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1. 1q21.1 distal copy number variants are associated with cerebral and cognitive alterations in humans

Author

Helmholtz Association, European Commission, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, European Research Council, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Innovative Medicines Initiative, European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations, Science Foundation Ireland, Medical Research Council (UK), Wellcome Trust, Waterloo Foundation, National Institute of Mental Health (US), National Institutes of Health (US), Department of Health & Social Care (UK), NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (UK), NHS Foundation Trust, Harvard University, Massachusetts General Hospital, Swedish Research Council, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development, Kings College London, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), German Research Foundation, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Fondation de France, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Research Council of Norway, University of Bergen, European Science Foundation, National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Australian Research Council, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Fundación Marques de Valdecilla, National Institute on Drug Abuse (US), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (US), University of Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, University of Oslo, Sønderby, Ida E., van der Meer, Dennis, Moreau, Clara, Kaufmann, Tobias, Bragi Walters, G., Ellegaard, Maria, Abdellaoui, Abdel, Ames, David, Amunts, Katrin, Andersson, Micael, Armstrong, Nicola J., Modenato, Claudia, Monereo Sánchez, Jennifer, Morris, Derek W., Mühleisen, Thomas W., Pausova, Zdenka, Olde Loohuis, Loes M., Peralta, Juan M., Pike, G. Bruce, Prieto, Carlos, Quinlan, Erin B., Wright, Margaret J., Reinbold, Céline S., Stefansson, Hreinn, Reis Marques, Tiago, Bernard, Manon, Rucker, James J. H., Sachdev, Perminder S., Sando, Sigrid B., Schofield, Peter R., Schork, Andrew J., Schumann, Gunter, Agartz, Ingrid, Shin, Jean, Shumskaya, Elena, Stefansson, Kari, Silva, Ana I., Sisodiya, Sanjay M., Blackburn, Nicholas B., Steen, Vidar M., Stein, Dan J., Strike, Lachlan T., Suzuki, Ikuo K., Djurovic, Srdjan, Tamnes, Christian K., Teumer, Alexander, Thalamuthu, Anbupalam, Jacquemont, Sébastien, Tordesillas-Gutiérrez, Diana, Uhlmann, Anne, Ulfarsson, Magnus O., Blangero, John, van't Ent, Dennis, van den Bree, Marianne B. M., Westlye, Lars T., Vanderhaeghen, Pierre, Vassos, Evangelos, Wen, Wei, Wittfeld, Katharina, Thompson, Paul M., Boomsma, Dorret I., Andreassen, Ole A., Brodaty, Henry, Brouwer, Rachel M., Bülow, Robin, Bøen, Rune, Groenewold, Nynke A., Cahn, Wiepke, Hashimoto, Ryota, Calhoun, Vincent, Caspers, Svenja, Ching, Christopher R. K., Cichon, Sven, Ciufolini, Simone, Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto, Curran, Joanne E., Dale, Anders M., Gústafsson, Ómar, Dalvie, Shareefa, Dazzan, Paola, Hehir-Kwa, Jayne Y., de Geus, de Geus, Zubicaray, Greig I. de, de Zwarte, Sonja M. C., Desrivieres, Sylvane, Doherty, Joanne L., Donohoe, Gary, Draganski, Bogdan, Haavik, Jan, Ehrlich, Stefan, Eising, Else, Espeseth, Thomas, Hibar, Derrek P., Fejgin, Kim, Fisher, Simon E., Fladby, Tormod, Frei, Oleksandr, Frouin, Vincent, Fukunaga, Masaki, Haberg, Asta K., Gareau, Thomas, Ge,Tian, Glahn, David C., Grabe, Hans-Jörgen, Hillegers, Manon H. J., Hall, Jeremy, Hoffmann, Per, Holleran, Laurena, Holmes, Avram J., Homuth, Georg, Hottenga, Jouke-Jan, Murray, Robin M., Hulshoff Pol, Hilleke E., Ophoff, Roel A., Ikeda, Masashi, Jahanshad, Neda, Jockwitz, Christiane, Johansson, Stefan, Jönsson, Erik G., Jørgensen, Niklas R., Kikuchi, Masataka, Knowles, Emma E. M., Nielsen, Jacob, Kumar, Kuldeep, Le Hellard, Stephanie, Owen, Michael J., Leu, Costin, Linden, David E. J., Liu, Jingyu, Lundervold, Arvid, Lundervold, Astri Johansen, Maillard, Anne M., Martin, Nicholas G., Nordvik, Jan E., Martin-Brevet, Sandra, Mather, Karen A., Mathias, Samuel R., Paus, Tomas, McMahon, Katie L., McRae, Allan F., Medland, Sarah E., Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas, Moberget, Torgeir, Nyberg, Lars, Helmholtz Association, European Commission, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, European Research Council, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Innovative Medicines Initiative, European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations, Science Foundation Ireland, Medical Research Council (UK), Wellcome Trust, Waterloo Foundation, National Institute of Mental Health (US), National Institutes of Health (US), Department of Health & Social Care (UK), NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (UK), NHS Foundation Trust, Harvard University, Massachusetts General Hospital, Swedish Research Council, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development, Kings College London, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), German Research Foundation, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Fondation de France, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Research Council of Norway, University of Bergen, European Science Foundation, National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Australian Research Council, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Fundación Marques de Valdecilla, National Institute on Drug Abuse (US), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (US), University of Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, University of Oslo, Sønderby, Ida E., van der Meer, Dennis, Moreau, Clara, Kaufmann, Tobias, Bragi Walters, G., Ellegaard, Maria, Abdellaoui, Abdel, Ames, David, Amunts, Katrin, Andersson, Micael, Armstrong, Nicola J., Modenato, Claudia, Monereo Sánchez, Jennifer, Morris, Derek W., Mühleisen, Thomas W., Pausova, Zdenka, Olde Loohuis, Loes M., Peralta, Juan M., Pike, G. Bruce, Prieto, Carlos, Quinlan, Erin B., Wright, Margaret J., Reinbold, Céline S., Stefansson, Hreinn, Reis Marques, Tiago, Bernard, Manon, Rucker, James J. H., Sachdev, Perminder S., Sando, Sigrid B., Schofield, Peter R., Schork, Andrew J., Schumann, Gunter, Agartz, Ingrid, Shin, Jean, Shumskaya, Elena, Stefansson, Kari, Silva, Ana I., Sisodiya, Sanjay M., Blackburn, Nicholas B., Steen, Vidar M., Stein, Dan J., Strike, Lachlan T., Suzuki, Ikuo K., Djurovic, Srdjan, Tamnes, Christian K., Teumer, Alexander, Thalamuthu, Anbupalam, Jacquemont, Sébastien, Tordesillas-Gutiérrez, Diana, Uhlmann, Anne, Ulfarsson, Magnus O., Blangero, John, van't Ent, Dennis, van den Bree, Marianne B. M., Westlye, Lars T., Vanderhaeghen, Pierre, Vassos, Evangelos, Wen, Wei, Wittfeld, Katharina, Thompson, Paul M., Boomsma, Dorret I., Andreassen, Ole A., Brodaty, Henry, Brouwer, Rachel M., Bülow, Robin, Bøen, Rune, Groenewold, Nynke A., Cahn, Wiepke, Hashimoto, Ryota, Calhoun, Vincent, Caspers, Svenja, Ching, Christopher R. K., Cichon, Sven, Ciufolini, Simone, Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto, Curran, Joanne E., Dale, Anders M., Gústafsson, Ómar, Dalvie, Shareefa, Dazzan, Paola, Hehir-Kwa, Jayne Y., de Geus, de Geus, Zubicaray, Greig I. de, de Zwarte, Sonja M. C., Desrivieres, Sylvane, Doherty, Joanne L., Donohoe, Gary, Draganski, Bogdan, Haavik, Jan, Ehrlich, Stefan, Eising, Else, Espeseth, Thomas, Hibar, Derrek P., Fejgin, Kim, Fisher, Simon E., Fladby, Tormod, Frei, Oleksandr, Frouin, Vincent, Fukunaga, Masaki, Haberg, Asta K., Gareau, Thomas, Ge,Tian, Glahn, David C., Grabe, Hans-Jörgen, Hillegers, Manon H. J., Hall, Jeremy, Hoffmann, Per, Holleran, Laurena, Holmes, Avram J., Homuth, Georg, Hottenga, Jouke-Jan, Murray, Robin M., Hulshoff Pol, Hilleke E., Ophoff, Roel A., Ikeda, Masashi, Jahanshad, Neda, Jockwitz, Christiane, Johansson, Stefan, Jönsson, Erik G., Jørgensen, Niklas R., Kikuchi, Masataka, Knowles, Emma E. M., Nielsen, Jacob, Kumar, Kuldeep, Le Hellard, Stephanie, Owen, Michael J., Leu, Costin, Linden, David E. J., Liu, Jingyu, Lundervold, Arvid, Lundervold, Astri Johansen, Maillard, Anne M., Martin, Nicholas G., Nordvik, Jan E., Martin-Brevet, Sandra, Mather, Karen A., Mathias, Samuel R., Paus, Tomas, McMahon, Katie L., McRae, Allan F., Medland, Sarah E., Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas, Moberget, Torgeir, and Nyberg, Lars

Abstract

Low-frequency 1q21.1 distal deletion and duplication copy number variant (CNV) carriers are predisposed to multiple neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia, autism and intellectual disability. Human carriers display a high prevalence of micro- and macrocephaly in deletion and duplication carriers, respectively. The underlying brain structural diversity remains largely unknown. We systematically called CNVs in 38 cohorts from the large-scale ENIGMA-CNV collaboration and the UK Biobank and identified 28 1q21.1 distal deletion and 22 duplication carriers and 37,088 non-carriers (48% male) derived from 15 distinct magnetic resonance imaging scanner sites. With standardized methods, we compared subcortical and cortical brain measures (all) and cognitive performance (UK Biobank only) between carrier groups also testing for mediation of brain structure on cognition. We identified positive dosage effects of copy number on intracranial volume (ICV) and total cortical surface area, with the largest effects in frontal and cingulate cortices, and negative dosage effects on caudate and hippocampal volumes. The carriers displayed distinct cognitive deficit profiles in cognitive tasks from the UK Biobank with intermediate decreases in duplication carriers and somewhat larger in deletion carriers—the latter potentially mediated by ICV or cortical surface area. These results shed light on pathobiological mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disorders, by demonstrating gene dose effect on specific brain structures and effect on cognitive function.

Published
2021

2. BCL6 controls neurogenesis through Sirt1-dependent epigenetic repression of selective Notch targets.

Author

Tiberi, Luca, van den Ameele, Jelle, Dimidschstein, Jordane, Piccirilli, Julie, Gall, David, Herpoel, Adèle, Bilheu, Angéline, Bonnefont, Jerome, Iacovino, Michelina, Kyba, Michael, Bouschet, Tristan, and Vanderhaeghen, Pierre

Subjects
DEVELOPMENTAL neurobiology, NEURONS, NEURAL stem cells, CEREBRAL cortex, LABORATORY mice, ONCOGENES, PROGENITOR cells, EMBRYONIC stem cells
Abstract

During neurogenesis, neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) undergo an irreversible fate transition to become neurons. The Notch pathway is important for this process, and repression of Notch-dependent Hes genes is essential for triggering differentiation. However, Notch signaling often remains active throughout neuronal differentiation, implying a change in the transcriptional responsiveness to Notch during the neurogenic transition. We identified Bcl6, an oncogene, as encoding a proneurogenic factor that is required for proper neurogenesis of the mouse cerebral cortex. BCL6 promoted the neurogenic conversion by switching the composition of Notch-dependent transcriptional complexes at the Hes5 promoter. BCL6 triggered exclusion of the co-activator Mastermind-like 1 and recruitment of the NAD+-dependent deacetylase Sirt1, which was required for BCL6-dependent neurogenesis. The resulting epigenetic silencing of Hes5 led to neuronal differentiation despite active Notch signaling. Our findings suggest a role for BCL6 in neurogenesis and uncover Notch-BCL6-Sirt1 interactions that may affect other aspects of physiology and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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3. An intrinsic mechanism of corticogenesis from embryonic stem cells.

Author

Gaspard, Nicolas, Bouschet, Tristan, Hourez, Raphael, Dimidschstein, Jordane, Naeije, Gilles, van den Ameele, Jelle, Espuny-Camacho, Ira, Herpoel, Adèle, Passante, Lara, Schiffmann, Serge N., Gaillard, Afsaneh, and Vanderhaeghen, Pierre

Subjects
CEREBRAL cortex, BRAIN diseases, NERVOUS system, BRAIN, EMBRYONIC stem cells, STEM cells, NEURONS, HYBRID embryos, BLASTODERM
Abstract

The cerebral cortex develops through the coordinated generation of dozens of neuronal subtypes, but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here we show that mouse embryonic stem cells, cultured without any morphogen but in the presence of a sonic hedgehog inhibitor, recapitulate in vitro the major milestones of cortical development, leading to the sequential generation of a diverse repertoire of neurons that display most salient features of genuine cortical pyramidal neurons. When grafted into the cerebral cortex, these neurons develop patterns of axonal projections corresponding to a wide range of cortical layers, but also to highly specific cortical areas, in particular visual and limbic areas, thereby demonstrating that the identity of a cortical area can be specified without any influence from the brain. The discovery of intrinsic corticogenesis sheds new light on the mechanisms of neuronal specification, and opens new avenues for the modelling and treatment of brain diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008
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4. An RNA gene expressed during cortical development evolved rapidly in humans.

Author

Pollard, Katherine S., Salama, Sofie R., Lambert, Nelle, Lambot, Marie-Alexandra, Coppens, Sandra, Pedersen, Jakob S., Katzman, Sol, King, Bryan, Onodera, Courtney, Siepel, Adam, Kern, Andrew D., Dehay, Colette, Igel, Haller, Ares, Jr., Manuel, Vanderhaeghen, Pierre, and Haussler, David

Subjects
BIOLOGICAL evolution, GENETICS, EXONS (Genetics), HUMAN genome, NEURONS, NEOCORTEX
Abstract

The developmental and evolutionary mechanisms behind the emergence of human-specific brain features remain largely unknown. However, the recent ability to compare our genome to that of our closest relative, the chimpanzee, provides new avenues to link genetic and phenotypic changes in the evolution of the human brain. We devised a ranking of regions in the human genome that show significant evolutionary acceleration. Here we report that the most dramatic of these ‘human accelerated regions’, HAR1, is part of a novel RNA gene (HAR1F) that is expressed specifically in Cajal–Retzius neurons in the developing human neocortex from 7 to 19 gestational weeks, a crucial period for cortical neuron specification and migration. HAR1F is co-expressed with reelin, a product of Cajal–Retzius neurons that is of fundamental importance in specifying the six-layer structure of the human cortex. HAR1 and the other human accelerated regions provide new candidates in the search for uniquely human biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2006
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5. Ephrin signalling controls brain size by regulating apoptosis of neural progenitors.

Author

Depaepe, Vanessa, Suarez-Gonzalez, Nathalie, Dufour, Audrey, Passante, Lara, Gorski, Jessica A, Jones, Kevin R., Ledent, Catherine, and Vanderhaeghen, Pierre

Subjects
CELL proliferation, CELL cycle, BIOLOGICAL rhythms, APOPTOSIS, CELL death, BRAIN, CENTRAL nervous system
Abstract

Mechanisms controlling brain size include the regulation of neural progenitor cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and migration. Here we show that ephrin-A/EphA receptor signalling plays a key role in controlling the size of the mouse cerebral cortex by regulating cortical progenitor cell apoptosis. In vivo gain of EphA receptor function, achieved through ectopic expression of ephrin-A5 in early cortical progenitors expressing EphA7, caused a transient wave of neural progenitor cell apoptosis, resulting in premature depletion of progenitors and a subsequent dramatic decrease in cortical size. In vitro treatment with soluble ephrin-A ligands similarly induced the rapid death of cultured dissociated cortical progenitors in a caspase-3-dependent manner, thereby confirming a direct effect of ephrin/Eph signalling on apoptotic cascades. Conversely, in vivo loss of EphA function, achieved through EphA7 gene disruption, caused a reduction in apoptosis occurring normally in forebrain neural progenitors, resulting in an increase in cortical size and, in extreme cases, exencephalic forebrain overgrowth. Together, these results identify ephrin/Eph signalling as a physiological trigger for apoptosis that can alter brain size and shape by regulating the number of neural progenitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2005
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6. A mapping label required for normal scale of body representation in the cortex.

Author

Vanderhaeghen, Pierre, Lu, Qiang, Prakash, Neal, Frisén, Jonas, Walsh, Christopher A., Frostig, Ron D., and Flanagan, John G.

Subjects
*NEOCORTEX, *BODY surface mapping, *GENES
Abstract

The neocortical primary somatosensory area (S1) consists of a map of the body surface. The cortical area devoted to different regions, such as parts of the face or hands, reflects their functional importance. Here we investigated the role of genetically determined positional labels in neocortical mapping. Ephrin-A5 was expressed in a medial > lateral gradient across S1, whereas its receptor EphA4 was in a matching gradient across the thalamic ventrobasal (VB) complex, which provides S1 input. Ephrin-A5 had topographically specific effects on VB axon guidance in vitro. Ephrin-A5 gene disruption caused graded, topographically specific distortion in the S1 body map, with medial regions contracted and lateral regions expanded, changing relative areas up to 50% in developing and adult mice. These results provide evidence for within-area thalamocortical mapping labels and show that a genetic difference can cause a lasting change in relative scale of different regions within a topographic map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2000
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7. Wnts blow on NeuroD1 to promote adult neuron production and diversity.

Author

Vanderhaeghen, Pierre

Subjects
*DEVELOPMENTAL neurobiology, *NEURONS, *WNT genes, *MICRODISSECTION, *GENETIC transcription
Abstract

The article comments on a study published within the issue conducted to establish the relevance of Wnt pathways in neurogenesis. The study establishes that Wnt pathways directly activate NeuroD1, an important transcription factor that regulates adult neurogenesis and maintains neuron diversity. The molecular dissection of the transcriptional mechanisms involved leads to a link between the neurogenic Wnt pathway and LINE-1 retro-elements that might contribute to neuronal diversification in the adult brain.

Published
2009
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8. The best of times, the worst of times for psychiatric disease.

Author

Karayiorgou, Maria, Flint, Jonathan, Gogos, Joseph A, Malenka, Robert C, Bargmann, Cornelia I, Boyden, Edward S, Bullmore, Edward T, Chan, Anthony W, Davis, Michael, Deisseroth, Karl, Dolmetch, Ricardo E, Eggan, Kevin, Fears, Scott C, Freimer, Nelson B, Geschwind, Daniel H, Gordon, Joshua, Nickerson, Debbie A, Vanderhaeghen, Pierre, Axel, Richard, and Zuker, Charles S

Subjects
DNA, PSYCHIATRIC diagnosis, GENETIC carriers, GENETIC mutation, BRAIN, SOFTWARE sequencers
Abstract

The article offers information on psychiatric disease. It is attributable either to disordered circuitry or to disordered activity in brain circuitry. It mentions that genetic strategies converge, as a Genome study can only be turned into a confirmed gene by finding an excess of rare deleterious mutations in it, which means eventually searching for rare variants. With next-generation sequencing possiblity, DNA technology is mature to find structural variants and coding mutations.

Published
2012
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9. Ephrin-A5/EphA4 signalling controls specific afferent targeting to cochlear hair cells.

Author

Defourny, Jean, Poirrier, Anne-Lise, Lallemend, François, Mateo Sánchez, Susana, Neef, Jakob, Vanderhaeghen, Pierre, Soriano, Eduardo, Peuckert, Christiane, Kullander, Klas, Fritzsch, Bernd, Nguyen, Laurent, Moonen, Gustave, Moser, Tobias, and Malgrange, Brigitte

Abstract

Hearing requires an optimal afferent innervation of sensory hair cells by spiral ganglion neurons in the cochlea. Here we report that complementary expression of ephrin-A5 in hair cells and EphA4 receptor among spiral ganglion neuron populations controls the targeting of type I and type II afferent fibres to inner and outer hair cells, respectively. In the absence of ephrin-A5 or EphA4 forward signalling, a subset of type I projections aberrantly overshoot the inner hair cell layer and invade the outer hair cell area. Lack of type I afferent synapses impairs neurotransmission from inner hair cells to the auditory nerve. By contrast, radial shift of type I projections coincides with a gain of presynaptic ribbons that could enhance the afferent signalling from outer hair cells. Ephexin-1, cofilin and myosin light chain kinase act downstream of EphA4 to induce type I spiral ganglion neuron growth cone collapse. Our findings constitute the first identification of an Eph/ephrin-mediated mutual repulsion mechanism responsible for specific sorting of auditory projections in the cochlea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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