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High strength low alloy steels which are having excellent corrosion-resistant properties are called corten steels. In the present investigation, 3 mm thick ASTM A242 Corten steel sheets were welded together using the cold metal transfer (CMT) method based on two welding controllable parameters like welding current and welding speed. The controllable input parameters like welding current and welding speed have been altered to produce joints that have no flaws and a complete depth of weld penetration. The evaluation of the microstructure and weld geometry was performed for the cold metal transfer welded ASTM A242 sheets using ER70S6 filler wire. The experimental design of welding parameters was developed using an orthogonal array of full factorial design. The dominance of acicular ferrite microstructure is visible in the fusion zone. Results from Energy Dispersive x-Ray Analysis (EDAX) show that manganese content is higher and nickel concentration is lower in the weld fusion region. The fusion zone of the CMT welded specimen has the greatest hardness, which was measured at 270.2 HV. Due to the formation of acicular and bainite microstructure in the welding seam, the tensile properties at room temperature (RT) were found to be 589.79 and 405.63 MPa, accordingly. Bend tests additionally confirmed the satisfactory ductility of the welded joint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the convective heat transfer coefficient and friction coefficient in a copper helical double pipe heat exchanger utilizing biosynthetic aqua-based silver (Ag) nanofluids prepared with Histiopteris incisa leaf extract. The nanofluids were characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The experimental approach involved the constant heat flux method under laminar flow conditions with flow rates ranging from 100 to 160 litres per hour (LPH). Biosynthesized aqua-based silver nanofluids were synthesized using a one-step biosynthesis method, resulting in volume concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 0.9%. Our findings demonstrated that the biosynthesized aqua-based silver nanofluids exhibited enhanced convective heat transfer compared to pure water. Additionally, the heat transfer coefficient showed an increasing trend with higher volume concentrations of biosynthesized aqua-based silver nanofluids. Notably, the most significant improvement in convective heat transfer, reaching 40%, was achieved with a 0.9% volume concentration of biosynthesized aqua-based silver nanofluids, a flow rate of 140 LPH, and a Dean number of 1400. Moreover, the friction coefficients observed for biosynthesized aqua-based silver nanofluids were 35% higher than those of water in the Dean number range of 1400–2400. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mullite is the most attractive material in Material Science for TBC—thermal barrier coatings. As a TBC material, enhancement in its properties like thermal shock resistance is reported when an intermittent phase like lanthanum oxide—La2O3 is introduced. In this present research, effort has been put to identify La2O3 as an equivalent TBC material to Zirconia—ZrO2. A mixture of MZ (Mullite-ZrO2) and ML (Mullite-La2O3) at 10-30% weight ratio as top coat and NiCr as bond coat, is plasma sprayed on A356 aluminium specimen treated to T6 condition. The results obtained indicate that the ML2 plasma sprayed coatings exhibit regularly formed grain structure that increases the fracture toughness. The average hardness value and average adhesion strength values of the ML coatings were are 13.3 GPa and 9.5 MPa, which was 1.6 and 1.2 times larger than the traditional Zirconia coatings. The ML coatings also showed no corrosion or spallation or crack formation after 100 h of NACL salt spray test and after 100 cycles of thermal shock load at 550 °C at a cycle time of 10 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental study to determine the wear behaviour of Agave fibre reinforced epoxy composites (AFEC) has been conducted. Epoxy composites reinforced with Agave fibres of length 3, 5 and 7 mm namely were prepared by hand lay up and open mould technique. Wear behaviour of the composite was responsive to varied load, fibre length and sliding velocity. Observations of this experiment exposed that, AFEC3 has a good degree of wear behaviour when sliding against the stainless steel. The worn surfaces and wreckage were observed under scanning electron microscope. Finally, microscopic observation indicated that the AFEC3 has the ability to have a fairly good bonding with the epoxy matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tool wear prediction plays an important role in industry for higher productivity and product quality. Flank wear of cutting tools is often selected as the tool life criterion as it determines the diametric accuracy of machining, its stability and reliability. This paper focuses on two different models, namely, regression mathematical and artificial neural network (ANN) models for predicting tool wear. In the present work, flank wear is taken as the response (output) variable measured during milling, while cutting speed, feed and depth of cut are taken as input parameters. The Design of Experiments (DOE) technique is developed for three factors at five levels to conduct experiments. Experiments have been conducted for measuring tool wear based on the DOE technique in a universal milling machine on AISI 1020 steel using a carbide cutter. The experimental values are used in Six Sigma software for finding the coefficients to develop the regression model. The experimentally measured values are also used to train the feed forward back propagation artificial neural network (ANN) for prediction of tool wear. Predicted values of response by both models, i.e. regression and ANN are compared with the experimental values. The predictive neural network model was found to be capable of better predictions of tool flank wear within the trained range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimization of cutting parameters is valuable in terms of providing high precision and efficient machining. Optimization of machining parameters for milling is an important step to minimize the machining time and cutting force, increase productivity and tool life and obtain better surface finish. In this work a mathematical model has been developed based on both the material behavior and the machine dynamics to determine cutting force for milling operations. The system used for optimization is based on powerful artificial intelligence called genetic algorithms (GA). The machining time is considered as the objective function and constraints are tool life, limits of feed rate, depth of cut, cutting speed, surface roughness, cutting force and amplitude of vibrations while maintaining a constant material removal rate. The result of the work shows how a complex optimization problem is handled by a genetic algorithm and converges very quickly. Experimental end milling tests have been performed on mild steel to measure surface roughness, cutting force using milling tool dynamometer and vibration using a FFT (fast Fourier transform) analyzer for the optimized cutting parameters in a Universal milling machine using an HSS cutter. From the estimated surface roughness value of 0.71 μm, the optimal cutting parameters that have given a maximum material removal rate of 6.0×103 mm3/min with less amplitude of vibration at the work piece support 1.66 μm maximum displacement. The good agreement between the GA cutting forces and measured cutting forces clearly demonstrates the accuracy and effectiveness of the model presented and program developed. The obtained results indicate that the optimized parameters are capable of machining the work piece more efficiently with better surface finish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intention of this work is to study the impact of inclusion of Cashew nut shell powder (CNS) in the Poly vinylalcohol (PVA) based films. CNS is a biowaste material chosen as a particulate reinforcement, and the biodegradable polymer PVA is made as a matrix material. The films with various weight proportion was fabricated through solution casting method and characterized using FTIR, XRD, morphological examinations, mechanical and thermal property analysis, antibacterial evaluation, and degradation tests. Compared to films lacking essential oil, the biodegradable films showed significant enhancements in mechanical properties, with tensile strength increasing to 22 MPa (a 130% increase), tensile modulus increasing to 264 MPa, and elongation decreasing by 24.5%. However, the addition of essential oil significantly improved thermal stability, with the initiation of degradation showing at a significantly higher temperature of 215 °C, representing a significant 43% increase. The antimicrobial testing revealed a significant 93% reduction in bacterial growth, demonstrating CNS's potency as an antibacterial agent. These findings highlight the possibility of combining CNS with PVA to fabricate biocomposite films with higher biodegradability and antibacterial characteristics, along with higher tensile strength and thermal stability, confirming their viability for eco-friendly packaging materials and other sustainable applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of natural lignocellulosic fibers as reinforcements in polymer composites has become increasingly popular in recent years. This research focuses on investigating the potential of Derris scandens (Roxb.) benth root fiber (DSBFs) as a reinforcing material in thermosetting polymer composites. The study begins by analyzing the properties and composition of DSBFs, using standardized testing methods. The single fiber tensile strength of DSBFs is determined to be 423 Pa at a strain rate of 4.01%, and they exhibit a Young's modulus of 79.45 GPa. Chemical analysis reveals that DSBFs are composed of helically coiled cellulose microfibrils, constituting 72.59 wt.%, held together by an amorphous lignin matrix and contain 9.69 wt.% hemicellulose and a low wax content of 0.3 wt.%. Thermal stability (TGA) analysis demonstrates that the fibers exhibit stability up to 340 °C, with a mass loss of 43.78%. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the crystalline index of 18.16 nm and a crystalline size of 49.28%. 13C (CP-MAS) NMR spectroscopy yields the evidence for the presence of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in DSBFs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identify functional groups and elemental composition of DSBFs. Surface morphology is analysed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical microscopy. These findings suggest that DSBFs can find applications beyond their traditional use in Thai medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essential tool for assessing the viscoelastic characteristics and temperature transitions of polymer composites is dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). This research looked at the influence of process factors on the flexural and DMA properties of the coir fiber composite. These variables were fiber laying, length of the fiber, fiber volume percentage, and fiber surface treatment with alkali. According to Taguchi L18 design, needle-punched nonwoven was developed. Through this investigation, the optimized flexural strength of the sample was found as 52.812 MPa. According to DMA research, the greatest storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss factor were found to be 3.24 GPa, 0.508 GPa, and 0.164 Gpa at 26 °C and 55% RH. The best outcomes were obtained using cross-directional fiber laying, 6-cm fiber length, 40% fiber volume fraction, and 3% sodium hydroxide pretreatment. It was discovered by statistical analysis that the alkali pretreatment parameter had a significant relationship with both the flexural and dynamic mechanical characteristics of the composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The textile fiber market is dominated by synthetic fibers and costly natural fibers. The dual perspective with regard to finding substitutes for costly natural fibers and disadvantages due to environmental burden cum health problems by synthetic fibers need to be addressed as both entail sustainable improvement of the textile industry. The potential route for tackling such problems is utilizing unlimited plant resources in developing countries like Ethiopia. The objective of this study is to extract, characterize, and chemically treated Xanthium oriental bast fiber extracted from the plant using the conventional water retting method. In the invitation, the experimental design was based on central composite design method, and treatment parameters were selected, specifically NaOH concentration, and treatment temperature. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the significance of the results. The chemical composition analysis revealed 72% cellulose, 18% hemicellulose, and 10% lignin. Xanthium oriental fiber has a diameter of 26.85 µm, a fineness of 1.76tex, and a length of 110–145 cm with reduced values for fiber treated at different alkali concentrations. The moisture content of the extracted fiber was 12.74%. The raw fiber sample showed lower crimp (1.04%) as compared with those treated at different caustic soda concentrations. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the changes in surface, weight loss, and composition of Xanthium oriental bast fiber treated with alkali under optimum conditions compared with untreated to obtain a deeper insight into the influential mechanisms of alkali treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The renewable nature and exceptional strength-to-weight ratio of bamboo have led to numerous studies on incorporating bamboo fiber (BF) in composite fabrication. The mechanochemical BF extraction process used to produce high-quality micron fibers still faces limitations such as low percentage (%) yield and hydrophilicity. Moreover, the bead formation during BF extraction reduces the % yield and complicates the fiber separation process. This study introduces an innovative method for extracting BF with fewer fiber beads to improve the % yield. The process parameters were optimised using the response surface method (RSM) having a face-centred central composite design (FCCD). The optimal fiber extraction conditions were 80.61 min of boiling with 15% NaOH concentration and stirring at 1800 rpm. The most influencing parameter was identified using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and parametric analysis. Diisopropanolamine (DIPA) was used to graft amine functional groups on BF's surface to increase their hydrophobicity, whose confirmation was obtained using water retention value (WRV) analysis. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) validates the surface modification of BF. The crystallinity of BF appeared to be minimally affected by the DIPA modification, as confirmed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis of BF and DIPA-modified BF reveals well-separated fibers with minimal cellulose surface peeling after surface treatment. Thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermogravimetric (DTG) analyses were also accomplished to validate the improved thermal stability of BF by amine-based treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae and seaweed have been consumed as food for several decades to combat starvation and food shortages worldwide. The most famous edible microalgae species are Nostoc, Spirulina, and Aphanizomenon, in addition to seaweeds, which are used in traditional medicine and food, such as Nori, which is one of the most popular foods containing Pyropia alga as a major ingredient. Recently, many applications use algae-derived polysaccharides such as agar, alginate, carrageenan, cellulose, fucoidan, mannan, laminarin, ulvan, and xylan as gelling agents in food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics industries. Moreover, pigments (carotenoids particularly astaxanthins, chlorophylls, and phycobilins), minerals, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, peptides, proteins, polyphenols, and diterpenes compounds are accumulated under specific cultivation and stress conditions in the algal cells to be harvested and their biomass used as a feedstock for the relevant industries and applications. No less critical is the use of algae in bioremediation, thus contributing significantly to environmental sustainability. This review will explore and discuss the various applications of microalgae and seaweeds, emphasising their role in bioremediation, recent products with algal added-value compounds that are now on the market, and novel under-developing applications such as bioplastics and nanoparticle production. Nonetheless, special attention is also drawn towards the limitations of these applications and the technologies applied, and how they may be overcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research study on the characterization of natural fibers is motivated by the need for sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives in various industries. India is the largest grower of palmyra palm trees for the cultivation of palm fruit. After harvesting the palm fruit in the tree, the fruit leaf stalk is thrown out as agricultural waste. The research problem focused on understanding the effects of alkali treatment on the cellulose content and properties of PPLSF and methodology involved subjecting the cellulose fiber to alkali treatment using a specific concentration of sodium hydroxide. This research is aimed at characterizing palmyra palm primary flower leaf stalk fiber (PPFLSF) that was extracted from palmyra palm tree using the manual retting process method. The extracted fibers were treated with alkali treatment with 5% NaOH, and their characteristics were studied. Alkali-treated and untreated PPFLSF behavior of physical–chemical analysis, mechanical properties, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were investigated to find the scope of the natural fiber reinforced composite material. The mechanical properties of the tensile strength (1312–1423 MPa) and young modulus (1.31–1.47 GPa) were increased by 15% and 14%, respectively, after treatment of alkali. The results of the thermal stability provide the degradation temperature of 250 °C for the PPFLSF-5%. From the chemical analysis, alkali-treated PPFLSF had increased the cellulose content by 7%, compared to the raw PPFLSF. XRD analysis indicated a crystallinity index of 57.8% and a crystal size of 35.96 nm. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to confirm the organic groups of the fiber, which revealed the cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, waxes, etc. Morphological analysis was compared between untreated PPFLSF and treated PPFLSF by SEM analysis which showed surface improvements after treatment and occurrence of surface pollutants including wax, impurities, and other foreign materials. Followed by, AFM was also performed to find the surface roughness characteristics of the PPFLSF confirm to the possible manufacturing of the polymer composite for light load applications. These results contribute to a better understanding of the effects of alkali treatment on cellulose fibers and provide valuable insights into their potential applications in various industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Skin cancer continues to be an imperative global health issue, urging continuous exploration of treatment methodologies. Conventional treatments for skin cancer include surgical interventions, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. However, these methods often present obstacles like treatment resistance, systemic toxicity, limited effectiveness in advanced stages, infection risk, pain, long recovery, and impact on healthy tissue. Nanomedicine holds promise by facilitating precise drug administration, early detection, and heightened therapeutic efficiency via targeted and localized delivery systems. The integration of nanomedicine into skin cancer alleviation therapies demonstrates optimistic outcomes, including refined drug delivery, augmented bioavailability, minimized adverse effects, and potential theranostic applications. Recent breakthroughs in nanomedicine have propelled advancements in skin cancer treatment, showing significant potential in transforming the treatment paradigm. The presents review provides comprehensive aspects of existing skin cancer treatments and their challenges, spotlighting recent breakthroughs propelled by nanomedicine. Short conclusion: This abstract delineates the present landscape of skin cancer treatments, underscores their constraints, and highlights recent strides in nanomedicine that have the potential to transform the paradigm of skin cancer treatment, ultimately elevating patient prognosis. Importantly, the present review emphasizes substantial challenges that hinder the clinical translation of nanomedicines and suggests possible remedies to surpass them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is a comparative assessment of polypropylene composites reinforced with two different range size of Agave Americana fibers. The first is from 125 to 630 microns, named as Short Agave Fiber (SHAF), and the second range is beyond 630 microns, named as Long Agave Fiber (LAF). The composites were produced by twin-screw extrusion and injection molding processes. The composite manufacturing by this interior part of plant agave fibers is mentioned in the first time in the literature. The fiber content for the SHAF and LAF composites was chosen as 10 wt. %. It was found that better mechanical properties were achieved with LAF composite which increased by 301.4% compared with the neat PP. This was explained by LAF features compared to SHAF such as the higher cellulose content LAF (73.5%) and SHAF (40.3%), the higher crystallinity index was obtained better thermal stability which led to a composite which is more crystalline, more thermally stable and stiffer. This was explained by the good interfacial adhesion between fibers and the matrix revealed by SEM analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass-based fiber-reinforced polymer composites have emerged as a pioneering alternative for polymer matrix composites due to their low strength-to-weight ratio and as most synthetic fibers are non-biodegradable and hazardous. The paper aims to investigate the physiochemical, thermal stability, and surface properties of Waltheria indica Linnaeus stem fiber (WiLSF) to explore its suitability as a reinforcing agent in polymer composites as an alternative to synthetic fiber. In our study, the chemical analysis of WiLSF—determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy—reveals a higher constituent of cellulose (60.54%) and the least wax content (0.42%), which gives WiLSF excellent bonding and structural properties. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the semi-crystalline nature of the fiber with a crystallinity index (46.59%) and crystalline size (0.50 nm). Moreover, the density of WiLSF is 1265 kg/m3, which is comparatively much less than most synthetic fiber. In addition, WiLSF has high thermal stability (245.9 °C) and activation energy (116.94 kJ/mol). The study confirms WiLSF is an ideal biomass-based alternative for synthetic fibers and could be widely used in the fiber industry in making biofiber-incorporated composites and various other applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pinus Roxhurghii Needles (PRN) from the Pinus Roxhurghii tree is abundantly available as biomass waste worldwide. The PRN biomass waste can be effectively utilized as natural fibers in the fabrication of biocomposites. In this study, Pinus Roxburghii Fibers (PRF) was extracted from PRN biomass waste and treated with an alkaline solution using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The investigation was carried out in terms of physical, chemical, thermal, mechanical, and morphological characterizations on the extracted untreated pinus roxburghii fibers (UTPRF) and extracted alkali-treated pinus roxburghii fibers (ATPRF). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy examination of UTPRF and ATPRF indicates that cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin functional groups were present in both ATPRF and UTPRF. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to determine the crystallinity index (CI) of both untreated UTPRF and ATPRF samples. The findings revealed that the highest CI increase occurred in the 5% ATPRF (50.92%) sample compared to the UTPRF sample (47.20%). The chemical examination also revealed an increase in cellulose content from 58.30 ± 0.72 to 65.48 ± 0.80% after alkali treatment. The thermal stability of UTPRF and ATPRF was evaluated using Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), which demonstrated an increase of 18 °C in stage-II degradation and 5 °C in stage-III degradation upon alkali treatment. The 5% alkali-treated fiber has achieved maximum tensile strength of 72.59 ± 25.55 MPa with a tensile modulus of 1.85 ±.81 GPa. From the investigations, it was revealed that the ATPRF with 5% concentration will be the most suitable for composite applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the comparative experiments on friction and wear of Al–TiC, Al–Bi (RC) and Al–Bi–TiC alloys, the friction-reduction and wear-resistance mechanisms of TiC/Bi were systematically investigated. The alloys were examined via the scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer and a shape-measuring laser microscope (VK-X100). Basing the achievements, the Bi-phase accumulates on the friction surface with gradual enrichment, possessing anti-friction and self-lubrication on the friction surface. The stable TiC/Bi self-lubricating layer of Al–Bi–TiC alloy make the values of the wear measurements reduce from 82.2 mg to 26.7 mg in 2 h. Meanwhile, TiC particles have uniform load capacity and interfacial pinning properties, which solve the peeling off from the worn surface of Bi-phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of the turning process is dependent on the turner's ability to choose cutting parameters such as cutting fluid, cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. In addition, the workpiece material and machine tool play critical roles in the turning procedure. This work investigates the effect of the cutting parameters namely Cutting speed (V), Feed (f), and Depth of cut on the output responses Material removal rate (MRR), Tool wear (TW), and Surface roughness (Ra). The design of experiments was planned using the Taguchi method of experiment. While turning the INCONEL X750 alloy; experiments were planned under wet conditions. ANOVA analysis was performed to determine the most influencing factor on the behavioral change of the output responses. Optimum evaluation of the output responses was performed using the TOPSIS method. TOPSIS method assigns the ranking of the output responses which were further validated using the Taguchi analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research reported the mechanical characteristics of polyester composites that were strengthened with untreated and three distinct levels of alkali-treated continuous areca palm leaf stalk fibers (AF). The fabrication of the composites involved the utilization of a compression molding method, wherein both untreated AF (UTAF) and alkali-treated AF (ATAF) at varying concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% were incorporated into an epoxy resin matrix. The results revealed that the tensile, flexural, and impact properties of the composite material, which was strengthened with with a 10% alkali solution treated AF composite (ATAFC), exhibited a significant improvement in comparison to the UTAF-reinforced composite (UTAFC), as well as the ATAFC with 5% and 15% alkali treatment. Furthermore, a decline in the water absorption characteristic was observed in the 10% ATAFC with a reduction of 15%. The scanning electron microscopy technique also revealed the fractured surface morphology of the composite samples. Moreover, the results obtained from dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that the 10% ATAFC exhibited improved loss and storage modulus when compared to the UTAFC, as well as the 5% and 15% ATAF composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the surface of the raw Musa acuminata peduncles fiber (MAPF) was modified by using a 5 (w/v) % alkali solution. MAPF was immersed in an alkali solution for different soaking durations such as 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 min. After the alkalization, chemical analyses were conducted for raw and alkalized fibers. The outcome of the chemical analysis revealed that 60 min of soaking time is optimal since it has a higher cellulose fraction (74.22 wt.%) than raw (66.43 wt.%) and alkalized fibers with other soaking durations. Reduced diameter (51.46 µm from 64.74 μm) and slightly increased density (992 kg/m3 from 942 kg/m3) of the optimally alkalized MAPF were established through physical analyses. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy witnessed the eradication of amorphous fraction from the optimally alkalized MAPF. The suitability of raw and optimally alkalized MAPF as reinforcement in polymer composites used in high-temperature working environments were analyzed through thermogravimetric analysis, which proved that MAPF-reinforced plastics could be used up to 175 °C. Improvements in the bonding ability of the optimally alkalized MAPF with polymer matrix were authorized by scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope analysis. Enhancement in the single fiber tensile strength (96.5 ± 32.7 to 162 ± 53.7 MPa) and tensile modulus (2.22 ± 0.976 to 3.46 ± 0.846 GPa) of the optimally alkalized MAPF were corroborated by single fiber tensile testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fibers derived from plants were gaining favor as a viable alternative to synthetic materials. However, searching for sustainable raw materials with superior qualities is cumbersome because most natural fibers are limited to specific geographical areas. Himalayacalamus falconeri (HF) is a fast-growing plant that is abundant in the hills of Uttarakhand, India. This study is aimed at extracting fibers from the stem of Himalayacalamus falconeri (HF) culms, and investigate their properties by XRD analysis, TGA analysis, AFM analysis, and single-fiber tensile test. The extracted HF fiber was alkali-treated to enhance its mechanical properties. It was observed that the alkali treatment on HF fibers increased the cellulose content by 6%, and density by 4% compared with untreated fiber. Furthermore, the removal of amorphous components from the fiber surface resulted in a decrease in diameter from 103.95 to 94.4 μm. In addition, the alkali treatment on HF fiber enhanced the material's crystallinity index (from 58.92 to 67.79%), tensile strength (from 132 to 196.5 MPa), thermal stability (from 250 to 258 °C), and surface roughness (from 23.478 to 37 nm). The experimental findings confirmed that HF fiber is a suitable replacement material for synthetic reinforcement materials in lightweight polymer composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing levels of urbanisation and the rapid growth of modern cities require that particular attention be paid to ensuring the safety and protection of living conditions for their inhabitants. In this context, natural and human-induced disasters pose a major threat to the safety and normal operational procedures of buildings and infrastructures. In consequence, disaster management and built assets operations demand modern tools to be effectively prepared in order to better respond to such critical events. This study explores the potential of artificial intelligence in these operational fields by developing a deep learning model that is able to provide a rapid assessment of an asset's structural condition in the case of a seismic excitation. The proposed simulation model makes an accurate prediction of the damage status of individual elements in a built asset, thus leading to operational improvements across all disaster management phases. In addition, the above development integrates the deep learning algorithm into building information modelling and then uploads the graphical information to a web dashboard. By following the framework proposed, an integrative model is designed that provides a visual and user-friendly interface that allows different stakeholders to navigate and comprehend essential information on the effects of a disaster; thus enabling quicker decision making and strengthening operational resilience in critical events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These days, natural fibers are used extensively as reinforcement in biocomposites because of their valuable characteristics, which include biodegradability, non-toxicity, and lightweight. Bagasse, halfa grass, and coir natural fibers are high-cellulose fibers that are cheap and abundant in India. The fibers from bagasse, halfa grass, and coir were extracted and treated with 5% NaOH. The properties of untreated and alkali treated fibers were investigated, and experimental determinations were made for their mechanical, thermal, chemical, and morphological properties, including tensile strength, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR). A comparative study of untreated and treated fibers was carried out. It is interesting to note that coir fiber possesses significant high tensile of 183 MPa and thermal properties (31% of weight retention at 600 °C) than the others. FT-IR analyses were carried out to ascertain the chemical composition of three raw and alkali-treated fibers. The morphological examination of all three alkali-treated fibers using a SEM interpreted the removal of pollutants on the surface of the treated fibers. This study interprets that alkali-treated coir fiber possesses significantly better mechanical properties compared to other two fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eco-friendly cellulose-based magnetic adsorbents have attracted great attention in the field of dye adsorption recently. Herein, we utilized the pith of biomass Juncus effusus (JE) to synthesize a novel type of magnetic adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater containing methylene blue (MB). After esterification and magnetization two-step modification, the obtained magnetic citric acid-modified JE pith powders (M-CA/JEPP) showed outstanding adsorption properties. For 50 mg/L MB dye solution, the adsorption efficiency could reach 98.34% within 10 min under basic condition, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 293.132 mg/g at 303 K. The adsorption efficiency could also keep a high level in five cycles. Moreover, magnetization overcomes the disadvantages of JE powders density being small which is very difficult to collect, and a 24.8 emu/g saturation magnetization was achieved. In the other words, this magnetic adsorbent has excellent reusability and it is easily to be separated from water, which provides new insights for development of cellulose-based adsorbents to remove dye in aqueous systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, commercial natural fibers cannot meet the increasing industrial demand. In order to meet this demand, recommending a new natural fiber for the composites industry is very important. In this paper, Carex panicea fibers were characterized for the first time and introduced as a potential natural fiber. Physical, chemical, thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of the Carex panicea fibers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Carex panicea fibers consist of 65.70% cellulose and 27.8% hemicellulose content. The density and crystallinity index of the fiber were found as 1.247 g/cm3 and 56.42%, respectively. Tensile strength and Young's modulus of fibers were determined as 143 ± 41 MPa and 5.5 ± 1.86 GPa, respectively. Carex panicea fibers are thermally stable up to 219.4 °C. Carex panicea fibers are potential bio-degradable reinforcement material for light-weight polymeric composites with relatively enhanced mechanical properties and decomposition temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is increasingly the deadliest disease in the world. The number of deaths caused by this devastating illness is progressively rising. The therapy results are very disappointing despite the various advanced technologies in both developed and developing countries. Among the different types of advanced technologies, targeted drug delivery is one of the most widely used technologies in cancer therapy. However, there are a plethora of obstacles that have been identified to target drug delivery to cancer cells. In the current scenario, most of the anti-cancer drugs have poor water solubility, biocompatibility, and less target specificity. Not only that, but several adverse reactions, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and hypersensitivity, have also been researched, because anti-cancer medications typically manifest their effects on normal cells alongside healthy cells. Current research focusses on innovative and smart drug delivery approaches by utilizing nanomaterials in drug formulation to overcome these limitations. In terms of solubility, circulation time, bioavailability, and dissolution rate, drug delivery based on nanomaterials is superior to drug administration than conventional methods. Inorganic and organic nanoparticles (NPs) have been successfully employed for drug delivery to the present day. Micellar NPs, liposomal NPs, lipid NPs, and protein-based NPs are examples of organic NPs, whereas inorganic NPs are made of materials like gold, silver, iron oxide, and titanium. Also, it was reported that DOX-loaded gold (Au) NPs conjugated with the cell-penetrating peptide BP100 (BP100@AuNPs-DOX) were a more effective drug delivery method for treating cancer cells than RGD-conjugated AuNPs-DOX (RGD@AuNPs-DOX). Several organic NP-based formulations, similar to liposomal-based anti-cancer drugs, are being reported to treat breast cancer such as myocyte (liposome combined with DOX). Thus, this review has highlighted current therapeutic formulations based on nanomaterials and their impact on various cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an efficient optimization method for the stacking sequence of composite pressure vessels based on the joint application of finite element analysis (FEA), artificial neural network (ANN), and genetic algorithm (GA). The composite pressure vessel has many winding layers and varied angles, and the stacking sequence of the composite pressure vessel affects its performance. It is essential to carry out the optimal design of the stacking sequence. The experimental cost for optimal design of composite pressure vessels is high, and numerical simulation is time-consuming. ANN is used to predict the fiber direction stress of composite pressure vessels, which replaces FEA in the optimization process of GA effectively. In addition, the optimization efficiency of the optimization method proposed in this paper can be improved significantly when the neural network model is employed. The optimization results show that the peak stress in the fiber direction can be reduced by 37.3% with the design burst pressure. The burst pressure of the composite pressure vessel can be increased by 13.4% by optimizing the stacking sequence of composite pressure vessels while keeping the number of plies and the winding angle unchanged. The results imply that the work undertaken in this paper is of great significance for the improvement of the safety performance of composite pressure vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fibers are biodegradable, lightweight, and low-cost in the creation of high performance engineered materials. The objective of this investigation is to comprehend the extraction procedure and characterization of natural cellulosic fibers extracted from Borassus flabellifer L. leaf. The obtained fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide solution to overcome the drawback of hydroxyl bonding. The essential properties of raw and treated fiber such as chemical composition, density, tensile strength, surface roughness, elements, functional group analysis, crystallinity index, crystallite size, maximum degradation temperature, and thermal stability were studied. The test result concluded that the alkali treatment improved the cellulose content while the hemicellulose, lignin, and wax content were reduced. This improved the tensile strength, density while the fiber weight decreased. The XRD analysis of raw and treated fiber confirmed the crystallinity index (50.34% from 46.58%) and crystallite size (2.72 nm from 2.36 nm) were improved after alkalization. The outcome of FTIR analysis confirmed the amorphous contents in borassus leaf fibers (BLF) were condensed due to the alkalization. The SEM analysis confirmed that the impurities and wax content of the outer surface of BLF were removed after alkali treatment. The result of TG analysis confirmed that the thermal stability temperature of alkali treated fiber had increased from 261 to 285 °C. The DTG analysis proved that the maximum fiber degradation temperature of alkali-treated BLF was increased from 316 to 365 °C. Thus, the surface modified fibers are appropriate materials for use as reinforcement in light weight high performance polymer composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a polylactic acid (PLA)/sesame husk powder (SSHP) biocomposite film was fabricated by solution-casting process with varied levels of SSHP in packaging applications (5–25wt%). Analysis of properties of PLA/SSHP-based bio composite films was done using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis, atomic force microscopy, tensile testing, water absorption, degradation test, and film transmittance testing. The SSHP filler was found to be dispersed uniformly across the matrix upto 20% of SSHP, reveled by SEM results. Filler-rich bio composites were more tensile (22.46 MPa) at 20% SSHP and thermally stable at 355 °C, according to the results of differential thermogravimetric analysis. Biofilms had a significantly higher crystallinity index value (49.22%) than PLA, according to the XRD analysis. The PLA/SSHP (25 wt%) biofilm had a light transmittance of 32% in the visible region. Biofilm water absorption enhanced as the amount of SSHP was increased. The hydrophilic character of SSHP in the PLA matrix was mainly responsible for the maximum loose of 48wt% (25 wt% SSHP) seen in the biodegradation test findings. It was found that these films could be used in packaging applications in the future because of their exceptional tensile and thermal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant-based cellulosic fibers have established much devotion in engineering research areas to reduce greenhouse depletion and improve environmental sustainability. Thus, the aim of this study is to develop green composites from flax–ramie reinforced with bio-epoxy matrix using hand compression molding. The fibers are reinforced unidirectional at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% weight fraction and characterized the structural, physical, and tribological behaviour of developed composites. The structural integrity and thermal stability have been analyzed using degree of crystallinity and thermogravimetric behaviour of composites. The pin on disc tribology test has been conducted based on different input parameters such as fiber weight fraction, composite types (flax composite, ramie composite, and hybrid composites), applied load (25 N, 50 N), sliding speeds (1 m/s, 2 m/s, and 3 m/s), and sliding distance (1000 m, 2000 m, and 3000 m). The results revealed that the inclusion of flax fibers with bio-epoxy matrix sustained greater thermal stability with wear and friction resistance compared to ramie fibers. Overall, the composite with 30% fiber loading provided greater crystallinity, stability, and finest tribology performance with minimal void formation among other developed composites. The microscopy analysis confirmed about the greater microstructural adhesion between fiber and matrix. The failure of composites at worn surface has been analyzed in terms of matrix cracking, fiber scattering and deformation due to higher loading and sliding distance. Finally, the influence of input constraints on tribological performances like wear loss, friction force, frictional co-efficient, and interface temperature have been predicated using artificial neural network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work explained the effect of brass slag reinforcement on the microstructural, mechanical and wear characteristics of Al-Si alloy (LM30) based composite. Composite with the various size range of brass slag reinforcement (fine; 0–100 µm, medium; 100–200 µm and coarse; 200–300 µm) with different concentrations (5, 10, and 15 wt.%) were prepared through stir casting route. Optical micrographs revealed that the brass slag particles are uniformly distributed in the alloy matrix. Furthermore, the experimental density of the composite samples is higher, compared to that of LM30 alloy. As a result, the hyper eutectic LM30 Al-Si alloy shows a remarkable improvement of almost 71% in hardness compared to the 15BF composite, which comprises 15 wt% of fine particle reinforcement. Furthermore, it is observed that the 15 wt.% fine particle reinforced composite specimen exhibits increased yield strength, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and toughness, with improvements of 45%, 34%, and 76% respectively, in comparison to the base metal. In the SEM investigation of the cracked surface of composites reinforced with brass slag, the failure mode of these composites is determined to be cohesive rupture. Examining the influence of brass slag particles on wear resistance, it is found that the 15BF shows the best wear results. The wear performance of the composites remains close to that of cast iron. This analysis also reveals the formation of a tribo layer and Mechanical mixed layer (MML). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, TiAl-Nb/TiAl-Nb + 50%NiCrAl/NiCrAl triple-layer coating (TC) and TiAl-Nb/NiCrAl gradient coating (GC) were fabricated by high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying, with TiAl-Nb/NiCrAl duplex-layer coating (DC) as reference. The porosities of GC (0.87 ± 0.06%) and TC (1.02 ± 0.06%) were significantly lower than that of DC (1.22 ± 0.11%). The gradient change in composition and microstructure could alleviate the stress concentration and retard the formation and propagation of void and microcrack. The tensile testing results showed that the adhesive strengths of GC and TC were 69.5% and 43.3% higher than that of DC (43.6 MPa), respectively. The thermal shock test showed that the thermal shock lifetimes of GC and TC were 142.9% and 62.6% higher than that of DC (91 cycles), respectively. The lifetimes of GC and TC in molten zinc were significantly longer than that of DC. Both corrosion processes of DC, TC and GC could be divided into incubation period and rapid corrosion period. The lifetime of coating primarily depends on the incubation period. The prolongation of the incubation period for gradient coating can be attributed to the existence of the gradient structure, which alleviates the stress concentration on the coating surface and reduces its defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is characterised by recurrent subcortical ischemic events, migraine with aura, dementia and mood disturbance. Strokes are typically lacunar infarcts; however, bilateral multiple subcortical lacunar infarcts have been described only sporadically. Method: We described four CADASIL patients who presented with acute bilateral multiple subcortical infarcts as the first manifestation. We also briefly summarised the case reports detailing the bilateral multiple infarcts in CADASIL. Results: Patient 1 and patient 2 were family members, and they presented with cognitive impairment. Patient 3 and patient 4 presented with slurred speech and hemiparesis. Patients 1, 3 and 4 developed hemodynamic fluctuations before the occurrence of ischemic stroke. Laboratory tests revealed elevated fibrinogen levels in patients 3 and 4. The brain magnetic resonance imaging showed acute bilateral multiple subcortical infarcts on the periventricular white matter in all the patients. Conclusion: CADASIL, with a poor brain hemodynamic reserve, is vulnerable to hemodynamic alterations (e.g. blood pressure fluctuation, dehydration, blood loss and anaemia) and intolerable to ischemia and hypoxia of the brain. Furthermore, blood hypercoagulation may contribute to acute multiple bilateral infarctions in CADASIL. Therefore, it is necessary to avert these predispositions in CADASIL patients in their daily life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geometric-physical modeling and simulation of tool machining processes is an effective realization for manufacturing prediction and verification. By integrating the scheme of CNC code analysis, process planning and optimization, cutting mechanism model, and other related aspects, micro cutting details were implemented to be simulated in advance, detected and monitored in the process, and analyzed afterwards, to achieve the purpose of "Verification IS Production." Pursuant to this purpose, this paper proposed a research framework of micro geometric modeling and physical simulation for machine tool cutting. On the basis of continuous improvements in 3D modules for cutting geometry simulation, the physical simulation research and verification was carried out with several typical scenes, in which the mappings between real occasions and simulation system were established. With the cutting physical models, this paper deeply investigated the simulation calculation and correction for various factors affecting the cutting performance and indicators and finally verifies, analyzes, and optimizes them through actual machining environments. The purpose of this paper is to explore a feasible and novel way for richer scenes and further research through the multi-element modeling of several comprehensive cutting cases and in-depth micro geometry and physics investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geometrical inaccuracy is one of the electric discharge machining (EDM) errors and is mainly influenced by the dielectric being used during the operation. The non-conventional machining processes are opted over traditional machining operations due to the greater strength of Ni-based superalloy, specially, Inconel 617 (IN617). But still, there is a need to upgrade the dielectric fluid to minimize the overcut. Therefore, this study uses a combination of surfactant-added dielectrics of transformer oil and cryogenically treated (CT) electrodes (copper and brass). One of the exceptional benefits of applying the cryogenic treatment on the electrodes is that it refines the grain size of the electrode which helped in the regular sparking and reduced the dimensional inaccuracy throughout the EDM operation. A set of 20 experiments under the full factorial design technique was implemented. The experimental results have been explained with process physics, and along with simulation to explore the mechanism of machining with mathematical expressions. The machining capabilities of CT electrodes provided greater dimensional accuracy by an average of 17.1% compared to non-CT electrodes. CT brass provided the minimum dimensional inaccuracy (0.023 mm) in T-20. However, the non-CT copper electrode showed the lowest overcut (0.134 mm) obtained transformer oil without the addition of surfactant. The modeling was also performed to measure the crater sizes produced during the machining of Ni-based superalloy. The simulation results revealed that the mean absolute divergence between the current simulation findings and the ones provided in the literature was approximately equal to 5–7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposed a new method for predicting tool wear curve over machining time through abscissa stretching or compressing based on wear influence factor, which is a tool wear prediction method with universal potential and relatively simple modeling and use. In this method, firstly, the relationship model between the tool wear rate and the cutting parameters needs to be built, and the wear influence factor can be derived from this relationship model. Then, it needs to record the curve of the tool wear value over machining time under a certain cutting parameters through experiments. This curve is called the benchmark tool wear curve, and the wear influence factor under these cutting parameters is called the benchmark wear influence factor. When the cutting parameters change, it is only required to solve the ratio between the wear influence factor under current cutting parameters and the benchmark wear influence factor, then use the ratio to stretch or compress the benchmark tool wear curve in the direction of the abscissa, that is the tool wear prediction curve under current cutting parameters. In this study, the tool wear curve under cutting parameter V=55m/min,ap=0.08mm/tooth is selected as the benchmark tool wear curve, and tool wear curves under cutting parameter V=80m/min, ap=0.12mm/tooth, and V=40m/min,ap=0.06mm/tooth are accurately predicted. In the cross validation after the replacement of the benchmark tool wear curve, the prediction model also shows good prediction accuracy. The comprehensive optimization model of disc milling based on the wear influence factor shows that increasing the cutting line speed and reducing the feed per tooth can improve the cutting efficiency and reduce tool wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of innovative reinforcement and the expansion of their potential applications will be aided by research on unique natural fibers in polymer-based composites. In this work, new cellulosic fibers were mechanically separated from the stem of Ficus benjamina L. and reinforced in polyester matrix. The effect of varying fiber parameters (weight percentage and length) on the tensile, flexural, hardness, impact, water absorption, and thermal characteristics was investigated in this study. It was revealed that the composite sample with a length of 40 mm and a weight percentage of 30 wt% had the maximum mechanical properties. The impact, tensile, hardness, and flexural strength of composite found to be 9.31 kJ/m2, 77.71 MPa, 88 HRRW, and 87.4 MPa respectively, which are comparative to many natural fibers investigated. However, increased fiber content will increase the composite water absorption which leads to failure of the composite system. As compared to the pure polyester resin, the heat stability temperatures of composites raised by 62.49%. The surface characteristics and fractured surface of the composites were examined using scanning electron microscopy and the fibers had better interfacial bonding with the polyester matrix with reduced failure mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to bring a new lignocellulosic raw fiber material source to the green composite and textile industries. Lignocellulosic fibers were taken out from the stem of Ficus benjamina L. (FBSF) and physical, chemical, and mechanical testing was carried out to determine the fiber suitability in various industries. Fourier-transformed infrared and X-ray diffraction analyses were conducted to determine FBSF's chemical bonding and crystalline characteristics. Crystallinity index and crystalline size were calculated as 58.5% and 4.9 nm. The scanning electron microscope and optical microscope images showed ribbon-shaped microfibrils with a flaky rough surface. In composite industries, these properties help in improving the adherence of fiber with the matrix. The highest degradation temperature of FBSF was found to be 336.53 °C using thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis. The chemical composition of FBSF was tested using a standard chemical procedure, and the obtained cellulose weight was 68.71% with little wax content (0.91%). According to the physical analysis, the fiber has a mean tensile strength of 233.87 ± 9.24 MPa, a diameter of 331.95 ± 23 μm, and a density of 886 kg/m3. Single-fiber testing revealed the mechanical properties of the fiber. This work discusses a novel fiber for sustainable composites and textile industries with good surface hydrophobicity, adequate strength, and density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in cancer development and progression. In this line, revealing the precise mechanisms of the TME and associated signaling pathways of tumor resistance could pave the road for cancer prevention and efficient treatment. The use of nanomedicine could be a step forward in overcoming the barriers in tumor-targeted therapy. Novel delivery systems benefit from enhanced permeability and retention effect, decreasing tumor resistance, reducing tumor hypoxia, and targeting tumor-associated factors, including immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Emerging evidence also indicates the engagement of multiple dysregulated mediators in the TME, such as matrix metalloproteinase, vascular endothelial growth factor, cytokines/chemokines, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Hedgehog, and related inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. Hence, investigating novel multitargeted agents using a novel delivery system could be a promising strategy for regulating TME and drug resistance. In recent years, small molecules from natural sources have shown favorable anticancer responses by targeting TME components. Nanoformulations of natural compounds are promising therapeutic agents in simultaneously targeting multiple dysregulated factors and mediators of TME, reducing tumor resistance mechanisms, overcoming interstitial fluid pressure and pericyte coverage, and involvement of basement membrane. The novel nanoformulations employ a vascular normalization strategy, stromal/matrix normalization, and stress alleviation mechanisms to exert higher efficacy and lower side effects. Accordingly, the nanoformulations of anticancer monoclonal antibodies and conventional chemotherapeutic agents also improved their efficacy and lessened the pharmacokinetic limitations. Additionally, the coadministration of nanoformulations of natural compounds along with conventional chemotherapeutic agents, monoclonal antibodies, and nanomedicine-based radiotherapy exhibits encouraging results. This critical review evaluates the current body of knowledge in targeting TME components by nanoformulation-based delivery systems of natural small molecules, monoclonal antibodies, conventional chemotherapeutic agents, and combination therapies in both preclinical and clinical settings. Current challenges, pitfalls, limitations, and future perspectives are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We examined whether the risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF) in a large, biracial, prospective cohort is lower in participants who adhere to heart-healthy dietary patterns and higher in participants who adhere to less heart-healthy diets. Methods: Between 2003 and 2007, the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort study enrolled 30,239 Black and White Americans aged 45 years or older. Dietary patterns (convenience, plant-based, sweets, Southern, and alcohol and salads) and the Mediterranean diet score (MDS) were derived based on food frequency questionnaire data. The primary outcome was incident AF at the follow-up visit 2013–2016, defined by either electrocardiogram or self-reported medical history of a physician diagnosis. Results: This study included 8977 participants (mean age 63 ± 8.3 years; 56% women; 30% Black) free of AF at baseline who completed the follow-up exam an average of 9.4 years later. A total of 782 incident AF cases were detected. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, neither the MDS score (odds ratio (OR) per SD increment = 1.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95–1.11) or the plant-based dietary pattern (OR per SD increment = 1.03; 95% CI 0.94–1.12) were associated with AF risk. Additionally, an increased AF risk was not associated with any of the less-healthy dietary patterns. Conclusions: While specific dietary patterns have been associated with AF risk factors, our findings fail to show an association between diet patterns and AF development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a newly identified Mucuna atropurpurea cellulosic fiber was alkalized, and the alkalization duration was optimized by chemical analysis. The conversion of hemicellulose from α-cellulose (58.74 ± 5.74 to 75.24 ± 5.26 wt.%) increased the fiber's crystalline fraction. The rise in the crystallinity index (24.01–49.89%) of the optimally alkalized MAF verified the augmentation in the crystalline fraction. Removal of peaks at 2357, 1730, and 1245 cm−1 in the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy of Optimally Alkalized MAF (OAMAF) demonstrated a drop in amorphous fraction. Progress in the maximum degradation peak (298–320 °C) was established by thermogravimetric analysis. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) pictures exposed the occurrence of the contamination, wax, and lignin-free outer layer in the OAMAF. Removal of elements in the energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrum of OAMAF confirmed elimination of contaminations present on the exterior of the fiber. Tensile strength (274.6 ± 29.5 to 307.3 ± 24.12 MPa) and tensile modulus (2.88 ± 1.026 to 4.633 ± 0.94 GPa) of MAF were also enhanced after the optimal NaOH treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examined the suitability of Cocos nucifera shell powder (CNSP) as a secondary filler in polyester composites reinforced with Mucuna atropurpurea stem fibre (MAF). The particle size analysis report revealed that the average size of the CNSP was 1265 nm. CNSP density (1530 ± 42.33 kg/m3) was determined with the help of a liquid pycnometer. The chemical analysis of CNSP showed a higher cellulose content (45.21 ± 6.72 wt.%) and a moderate quantity of lignin fraction (26.78 ± 5.11) in the CNSP. From the X-ray diffractogram, the crystallite size (0.75 nm), and crystallinity index (37.57%) of the CNSP were calculated. The thermogravimetric study of CNSP proved that it could be used as a secondary filler in polymer composites where the fabrication temperature is below 200 °C. Atomic force microscopy revealed that CNSP has an average roughness of 9.791 nm. It was found that 30 wt.% MAF-reinforced and 6 wt.% CNSP-filled polyester composites delivered significant tensile strength (130.14 MPa) and flexural strength (140.21 MPa) than other composites with CNSP content of 0, 2, 4, 8, and 10 wt.%. Also, 30 wt.% MAF-reinforced and 10 wt.% CNSP-filled polyester composites showed improved impact strength (22.43 J/m) and hardness (108.22 HRRW). The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed the improvement in the maximum degradation temperature after the addition of reinforcement and filler into the polyester resin. A scanning electron microscope was used to inspect the fractured cross section of the 30 wt.% MAF-reinforced and 6 wt.% CNSP-filled polyester composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algal biomass is a promising feedstock for sustainable production of a range of value-added compounds and products including food, feed, fuel. To further augment the commercial value of algal metabolites, efficient valorization methods and biorefining channels are essential. Algal extracts are ideal sources of biotechnologically viable compounds loaded with anti-microbial, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerous and several therapeutic and restorative properties. Emerging technologies in biomass valorisation tend to reduce the significant cost burden in large scale operations precisely associated with the pre-treatment, downstream processing and waste management processes. In order to enhance the economic feasibility of algal products in the global market, comprehensive extraction of multi-algal product biorefinery is envisaged as an assuring strategy. Algal biorefinery has inspired the technologists with novel prospectives especially in waste recovery, carbon concentration/sequestration and complete utilisation of the value-added products in a sustainable closed-loop methodology. This review critically examines the latest trends in the algal biomass valorisation and the expansive feedstock potentials in a biorefinery perspective. The recent scope dynamics of algal biomass utilisation such as bio-surfactants, oleochemicals, bio-stimulants and carbon mitigation have also been discussed. The existing challenges in algal biomass valorisation, current knowledge gaps and bottlenecks towards commercialisation of algal technologies are discussed. This review is a comprehensive presentation of the road map of algal biomass valorisation techniques towards biorefinery technology. The global market view of the algal products, future research directions and emerging opportunities are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through cryogenic treatment and electrolytic passivation treatment of M2 high-speed steel (HSS), the effect of electrolytic passivation process parameters on the life of M2 HSS taps and the combined effect of cryogenic treatment and electrolytic passivation treatment on the wear resistance of the M2 HSS were investigated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results show that the life of M2 HSS tap after electrolytic passivation treatment increases most significantly under the theoretical edge radius; the functional relationship between the charge consumption (y) and the tap edge radius (x) is as follows: y = 8.135x − 48.842. The wear resistance of the sample after cryogenic and electrolytic passivation treatment is the highest, which is 1.52 times higher than those of the traditional heat treatment sample. This is due to the increase of the number of carbides on the surface of the specimens after cryogenic treatment; the distribution and size of carbides are relatively uniform; the average size of carbides is reduced by 60.4%. There is a carbon layer on the surface of the sample after passivation, which can effectively improve the wear condition. The size and number of carbides in the surface layer of the sample remain unchanged after passivation treatment, indicating that cryogenic treatment plays a key role in the performance of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]