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In this review, we aimed to comprehensively summarize current literature on pathophysiology, relevance, diagnosis and treatment of fluid accumulation in patients with sepsis/septic shock. Fluid accumulation syndrome (FAS) is defined as fluid accumulation (any degree, expressed as percentage from baseline body weight) with new onset organ-failure. Over the years, many studies have described the negative impact of FAS on clinically relevant outcomes. While the relationship between FAS and ICU outcomes is well described, uncertainty exists regarding its diagnosis, monitoring and treatment. A stepwise approach is suggested to prevent and treat FAS in patients with septic shock, including minimizing fluid intake (e.g., by limiting intravenous fluid administration and employing de-escalation whenever possible), limiting sodium and chloride administration, and maximizing fluid output (e.g., with diuretics, or renal replacement therapy). Current literature implies the need for a multi-tier, multi-modal approach to de-resuscitation, combining a restrictive fluid management regime with a standardized early active de-resuscitation, maintenance fluid reduction (avoiding fluid creep) and potentially using physical measures such as compression stockings. Trial registration: Not applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL) is a chronic condition with a detrimental impact on psychosocial and physical well-being. Lymphaticovenous anastomosis has shown promising results in alleviating physical symptoms and increasing quality of life in patients with BCRL. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect on health related quality of life (HrQol) after LVA surgery versus conservative treatment in patients with BCRL. The study is a prospective, multicenter randomized controlled trial. Adult women with unilateral BCRL, with early stage lymphedema and viable lymphatic vessels were included. The primary outcome measure was HrQol measured by the lymphedema functioning disability and health (Lymph-ICF) questionnaire. The secondary outcomes were volume difference measured by the water displacement method; the Upper Extremity Lymphedema (UEL) index; and daily use of the compression garments after 3 and 6 months. For this interim analysis 46 patients per group were included. There was a significant improvement in the domains in physical and mental function in the Lymph-ICF questionnaire in the LVA group after 6 months, (− 16.46 ± 18.5, p < 0.05, − 10.12 ± 29.5, p < 0.05 respectively). However, there was no statistical difference in the total score of the Lymph-ICF after 6 months in both groups (LVA-group; − 8.57 ± 22.6, p > 0.05, CDT-group; − 2.65 ± 18.2, p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant volume reduction in both groups (LVA-group: 20.04 ± 196.40, p = 0.497, CDT: 33.98 ± 189.87, p = 0.236). In the LVA group, 41% partially of completely stopped wearing the compression garments after six months whereas in the CDT group 0% discontinued to use of compression garments. LVA resulted in improvement of the domains physical and mental function of the Lymph-ICF. Limb volume did not significantly improve after 6 months. However, around 42% could completely or partially stopped with the use of compression garments in the LVA group. The current results are promising, however longer follow up is required to assess long term effect of LVA for secondary lymphedema. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT02790021 registered on 03/06/2016 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whilst much research has been carried out on the use of compression garments for muscular recovery, reliability data on muscular performance and compression pressure measurements are lacking in non-resistance-trained populations. Therefore, the between-day and within-session reliability of garment interface pressure measurements and lower-limb maximal voluntary contraction forces was assessed in non-resistance-trained males and compared between groups testing on consecutive (CONSEC, n = 12), or non-consecutive days (≥ 48 h; REC, n = 12). Interface pressures were measured with a pneumatic sensor, before knee extension performance of the dominant leg (isometric, 60° s−1, 120° s−1 and 180° s−1) and 6 s cycle sprint performance were assessed. Peak isometric and isokinetic forces at 60° s−1 and 120° s−1 declined between days in CONSEC (p < 0.05; CV 5.1—6.6%), but not in REC (p > 0.05; CV 3.5–9.4%). Cycling peak power increased between days, regardless of group (p = 0.014; CV 4–4.8%). Interface pressures were similar between days and groups, but highly variable (p > 0.05; CV 6.8–17%). Familiarization with isometric and isokinetic testing may be unnecessary in non-resistance-trained males. Strength losses resulting from performance tests should be considered when assessing recovery on consecutive days. Conversely, 6 s sprint cycle testing required at least one familiarization session. Interface pressure measurements should be reported alongside reliability coefficients, while further research is needed to quantify the deterioration of interface pressures in relation to the reliability of these measurements when compression garments are worn for multiple days' recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the proposed mechanisms underlying the benefits of sports compression garments may be alterations in peripheral blood flow. Objective: We aimed to determine if sports compression garments alter measures of peripheral blood flow at rest, as well as during, immediately after and in recovery from a physiological challenge (i.e. exercise or an orthostatic challenge). Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search of databases including Scopus, SPORTDiscus and PubMed/MEDLINE. The criteria for inclusion of studies were: (1) original papers in English and a peer-reviewed journal; (2) assessed effect of compression garments on a measure of peripheral blood flow at rest and/or before, during or after a physiological challenge; (3) participants were healthy and without cardiovascular or metabolic disorders; and (4) a study population including athletes and physically active or healthy participants. The PEDro scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. A random-effects meta-analysis model was used. Changes in blood flow were quantified by standardised mean difference (SMD) [± 95% confidence interval (CI)]. Results: Of the 899 articles identified, 22 studies were included for the meta-analysis. The results indicated sports compression garments improve overall peripheral blood flow (SMD = 0.32, 95% CI 0.13, 0.51, p = 0.001), venous blood flow (SMD = 0.37, 95% CI 0.14, 0.60, p = 0.002) and arterial blood flow (SMD = 0.30, 95% CI 0.01, 0.59, p = 0.04). At rest, sports compression garments did not improve peripheral blood flow (SMD = 0.18, 95% CI − 0.02, 0.39, p = 0.08). However, subgroup analyses revealed sports compression garments enhance venous (SMD = 0.31 95% CI 0.02, 0.60, p = 0.03), but not arterial (SMD = 0.12, 95% CI − 0.16, 0.40, p = 0.16), blood flow. During a physiological challenge, peripheral blood flow was improved (SMD = 0.44, 95% CI 0.19, 0.69, p = 0.0007), with subgroup analyses revealing sports compression garments enhance venous (SMD = 0.48, 95% CI 0.11, 0.85, p = 0.01) and arterial blood flow (SMD = 0.44, 95% CI 0.03, 0.86, p = 0.04). At immediately after a physiological challenge, there were no changes in peripheral blood flow (SMD = − 0.04, 95% CI − 0.43, 0.34, p = 0.82) or subgroup analyses of venous (SMD = − 0.41, 95% CI − 1.32, 0.47, p = 0.35) and arterial (SMD = 0.12, 95% CI − 0.26, 0.51, p = 0.53) blood flow. In recovery, sports compression garments did not improve peripheral blood flow (SMD = 0.25, 95% CI − 0.45, 0.95, p = 0.49). The subgroup analyses showed enhanced venous (SMD = 0.67, 95% CI 0.17, 1.17, p = 0.009), but not arterial blood flow (SMD = 0.02, 95% CI − 1.06, 1.09, p = 0.98). Conclusions: Use of sports compression garments enhances venous blood flow at rest, during and in recovery from, but not immediately after, a physiological challenge. Compression-induced changes in arterial blood flow were only evident during a physiological challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of compression garments (CGs) during or after training and competition has gained popularity in the last few decades. However, the data concerning CGs' beneficial effects on muscle strength-related outcomes after physical exercise remain inconclusive. Objective: The aim was to determine whether wearing CGs during or after physical exercise would facilitate the recovery of muscle strength-related outcomes. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across five databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCOhost). Data from 19 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including 350 healthy participants were extracted and meta-analytically computed. Weighted between-study standardized mean differences (SMDs) with respect to their standard errors (SEs) were aggregated and corrected for sample size to compute overall SMDs. The type of physical exercise, the body area and timing of CG application, and the time interval between the end of the exercise and subsequent testing were assessed. Results: CGs produced no strength-sparing effects (SMD [95% confidence interval]) at the following time points (t) after physical exercise: immediately ≤ t < 24 h: − 0.02 (− 0.22 to 0.19), p = 0.87; 24 ≤ t < 48 h: − 0.00 (− 0.22 to 0.21), p = 0.98; 48 ≤ t < 72 h: − 0.03 (− 0.43 to 0.37), p = 0.87; 72 ≤ t < 96 h: 0.14 (− 0.21 to 0.49), p = 0.43; 96 h ≤ t: 0.26 (− 0.33 to 0.85), p = 0.38. The body area where the CG was applied had no strength-sparing effects. CGs revealed weak strength-sparing effects after plyometric exercise. Conclusion: Meta-analytical evidence suggests that wearing a CG during or after training does not seem to facilitate the recovery of muscle strength following physical exercise. Practitioners, athletes, coaches, and trainers should reconsider the use of CG as a tool to reduce the effects of physical exercise on muscle strength. Trial Registration Number: PROSPERO CRD42021246753. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To identify the effects of a single 30 min partial lower leg external pneumatic compression (EPC) treatment compared to a static compression (SC) garment or a no treatment control (CTL) on markers of recovery and performance following a muscle damaging protocol. Methods: Thirty healthy, active males (23 ± 3 years; 180.2 ± 9.0 cm; 81.6 ± 11.3 kg) performed 100 drop jumps from a 0.6 m box followed by a randomized, single 30 min treatment of either a partial lower leg EPC device worn below the knee and above the ankle (110 mmHg), SC garment (20–30 mmHg) covering the foot and calf just below the knee, or no treatment CTL, and then returned 24 and 48 h later. Participants were assessed for measures of muscle soreness, fatigue, hemodynamics, blood lactate, muscle thickness, circumferences, and performance assessments. Results: The drop jump protocol significantly increased muscle soreness (p < 0.001), fatigue (p < 0.001), blood flow (p < 0.001), hemoglobin (p < 0.001), and muscle oxygen saturation (SMO2; p < 0.001). Countermovement jump and squat jump testing completed after treatment with either EPC, SC, or CTL revealed no differences for jump height between any condition. However, EPC treatment maintained consistent braking force and propulsive power measures across all timepoints for countermovement jump testing. EPC and SC treatment also led to better maintenance of squat jump performance for average relative propulsive force and power variables at 24 and 48 h compared to CTL. Conclusions: A single 30 min partial leg EPC treatment may lead to more consistent jump performance following a damaging bout of exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a novel design for an e-textile based surface electromyography (sEMG) suit that incorporates stretchable conductive textiles as electrodes and interconnects within an athletic compression garment. The fabrication and assembly approach is a facile combination of laser cutting and heat-press lamination that provides for rapid prototyping of designs in a typical research environment without need for any specialized textile or garment manufacturing equipment. The materials used are robust to wear, resilient to the high strains encountered in clothing, and can be machine laundered. The suit produces sEMG signal quality comparable to conventional adhesive electrodes, but with improved comfort, longevity, and reusability. The embedded electronics provide signal conditioning, amplification, digitization, and processing power to convert the raw EMG signals to a level-of-effort estimation for flexion and extension of the elbow and knee joints. The approach we detail herein is also expected to be extensible to a variety of other electrophysiological sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the clothing industry, garment pattern design serves as a significant middle link between fashion design and manufacturing. With the advent of advanced multimedia techniques, like virtual reality, 3D modeling, and interactive design, this work has become more intuitive. However, it is still a tremendous knowledge-based work that relied on the experienced patternmakers' know-how. For enterprises, it will take a long time to cultivate a patternmaker from an abecedarian to an expert. Moreover, while facing fierce competition in the market, enterprises still have to endure the pressures and risks led by the turnover of experienced patternmakers. In this context, we put forward a knowledge-supported garment pattern design approach by learning the experienced patternmakers' knowledge based on fuzzy logic and artificial neural networks. Based on this approach, we created a knowledge-supported pattern design model, consisting of several sub-models following the garment styles, considering the properties of fabrics and fitting degree. The inputs of the model are the feature body dimensions, while the outputs, namely the pattern parameters, can be generated following the fabric and fitting degree selected. Through performance comparison with other models and the actual fitting test, the results revealed that the present approach was applicable. Our proposed approach can not only support the non-expert patternmakers or abecedarians to make decisions when developing the patterns by reducing the difficulties of patternmaking but help the enterprises to reduce the dependencies on the experts, hence promoting the efficiency and reducing risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Compression garments are regularly worn during exercise to improve physical performance, mitigate fatigue responses, and enhance recovery. However, evidence for their efficacy is varied and the methodological approaches and outcome measures used within the scientific literature are diverse. Objectives: The aim of this scoping review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of compression garments on commonly assessed outcome measures in response to exercise, including: performance, biomechanical, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, cardiorespiratory, muscle damage, thermoregulatory, and perceptual responses. Methods: A systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and CINAHL Complete) was performed from the earliest record to 27 December, 2020. Results: In total, 183 studies were identified for qualitative analysis with the following breakdown: performance and muscle function outcomes: 115 studies (63%), biomechanical and neuromuscular: 59 (32%), blood and saliva markers: 85 (46%), cardiovascular: 76 (42%), cardiorespiratory: 39 (21%), thermoregulatory: 19 (10%) and perceptual: 98 (54%). Approximately 85% (n = 156) of studies were published between 2010 and 2020. Conclusions: Evidence is equivocal as to whether garments improve physical performance, with little evidence supporting improvements in kinetic or kinematic outcomes. Compression likely reduces muscle oscillatory properties and has a positive effect on sensorimotor systems. Findings suggest potential increases in arterial blood flow; however, it is unlikely that compression garments meaningfully change metabolic responses, blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiorespiratory measures. Compression garments increase localised skin temperature and may reduce perceptions of muscle soreness and pain following exercise; however, rating of perceived exertion during exercise is likely unchanged. It is unlikely that compression garments negatively influence exercise-related outcomes. Future research should assess wearer belief in compression garments, report pressure ranges at multiple sites as well as garment material, and finally examine individual responses and varying compression coverage areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basketball players face multiple challenges to in-season recovery. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on recovery modalities and nutritional strategies for basketball players and practical applications that can be incorporated throughout the season at various levels of competition. Sleep, protein, carbohydrate, and fluids should be the foundational components emphasized throughout the season for home and away games to promote recovery. Travel, whether by air or bus, poses nutritional and sleep challenges, therefore teams should be strategic about packing snacks and fluid options while on the road. Practitioners should also plan for meals at hotels and during air travel for their players. Basketball players should aim for a minimum of 8 h of sleep per night and be encouraged to get extra sleep during congested schedules since back-to back games, high workloads, and travel may negatively influence night-time sleep. Regular sleep monitoring, education, and feedback may aid in optimizing sleep in basketball players. In addition, incorporating consistent training times may be beneficial to reduce bed and wake time variability. Hydrotherapy, compression garments, and massage may also provide an effective recovery modality to incorporate post-competition. Future research, however, is warranted to understand the influence these modalities have on enhancing recovery in basketball players. Overall, a strategic well-rounded approach, encompassing both nutrition and recovery modality strategies, should be carefully considered and implemented with teams to support basketball players' recovery for training and competition throughout the season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a patient who had a common peroneal nerve palsy complication due to anti-embolism stocking compression following total hip arthroplasty (THA) surgery performed via the anterior approach (AA). The patient was a 17-year-old underweight female and have experienced bilateral hip pain for the last 3 years. Pelvic X-rays revealed bilateral osteonecrosis of the femoral head and THA surgery for the left hip via the AA was done. Common peroneal palsy developed due to anti-embolism stocking compression on the first postoperative day, which was confirmed by ultrasonography (USG). The common peroneal nerve returned to full function in the third postoperative month with complete healing and the patient was followed up for 3 years. Several etiologic factors have been reported as the cause of the common peroneal nerve palsy following THA surgery. Common peroneal palsy caused by anti-embolism stocking as in our case is an etiologic factor to be considered by arthroplasty surgeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asterisk represents differences between conditions, where both the EPC and SC were greater than CTL. EPC external pneumatic compression, SC static compression, CTL control, CMJ countermovement jump, RFD rate of force development Graph: Fig. EPC external pneumatic compression, SC static compression, CTL control, CMJ countermovement jump, RFD rate of force development The original article has been corrected. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: Chronic lymphedema following breast cancer (BC) affects individuals physically, functionally, psychologically, and financially. Despite national guidelines and evidence-based research supporting a prospective surveillance and early intervention model of care (PSM), bridging the gap between research and clinical practice has been difficult.Method: As part of an international randomized controlled trial (RCT), Australian women with BC from four hospitals were recruited, monitored for lymphedema at regular intervals over a 3-year period, and were provided a compression garment if intervention was triggered. The reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation and maintenance (RE-AIM) evaluation framework was used retrospectively to assess a PSM at the individual and organizational level for those who had completed at least 2-year follow-up (N = 219) in the RCT.Results: The application of the RE-AIM framework retrospectively demonstrated an extensive reach to patients across public and private settings; the effectiveness of prospective surveillance and early intervention was achieved through low progression rates to clinical lymphedema (1.8%), and all hospital sites initially approached adopted the research study. Key implementation strategies necessary for effectiveness of this model of care included education to health professionals and patients, staff acceptability, and development of a referral and care pathway. Maintenance dimensions were evaluated both at the individual level with 92-100% adherence rates for all nonoptional study appointments over the 2-year period, and at the organizational-level, PSM was sustained after recruitment ceased for the research study.Conclusion: The PSM for lymphedema in BC can be successfully implemented using the RE-AIM framework applied retrospectively. The implementation of the PSM used in the RCT has assisted in changing clinical practices and improving the quality and effectiveness of the health care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We examined the possibility that wearing a below-knee compression garment (CG) reduces fatigue-induced strength loss and joint position sense (JPS) errors in healthy adults. Methods: Subjects (n = 24, age = 25.5 ± 4 years) were allocated to either one of the treatment groups that performed 100 maximal isokinetic eccentric contractions at 30°−1 with the right-dominant knee extensors: (1) with (EXPCG) or (2) without CG (EXP) or to (3) a control group (CONCG: CG, no exercise). Changes in JPS errors, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque were measured immediately post-, 24 h post-, and 1 week post-intervention in each leg. All testing was done without the CG. Results: CG afforded no protection against JPS errors. Mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that absolute JPS errors increased post-intervention in EXPCG and EXP not only in the right-exercised (52%, p = 0.013; 57%, p = 0.007, respectively) but also in the left non-exercised (55%, p = 0.001; 58%, p = 0.040, respectively) leg. Subjects tended to underestimate the target position more in the flexed vs. extended knee positions (75–61°: − 4.6 ± 3.6°, 60–50°: − 4.2 ± 4.3°, 50–25°: − 2.9 ± 4.2°), irrespective of group and time. Moreover, MVIC decreased in EXP but not in EXPCG and CONCG at immediately post-intervention (p = 0.026, d = 0.52) and 24 h post-intervention (p = 0.013, d = 0.45) compared to baseline. Conclusion: Altogether, a below-knee CG reduced fatigue-induced strength loss at 80° knee joint position but not JPS errors in healthy younger adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the current study was to examine the impact of lower body compression garments (CG) on cardiac autonomic control of heart rate (HR) prior to, during and following submaximal exercise.Methods: Thirty (15 males, 15 females) healthy, active adults undertook consecutive 10-min stages of supine rest, moderate-intensity upright cycling and supine recovery while wearing either normal clothing (CONTROL) or normal clothing plus CG tights in a randomised order. Heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed every minute while cardiovascular autonomic responses were assessed during the final 5 min of each stage via HR variability (HRV). The change in HR at 1-min (HRR1) and 2-min (HRR2) post-exercise and the time constant of HR recovery (HRtau) were assessed as indices of cardiac autonomic reactivation. Differences between variables were assessed via repeated measures ANOVA and corrected pairwise comparisons.Results: Compared to rest, exercise resulted in a reduction of HRV that was similar for CONTROL and CG. A main effect for condition was identified for one non-linear, long-term HRV variable only with a significantly lower value (61.4 ± 47.8 vs. 67.1 ± 50.2 ms, p < 0.05) for CG compared to CONTROL. Cardiac autonomic reactivation (HRR1, 42.0 ± 16.8 vs. 45.5 ± 13.4 bpm; HRR2, 58.9 ± 10.5 vs. 58.9 ± 8.2 bpm; HRtau, 63.4 ± 22.3 vs. 65.1 ± 23.0 s, p > 0.05) was comparable for CONTROL and CG.Conclusion: Lower body CG failed to alter most cardiac autonomic responses during rest, moderate-intensity exercise or recovery. Mechanisms for potential ergogenic benefits of CG remain to be characterised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore how compression stockings affect the energetics and biomechanics during walking.Methods: Sixteen male adults participated in this study. Participants completed walking trials on the treadmill and force plates, wearing compression stockings (CS) or nothing as a control condition (CON). The data obtained included metabolic rate, muscle activation, step frequency and step length as well as their variability, joint kinematics and joint kinetics.Results: The effect of compression stockings on metabolic rate was trivial (CS: 3.81 ± 0.44 W kg-1, CON: 3.83 ± 0.46 W kg-1, p = 0.84, d = 0.05). Activation of calf muscles, step frequency and step length as well as their variability, joint range of motion and joint powers did not show a significant difference between conditions (p = 0.09-0.90, d = 0.01-0.34). The peak knee extension moment during the early stance phase had a tendency to increase (CS: 0.57 ± 0.27 N m kg-1, CON: 0.51 ± 0.28 N m kg-1, p = 0.05, d = 0.19) while the peak knee flexion moment during the late swing phase had a tendency to decrease (CS: 0.16 ± 0.10 N m kg-1, CON: 0.19 ± 0.12 N m kg-1, p = 0.10, d = 0.21). The peak ankle dorsiflexion moment during the early stance phase significantly increased (CS: 0.11 ± 0.06 N m kg-1, CON: 0.08 ± 0.05 N m kg-1, p = 0.02, d = 0.58) while the peak ankle plantar flexion moment during the late swing phase significantly decreased (CS: 1.41 ± 0.12 N m kg-1, CON: 1.47 ± 0.14 N m kg-1, p = 0.02, d = 0.45).Conclusions: Compression stockings have a limited effect on improving energetics of walking, but they may play a role in improving biomechanics by altering the relative contribution of knee and ankle moments to propulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although compression garments are used to improve sports performance, methodological approaches and the direction of evidence regarding garments for use in high-intensity exercise settings are diverse.Objectives: Our primary aim was to summarize the association between lower-limb compression garments (LLCGs) and changes in sports performance during high-intensity exercise. We also aimed to summarize evidence about the following physiological parameters related to sports performance: vertical jump height (VJ), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), submaximal oxygen uptake (VO2submax), blood lactate concentrations ([La]), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE, 6-20 Borg scale).Methods: We searched electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov) and reference lists for previous reviews. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials with athletes or physically active subjects (≥ 18 years) using any type of LLCG during high-intensity exercise. The results were described as weighted mean difference (WMD) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI).Results: The 23 included studies showed low statistical heterogeneity for the pooled outcomes. We found that LLCGs yielded similar running performance to controls (50-400 m: WMD 0.06 s [95% CI − 1.99 to 2.11]; 800-3000 m: WMD 6.10 s [95% CI − 7.23 to 19.43]; > 5000 m: WMD 1.01 s [95% CI − 84.80 to 86.82]). Likewise, we found no evidence that LLCGs were superior in secondary outcomes (VJ: WMD 2.25 cm [95% CI − 2.51 to 7.02]; VO2max: WMD 0.24 mL.kg−1.min−1 [95% CI − 1.48 to 1.95]; VO2submax: WMD − 0.26 mL.kg−1.min−1 [95% CI − 2.66 to 2.14]; [La]: WMD 0.19 mmol/L [95% CI − 0.22 to 0.60]; RPE: WMD − 0.20 points [95% CI − 0.48 to 0.08]).Conclusions: LLCGs were not associated with improved performance in VJ, VO2max, VO2submax, [La], or RPE during high-intensity exercise. Such evidence should be taken into account when considering using LLCGs to enhance running performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This aim of this study was to determine the use of compression garments by women with lymphoedema secondary to breast cancer treatment and factors which underpin use.Methods: An online survey was distributed to the Survey and Review group of the Breast Cancer Network Australia. The survey included questions related to the participants' demographics, breast cancer and lymphoedema medical history, prescription and use of compression garments and their beliefs about compression and lymphoedema. Data were analysed using principal component analysis and multivariable logistic regression.Results: Compression garments had been prescribed to 83% of 201 women with lymphoedema within the last 5 years, although 37 women had discontinued their use. Even when accounting for severity of swelling, type of garment(s) and advice given for use varied across participants. Use of compression garments was driven by women's beliefs that they were vulnerable to progression of their disease and that compression would prevent its worsening. Common reasons given as to why women had discontinued their use included discomfort, and their lymphoedema was stable. Participant characteristics associated with discontinuance of compression garments included their belief that (i) the garments were not effective in managing their condition, (ii) experienced mild-moderate swelling and/or (iii) had experienced swelling for greater than 5 years.Conclusion: The prescription of compression garments for lymphoedema is highly varied and may be due to lack of underpinning evidence to inform treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adequate recovery from exercise is essential to maintain performance throughout training and competition. While compression garments (CG) have been demonstrated to accelerate recovery, the literature is clouded by conflicting results and uncertainty over the optimal conditions of use. Objectives: A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effects of CG on the recovery of strength, power and endurance performance following an initial bout of resistance, running, or non-load-bearing endurance (metabolic) exercise. Methods: Change-score data were extracted from 23 peer-reviewed studies on healthy participants. Recovery was quantified by converting into standardized mean effect sizes (ES) [±95% confidence interval (CI)]. The effects of time (0-2, 2-8, 24, >24 h), pressure (<15 vs. ≥15 mmHg) and training status (trained vs. untrained) were also assessed. Results: CG demonstrated small, very likely benefits [ p < 0.001, ES = 0.38 (95% CI 0.25, 0.51)], which were not influenced by pressure ( p = 0.06) or training status ( p = 0.64). Strength recovery was subject to greater benefits than other outcomes [ p < 0.001, ES = 0.62 (95% CI 0.39, 0.84)], displaying large, very likely benefits at 2-8 h [ p < 0.001, ES = 1.14 (95% CI 0.72, 1.56)] and >24 h [ p < 0.001, ES = 1.03 (95% CI 0.48, 1.57)]. Recovery from using CG was greatest following resistance exercise [ p < 0.001, ES = 0.49 (95% CI 0.37, 0.61)], demonstrating the largest, very likely benefits at >24 h [ p < 0.001, ES = 1.33 (95% CI 0.80, 1.85)]. Recovery from metabolic exercise ( p = 0.01) was significant, although large, very likely benefits emerged only for cycling performance at 24 h post-exercise [ p = 0.01, ES = 1.05 (95% CI 0.25, 1.85)]. Conclusion: The largest benefits resulting from CG were for strength recovery from 2 to 8 h and >24 h. Considering exercise modality, compression most effectively enhanced recovery from resistance exercise, particularly at time points >24 h. The use of CG would also be recommended to enhance next-day cycling performance. The benefits of CG in relation to applied pressures and participant training status are unclear and limited by the paucity of reported data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We investigated whether graduated compression induced by stockings enhances cutaneous vasodilation in passively heated resting humans.Methods: Nine habitually active young men were heated at rest using water-perfusable suits, resulting in a 1.0 °C increase in body core temperature. Heating was repeated twice on separate occasions while wearing either (1) stockings that cause graduated compression (pressures of 26.4 ± 5.3, 17.5 ± 4.4, and 6.1 ± 2.0 mmHg at the ankle, calf, and thigh, respectively), or (2) loose-fitting stockings without causing compression (Control). Forearm vascular conductance during heating was evaluated by forearm blood flow (venous occlusion plethysmography) divided by mean arterial pressure to estimate heat-induced cutaneous vasodilation. Body core (esophageal), skin, and mean body temperatures were measured continuously.Results: Compared to the Control, forearm vascular conductance during heating was higher with graduated compression stockings (e.g., 23.2 ± 5.5 vs. 28.6 ± 5.8 units at 45 min into heating, P = 0.001). In line with this, graduated compression stockings resulted in a greater sensitivity (27.5 ± 8.3 vs. 34.0 ± 9.4 units °C-1, P = 0.02) and peak level (25.5 ± 5.8 vs. 29.7 ± 5.8 units, P = 0.004) of cutaneous vasodilation as evaluated from the relationship between forearm vascular conductance with mean body temperature. In contrast, the mean body temperature threshold for increases in forearm vascular conductance did not differ between the Control and graduated compression stockings (36.5 ± 0.1 vs. 36.5 ± 0.2 °C, P = 0.85).Conclusions: Our results show that graduated compression associated with the use of stockings augments cutaneous vasodilation by modulating sensitivity and peak level of cutaneous vasodilation in relation to mean body temperature. However, the effect of these changes on whole-body heat loss remains unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercially available compression garments (CGs) demonstrate the enhanced recovery from exercise in some, but not all studies. It is possible that in some cases the degree of compression pressure (ComP) exerted is not sufficient to produce any physiological benefit. The aim of this investigation was to identify the levels of ComP exerted by commercially available CGs. This study was composed of two parts. In part A 50 healthy, physically active individuals ( n = 26 male, n = 24 female) were fitted with CGs according to manufacturer's guidelines. ComP was measured in participants standing in the anatomical position with a pressure measurement device inserted between the skin and the garment. Data were compared to 'ideal' pressure values proposed in the literature. In part B, ComP in three different brands of CG was compared in a population of 29 men who all wore a medium-sized garment. A one-way ANOVA indicated that there was a significant difference ( P < 0.05) between observed pressure and ideal pressure at the quadriceps for males and females and in the calf for the female population. There was no significant difference ( P > 0.05) between observed and ideal pressures in the calf of the male population. No significant differences in pressure ( P > 0.05) were observed between CG brands at the quadriceps or calf. In conclusion, a large number of individuals may not be experiencing an adequate ComP from CG, and this is true for all the three major brands of CGs tested in this investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of compression stockings to prevent muscular damage and preserve muscular performance during a half-ironman triathlon. Methods: Thirty-six experienced triathletes volunteered for this study. Participants were matched for age, anthropometric data and training status and placed into the experimental group ( N = 19; using ankle-to-knee graduated compression stockings) or control group ( N = 17; using regular socks). Participants competed in a half-ironman triathlon celebrated at 29 ± 3 °C and 73 ± 8 % of relative humidity. Race time was measured by means of chip timing. Pre- and post-race, maximal height and leg muscle power were measured during a countermovement jump. At the same time, blood myoglobin and creatine kinase concentrations were determined and the triathletes were asked for perceived exertion and muscle soreness using validated scales. Results: Total race time was not different between groups (315 ± 45 for the control group and 310 ± 32 min for the experimental group; P = 0.46). After the race, jump height (−8.5 ± 3.0 versus −9.2 ± 5.3 %; P = 0.47) and leg muscle power reductions (−13 ± 10 versus −15 ± 10 %; P = 0.72) were similar between groups. Post-race myoglobin (718 ± 119 versus 591 ± 100 μg/mL; P = 0.42) and creatine kinase concentrations (604 ± 137 versus 525 ± 69 U/L; P = 0.60) were not different between groups. Perceived muscle soreness (5.3 ± 2.1 versus 6.0 ± 2.0 arbitrary units; P = 0.42) and the rating of perceived effort (17 ± 2 versus 17 ± 2 arbitrary units; P = 0.58) were not different between groups after the race. Conclusion: Wearing compression stockings did not represent any advantage for maintaining muscle function or reducing blood markers of muscle damage during a triathlon event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of compression garments (X) on cycling performance in the heat (32 °C) and tested the hypothesis that X would not negatively affect cycling performance in the heat by comparing X and traditional cycling garments (C). Seven amateur cyclists and triathletes performed an incremental test followed by 20 min cycling performance test at a power that elicited the subject’s pre-determined 80 % of ventilator threshold and then a time to exhaustion (TTE) at VO 2max power (PPO) for both X condition and C condition (randomized). Oxygen uptake ( VO 2) and heart rate were collected during steady state of sub-maximal intensity, TTE was taken at the end of maximal aerobic intensity and rating of perceived exertion, thermal and sweating sensation were provided every 5 min during the test. All parameters were compared between X and C; no significant differences ( p < 0.05) were found, so the initial hypothesis was confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Klippel–Trenaunay and Parkes–Weber syndromes are two differentials of congenital limb overgrowth syndromes. The clinical presentation of both the syndromes is similar in the form of limb overgrowth, pain, edema, or ulcers on the leg. Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome consists of capillary, venous, and lymphatic malformations, whereas Parkes–Weber syndrome has arteriovenous fistulas in addition to similar malformations. We present case reports of two patients with a non-healing ulcer on the leg, however, with different underlying etiologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study investigated the acute effects of compression garments (CG) on balance control in elite athletes. 15 male professional handball players were recruited. They had to stand as motionless as possible in a monopedal stance on a force plate with the eyes closed and on a wobble board with the eyes open, while wearing CG or not. Centre of foot pressure mean velocity and surface area were calculated. Statistics were first calculated with the data from the whole sample. A hierarchical cluster analysis was also performed in order to categorize the participants' behaviours into subgroups with similar characteristics. The whole group analysis showed that there were no significant effects attributed to CG. The clustering analysis identified two distinct and homogeneous subgroups of participants. Only athletes with the best balance abilities at baseline could benefit from CG wearing to improve their balance control. These athletes, who swayed less and were more sensitive to somatosensory manipulation due to CG wearing, seem to control balance by adopting a support-dependent preferred sensorimotor tactic. Our findings suggest that amongst high-level athletes, the ability to benefit from CG wearing to improve balance control seems to depend on participants' intrinsic balance skills and/or preferred sensorimotor tactics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]