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What will the future be? We wonder! In this survey, we explore the gap between current research in egocentric vision and the ever-anticipated future, where wearable computing, with outward facing cameras and digital overlays, is expected to be integrated in our every day lives. To understand this gap, the article starts by envisaging the future through character-based stories, showcasing through examples the limitations of current technology. We then provide a mapping between this future and previously defined research tasks. For each task, we survey its seminal works, current state-of-the-art methodologies and available datasets, then reflect on shortcomings that limit its applicability to future research. Note that this survey focuses on software models for egocentric vision, independent of any specific hardware. The paper concludes with recommendations for areas of immediate explorations so as to unlock our path to the future always-on, personalised and life-enhancing egocentric vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Visual simultaneous localisation and mapping (vSLAM) finds applications for indoor and outdoor navigation that routinely subjects it to visual complexities, particularly mirror reflections. The effect of mirror presence (time visible and its average size in the frame) was hypothesised to impact localisation and mapping performance, with systems using direct techniques expected to perform worse. Thus, a dataset, MirrEnv, of image sequences recorded in mirror environments, was collected, and used to evaluate the performance of existing representative methods. RGBD ORB-SLAM3 and BundleFusion appear to show moderate degradation of absolute trajectory error with increasing mirror duration, whilst the remaining results did not show significantly degraded localisation performance. The mesh maps generated proved to be very inaccurate, with real and virtual reflections colliding in the reconstructions. A discussion is given of the likely sources of error and robustness in mirror environments, outlining future directions for validating and improving vSLAM performance in the presence of planar mirrors. The MirrEnv dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.17035/d.2023.0292477898. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Robot-assisted vitreoretinal surgery provides precise and consistent operations on the back of the eye. To perform this safely, knowledge of the surgical instrument's remote centre of motion (RCM) and the location of the insertion point into the eye (trocar) is required. This enables the robot to align both positions to pivot the instrument about the trocar, thus preventing any damaging lateral forces from being exerted. Methods: Building on a system developed in previous work, this study presents a trocar localisation method that uses a micro-camera mounted on a vitreoretinal surgical forceps, to track two ArUco markers attached on either side of a trocar. The trocar position is the estimated midpoint between the markers. Results: Experimental evaluation of the trocar localisation was conducted. Results showed an RMSE of 1.82 mm for the localisation of the markers and an RMSE of 1.24 mm for the trocar localisation. Conclusions: The proposed camera-based trocar localisation presents reasonable consistency and accuracy and shows improved results compared to other current methods. Optimum accuracy for this application would necessitate a 1.4 mm absolute error margin, which corresponds to the trocar's radius. The trocar localisation results are successfully found within this margin, yet the marker localisation would require further refinement to ensure consistency of localisation within the error margin. Further work will refine these position estimates and ensure the error stays consistently within this boundary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying and localizing the site of post-renal transplantation urine leaks is important for patient management and treatment planning. Renal scintigraphy is a proven modality for confirming urine leaks after complicated post-renal transplantation. Routinely, renogram studies are performed with a clamped extraperitoneal drain. This results in the spread of radioactivity in the abdominal region, which makes localization of the leak site difficult in the planar images. Here we are trying to give an insight into minimalizing the accumulated urine volume by an unclamped extraperitoneal drain in order to precisely localize the site of the leak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dysfunction of the Eustachian tube (ET) can lead to negative pressure within the middle ear, which, in turn, causes various pathological changes. Multiple testing methods for ET function have been devised, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Knowing the characteristics of each ET function test and the unique characteristics of ET dysfunction (ETD) in children are prerequisites for choosing the optimal assessment method. For a comprehensive diagnosis, assessment should also include the localisation of any sites of obstruction. This review aims to summarise the methods of evaluating ET function and locating sites of ET lesions. Methods: Articles evaluating ET function, localising lesions in the ET, and ETD in children were collected from the PubMed database. We selected only relevant English publications. Results: ETD in children has different characteristics to those in adults. The appropriate tests for assessing ET function depend on the specific conditions of the individual patient. Valsalva computed tomography can provide information on the soft and bony anatomy of the ET to facilitate identification of lesion sites. Conclusion: An accurate diagnosis should be based on a combined analysis of objective and subjective results, with interpretation made in conjunction with clinical history and physical examination. A comprehensive assessment should include lesion localisation. When assessing ETD in children, it is important to take into account the characteristics of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are ongoing calls in the humanitarian and development sectors to localise aid, make it more participatory and involve communities. A common response to these calls by INGOs and national governments is to work with local actors to jointly deliver local, community-based, participatory aid. However, this setup tends to be hierarchical, with external actors taking the lead on project design and local actors on implementation. As a result, key outcomes envisioned for localisation and participation in aid often do not materialise. This paper explores the role legitimacy work plays in maintaining this unhelpful status quo. To this end, it provides a qualitative case study analysis of an aid project in Ethiopia (2016–2020) that was initiated by two INGOs and built on government structures designed to facilitate mass volunteering at community level: the Women's Development Army. The paper argues that externally driven localisation is often organised around project models that are shaped by two contradictory paradigms: one centring resilience and one centring surveillance. As a result, local aid workers and civil servants are faced with incompatible legitimacy requirements in their work. This paper uses a paradox perspective as a theoretical lens to explore how these local actors navigate these conflicting needs. It finds that they use impression management, especially visuals and performances, to sidestep the contradictions. This imagery conceals the disconnects between project strategy, implementation and the reality on the ground. As a side effect, it renders the problems with the externally driven approach invisible and legitimises the hierarchical status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our objective is to locate and provide a unique identifier for each mouse in a cluttered home-cage environment through time, as a precursor to automated behaviour recognition for biological research. This is a very challenging problem due to (i) the lack of distinguishing visual features for each mouse, and (ii) the close confines of the scene with constant occlusion, making standard visual tracking approaches unusable. However, a coarse estimate of each mouse’s location is available from a unique RFID implant, so there is the potential to optimally combine information from (weak) tracking with coarse information on identity. To achieve our objective, we make the following key contributions: (a) the formulation of the object identification problem as an assignment problem (solved using Integer Linear Programming), (b) a novel probabilistic model of the affinity between tracklets and RFID data, and (c) a curated dataset with per-frame BB and regularly spaced ground-truth annotations for evaluating the models. The latter is a crucial part of the model, as it provides a principled probabilistic treatment of object detections given coarse localisation. Our approach achieves 77% accuracy on this animal identification problem, and is able to reject spurious detections when the animals are hidden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Many neurosurgical planning tasks rely on identifying points of interest in volumetric images. Often, these points require significant expertise to identify correctly as, in some cases, they are not visible but instead inferred by the clinician. This leads to a high degree of variability between annotators selecting these points. In particular, errors of type are when the experts fundamentally select different points rather than the same point with some inaccuracy. This complicates research as their mean may not reflect any of the experts' intentions nor the ground truth. Methods: We present a regularised Bayesian model for measuring errors of type in pointing tasks. This model is reference-free; in that it does not require a priori knowledge of the ground truth point but instead works on the basis of the level of consensus between multiple annotators. We apply this model to simulated data and clinical data from transcranial magnetic stimulation for chronic pain. Results: Our model estimates the probabilities of selecting the correct point in the range of 82.6 - 88.6% with uncertainties in the range of 2.8 - 4.0%. This agrees with the literature where ground truth points are known. The uncertainty has not previously been explored in the literature and gives an indication of the dataset's strength. Conclusions: Our reference-free Bayesian framework easily models errors of type in pointing tasks. It allows for clinical studies to be performed with a limited number of annotators where the ground truth is not immediately known, which can be applied widely for better understanding human errors in neurosurgical planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several methods to localise sources of vibrations have been established in the literature. A great amount of those methods are based on databases with features of known impact positions. Great effort needs to be put into highly expensive experiments that deliver those databases. In this paper, we propose several simulation techniques that may replace the expensive experiments for source localisation. The paper compares the localisation accuracy of simulated and experimental data for two different localisation approaches, the reference database method and neural networks. Both methods process signal arrival time differences from several positions on the structure. The methods are exemplarily applied to a complex small-scale structure from the automotive industry: The small dimensions of the brake disk hat and the inclusion of holes is a challenging task for the accuracy of the applied localisation techniques. Results show that simulated data can replace experimentally gained data well in case of the reference database method, whereas the neuronal networks approach should stick to experimentally gained data. The evaluations show that, despite the small dimension, the relative localisation accuracy is within accepted ranges of literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a method for solving the localisation of a ground lidar using overhead imagery only. Public overhead imagery such as Google satellite images are readily available resources. They can be used as the map proxy for robot localisation, relaxing the requirement for a prior traversal for mapping as in traditional approaches. While prior approaches have focused on the metric localisation between range sensors and overhead imagery, our method is the first to learn both place recognition and metric localisation of a ground lidar using overhead imagery, and also outperforms prior methods on metric localisation with large initial pose offsets. To bridge the drastic domain gap between lidar data and overhead imagery, our method learns to transform an overhead image into a collection of 2D points, emulating the resulting point-cloud scanned by a lidar sensor situated near the centre of the overhead image. After both modalities are expressed as point sets, point-based machine learning methods for localisation are applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental and analytical/numerical study of the mechanics of cemented granular materials (CGMs). This study incorporates both in situ X-ray tomography and regularised finite element simulations, whose combination offers a unique, complementary insight into the multiscale processes that drive the mechanical response of CGMs. Being the second in a set of a two-part contribution, this paper takes advantage of the image analysis tools developed in Part I to quantitatively explore the effects of boundary conditions on grain-scale processes as well as material properties. We reveal, for example, the influence of the degree of cementation on the spatial distribution of damage and suggest the existence of a local ultimate cement size distribution that is independent from the initial cement content. This paper also validates the predictions of a micromechanically inspired constitutive model at three different scales: in terms of the macroscopic response, the mesoscopic emergence of localisation patterns and the evolution of microscale inelastic processes. A unique feature that sets our model apart from previous CGM models is the adoption of only measurable internal variables, capable of representing grain-scale processes such as the damage of cement bridges. Its statistically representative experimental quantification is found to be in good agreement with the model predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the torsion function for the Dirichlet Laplacian −Δ, and for the Schrödinger operator −Δ + V on an open set Ω ⊂ ℝ m of finite Lebesgue measure 0 < | Ω | < ∞ with a real-valued, non-negative, measurable potential V. We investigate the efficiency and the phenomenon of localisation for the torsion function, and their interplay with the geometry of the first Dirichlet eigenfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bridges are among the most important components of transportation systems. Timely damage detection of these structures not only ensures reliability but also prevents catastrophic failures. This paper addresses the damage assessment of bridges based on model updating techniques. Artificial damage was introduced to a beam that was a part of a real prestressed concrete bridge. The magnitude of the damage was increased stepwise, and static loading experiments were conducted in each step. A linear Finite-Element (FE) model with solid elements that were clustered into slices was utilised. A Gaussian bell-shaped curve was used as a damage function to describe the crack location using only three parameters. The experiments focused on sagging under dead load. Damage identification was performed in two steps using a coarse and a refined model. Initially, the FE model with a coarse mesh was updated to approximately localise the damage. Then, the FE model is refined in the vicinity of the approximately localised damage, and damage identification was accurately achieved. The results show that after the second step, the maximum error value of damage localisation is less than 0.5%. This approach could be later used to detect small damages that are not visible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We give an overview of five rationalization theories for spaces (Bousfield-Kan's ℚ-completion; Sullivan's rationalization; Bousfield's homology rationalization; Casacuberta-Peschke's Ω-rationalization; Gómez-Tato-Halperin-Tanré's π1-fiberwise rationalization) that extend the classical rationalization of simply connected spaces. We also give an overview of the corresponding rationalization theories for groups (ℚ-completion; Hℚ-localization; Baumslag rationalization) that extend the classical Malcev completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study aimed to evaluate audiological benefits, quality of hearing and safety of two Bonebridge generation: BCI601 and BCI602 (MED-EL, Innsbruck, Austria) in children. Methods: Twelve children were implanted: five BCI601 and seven BCI602 comprising of ten conductive hearing loss, and two single sided deaf SSD subjects. Audiological outcomes tested were sound field audiometry, functional gain, speech recognition threshold (SRT50), speech recognition in noise (SPRINT) and localisation abilities. Subjective measures were Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ12). Results: The mean FG with the BCI601 was 25.0 dB and with the BCI602 28.0 dB. The benefit in SRT50 was 23.2 dB and 33.8 dB, respectively. The mean benefit in SPRINT was 15% and 6.7% and the localisation ability improved from 33.3° to 16° and from 26.2° to 17.6°, respectively. The two SSD subjects reported a FG of 17 dB, a benefit in SRT50 of 22.5 and a benefit in SPRINT of 20%. Subjective outcomes improved significantly and even exceeded the values of their age-and sex matched normal hearing peers. One revision was reported: a retroauricular emphysema above the implant occurred 12 months post-OP, it was resolved operatively with the implant still being functional. Conclusion: The pediatric cohort reports significant audiological benefit, even exceeding that of the age- and sex matched control. The combination of the high safety and audiological benefit makes the Bonebridge a comfortable and effective option in hearing rehabilitation in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manufacturing landscape is ever-changing, and one of the most significant driving forces is the emergence of additive manufacturing (AM), which enables cost-effective and small-scale production towards sustainability. To better align AM with manufacturing in suitable applications, this study proposes a business model in terms of the cost pattern and scaling production supported by three key concepts: standardisation, localisation and collaboration. The ambiguity of the cost calculation is one of the key factors slowing down AM progress, and a lack of a cost pattern affects decision-making when applying AM to appropriate applications. The business model in this study is focused on applying the data collected from previous research, the collection-recycling-manufacturing (CRM) model, to discover the implications of AM processes on the road to sustainable manufacturing. The novel business model envisions the nature of AM characteristics and their linkages to cost patterns, so AM applications can be integrated into a cost-effective process. This study contributes qualitative analysis to the cost patterns' integration. Through this integration, the business model mediates the gap between technologies and applications via the formulas of cost patterns, so AM can perform its appropriate role in the industry mainstream. The cost modelling proposed in this study derives generic formulas via the unit cost of tooling, moulding, machine, materials, design, miscellaneous cost and the batch size. The business model applies the "divide-and-conquer" concept, convergence effect and data analysis to support quantitative analysis. The model can calculate the total cost per unit, and its accuracy is close to 100%. Through the novelty of this model, AM and conventional manufacturing (CM) cost benchmarking and decision support functions are enabled to aid in stakeholder decision-making. Eventually, appropriate AM technologies and processes can synchronise with localisation, standardisation and collaboration and, ultimately, the impact of AM towards sustainable manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact inspections are commonly performed in industry to check for defects and degradation, such as corrosion or cracks. Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) probes are being deployed with increasing frequency using autonomous robots, especially in harsh environments or in areas where access is restricted and difficult. Together with the NDE measurement, it is important to capture the 3D position of the probe so that the location where the data originated is known. This allows for the generation of 3D maps of the inspection, which ensure full scan coverage, and can be used for inspection reports and to generate digital twins of the structure for asset management. In this paper, a full inspection system integrating a robot mountable stereo camera system together with an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) probe and a wireless NDE data acquisition system is presented. The system is capable of capturing and merging 3D positional data of the probe as it is scanned and NDE data. The system design in terms of hardware and software is described in this paper. A set of tests to evaluate its performance on relevant structural components are also presented, and the results are reported and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was done to assess compare usefulness of localization (MIBI and USG) and surgical cure rates in APHPT with SPHT surgical. Multi-centric retrospective study. 57 APHPT and 156 SPHPT patients included. The demographic data &localisation studies between APHPT and SPHPT along with surgical cure rates in patients who had localized disease versus nonlocalized were compared. APHPT prevalence was 26.76%. APHPT affects older patients (p=<0.05). Serum calcium & PTH were higher in SPHPT (p=<0.05). USG & MIBI scans were positive in 88% and 90% in SPHPT. APHPT showed USG and MIBI positivity in 21.05% and 15.7%. Subset of APHPT patients (n=13) who underwent additional imaging showed true positive lesion in 38.5% (n=5). Bilateral neck exploration done in 73.7% of APHPT& 10.9% of SPHPT (p=0.0001). APHPT has smaller adenoma(p<0.05). In non-localized APHPT (n=42) five needed partial thyroidectomy (11.9%) and six partial thymectomy (14.2%). Intra operative success rate was 97.5% in SPHPT and 95.23% in non-localized APHPT (p=0.63). APHPT presents with mild disease and mostly with negative localization. Cure rates after bilateral neck exploration without additional imaging like PETCT/4D CT/MRI was similar to SPHPT [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Localisation, as it aims to shift power in the humanitarian system, will involve the increased inclusion of local faith actors, those national and local faith-affiliated groups and organisations that are often first, and last, responders in crises and have been responding in humanitarian contexts for many years, but often in parallel to humanitarian coordination mechanisms. In primary research in South Sudan with local faith actors and international humanitarian actors, this article aims to examine the inroads and barriers to local faith actor involvement in the humanitarian system and the realisation of localisation with local actors such as these. The research is based on an ethnographic study in which researchers were imbedded in a humanitarian project that aimed to help bridge divides between local faith actors and the international humanitarian system. The findings are based on one-on-one and group interviews with 89 participants from a range of international and local, and faith and secular, organisations. Findings indicate that local faith actors are active in responding to crises and want to be linked to the humanitarian system, but they feel distanced from it and pigeonholed as local faith actors. Formalisation through the appropriate registration systems and then training and networking with the humanitarian system helped them build legitimacy and feel confident to participate in humanitarian coordination. International humanitarian actors can help bridge barriers by understanding and connecting with the local faith actors and challenging their own assumptions about who local faith actors are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) 16 and 18 are known to cause cervical cancer, which is primarily attributed to E6 and E7 oncoproteins. In addition, recent studies have focused on the vital role of the p130 pocket protein as an oncosuppressor to limit the expression of E2F transcription factors required for cell cycle progression. In view of this, the current study was conducted to investigate the mechanism by which transfection with HPV16/18 E7 leads to the deregulation of the host cell cycle, altering the localisation of p130, and expression of differentiation genes in Human Keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells. Co-immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, quantitative-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), and the inhibition of p130 by MG132 inhibitor were employed to investigate the loss of p130 and its disruption in HPV 16/18 E7-transfected HaCaT cells. The HPV16- and HPV18-transformed cells, known as CaSki and HeLa, respectively, were also used to complement the ectopic expressions of E7 in HaCaT cells. Normal keratinocytes displayed higher level of p130 expression than HPV-transformed cells. In addition, the immunofluorescence analysis revealed that both HPV 16/18 E7-transfected HaCaT and HPV-transformed cells exhibited higher level of cytoplasmic p130 compared to nuclear p130. A significant increase in the number of S/G2 phase cells in HPV-transformed cells was also recorded since E7 has been shown to stimulate proliferation through the deactivation of Retinoblastoma Protein (pRB)-dependent G1/S checkpoint. Furthermore, the findings recorded the down-regulation of keratinocyte differentiation markers, namely p130, keratin10, and involucrin. The proteasomal degradation of the exported p130 confirmed the cellular localisation pattern of p130, which was commonly observed in cancerous cells. The findings provide strong evidence that the localisation of nuclear p130 nuclear was disrupted by HPV16/18 E7 led to the deregulation of the cell cycle and the impairment of cellular differentiation ultimately lead to cellular transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of big data to investigate the spread of infectious diseases or the impact of the built environment on human wellbeing goes beyond the realm of traditional approaches to epidemiology, and includes a large variety of data objects produced by research communities with different methods and goals. This paper addresses the conditions under which researchers link, search and interpret such diverse data by focusing on "data mash-ups"—that is the linking of data from epidemiology, biomedicine, climate and environmental science, which is typically achieved by holding one or more basic parameters, such as geolocation, as invariant. We argue that this strategy works best when epidemiologists interpret localisation procedures through an idiographic perspective that recognises their context-dependence and supports a critical evaluation of the epistemic value of geolocation data whenever they are used for new research purposes. Approaching invariants as strategic constructs can foster data linkage and re-use, and support carefully-targeted predictions in ways that can meaningfully inform public health. At the same time, it explicitly signals the limitations in the scope and applicability of the original datasets incorporated into big data collections, and thus the situated nature of data linkage exercises and their predictive power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article broadly examines how humanitarian aid for Rohingya refugees inadvertently harmed poorer hosts and adversely affected local capacities for peace. The article also discusses possible ways of easing tension and improving social cohesion in the refugee-hosting areas, while also highlighting how policy- and mandate-related constraints hinder a humanitarian response anchored in the "Do No Harm" principle. Finally, the article concludes with the argument that the humanitarian agencies should not just limit themselves to identifying the unintended consequences and lapses in the intervention. Instead, the Do No Harm principle should lead humanitarian aid agencies to make an active effort to accept responsibility for the harm while taking all necessary steps to mitigate or avoid harming in future interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Guide-wire localisation remains the most commonly used technique for localisation of impalpable breast lesions in the UK. One alternative is magnetic seed localisation. We aimed to investigate patient and clinician satisfaction in two consecutive cohorts, describe re-excision and positive margin rates, and explore reasons for positive margins and the implications for localisation techniques. Methods: A single-institution prospective service evaluation of two cohorts of consecutive cases of wire and then Magseed localisation was carried out. Data were collected on patient and clinician satisfaction, clinico-pathological findings, and causes of involved margins. T tests were used to compare continuous variables and Chi-squared test for satisfaction outcomes. Results: 168 consecutive cases used wire-guided localisation (WGL) and 128 subsequent cases used Magseeds. Patients reported less anxiety between localisation and surgery in the Magseed group, and clinicians reported greater ease of use of Magseeds. There were no differences in lesion size, surgical complexity, or re-excision rate between the groups. In a subset of patients receiving standard wide local excision (i.e., excluding mammoplasties), the impact on margin involvement was investigated. There was no significant difference in radiological under-sizing or accuracy of localisation. However, specimen weight and eccentricity of the lesion were statistically significantly lower in the Magseed group. Despite this, re-excision rates were not significantly different (p = 0.4). Conclusions: This is the first large study of satisfaction with localisation and showed clinician preference for Magseed and a reduction in patient anxiety. It also demonstrated similar positive margin rates despite smaller specimen weights in the Magseed group. Magnetic seed localisation offers an acceptable clinical alternative to guide wire localisation. The impact on local service provision should also be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is adopting complete wireless infrastructure to cover small size buildings as well as large geographical regions. Indoor Positioning System (IPS) is used to locate stationary as well as non-stationary objects in the wireless domain. The indoor localisation of a pedestrian remains an open problem in the noisy environment. Researchers are trying to develop low-complexity approach without depending on building infrastructure to achieve accurate and reliable results for pedestrian localisation in noisy environment. We are proposed the problem associated with improving localisation scalability and accuracy by considering the noisy environment. Our propose methodology exhibits robustness and portability with respect to the number of experiments in noisy environment with the help of captured signal strength. The propose methodology is easily applied in various indoor environments (i.e. different building designs) to locate the stationary and non-stationary object. The collected multimodal data of non-stationary targets in the noisy environment is required to enhance further. The collected multimodal data is used to explore specific movement of the pedestrian in the noisy environment. We consider numerical methods to make the shape of hot-spot contour for a specific target. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based data science is used to obtain the predominant components in the collected information and make a compact contour in the noisy environment. The generated model depicts a highly sensitive region in the noisy environment due to the presence of thick walls inside the building and multipath fading. Our novel methodology exhibits efficient localisation of the non-stationary target or precisely identifies the moving object, on the floor of a multi- storey building. Our novel approach enhances the technique to improve surveillance and security for the noisy indoor environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the problem of the stability of structures on calcareous rocks due to long-term weathering processes. The case study consists of a building resting on a calcarenite rock formation where two abandoned man-made caves exist directly under the structure. The boundaries of the caves were exposed to a slightly acidic environment inducing time-dependent weathering. Analyses were performed following a semi-decoupled approach, where the weathering process, driven by a reactive transport mechanism, was first solved and its results were fed to the mechanical problem which hence accounted for the spatial and temporal evolution or rock damage. For the mechanical problem, a nonlocal constitutive model was employed for the objective simulation of localised deformations. Relevant outcomes are obtained regarding the evolution of the structure's stability and about the importance of regularising the finite element solution in the presence of brittle materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of human-level semantic information to aid robotic tasks has recently become an important area for both Computer Vision and Robotics. This has been enabled by advances in Deep Learning that allow consistent and robust semantic understanding. Leveraging this semantic vision of the world has allowed human-level understanding to naturally emerge from many different approaches. Particularly, the use of semantic information to aid in localisation and reconstruction has been at the forefront of both fields. Like robots, humans also require the ability to localise within a structure. To aid this, humans have designed high-level semantic maps of our structures called floorplans. We are extremely good at localising in them, even with limited access to the depth information used by robots. This is because we focus on the distribution of semantic elements, rather than geometric ones. Evidence of this is that humans are normally able to localise in a floorplan that has not been scaled properly. In order to grant this ability to robots, it is necessary to use localisation approaches that leverage the same semantic information humans use. In this paper, we present a novel method for semantically enabled global localisation. Our approach relies on the semantic labels present in the floorplan. Deep Learning is leveraged to extract semantic labels from RGB images, which are compared to the floorplan for localisation. While our approach is able to use range measurements if available, we demonstrate that they are unnecessary as we can achieve results comparable to state-of-the-art without them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present an asymptotic model describing localised flexural vibrations along a structured ring containing point masses or spring-mass resonators in an elastic plate. The values for the required masses and stiffnesses of resonators are derived in a closed analytical form. It is shown that spring-mass resonators can be tuned to produce a "negative inertia" input, which is used to enhance localisation of waveforms around the structured ring. Theoretical findings are accompanied by numerical simulations, which show exponentially localised and leaky modes for different frequency regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vibrio vulnificus, a Gram-negative halophilic bacterium, is an opportunistic human pathogen that is responsible for the majority of seafood-associated deaths worldwide. Lipoproteins are important components of the bacterial cell envelope and have been shown to be involved in a wide variety of cellular processes. Little is known about the localisation or transport mechanism of lipoproteins in V. vulnificus. To assess the localisation of lipoproteins in V. vulnificus, we tested two established techniques for the rapid separation of membrane-associated proteins: detergent extraction with Sarkosyl and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) preparation. The results showed that Sarkosyl extraction was not useful for the separation of lipoproteins from the different membranes of V. vulnificus. On the other hand, we confirmed that OMVs produced by V. vulnificus contained lipoproteins from the outer but not the inner membrane. Analysis of the OMVs components confirmed the localisation of several well-known lipoproteins to membranes that were different from expected, based on their predicted functions. Using this technique, we found that Asp at position +2 of mature lipoproteins can function as an inner membrane retention signal in V. vulnificus. Interestingly, the Escherichia coli “+2 rule” does not apply to the V. vulnificus lipoprotein IlpA (G2D) mutant, as a Ser to Asp mutation at position +2 of IlpA did not affect its outer membrane localisation. Furthermore, an IlpA tether-mRFP chimeric lipoprotein and its G2D mutant also behaved like IlpA. Together, these results suggest that the sorting rule of lipoproteins in V. vulnificus might be different from that in E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pearl millet is an important source of dietary energy, and provides nutritional security for people in the third world countries, particularly in Africa and Asia. Previous studies have shown that pearl millet is an excellent source of micronutrients like iron and zinc. Owing to the presence of inhibitors like phytic acid, polyphenols, and fibres, the bioaccessibility of iron and zinc is very low in pearl millet diet. The present review is an attempt to highlight the localisation of minerals, phytic acid, and polyphenols in pearl millet grains, and various strategies that are being employed for the reduction of inhibitory factors. This review also appraises and gives an overview of the application of combinations of processing conditions and enhancers, that increases the bioaccessibility of iron and zinc either by way of reduction of inhibitory factors or prevention of binding of these inhibitory factors to minerals. The above strategies could be employed to provide better insights into the relevance of different processing methods, to help in the development of speciality foods with enhanced mineral bioaccessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parabolic Anderson model on Zd with i.i.d. potential is known to completely localise if the distribution of the potential is sufficiently heavy-tailed at infinity. In this paper we investigate a modification of the model in which the potential is partially duplicated in a symmetric way across a plane through the origin. In the case of potential distribution with polynomial tail decay, we exhibit a surprising phase transition in the model as the decay exponent varies. For large values of the exponent the model completely localises as in the i.i.d. case. By contrast, for small values of the exponent we show that the model may delocalise. More precisely, we show that there is an event of non-negligible probability on which the solution has non-negligible mass on two sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Intraoperative localisation and preservation of parathyroid glands improves outcomes following thyroid and parathyroid surgery. This can be facilitated by fluorescent imaging and methylene blue; a fluorophore is thought to be taken up avidly by parathyroid glands. This preliminary study aims to identify the optimum dose of methylene blue (MB), fluorescent patterns of thyroid and parathyroid glands and develop a protocol for the use of intravenous MB emitted fluorescence to enable parathyroid identification.Methods: This is a phase 1b, interventional study (NCT02089542) involving 41 patients undergoing thyroid and/or parathyroid surgery. After exposure of the thyroid and/or parathyroid gland(s), intravenous boluses of between 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg of MB were injected. Fluobeam® (a hand held fluorescence real-time imager) was used to record fluorescence from the operating field prior and up to 10 min following administration.Results: The optimum dose of MB to visualise thyroid and parathyroid glands was 0.4 mg/kg body weight. The median time to onset of fluorescence was 23 and 22 s and the median time to peak fluorescence was 41.5 and 40 s, respectively. The peak fluorescence for thyroid and parathyroid glands compared to muscle were 2.6 and 4.3, respectively. Parathyroid auto-fluorescence prior to methylene blue injection was commonly observed.Conclusions: A clinical protocol for detection of fluorescence from MB during thyroid and parathyroid surgery is presented. Parathyroids (especially enlarged glands) fluoresce more intensely than thyroid glands. Auto-fluorescence may aid parathyroid detection, but MB fluorescence is needed to demonstrate viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consider a Quillen adjunction of two variables between combinatorial model categories from $\mathcal {C}\times \mathcal {D}$ to $\mathcal {E}$ , a set $\mathcal {S}$ of morphisms in $\mathcal {C}$ and a set $\mathcal {K}$ of objects in $\mathcal {C}$ . We prove that there is a localised model structure $L_{\mathcal {S}}\mathcal {E}$ on $\mathcal {E}$ , where the local objects are the $\mathcal {S}$ -local objects in $\mathcal {E}$ described via the right adjoint. Dually, we show that there is a colocalised model structure $C_{\mathcal {K}}\mathcal {E}$ on $\mathcal {E}$ , where the colocal equivalences are the $\mathcal {K}$ -colocal equivalences in $\mathcal {E}$ described via the right adjoint. These localised and colocalised model structures generalise left and right Bousfield localisations of simplicial model categories, Barnes and Roitzheim's familiar model structures, and Barwick's enriched left and right Bousfield localisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the addition of nanoparticles (NPs) has been proposed as a new strategy to enhance the effect of radiotherapy particularly in the treatment of aggressive tumors such as glioblastoma. The physical processes involved in radiosensitisation by nanoparticles have been well studied although further understanding of its biological impact is still lacking, and this includes the localisation of these NPs in the target cells. Most studies were performed with NPs tagged with fluorescent markers. However, the presence of these markers can influence the NPs uptake and localisation. In this study, a set of methods was used to unambiguously and fully characterise the uptake of NPs, their co-localisation with cell organelles, and their radiosensitising efficacy. This set was applied to the case of gadolinium-based nanoparticles (GdBN) used to amplify the radiation killing of U87 glioblastoma cells extracted from highly aggressive human tumor. For the first time, Synchrotron Radiation Deep UV (SR-DUV) microscopy is proposed as a new tool to track label-free GdBN. It confirmed the localisation of the NPs in the cytoplasm of U87 cells and the absence of NPs in the nucleus. In a second step, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that GdBN penetrate cells by endocytosis. Third, using confocal microscopy it was found that GdBN co-localise with lysosomes but not with mitochondria. Finally, clonogenic assay measurements proved that the presence of NPs in the lysosomes induces a neat amplification of the killing of glioblastoma cells irradiated by gamma rays. The set of combined experimental protocols--TEM, SR-DUV and confocal microscopy--demonstrates a new standard method to study the localisation of label-free NPs together with their radiosensitising properties. This will further the understanding of NP-induced radiosentisation and contribute to the development of nanoagents for radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel radar-based system for longwall coal mine machine localisation is described. The system, based on a radar-ranging sensor and designed to localise mining equipment with respect to the mine tunnel gate road infrastructure, is developed and trialled in an underground coal mine. The challenges of reliable sensing in the mine environment are considered, and the use of a radar sensor for localisation is justified. The difficulties of achieving reliable positioning using only the radar sensor are examined. Several probabilistic data processing techniques are explored in order to estimate two key localisation parameters from a single radar signal, namely along-track position and across-track position, with respect to the gate road structures. For the case of across-track position, a conventional Kalman filter approach is sufficient to achieve a reliable estimate. However for along-track position estimation, specific infrastructure elements on the gate road rib-wall must be identified by a tracking algorithm. Due to complexities associated with this data processing problem, a novel visual analytics approach was explored in a 3D interactive display to facilitate identification of significant features for use in a classifier algorithm. Based on the classifier output, identified elements are used as location waypoints to provide a robust and accurate mining equipment localisation estimate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We consider the quenched localisation of the Bouchaud trap model on the positive integers in the case that the trap distribution has a slowly varying tail at infinity. Our main result is that for each $$N \in \{2, 3, \ldots \}$$ there exists a slowly varying tail such that quenched localisation occurs on exactly N sites. As far as we are aware, this is the first example of a model in which the exact number of localisation sites are able to be 'tuned' according to the model parameters. Key intuition for this result is provided by an observation about the sum-max ratio for sequences of independent and identically distributed random variables with a slowly varying distributional tail, which is of independent interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses qualities that should be incorporated in localisation metrics, which according to several experts should include resource self-reliance, resource dependence, social health, environmental damage/impact, localisation type, and control and ownership of resources, land, assets and business. Also mentioned is the importance of the combination of localisation metrics with sustainability thresholds.

Aim: To assess the reliability of the vertical tube shift technique (VTST) and horizontal tube shift technique (HTST) for the localisation of unerupted supernumerary teeth (ST) in the anterior region of the maxilla. Methods: A convenience sample of 83 patients who attended a major teaching hospital because of unerupted ST was selected. Only non-syndromic patients with ST and who had complete clinical and radiographic and surgical records were included in the study. Ten examiners independently rated the paired set of radiographs for each technique. Chi-square test, paired t test and kappa statistics were employed to assess the intra- and inter-examiner reliability. Results: Paired sets of 1660 radiographs (830 pairs for each technique) were available for the analysis. The overall sensitivity for VTST and HTST was 80.6 and 72.1% respectively, with slight inter-examiner and good intra-examiner reliability. Statistically significant differences were evident between the two localisation techniques ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: Localisation of unerupted ST using VTST was more successful than HTST in the anterior region of the maxilla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Localised deformation of materials usually takes place in thin bands during the nonlinear phase of the deformation process. The orientation and size of these localisation bands are important properties characterising the post-localisation behaviour of the materials, and hence should be taken into account in constitutive modelling. In this research, a new approach is proposed for the integration of both size and orientation of a localisation band in the constitutive description beyond the onset of localisation. Since a length scale related to the size of the localisation band appears in the model description, its post-localisation response then scales with both the band size and the size of the volume element containing it. Therefore, size effects are intrinsically included and post-localisation behaviour is correctly captured, which helps ensure convergence of numerical solutions upon discretisation refinement in numerical analysis of boundary value problems. The concept together with implementation features of the framework and its performances at constitutive level and in the analysis of boundary value problems are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase-space approach based on the Wigner distribution function is applied to the description of dynamics of conduction electrons in finite one-dimensional systems with randomly distributed scattering centres. It is shown that the coherent multiple scattering of the carriers in the disordered environment leads to the slowdown of its dynamics due to the weak localisation. This quantum phenomenon can be treated as a source of the subdiffusion of the quantum particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the addition of nanoparticles (NPs) has been proposed as a new strategy to enhance the effect of radiotherapy particularly in the treatment of aggressive tumors such as glioblastoma. The physical processes involved in radiosensitisation by nanoparticles have been well studied although further understanding of its biological impact is still lacking, and this includes the localisation of these NPs in the target cells. Most studies were performed with NPs tagged with fluorescent markers. However, the presence of these markers can influence the NPs uptake and localisation. In this study, a set of methods was used to unambiguously and fully characterise the uptake of label-free NPs, their co-localisation with cell organelles, and their radiosensitising efficacy. This set was applied to the case of gadolinium-based nanoparticles (GdBN) used to amplify the radiation killing of U87 glioblastoma cells extracted from highly aggressive human tumor. For the first time, Synchrotron Radiation Deep UV (SR-DUV) microscopy is proposed as a new tool to track label-free GdBN. It confirmed the localisation of the NPs in the cytoplasm of U87 cells and the absence of NPs in the nucleus. In a second step, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that GdBN penetrate cells by endocytosis. Third, using confocal microscopy it was found that GdBN co-localise with lysosomes but not with mitochondria. Finally, clonogenic assay measurements proved that the presence of NPs in the lysosomes induces a neat amplification of the killing of glioblastoma cells irradiated by gamma rays. The set of combined experimental protocols-TEM, SR-DUV and confocal microscopy-demonstrates a new standard method to study the localisation of label-free NPs together with their radiosensitising properties. This will further the understanding of NP-induced radiosentisation and contribute to the development of nanoagents for radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current state-of-the-art action classification methods aggregate space-time features globally, from the entire video clip under consideration. However, the features extracted may in part be due to irrelevant scene context, or movements shared amongst multiple action classes. This motivates learning with local discriminative parts, which can help localise which parts of the video are significant. Exploiting spatio-temporal structure in the video should also improve results, just as deformable part models have proven highly successful in object recognition. However, whereas objects have clear boundaries which means we can easily define a ground truth for initialisation, 3D space-time actions are inherently ambiguous and expensive to annotate in large datasets. Thus, it is desirable to adapt pictorial star models to action datasets without location annotation, and to features invariant to changes in pose such as bag-of-feature and Fisher vectors, rather than low-level HoG. Thus, we propose local deformable spatial bag-of-features in which local discriminative regions are split into a fixed grid of parts that are allowed to deform in both space and time at test-time. In our experimental evaluation we demonstrate that by using local space-time action parts in a weakly supervised setting, we are able to achieve state-of-the-art classification performance, whilst being able to localise actions even in the most challenging video datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]