolactin produces a direct effect on mrp2 expression in bile ducts cells mediated by prolactin receptors in cholangiocytes. The absence of correlations between mrp2 and the above-mentioned proteins in hepatocytes and renal structures is most likely related to prolactin effects on other systemic regulators.

We showed the data on clinical efficiency of low doses of antibodies to brain-specific protein S100 in the complex therapy of schoolchildren with painful variant of functional dyspepsia syndrome. Significant positive effects of the substance on the dynamics of epigastric pain, in particular, its duration, were found. The maximum clinical effect was observed in children with emotional disorders ( $$ \sim \raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$3$}\right. $$ of all examined children). Along with significant decrease in frequency appearance and duration of pain syndrome, the substance also normalized emotional state and improved attention concentration in children.

Published data on the chemical and biological properties of α-, γ-, and δ-carbolines are reviewed.

The reactions of 2-dicyanomethylidene-3-ethoxymethylidene-2,3-dihydroindole with hydrazine hydrate and phenylhydrazine afforded 2,3-diamino-4-cyanopyrido[4,3-b]indole and 3-amino-2-anilino-4-cyanopyrido[4,3-b]indole, respectively, and the reactions of the latter compounds with dimethylformamide diethyl acetal were studied. The reactions of 2,3-diamino-4-cyanopyrido[4,3-b]indole with benzaldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate, and acetylacetone were investigated. First representatives of new heterocyclic systems, viz., [1,2,4]triazolo[1’,5’:1,6]-pyrido[4,3-b]indole and pyrazolo[1’,5’:1,2]pyrido[4,3-b]indole, were synthesized. The structure of ethyl 6-cyano-5-[(E)-(dimethylamino)methylideneamino]-2-methyl-7H-pyrazolo-[1’,5’:1,2]pyrido[4,3-b]indole-1-carboxylate was established by X-ray diffraction.

The effect of hyperprolactinemia on bile excretion from the liver of female rats was shown to increase significantly during obstructive cholestasis. The observed changes were biphasic: initial increase in bilirubin release of into the bile was followed by its reduction. Under conditions of obstructive cholestasis, hyperprolactinemia had a negative effect on the recovery of bile flow rate during decompression of the duct (up to complete cessation of bile flow).

An analysis of the basic characteristics of samples of the new product Avivazh NTP with a different liquid paraffin content and a comparison with the properties of Hansa oil, highly recommended in synthetic fibre production, showed that Avivazh NTP No. 4 (6% liquid paraffin content) and NTP No. 5 (10% liquid paraffin content) is superior to the imported product with respect to its properties. Companies with one to two machines for production of polypropylene (PP) and polyester (PES) fibres from melt and manufacture of relatively small amounts of fibre, under 2 tons/day, have recently appeared in Russia. These companies require an oil that can be used in production of both PP and PES fibres. We created an inexpensive, effective product for spinning and subsequent processing of PP and PES fibres. The problem was to reduce fibre breaks in the spinning and orientation drawing stage. End breaks increase with an increase in the rewinding speed and are due to the quality and uniformity of the properties of the fibre over the length, its friction characteristics, electrification, and compactness [1]. Oils are used to regulate these properties. Mixtures of several surfactants with mineral oils, waxes, paraffins, and hydrophilic colloids are usually used to give the fibre the required set of properties [2]. The advantage of multicomponent products is their complex effect on many process properties: emulsification of the oil in water, wetting of the fibre, reduction of friction, making the fibre compact, etc. Four samples of Avivazh NTP with different liquid paraffin contents were prepared at Ivkhimprom Co. All of the samples were miscible with water in any ratios and were easily removed from the fibre by washing. Hansa (Germany), which is highly recommended in the industry, was selected as the standard for comparison. The effect of the composition on the properties of the products was investigated by viscometry, thermal gravimetry, and teraohmmetry. The effect of the oils on the physicomechanical, electtrophysical, and tribological properties and processability of the fibres was evaluated. The technical data used with the oils are reported in Table 1. As Table 1 shows, the thermostability of all samples of Avivazh NTP was higher than for Hansa: the weight loss in

Reactions of 2-dicyanomethylidene-3-ethoxymethylidene-2,3-dihydroindole with various amines afforded enamino dinitriles and the corresponding pyrido[4,3-b]indoles (γ-carbolines). 3-Amino-4-cyano-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole reacted with cyclohexanone to give pentacyclic 13-amino-2,3,4,12-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]indolo[2,3-f]-1,8-naphthyridine. Alkylation of pyrido[4,3-b]indoles with various alkylating agents was studied.

Experiments on rats revealed sex-related differences in bilirubin concentration in the bile and bile flow rate against the background of obstructive cholestasis. These differences disappeared after gonadectomy. There were no sex-related differences in the rate of bilirubin excretion with the bile after removal of cholestasis, which was attained through different mechanisms in males and females.

DSC studies of melting process of annealed native structures and postdenatured ones in low-amylose starches with different degrees of hydration were carried out. The starch recrystallization at different thermal treatments of the samples was studied both after the complete and partial destroy of native structures. It has been shown that native structures as well as postdenatured ones possess the ability to perfection, which is most clearly seen at the annealing at temperatures inside their melting ranges. The results obtained demonstrate that at the same duration of annealing the process of crystal perfection for secondary starch structures proceed more intensively compared to the native ones. The presence of the remained native structures in partial melt in contrast to the remained gel ones restricts the ability of the recrystallized structures to perfection.

Condensation of indolin-2-one (oxindole) lactim ether with malononitrile leads to 2-dicyanomethylidene-2,3-dihydroindole, the reaction of which with dimethylformamide diethyl acetal (or with triethyl orthoformate) and the subsequent cyclization afford 4-cyanopyrido[4,3- b]indoles (γ-carbolines). 3-Amino-4-cyanopyrido[4,3-b]indole was used in the synthesis of substituted pyrimido[4,5-c]-γ-carbolines.

Condensation of lactim ethers of 3,4-dihydrocarbostyril and 1H-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenz[b]azepin-2-one with malonodinitrile, cyanoacetamide, and ethyl cyanoacetate gave the corresponding 2-methylidene derivatives. Their reactions with dimethylformamide diethyl acetal followed by cyclization into benzo[b][1,6]naphthyridines and pyrido[4,3-b]benz[f ]azepines were studied.

Immunohistochemical study revealed overexpression of prolactin receptors in central and peripheral cells of intrahepatic grafts from H27 rat hepatoma without changes in compartmentalization compared to hepatocytes of intact animals. Experiments with gonadectomized animals showed that the hormonal regulation of prolactin receptors in both types of tumor cells does not differ from that in normal liver cells (positive estrogen-dependent regulation and negative androgen-dependent regulation).

The cottoids – Batrachocottus multiradiatus, Asprocottus herzensteini, Cyphocottus megalops, Limnocottus bergianus and Limnocottus pallidus are bottom eurybathic species in Lake Baikal, which reside under similar light conditions. All have mixed rod–cone retinas. However, B. multiradiatus and C. megalops have more developed cone vision, whereas A. herzensteini, L. bergianus and L. pallidus have scotopic vision as predominant. Differences in retinal structure of these species, living under almost the same conditions of luminosity, suggest they colonized deep water at different periods in the long history of Baikal.

We study the anodic behavior of 08Kh18N9T stainless steel in solutions of electrolytes. It is shown that the passive state of steel caused by a dense oxide film is violated in a mixture of sulfamic acid with chlorides. The kinetics of the anodic process is analyzed and the reactions running in the process of dissolution of steel under the conditions of anodic polarization are described.

A complex procedure for quantitative allowance for small but significant effects of molecular orientation by strong static magnetic fields was elaborated. A series of high-resolution 1H NMR spectra of 1,2,3-trichloronaphthalene recorded at magnetic field strength varied over a wide range was analyzed in the framework of a unified approach with high accuracy. The spin-spin coupling constants and the dipole-dipole coupling constants for all pairs of 1H nuclei and the anisotropy and rhombicity parameters of the magnetic susceptibility tensor of the molecule were determined. Ab initio CSGT/RHF quantum chemical calculations of this property using a wide range of conventional diffuse and polarization basis set functions were carried out. Augmentation of the basis set with polarization functions affects the values of the calculated parameters to a lesser extent compared to augmentation with diffuse functions. The results of calculations using the 6-311G(df) and 6-311++G(df) basis sets are in good agreement with the experimental values of the magnetic susceptibility anisotropy for 1,2,3-trichloronaphthalene. The advantages of the method proposed and specific features of the effects of orientation by magnetic field as a new source of information on the structure of molecules in solution are discussed.

The incidence of somatic mutagenesis of p53 oncosuppressor protein in malignant tumors of the stomach and genetic polymorphism of p53 were studied in patients with stomach cancer on DNA samples isolated from tumor tissues obtained during surgery. The incidence of Pro/Pro genotype increased in the patients, while the percentage of Arg/Pro heterozygotes was markedly lower compared to long-living persons without cancer. The incidence of p53 somatic mutations in exons 5, 7, 8 was 70.8%; multiple mutations were detected in half of the examined patients. The relationship between the intensity of p53 mutagenesis and histological structure of the tumor was detected. The contribution of p53 genetic status to the risk of stomach cancer can be more effectively evaluated on DNA samples isolated from not only tumor cells, but also from normal tissues. The effects of epigenetic factors determining the intensity of somatic mutagenesis of p53 in tumors should be taken into account.

It is established that the adsorbability of cinnamic acid from solutions on the surface of highly dispersed silica decreases with an increase in the polarity and electron-donor ability of a solvent. The adsorption process is considerably affected by the hydrophobization of the surface. The adsorption curve passes through a maximum when methyl groups are substituted for 40–55% of the total number of hydroxyls on the silica surface. Probable structures of adsorption complexes are suggested.

The effects of obstructive cholestasis and sex hormones on the total content of prolactin receptor mRNA and ratio of mRNAs of its short and long isoforms have been studied in rat hepatocytes. Obstructive cholestasis caused insignificant changes in total content of prolactin receptor mRNA, but the proportion of mRNA of the long isoform increased. Comparison of prolactin receptor mRNA levels in gonadectomized and intact animals revealed opposite effects of male and female sex hormones on total mRNA, but both groups of these hormones increased the proportion of prolactin receptor short form mRNA. Changes in ratio of mRNA of receptor isoforms found in rat hepatocytes under obstructive cholestasis did not depend on levels of sex hormones. Obstructive cholestasis and sex hormones are suggested to regulate the content of long and short prolactin receptor isoforms in hepatocytes independently.

This review highlights the generation of various types of short forms of membrane hormonal receptors and the mode of regulation of their tissue-specific patterns. The short forms of membrane receptors are classified on the basis of localization of missing functional fragments. The review provides examples of tissues for which expression of short forms may serve as a marker of changes of ontogenetic stage, physiological state, or the development of pathological process. The short forms of receptors are shown to participate in determining tissue-specificity and efficacy of hormonal signal transduction, as well as in transport of hormones within cell, through physiological barriers, and in blood circulation. Peculiarities of signal transduction pathways for short receptor forms and potential physiological significance of these forms are analyzed. It is concluded that the ratio of long and short receptor forms may serve as a key marker of dynamic changes of differentiation stage and alterations of metabolic and proliferative activity of tissues under normal and pathologic conditions, and thus to be an important indicator of therapeutic effect for many pathological processes.

The gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori is found in human gastric mucosa. A widely distributed H. pylori infection is associated with chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and malignant neoplasms. In this study proteome maps of four H. pylori clinical isolates derived from patients of two Russian regions (Moscow/Moscow Region and Novosibirsk) were obtained using 2D-electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF-mass-spectrometry. Variability of some H. pylori proteins and the level of their expression have been evaluated. These four isolates could be easily subdivided into two equal groups characterized by the close proteome profiles and the isolate from Moscow Region and the isolate from Novosibirsk constituted one group. The present study demonstrates the potential of proteome technology, which can be employed together with genome and transcriptome studies for the multiparameter typing of clinical isolates of pathogenic microorganisms.

A mathematical model is presented and the possibility of analytic application of electrodes of vanadium and tungsten oxide bronzes for the ion-selective determination of concentrations of oxygen-containing vanadium(5+) and tungsten(6+) ions in aqueous solutions 10–5 to 10–2 M at controlled pH is established.

Indirect immunoperoxidase assay and computer analysis of photographic images revealed more intensive expression of prolactin receptors in hepatocytes of women compared to men. The intensity of expression was maximum in secondary liver cancer, high in obstructive jaundice of different etiology, and less pronounced in cholelithiasis. The expression of prolactin receptors in cholangiocytes was higher than in hepatocytes and was maximum during obstructive jaundice of different etiology. Cells of secondary tumors were characterized by low expression, while distant hepatocytes most intensively expressed prolactin receptors.

A Mycoplasma hominis chromosomal fragment containing the full-length ftsZ gene was cloned and sequenced. Natural expression of this gene was demonstrated by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) with total RNA. TheM. hominis FtsZ protein was shown to differ substantially from its counterparts of two otherMycoplasma species, M. genitalium,and M. pneumoniae.The possibility of M. hominis ftsZ expression in Escherichia coliwas demonstrated with several bacterial strains. The M. hominis FtsZ protein was isolated from E. coli cells transformed with recombinant plasmids carrying the M. hominis ftsZ gene. Complementation between theE. coli and M. hominis FtsZ proteins was observed in transformants.

DNA macroarrays were used to characterize 17 Helicobacter pylori strains isolated in four geographic regions of Russia (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan, and Novosibirsk). Of all genes, 1272 (81%) proved to occur in all strains and to constitute a functional core of the genome, and 293 (18.7%) were strain-specific and greatly varied among the H. pylori strains. Most (71%) of the latter had unknown functions; the remainder included restriction-modification genes (3-9%), transposition genes (2-4%), and genes coding for outer membrane proteins (2-4%). The Russian H. pylori strains did not differ in genome organization or in the number and distribution of strain-specific genes from strains isolated in other countries.

The effect of cocultivation of eukaryotic HeLa cells and Mycoplasma hominis mycoplasma on the resistance of the latter to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin) was examined. It was shown that cocultivation of the M. homonisand HeLa cells during 24 h with subsequent addition of ciprofloxacin resulted in an increase of the micoplasma resistance to this antimicrobial agent. In the M. hominis cells cultivated in the presence of HeLa cells and the increasing concentration of ciprofloxacin mutations in the parC gene were observed only at low concentrations of the antimicrobial agent, while mutations in the gyrA gene were never detected. A gradual elevation of ciprofloxacin concentration up to 10 μg/ml resulted in the reversion of the parC mutations in mycoplasmas. Mycoplasma cells resistant to high flouroquinolone concentrations and isolated after cocultivation with the HeLa cells were characterized by the wild-type genotype in respect of the gyrA and parC genes. It was shown that infection of HeLa cells resulted in the appearance of genome rearrangements in M. hominis cells.

Materials have been generalized that were accumulated in population-ontogenetic studies of plants and leading features of the ontogeny of plants have been noted that determine specific structural features of their populations. The described patterns allowed the authors to develop simulation models of plant population dynamics. The results of simulation are provided, and they are compared to the empirical data. Problems have been considered that concern the influence of specific features of development of different plant biomorphs on the genetic structure of populations and biocoenotic processes.

Based on the results of our own long-term experiments and the analysis of published data, the process of individual development (ontogeny) of trees and the parameters of ontogenetic stages are described. Changes in the environment-forming (edificatory) role of a tree in the course of ontogeny and upon its completion are characterized. The performance of this role leads to the formation of the following components of biogeocenosis heterogeneity: phytogenic fields of trees, “gaps in the tree canopy,” and windfall–soil complexes. The data concerning the interrelation of structural transformations of the plant and soil covers in the course of forest vegetation and soil formation on the primary substrate are reviewed.

Film electrodes, modified with the NaV6O15(Na 0.33 V 2 O 5) bronze and selective to V(5+) ions in acidic and neutral media, are studied. The active concentration range is shown to be 10-2 to 10-5 M. The concentration dependence of the potential obeys the Nernst equation with a slope of 59.4 ±0.8 mV/pc corresponding to a one-electron transition VO 2 + → VO2+ at pH 1.5-2.0 (cation function). At pH 5.0-6.0, the dependence corresponds to the transition VO 3 - → VO2+ (anion function) with a slope of-58.0 ±0.7 mV/pc

Using the technique of immunohistochemistry in combination with cytophotometry, we have studied the effect of periovulatory hyper- and hypoprolactinemia on the expression of prolactin receptors in various cell types of rat ovaries during early estrus. It has been shown that intense specific staining of oocytes is positively controlled by prolactin. The maximal intensity of specific staining was found in cells of the cumulus and the inner layer of granulosa cells in mature follicles; staining intensity gradually diminished towards the outer boundary cell layer. Postovulatory follicles are distinct from those mature follicles in which there was no ovulation in their more intense manifestation of prolactin receptors in cells of the inner layer and cumulus, as well as in increased positive staining (after prolactin administration) only in the granulosa layer cells closest to theca. In follicles which did not ovulate by the time of the early estrus, prolactin administration leads to a proportional growth of specific immunoreactivity in all cell layers of the granulosa. The administration of bromocryptin, an inhibitor of prolactin secretion, leading to a 10-fold decrease in the prolactin level in the blood, results in a twofold decrease in the intensity of specific staining of all cell layers of the granulosa in either type of follicle. Corpora lutea of the previous cycle have irregularly positioned luteocytes with weak and strong specific staining, the intensity of which is not changed in response to prolactin and diminishes slightly after the administration of bromocryptin. We conclude that the most intense changes in the content of prolactin receptors under the conditions of imbalance of this hormone during the periovulatory period are observed in those follicles where the oocyte did not ovulate by the time of early estrus.

The possibility of realizing internal optical bistability in solutions of complex polar molecules in binary solvents is theoretically investigated. The hysteresis dependences of absorption on the exciting-radiation intensity for these solutions are shown to be related to the cooperative nature of the process of nonspecific solvation.

Ligation of the common bile duct induced intense nuclear expression of prolactin receptors in hepatocytes of male and female rats. Bromocriptin abolished this effect in female, but not in male rats. In males with ectopic pituitary transplants, nuclear and cytoplasmic manifestations of prolactin receptors in hepatocytes decreased. It is concluded that prolactin exerted a sex-dependent effect on the content of prolactin receptors in hepatocyte nuclei in rats.

Intense expression of prolactin receptors in cholangiocyte nuclei, nuclear membranes, and cytoplasm was demonstrated by the indirect immunoperoxidase method in intact and gonadectomied male and female rats after ligation of the common bile duct. The intensity of staining increased during cholangiocyte proliferative response to the intervention and, in contrast to hepatocytes, did not depend on animal sex and the presence of the gonads.

Genetic control of differentiation processes in radish was studied in vitro on the level of morphogenic capacities of explants. We have shown that when cultured on hormone-free MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962), isolated radish cotyledons can produce callus and/or roots. At the same time, excised seedling apices placed on MS medium supplied with exogenous cytokinin can form multiple shoots or crop-root-like structures. In our model, the ability of explants to undergo the above morphogenic events in culture under certain in vitro conditions was examined as a genetic marker. As forms tested, highly inbred radish lines maintained by tight inbreeding for 28–34 generations were used. We have shown that ability of excised cotyledons to produce callus is controlled by a single gene, while their root-producing capacity is under di-genic control with some additional influence of the cytoplasm. Analysis of inheritance of seedling apex capacity to produce crop-root-like structures in response to exogenous cytokinin led us to propose the interaction of three genes in control of this trait.

Peculiarities of cell and tissue distribution of somatotropin receptors in liver cells of male rats and intact, pregnant, and estrogenized female rats is studied using an indirect immunohistochemical method. Experiments reveal equal and positively regulated by female hormones expression of somatotropin receptors in all hepatocytes.

Changes in the expression of prolactin receptors in the liver in response to partial hepatectomy are studied in gonadectomized male and female rats using the indirect immunoperoxidase method. Experiments reveal the rise of prolactin receptor expression only at the early stages of regeneration (15 and 30 min postoperation). Intense expression of prolactin receptors in vesicular hepatocyte membranes coincides with lipid infiltration and high mitotic activity of hepatocytes 35 h after initiation of regeneration.

Expression of prolactin receptors (PR) in the nuclei and plasma membrane of the bile duct cells is demonstrated in 1-45-day-old male and female rats with the use of indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The intensity of PR staining in the bile duct cells is not sex-dependent; it increases from the 1st day till the 45th day and disappears by the 65th day of postnatal ontogeny. The PR-specific staining of hepatocytes also increases during the first 45 days of postnatal life and becomes sex-dependent by the 65th day.

Androgen receptors in the liver of pubertal male rats are identified by an indirect immunoperoxidase method. Hepatocyte nuclei predominate among positively stained structures. The intensity of staining varies from hepatocyte to hepatocyte and does not depend on its position in the liver lobule.