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Low consistency (LC) refining of (chemi-)thermomechanical pulp (TMP) provides an energy efficient alternative to high consistency refining for pulp property development. However, the benefit of LC refining is often limited by excessive fibre shortening, lower tear strength and a reduction of bulk caused by the refining process. In this study, microfibres produced by LC refining of TMP and kraft pulp fibres were investigated for their reinforcement potential in high freeness mechanical pulp. Primary pulp at 645 mL Canadian Standard Freeness was LC refined to different energy targets as a baseline for mechanical and optical property development. In contrast, the same primary pulp was reinforced with different microfibre types in ratios that yielded the same specific energies of the baseline LC refined pulp. The study revealed that at equivalent energies, the addition of TMP microfibres to the high freeness primary pulp displayed tensile development identical to the LC refined pulp, with significantly improved tear and bulk. The addition of kraft microfibre to primary pulp produced the highest tensile and tear strength but compromised light scattering. Additionally, all microfibre composites showed improved elongation, as opposed to no notable change in elongation with conventional LC refining. This investigation proposes an alternative, cost-effective approach for developing high bulk, high strength mechanical pulp by limiting the extent of second stage refining and using LC refined microfibres for pulp reinforcement. The high tear–high bulk open construction of the composite paper is likely to benefit boxboard and packaging applications.

This chapter provides an overview of the domain of supply chain planning in the pulp and paper industry. A short description of the industry and its particular characteristics is provided along with a short discussion on what differentiates pulp and paper from other industries. Key papers in the field are also reviewed and discussed. The chapter focus of the key decisions and planning problems in supply chain planning at the strategic, tactical and operational levels. This relates for all the process steps included in the chain, that is, procurement, production, distribution and sales. Industrial cases are describes as examples. In addition, the chapter discusses emerging concepts and important issues in the field, such as the challenge of coordinating sales and operations as well as anticipating and adapting the transformation of the traditional pulp and paper supply chain into an integrated biorefinery supply chain.

In this chapter, we study Finland, Sweden and Norway as examples of countries with small firm populations without intense domestic competition. This has enabled firms to build certain organizational capabilities while neglecting others. The basic story-line in the Nordic paper industry evolution is that a few firms that emerged as industrial populations were (a) built on to exploit abundant raw materials (timber, water, labor); (b) focused to a large extent on exporting their products; and (c) relied on cooperation between competitors to success in competition with the large firms populations of Britain and Germany – the two main markets for Nordic paper industry products.

This chapter discusses the evolution of the South American pulp and paper industry (PPI), emphasising Brazil, Chile and Uruguay. The analysis is mainly based on secondary sources and demonstrates how the industry has evolved from its establishment to its present organization, the development of mechanisms and institutions to support innovation and the political, economic and legal regulations, including environmental regulation and social responsibility. This analysis is justified because of the importance the region has gained in the scenario of PPI worldwide, following a trend of reorganization and expansion of the PPI.

This chapter explores the evolution of the pulp and paper industry in Russia. The evolution is divided into three main periods: the era of the Russian Empire, the Soviet era and the era of transition to the market economy. The evolution described refers to changes in the technology and resources used in the industry, the changes in products and output volumes, as well as the changes in government policies. The road of many transitions of pulp and paper in Russia can be traced from the early 1700s to the development of the Russian paper giants, which are the world players of today. Also, the main challenges of the pulp and paper industry in the first decade of 2000 are analysed. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the evolution of the development of the pulp and paper industry in other transitional countries of Central Eastern Europe. The evolution path of the transition countries seems to have created certain common features in the pulp and paper industry in the transition countries. However, these countries have quite different pre-socialist economic, cultural and political histories. There are a few indicators of a path dependency in the most recent development of the Russian pulp and paper industry. The challenges currently faced by the pulp and paper industry are similar to those of the last century: the Soviet legacy of inefficient institutions, unclear legislation, environmental degradation, lack of investment in efficient technologies and infrastructure. As the industry became largely monopolized by a few major players, the future development will depend crucially on their ability to make investments and also on the growing environmental awareness of forests and the change to a low carbon economy, which would pose more challenges for the pulp and paper industry.

The contemporary history of the paper and board industry in the Netherlands is the narrative of an industry that had to cope with considerable competitive disadvantages. This chapter analyses the evolution of the paper and board industry in the Netherlands and the way businessmen formulated their strategies to increase the profitability of their activities and decrease the uncertainties of competition. How did the industry cope with the challenges of the markets, the increasing international competition and the formal and informal institutional context? After a brief introduction of the pre-industrial era and the slow process of industrialization during the nineteenth century, this chapter will focus on the development of the industry and the corporate strategies that became apparent during the twentieth century.

Paper chemicals and their use, L. Wagberg and L. Winter the use of retention and drainage aids in the wet end, K. Johansson et al the source and control of paper machine deposits, T. Hassler fillers for papermaking, R.A. Gill starch in papermaking, M. Georgeson the improvement in dry strength by synthetic polymers, S.N. Jenkins the practical application of wet-strength resins, F. Linhart the use and mis-use of dyestuffs and fluorescent whitening agents, F. Colling sizing in acid, neutral and alkaline conditions, P. Otway and K. Smith on-line monitoring and control in the wet end, T. Sopenlehto foam control in the mill - a practical review, M.R. Hunt.

The ability to wet-strengthen paper is an important requirement of the paper industry because wet strength agents allow for the manufacture of a variety of paper grades and products. The most significant area of application is in the manufacture of hygiene grades of paper, including hand towels and facial tissues, kitchen towels and serviettes, and other tableware products. Another important area of application is in packaging grades, including liquid packaging board for fruit juice and milk cartons; carrier bags and paper sacks; and corrugated cardboard boxes for transportation of fruit, meat and other items. Speciality grades, such as tea bags and coffee filters, bottle labels and currency paper, and wallpaper and poster paper also use wet strength agents. In fact, any grade of paper that needs to maintain a degree of strength and integrity after becoming wet involves the application of a wet strength agent.

Namakkal district in Tamilnadu, India is climatically semi-arid with low rainfall of ca.400 mm per year. Agriculture of sorghum and manihot through well irrigation in some localized areas is practiced in this district. In rivurine areas, cultivation of coconut, sugarcane and banana are also made. Effluents through sago industries, paper industries and sugarcane industries are generally polluting the soil and well water drastically in many parts of the district, which results in the soil not so fit for plant growth and well water not good for drinking and agriculture. Oddapalli is an agricultural belt in Namakkal district contains ca. 10,000 ha of farming land and most of it depends on well water for agriculture. Hence to asses the quality of ground water, the present study was attempted in the water samples collected from a well, located at Oddapalli where Seshasayee paper mill and Ponni sugar mill effluents are being discharged without proper treatment. The results of the study revealed that the samples contained significantly higher amount of total solids and dissolved CO2, elements such as Mg, Ca and Fe and the nutrients such as NO3, SO4 and PO4 than that of the standards prescribed by WHO. On the other hand, contents of dissolved O2 was very low in the well water in comparison to that of standard. Further, it has been estimated that the chlorides and total solids are higher in the well water then that of the irrigation standard. The over all study shows that the well water of Oddapalli is not adequately suitable for drinking as well as agriculture. Hence proper treatment of effluent of paper and sugar mills is suggested before discharging so as to fit for all domestic and farming purposes which also keep the soil environment in healthy status at maximum extent.

Pulp and paper industry is one among the 11 most polluting industry in India are utilizing natural resources as lignocellulose, inorganic and organic materials, and large volume of water in pulping and bleaching stages of the paper manufacturing. In manufacturing processes, 1 tonne of paper generates about 150 m3 of waste water contains lignin and its degradation products, resin acids, fatty acids and lignosulphonics. In bleaching stages, waste water contains nascent chlorine, chlorinated organic compounds, dioxin, furan, peroxides etc. The coloured compounds and adsorbable organic halogens formed due to environmental factors in waste water exhibit strong mutagenic effects, physiological impairment and they are ­ecoestrogens. In addition they are recognized as an excellent source of food, fuel, feed, chemicals, vitamins and bioactive compounds after biodegradation and bioconversion of biowaste. This potential is being realized as data from research in the areas of the physiology and chemistry of microorganisms which have been used for treatment of effluent by aerobic and anaerobic methods in different types of bioreactors. The major enzymes, xylanases and ligninases, have been used and commercialized successfully for biopulping and biobleaching purposes for production of ecofriendly pulp and paper, recovery of products, and environmental waste management. Their commercial role as value added products has been established after evaluation of detoxification of toxicants. In this review, the pulping and bleaching processes of pulp and paper, formation of organic compounds, use of microorganisms in degradation and bioconversion of biowaste in different types of bioreactors are discussed. The methods for detection of toxic compounds in the effluent and evaluation of detoxification are also described so that value added products ­recovered from effluent can be used commercially.

Pulp and paper mills are categorized as a core sector industry and are the fifth largest contributor to industrial water pollution. Pulp and paper production has increased globally and will contribute to increase in the near future. For every tonne of paper produced, these mills generate 220-380 m3 of highly coloured and potentially toxic wastewater. The pulp and paper mill is a major industrial sector utilizing a huge amount of lignocellulosic materials and water during the manufacturing process, and releases chlorinated lignosulphonic acids, chlorinated resin acids, chlorinated phenols and chlorinated hydrocarbons in the effluent. About 500 different chlorinated organic compounds have been identified including chloroform, chlorate, resin acids, chlorinated hydrocarbons, phenols, catechols, guaiacols, furans, dioxins, syringols, vanillins, etc. In wastewater these compounds are estimated collectively as “Adorbable Organic Halides” AOX. This paper is the state of the art review of the manufacturing process, treatability of the pulp and paper mill wastewater and performance of available treatment processes. A comparison of all treatment processes is presented emphasis being made on the treatability studies of AOX.

Water is particularly important substance in papermaking. It plays essential role in fibers transportation, equipment cleaning, lubrication, cooling and in development of a product quality. A tendency to reduce the fresh water consumption in paper production is economically and environmentally justifiable but it must be emphasized that strict closing of water system in paper mill has significant negative impact on several technological operations. High water temperature, as well as increased content of suspended and dissolved solids in water system of a paper machine is examples of major consequences of closing the water loop. As a result, serious problems may cause e.g. paper defects, loss of product quality and problems with run ability of a paper machine. Situation becomes even worse when recycled raw materials are used. Hence, methods of fresh water usage reduction in papermaking are very complex issues and usually depend on the degree of closure. Equilibrium between the advantages and the disadvantages relevant to water consumption restrictions should be established. The acceptable level of water loop closure will depend on the several factors e.g. paper quality required, raw materials used, chemical additives, equipment and staff education.

Canada’s status as a “New World” country with a relatively small population and abundant natural resources dictated that the pulp and paper industry arrived late, enjoyed rapid growth that propelled it into a prolonged period of international ascendancy, and then suffered a steep downturn in its fortunes, one from which its escape is hardly assured. The chapter will trace the industry’s development from the early 1800s until today, focusing in particular on corporate strategy, industry structure and the role of the government.

Waste paper collection rate is one of indexes to calculate how many percentage of waste paper collected in the total amount of paper and paper board consumption and measures the effectiveness of one country’s waste paper collection process. Nowadays, waste paper collecting has become a serious issue in China for its low collection rate. This article tries to use of linear regression and grey correlation to analyze both endogenous factors and possible exogenous factors affect on collection rate. The results shows that the amount of waste paper collection influences largely on collection rate comparing with other factors, and level of aging and gross domestic product per capita are positive related with waste paper collection rate.

Pulp and paper industries are capital intensive and benefit from economies of scale. The vast majority of paper products are made from cellulose fibres, the aggregate of fibres being known as pulps. Chemical pulp mills typically operate at tonnages of 1000 tonnes per day, while a modern newsprint machine will produce 600 tonnes per day.

This chapter describes the development and structure of the NAPAP model and compares it to other forest sector models. The NAPAP model was based on PELPS and adapted to describe paper and paperboard product demand, pulp- wood and recovered paper supply, and production capacity and technology, with spatially dynamic market equilibria. We describe how the model predicts paper and paperboard product demands and trade flows over time, concurrently with regional capacity changes and corresponding shifts in process technology based on Tobin's q theory of capital investment. We describe how the model was tested and calibrated and then provide examples of applications. The NAPAP model was designed to work within the context of the RPA Timber Assessment to project ongoing and future economic trends in the US and Canadian pulp and paper sectors. The model was designed to take into account changes in demand and supply for all primary pulp, paper, and paperboard products, changes in indus- try capacity by process and region, and regional markets for hard- wood pulpwood, softwood pulpwood, and recovered paper. Six North American supply regions (Canada East and West, US North, South- east, South Central, and West) were represented in the latest version of the model, along with three demand regions (Canada, USA, and the rest of the world).

The softened rolling contact of two paper machine rolls is considered. A regenerative excitation source can exists in the system due to the finite relaxation time of the roll cover polymer materials. The modeling of the rolls is described by multibody substructuring methodology and the polymer cover layer between the rolls in contact is modeled by contact spring reaction forces calculated according to the stiffness of the layer. The regenerative excitation is introduced to the system as a time delay term and it is calculated from the penetration history of the cover layer. The solution of the system equations is obtained by numerical time integration by utilizing the method of steps time delay equation solution procedure. Some numerical results are illustrated.

Size press technology has undergone a revolutionary change over the past ten years. The driving force behind this was the speed increase of fine paper machines which the conventional pond size press was incapable of matching. New generation film presses were born, with no speed limits and with the flexibility to produce different kinds of surface sizing treatments, until finally the new process has become a challenger to the blade coating process itself. The competing blade surface sizing technology lost its chance because of low efficiency and inadequate paper quality. The gateroll film press, even though having good efficiency, also has quality limitations as well as too low a speed limit in coating and in surface sizing, especially with high size amounts.

The paper industry in India is more than a century old. Commercial production of paper started as early as 1879. Limitations with respect to forest-based raw materials forced the Indian paper industry, in these early stages of its development, to utilise non-conventional materials, such as straw, bagasse, and textile material. India was the first country in the world to have a paper mill relying entirely on bamboo as its primary fibre. The use of non-conventional raw materials was strongly supported by the Indian government (RAO 1989). Around 1950 waste paper was also introduced as a raw material for the production of paper.

World wide consumption of pulp and paper products now exceeds 268 million tons per year (PPI 1995) and has been steadily rising since the late 1970s (PPI 1991, Smook 1989). Per capita consumption varies considerably from around 332.6 kg of pulp products in the United States to 71.2 kg in Malta and 2.7 kg in India (PPI 1991). The pulp and paper industry is expected to grow significantly in the newly industrialised countries of Africa and Latin America while the highest rates of growth are expected in SE Asia (PPI 1995). World consumption is projected to rise to over 310 million tonnes in the year 2000 (Myreen 1994) with a significant impact on the chemical industry as well given that some 16.5 million tons of chemicals are used annually in the US and Canadian industries alone. It has been estimated that approximately US$ 50 worth of chemicals are used in the production of every ton of bleached softwood pulp, US$ 20 per ton of newsprint and US$ 80 per ton of reprographic papers (Burt 1987). Costs of finished pulps delivered to northern Europe range between 300–500 US$ per tonne, depending upon origin, and the industry is, in general, highly competitive (Reeve 1999). Historically, pulp and paper production has long been recognised as a significant point source of pollution. Early control initiatives in the UK, for example, concentrated upon reducing the loading of suspended solids and biological oxygen demand (BOD) to the recipient (Waldmeyer 1957). BOD control is still problematic in areas where discharges are made to restricted watercourses or enclosed coastal areas. A study of the Sone River in India (Srivastava et al. 1988) has shown that the river effectively required 216 km to revert to its original condition after receiving the effluent from a mill of installed capacity of 85 kt per year. Estimated BOD-7 (biological oxygen demand measured over 7 days) discharges direct to the Gulf of Bothnia, Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea and Kattegat totalled some 180 kt per year in the late 1980s (CGB 1987). Technologies used or under development at this time included percolating filters, activated sludge processes, anaerobic treatment and high pressure oxidation. These were all broadly end-of-pipe methodologies whose counterparts may be found at many modem mills.

Fiber supply, waste reduction and pollution control have long been key challenges facing the pulp and paper industry in Taiwan. Water usage, energy consumption and capital effectiveness are also high on the list. An average of 5,213 hectares of plantation was established each year on the island in the past decade to provide a wood volume of approximately 26 thousand cubic meters annually. To complement the supply of increasingly expensive virgin fiber, the industry in 1997 re-utilized about 4 million tons of waste paper, of which nearly 70% was collected domestically. This secondary fiber input for paper and board production eliminated both the construction of ten incinerators and 3.65 million tons of C02 emission.

This study demonstrates a new and realizable possibility of 1T-type ferroelectric random access memory devices using an all solution processing method with cellulose paper substrates. A ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) thin film was formed on a paper substrate with an Al electrode for the bottom gate structure, and then a semiconducting poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin film was formed on the P(VDF-TrFE)/paper structure using a spin-coating technique. The fabricated ferroelectric gate field effect transistors (FeFETs) on the cellulose paper substrates demonstrated excellent ferroelectric property with a memory window width of 20 V for a bias voltage sweep from −30 to 30 V, and the on/off ratio of the device was approximately 102. These results agree well with those of the FeFETs fabricated on a rigid Si substrate. These results will lead to the emergence of printable electron devices on paper. Furthermore, these non-volatile paper memory devices, which are fabricated by a solution processing method, are reliable, very inexpensive, have a high-density, and can be fabricated easily.

Modern papermaking is, from a mechanical point of view, a very well refined process utilizing what might well be the most advanced process control used in any industry. The art of preparing fibres from trees and forming a sheet of paper from these fibres has reached a degree of sophistication which, for an unknowledged outside observer, must appear phenomenal. Hundreds of tonnes of a leaf thin sheet (e.g. newsprint) can be produced each day at a speed of 90 km/h (equivalent to 1500 m/min) so a chapter within the above title seems trivial in this context. However, the modern papermaking process is very sensitive to disturbances, and the formation of deposits is one of the most important factors limiting the productivity on a paper machine today. Further, paper defects (such as breaks, holes and spots very often caused by deposits) represent one of the most common complaints of a user/buyer of paper, but still deposit control does not usually get high attention and on the contrary, deposit control is often considered unnecessary in the ultimate papermaking process which all papermakers strive to reach. However, it is often forgotten that trees represent a living material made not only of cellulose fibres but also, like any living organism, of a number of substances produced by the tree so that it can live and that recycled waste paper often contains large quantities of non-fibrous material causing a deposit problem. Further, it is only natural that microorganisms (that potentially can cause problems in the papermaking process) are present in a papermaking system, as these represent a natural part of life with presence just about everywhere on the earth. This chapter reviews the source and control of paper machine deposits and the alternative methods of application of chemicals to minimize/eliminate these troublesome deposits.

The objective of the studies was to evaluate the appropriateness of paper mill lime sludge for liming through its chemical composition, its effects on the chemical properties of an acid Oxic Paleustult, and on growth of corn plants in this soil in a greenhouse and a field experiment. Treatments in the greenhouse experiment consisted of a factorial combination of 5 rates of lime sludge (0, 312.5, 625, 1250 and 2500 kg ha-1) and 3 rates each of K and Mg (0, 0.25, and 0.5 cmol kg-1), while those of the field experiment were the 5 rates of lime sludge only. The lime sludge had a high calcium carbonate equivalent (91.3%), it increased soil pH, Bray II extractable P and exchangeable Ca and decreased exchangeable Al and H contents, as application rate increased. However, increased levels of soil Na and Cl occurred at high rates of application of lime sludge. Increased rates of K, Mg and lime significantly increased corn top yields in the greenhouse experiment. However, corn yield was significantly decreased by 625 kg lime sludge ha-1 when K was applied at the highest rate. Inadequate Ca and Mg concentrations in corn, especially at the highest K rate, were associated with the yield depression. Maximum top yields in both experiments were obtained at 312.5 kg lime sludge ha-1.

Pulp and paper production is classified as a water consuming industrial activity. In this study, effluent treatments that have been proved to be functionabley economical and effective for paper mills are examined. Emphasis is given in mechanical (filtering), physicochemical (coagulation-flotation-sedimentation) and biological treatment (aerobic — anaerobic).

There is increasing interest in the use of composted organic wastes for intensive vegetable production. Here, systematically designed fertilizer experiments with factorial combinations of organic wastes, a town waste compost and a paper mill waste composted with bark, and top-dress ammonium nitrate were carried out on summer cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata cv. Lima) and randomised block designed experiments were conducted to evaluate seedlings emergence and plant growth rates on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cvs. Serda and Animo). Summer cabbage responded positively to base organic wastes in the absence of top-dressed ammonium nitrate whilst high base organic waste application rates caused cabbage growth reduction. There was clear evidence that lettuce growth rates increased with increasing concentration of composted paper mill waste whereas negative responses occurred with composted town waste. Inhibitory effects of town waste compost on lettuce seedling emergence and plant growth were likely to be the result of a combination of the high electrical conductivity, ammonia toxicity and a low degree of stabilisation of this compost. Field application rates of composts were limited by compost heavy-metal concentration to rates of 27 t ha−1 year−1 and 32 t ha−1 year−1 respectively for paper mill waste composted with bark and town waste compost.

Europe is the second-largest paper producing and consuming area in the world after North America. In 1989 the production of paper and paperboard was close to 60 million tons, about 25% of total world output. Consumption was slightly above 56 million tons, or about 157 kilos per capita.

Biotechnology generates tools: enzymes and microorganisms that permit one (i) to reduce pollution, chemical and energy requirements, and (ii) to obtain biodegradable and less toxic side products. This is mainly related to the high specificity of enzymes which hydrolyse lignocellulosic materials. Enzymes can be used to prevent or minimise pollution in the process, and microorganisms for the elimination of pollution.

The annual reproductive success of Coregonus albula and C. lavaretus in some polluted and clean areas of the central parts of L. Paijanne was estimated in 1981–90 on the basis of occurrence of larvae in shore seine and seine net samples after the ice melted. In polluted areas (0-5 km from Kaipola paper mill) larvae of coregonids were found only occasionally. In semipolluted areas (5–15 km from the paper mill) the densities of larvae were usually less than 0.1 ind m-2. In ‘clean’ areas the mean densities of larvae ranged from 0.45 to 5.34 inds m-2. A relatively high reproductive success of vendace was observed in 1984–85, moderate success in 1982–83 and low success in 1986–90. The larvae of whitefish were scarce in both polluted and semipolluted areas and their density ranged from 0.01 to 0.15 ind m-2 in clean shores. The highest density was observed in 1989. In spite of the improvement of the quality of water in the area in the 1980s, the reproductive success of coregonids is still low in a great part of the basin which may depend on adverse oxygen conditions of the hypolimnion and sediment and the toxic effects of the effluents.

Waste paper processing gains more and more importance for environmental and technological reasons. Herewith in connection, the deinking flotation plays an important role. In this paper the basic terms of the deinking process are presented.

Due to rapid depletion of wild stocks, the necessity to cultivate fish is eminent. Current fish farming practices seek to improve flesh quality. The notion that white muscles are the main target of the fishing industry is emphasized. A novel approach is suggested based on the development of white muscles in wild fish from eggs to adults. A compilation of facts about white muscle structure, function and ontogeny is followed by an account of the changes in swimming behaviour and performance related to the use of white muscle during growth from larva to adult. Ecological data narrate early swimming performance with white muscle development and growth, unveiling some of the important natural selection factors eliminating weak swimmers and poor growers from the breeding stock. A comparison between fish culture practise and natural conditions reveals fundamental differences. New approaches following wild breeding processes promise several important advantages regarding the quality of white muscle.

For developing countries, electricity cogeneration is quite important due to the economic difficulties of local utilities, avoiding investments for the construction of new plants.

The European paper and board industry has currently to pursue an important investment effort in order to improve its competitiveness and to meet the challenge of an increasing product demand both in quantity and quality.

Two of the five EU benchmarks for Education and Training ET2020 are central to the issue of access to education for marginalised groups and are prima facie relevant to a view of access to education being an EU strategic priority on paper. These are that (1) the share of 30–34-year-olds with tertiary educational attainment should be at least 40 % and (2) an average of at least 15 % of adults aged 25–64 should participate in lifelong learning. There is a need to place opening up barriers to access to higher education more firmly on the policy agenda at EU level and across national levels in Europe. Despite a number of commitments in EU Council and Commission documents in the past decade, it appears that the equity, social cohesion and active citizenship issue of access to higher education for lower socio-economic groups are currently falling between two stools in relation to the ET2020 targets. It is relevant on paper to both higher education and lifelong learning benchmarks but arguably being sufficiently prioritised by neither.

The idea to establish an astronomical observatory at the University of Coimbra (OAUC) was inspired by a major reform of that university in 1772. At that time the observatory was planned for the site where the Castle of the city was built. However, mainly due to financial difficulties, its construction stopped after 3 years. Meanwhile a small building was erected (1775–1777) to serve astronomical lessons. The problem of lack of a real and effective observatory to serve true scientific research required a solution that began to be formulated around the years 1785–1790. In this article we explore the problems related with the foundation of the OAUC and discus the importance of astronomical instruments in implementing its primary scientific mission—elaboration of the astronomical ephemeris (1803).

Germany is the biggest paper exporter in the world, the biggest paper producer in Europe and the fourth biggest producer in the world. It is also the biggest market in Europe and a major export market for European pulp producers. However, only three German pulp and paper companies made it to the top 100 list of the industry in 2010 and none made it into the top 50 (PPI 2011). This article describes the development of the German industry from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present in order to explain the factors contributing to this unusual state of affairs in a country which, during the second Industrial Revolution, created major players in the new global oligopolies in chemicals, machinery and metals. In many lighter industries, such as paper, the focus remained on domestic markets, or foreign companies came to dominate the industry. To cover the development of the industry, the chapter relies on existing research and statistical sources to describe changes in production, trade, raw materials and technology; changes in firms and industry structure, and changes in regulation. The article also discusses government policies, major historical events and their effects.

The study about visualization of paper has been developed abroad in the recent few years. To analysis the thesis status and track research hotspots in universities, we propose an effective visualization method based on some techniques and utilities. A combined method of the data integration, data mining and visualization analysis is applied to analyze thesis keywords and citation. We use model-driven approach to design and build the scientific data integration and data mining platform. And a visible data analysis method is outlined to reveal research hotspot and conceptual graph.

China’s pulp and paper industry grows rapidly in recent decades. During the raw material transformation from non-wood to wood, the demand pressure of wood increased dramatically. The forest–paper integration project was launched to support the sustainable development of China’s pulp and paper industry. The necessity of the implementation of forest–paper integration project, it’s enforcement mode, the achievement, existing problems and suggestions are analysed in this paper.

E-paper screen mobile devices that primarily process multimedia data, such as image, audio and text, are expected to become important platforms for pervasive computing. Diverse mobile devices with wireless network are now growingly used, range over various applications. There is an accelerating trend toward ubiquitous computing. Although there have been some ways available for implementation of mobile applications, this research field is still under development. One challenge that remains is the ability to make allowance for running any burdensome task in mobile devices which is commonly run in desktop devices. Traditionally, E-reader devices can only support limited services for limitations of resource. Ubiquitous computing applications promise user to richer and more complicate behavior, but the current state of research in this field is still far removed from that vision. This paper presented a novel and effective wireless network-based software framework to support developers building applications in E-paper devices. The framework includes 3G and Wi-Fi network manager, service module-based XML, service module based on Webkit and resource scheduler. The proposed framework can provide the technical basis for mobile business applications.

In recent decades, there has been an accelerating trend in the use of diverse mobile embedded devices which have been an important part in users’ daily life. Since mobile users need to access the rich resource of the World Wide Web, mobile embedded browser has been a necessary part of an embedded system. This paper analyzed the related techniques and framework of Qt WebKit and developed an embedded browser based on Qt WebKit in E-paper mobile devices. In addition, according to the characteristics of E-paper screen, we proposed some key problems about the implementation. Some novel and effective solutions to address these problems were also proposed. Experimental results demonstrate that this embedded browser can reach the desired benefits.

This paper contains the results of the Mobile Tools for Teachers project concerning the viability of digital pen and paper technology (DPPT) for administration in a K-12 classroom environment. Filled out forms were evaluated and interviews as well as user tests with teachers were done to show the advantages and disadvantages of DPPT compared to regular methods for attendance tracking and grading. Additionally, the paper addresses the problems that arise with DPPT in a classroom environment and includes suggestions how to deal with those.

It is my sincere belief that all practising clinicians have at least one idea, observation, or case that could form the basis of a medical ethics article. It is a matter only of identifying what that is, and putting it on paper in the right form. Armed with the ability to identify and analyse an ethical problem, you are in a position to publish articles and to contribute to the literature. Potential outlets include general medical journals, specialty journals, medical ethics journals, and newspapers. This chapter provides guidance on how to publish in clinical ethics. Again, it is based on my own experience as an author, reviewer and editor. It does not purport to be beyond dispute.

Internal process water cycles have been installed in many industries throughout the last decades. Closing the water cycle is advantageous from the ecological as well as from the economic point of view, mainly because of savings of water and energy. However, closed water cycles may lead to serious operational problems in the production process, such as biofouling and encrustations of limescale. These problems can be avoided by implementing biological wastewater treatment in the internal water cycles. Moreover, energy can be recovered by biological wastewater treatment, particularly if the first treatment step is anaerobic. Examples of heat recovery in the paper industry are presented as well as an example of reuse of biologically treated wastewater in a beet sugar factory. Trends in the application of biological process water treatment for reuse are discussed.

Provisional Table of Contents, August 2009: A: UAS Modeling, Control and Identification: J. Kim, M. S. Kang, S. Park: Accurate Modeling and Robust Hovering Control for a Quad-rotor VTOL Aircraft D. Schafroth, C. Bermes, S. Bouabdallah, R. Siegwart: Modeling and System Identification of the muFly Micro Helicopter E. Rondon, S. Salazar, J. Escareno, R. Lozano, A. Malo-Tamayo: Vision-Based Position Control of a Two-Rotor VTOL mini UAV B: UAS Navigation, Path Planning and Tracking: C. Goerzen, Z. Kong, B. Mettler: A Survey of Motion Planning Algorithms from the Perspective of Autonomous UAV Guidance K. Yang, S. K. Gan, S. Sukkarieh: An Efficient Path Planning and Control Algorithm for an RUAV in an Unknown and Cluttered Environment A. A. Neto, D. G. Macharet, M. F. M. Campos: On the Generation of Trajectories for Multiple UAVs in Environments with Obstacles E. Koyuncu, N. K. Ure, G. Inalhan: Integration of Path/Maneuver Planning in Complex Environments for Agile Maneuvering UCAVs M. Kontitsis, K. Valavanis: A Cost-Effective Tracking System for Small Unmanned Aerial Systems C: UAS Vision and Vision-Based Systems R. S. Holt, R. W. Beard: Vision-Based Road-Following Using Proportional Navigation S. Huh, D. H. Shim: A Vision-based Automatic Landing Method for Fixed-wing UAVs A. Cesetti, E. Frontoni, A. Mancini, P. Zingaretti, S. Longhi: A Vision-based Guidance System for UAVs Navigation and Safe Landing using Natural Landmarks F. Andert, F. M. Adolf, L. Goormann, J. S. Dittrich: Autonomous Vision-Based Helicopter Flights through Obstacle Gates D: Landing and Forced Landing K. W. Sevcik, N. Kuntz, P. Y. Oh: Exploring the Effect of Obscurants on Safe Landing Zone Identification K. E. Wenzel, P. Rosset, A. Zell: Low-Cost Visual Tracking of a Landing Place and Hovering Flight Control with a Microcontroller A. L. Desbiens, M. Cutkosky: Landing and Perching on Vertical Surfaces with Microspines for Small Unmanned Air Vehicles P. Eng, L.Mejias, X. Liu: Automating Human Thought Processes for a UAV Forced Landing K. Dalamagkidis, K. Valavanis, L. Piegl: Autonomous Autorotation of Unmanned Rotorcraft using Nonlinear Model Predictive Control E: Simulation Platforms and Testbeds: I. Maza, F. Caballero, R. Molina, N. Pena, A. Ollero: Multimodal Interface Technologies for UAV Ground Control Stations: A Comparative Analysis R. Garcia, L. Barnes: Multi-UAV Simulator Utilizing X-Plane J. Saunders, R. Beard: UAV Flight Simulation with Hardware-in-the-loop Testing and Vision Generation F: UAS Applications: I. Maza, K. Kondak, M. Bernard, A. Ollero: Multi-UAV Cooperation and Control for Load Transportation and Deployment S. Erhard, K. E. Wenzel, A. Zell: Flyphone: Visual Self-Localization Using a Mobile Phone as Onboard Image Processor on a Quadrocopter A. H. Goktogan, S. Sukkarieh, M. Bryson, J. Randle, T. Lupton, C. Hung: Using Rotary-Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Aquatic Weed Surveillance and Management J. T. Hing, K. W. Sevcik, P. Y. Oh: Development and Evaluation of a Chase View for UAV Operations in Cluttered Environments M. Aksugur, G. Inalhan: Design Methodology of a Hybrid Propulsion Driven Electric Powered Miniature Tailsitter Unmanned Aerial Vehicle.