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Pure nanocrystalline SnO2 powders calcined at three different temperatures of 400, 600 and 800°C have been successfully synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method with the starting material SnCl2·2H2O and 2-propanol as a precursor. The crystallite sizes of 10, 12 and 15 nm were obtained for three different temperatures, respectively, and the rutile tetragonal structure was confirmed by XRD pattern. SEM micrographs of all the samples were found to be particulate agglomerated and further crystallite size increases as the temperature increases. The peaks of EDAX reveal that the prepared sample constitutes purely tin and oxide atoms. UV–visible spectra show that the bandgap energy values were 3.05, 3.36 and 3.20 eV. Photoluminescence studies exhibit relative intensity of 422 nm, a small broad peak and somewhat intense peak at 440 nm for the samples annealed at 400, 600 and 800°C. The specific capacitance values of the prepared samples were found to be 380, 335, 548 F g–1 for the samples annealed at 400, 600 and 800°C from cyclic voltammetric studies. Galvanostatic charge–discharge analysis predicts the faradic redox reaction from its symmetric curves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quaternary blends (diesel–biodiesel-vegetable oil-alcohol) offer enormous potential for reducing fossil fuel usage and mitigating air pollution caused by marine diesel engines. Biodiesel and alcohol are alternate fuels possessing high oxygen content, ensuring clean combustion. Vegetable oil is beneficial in saving diesel contribution and increasing engine lubrication. The objective of the present work was to reduce the dependency on conventional diesel and to come up with cleaner fuel that can also improve engine performance. This experimental work aims to lower exhaust emissions by fueling a single-cylinder, four-stroke direct-injection diesel engine with novel quaternary blends comprising diesel (50%), sunflower biodiesel (25%), sunflower oil (5%), and alcohol (20%). In order to develop cleaner fuel than diesel, different quaternary blends were prepared by varying the length of the carbon chain of alcohols in the blends, namely, DBOEth20, DBOProp20, DBOBut20, DBOHep20, and DBODec20. The performance emissions of quaternary blends were tested at varied engine loads from 5 to 20 Nm (full load), while engine speed was fixed at 1800 rpm. The results indicate that DBOProp20 resulted in the lowest fuel consumption and highest thermal efficiency. DBOProp20 reduced CO2, NOx, and smoke emissions by 19.6%, 9.9%, and 85.7%, as compared to diesel. However, DBODec20 succeed in mitigating CO emission by 41.37% at 100% load. DBOBut20 proved to be most promising in reducing UHC emission by a maximum of 71.69% at 100% load. The highest BTE of 10.98% with lowest BSFC of 13.04% was recorded for DBOProp20 at 100% engine load, in comparison to pure diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel methanogenic strain, CaP3V-MF-L2AT, was isolated from an exploratory oil well from Cahuita National Park, Costa Rica. The cells were irregular cocci, 0.8–1.8 μm in diameter, stained Gram-negative and were motile. The strain utilized H2/CO2, formate and the primary and secondary alcohols 1-propanol and 2-propanol for methanogenesis, but not acetate, methanol, ethanol, 1-butanol or 2-butanol. Acetate was required as carbon source. The novel isolate grew at 25–40 °C, pH 6.0–7.5 and 0–2.5% (w/v) NaCl. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the strain is affiliated to the genus Methanofollis. It shows 98.8% sequence similarity to its closest relative Methanofollis ethanolicus. The G + C content is 60.1 mol%. Based on the data presented here type strain CaP3V-MF-L2AT (= DSM 113321T = JCM 39176T) represents a novel species, Methanofollis propanolicus sp. nov. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol-derived biofuels are used as an alternative fuel source instead of petroleum-based fuels. There is a need to understand the fire behavior of these blended alcohol biofuels. Twelve laboratory-scale pool fire experimental tests were conducted at quiescent ambient air on n-propanol, diesel, and mixtures to understand the burning characteristics, like burning rate, flame temperature, and flame height. The burning rate of pure and blended fuels was estimated by two methods and compared. Visual images of fire were analyzed, and it was found that the maximum visible flame height of all fuels is nearly three-times the pool diameter. Centerline flame temperature is highest for n-propanol pool fires compared with diesel and its blends. A dimensionless temperature parameter φ makes a linear relationship with dimensionless vertical height for pure and binary mixtures. These combustion characteristics of blended fuel pool fire help ensure the safety of blended fuel handling, transportation, and storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An estimate is made of the limiting values of electrical conductivity, the degree of dissociation, and the thermodynamic dissociation constants of hydrogen chloride in n-alcohols in the temperature range of 278–328 K with a step of 10 K. Multilevel modeling is used to develop model equations for estimating electrical conductivity and dissociation constants on the basis of solvents in a wide range of solution temperatures. Reliable and reproducible results are obtained with a high degree of reliability and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mixed ligand complex of Ni(II) with 3-imidazoline nitroxide and iso-propanol [NiL2(i-C3H7OH)2] is sensitive to atmospheric moisture. It is determined that at a high humidity, the air contacts with the mother solution of the compound in iso-propanol with the precipitated [NiL2(i-C3H7OH)2] crystals leads to their spontaneous transformation into [NiL2(H2O)]·i-C3H7OH crystals whose structure is described in the present paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Indian agricultural sector, millions of diesel-driven pump-sets were used for irrigation purposes. These engines produce carcinogenic diesel particulates, toxic nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions which threaten the livelihood of large population of farmers in India. The present study investigates the use of n-propanol, a less-explored high carbon bio-alcohol that can be produced by sustainable pathways from industrial and crop wastes that has an attractive opportunity for powering stationary diesel engines meant for irrigation and rural electrification. This study evaluates the use of n-propanol addition in fossil diesel by up to 30% by vol. and concurrently reports the effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on emissions of an agricultural DI diesel engine. Three blends PR10, PR20, and PR30 were prepared by mixing 10, 20, and 30% by vol. of n-propanol with fossil diesel. Results when compared to baseline diesel case indicated that smoke density reduced with increasing n-propanol fraction in the blends. PR10, PR20, and PR30 reduced smoke density by 13.33, 33.33, and 60%, respectively. NOx emissions increased with increasing n-propanol fraction in the blends. Later, three EGR rates (10, 20, and 30%) were employed. At any particular EGR rate, smoke density remained lower with increasing n-propanol content in the blends under increasing EGR rates. NOx reduced gradually with EGR. At 30% EGR, the blends PR10, PR20, and PR30 reduced NOx emissions by 43.04, 37.98, and 34.86%, respectively when compared to baseline diesel. CO emissions remained low but hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were high for n-propanol/diesel blends under EGR. Study confirmed that n-propanol could be used by up to 30% by vol. with diesel and the blends delivered lower soot density, NOx, and CO emissions under EGR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to optimize the feeding proportion of glucose and propanol for erythromycin biosynthesis by real-time monitoring and exploring its limited ratio by the on-line multi-frequency permittivity measurement. It was found that the capacitance values were sensitive to the variation of biomass concentration and microbial morphology as well as the true state of cell growth. It was most favorable to both cell growth and secondary metabolism to keep the ratio of glucose to propanol at 4.3 (g/g). The specific growth rate calculated by the capacitance measurement correctly and accurately reflected the cell physiological state. An appropriate feed rate of propanol was crucial for cell growth and secondary metabolism, as well as to improve the quality of erythromycin-A. In addition, the erythromycin production titer (10,950 U/mL) was further enhanced by 4 % when the propanol feed was regulated by step-down strategy based on both OUR (oxygen uptake rate) and the on-line monitoring capacitance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work the complexation process between Ag and Mg cations and 4-hydroxyphenyl-2,5-bis(2-benzofuranyl)pyridine (HBFPY) ligand was studied in pure dimethylformamide (DMF), ethanol (EtOH), acetonitrile (AN) and in (DMF-EtOH), (AN-EtOH) and (DMF-AN) binary mixed solvent solutions at different temperatures using the conductometric method. Also in this work the complexation reaction between Ca, K cations and HBFPY ligand, was studied in pure dimethylformamide (DMF), propanol (PrOH), 1,4-dioxane (DOX), ethanol (EtOH) and in DMF-PrOH, DMF-DOX and DMF-EtOH binary mixed solvent solutions at different temperatures using the conductometric method. The conductance data show that the stoichiometry of the complexes formed between this ligand and the studied cations is 1 : 1 [ML]. In most cases, addition of HBFPY to solutions of these cations, causes a continuous increase in the molar conductivities which indicates that the mobility of complexed cations is more than the uncomplexed ones. The stability constants of the complexes were obtained from fitting of molar conductivity curves using a computer program, GENPLOT. The stability constant of [Mg(HBFPY)] complex in various neat solvents at 15°C decreases in order: EtOH > DMF > AN and the stability constant of [Ag(HBFPY)] complex in various neat solvents at 35°C decreases in order: DMF > EtOH. The values of standard enthalpy changes (Δ H°) for complexation reactions were obtained from the slope of the Van't Hoff plots and the changes in standard entropy (Δ S°) were calculated from the relationship Δ H°= Δ H°-298.15Δ S°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical oxidation of acetone, 2-propanol, and 1-propanol on Pt was studied by slow scan rate voltammetry at 170 °C using fuel cell with the membrane of the HPO doped polybenzimidazole. Reaction rate orders with respect to partial pressures of the aliphatic compounds and water vapors were determined at E = 0.5 V and at E = 0.9 V, which correspond to low and high surface oxide coverages on Pt. At E = 0.5 V close to zero reaction rate orders in respect to vapor pressures of aliphatic reactants were found. At E = 0.5 V reaction, rate orders with respect to water vapor pressure were slightly higher than unity in all cases. At E = 0.9 V oxidation, reaction rate orders with respect to aliphatic reactant vapor pressure ranged within 0.6-1. Close to zero reaction rate orders with respect to water vapor pressure were found in all cases at E = 0.9 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kinetics of propanol oxidation by quinquivalent vanadium in the presence of HSO has been followed by UV-spectrophotometer at 30 °C temperature. It has been found that sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles produce a large catalytic effect on this oxidation process. The pseudo-first-order rate constants for the reaction increases with SDS concentrations. The kinetic results have been explained by considering the preferential partitioning of reactants between the micellar and aqueous phase and also local the concentration effect. The oxidized product propionaldehyde is identified by 2,4-DNP test and H-NMR spectral measurement. The formation of aggregate in reaction condition was confirmed by measuring the CMC value of SDS in aqueous medium and in the presence of propanol by conductivity measurements. The change in the size of aggregate, from DLS measurement, confirms the localization of reactant species towards the aggregate, which is the consequence of rate enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A procedure for dispersing the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) for preparing stable suspensions with high concentrations of individual nanotubes in various alcohols was described. The obtained suspensions were studied by Raman spectroscopy. The solubility of the single-walled carbon nanotubes in alcohols was found to depend on the concentration of cholic acid. The ethanol-surfactant mixture was shown to be the best solvent for all alkanol-cholic acid mixtures (0.018 mol/kg) under study used for preparing time-stable suspensions of single-walled carbon nanotubes. The dissolving ability of aliphatic alcohols was found to decrease in the series: ethanol-isopropanol- tert-butanol-butanol-propanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel method for the solubilization of recombinant interferon beta-1b (IFNβ-1b) from inclusion bodies has been developed, which makes it possible to selectively extract the target protein into solutions of alcohols: ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl. It has been shown that IFNβ-1b exhibits the best solubilization in a 55% propyl alcohol solution. The method enables one to extract 85-90% of the target protein from inclusion bodies and significantly lowers the content of Escherichia coli proteins in the solubilizate as compared with standard methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results from International Space Station experiments on combustion of n-propanol/glycerol droplets are reported. The initial n-propanol mass fraction was 0.95 and droplets had initial diameters in the 2 - 5 mm range. Some droplets were fiber supported while others were free floating, and the environment was either an oxygen/nitrogen mixture at 1 atm or an oxygen/helium mixture at pressures of 1 and 3 atm. The droplets burned in a multi-stage manner where n-propanol was preferentially evaporated during the early stages of combustion. The resulting buildup of glycerol in the liquid at the droplet surface led to sudden droplet heating and flame contraction. The experimental data are evaluated to provide burning rates, radiometer outputs, and droplet diameters as functions of time. These data are used to calculate effective liquid species diffusivities, D, using asymptotic theory. The D values can be substantially larger than molecular diffusivities in some cases, indicative of the presence of strong convective mixing. It was found that support fibers can decrease D values and that high burning rates can substantially increase D. These variations are attributed to changes in droplet internal flow patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-frequency (HF) electric conductivity (EC) of mixtures of water with methanol, ethanol, and propanol was analyzed. The limiting HF conductivity decreased at increasing alcohol content in the mixture and passed through a maximum at 2455 MHz. The rate of HF heating of the aqueous solutions of alcohols was determined using a Discover Bench Mate microwave system at a frequency of 2455 MHz. The maximum rate of HF heating was observed in solutions with the highest HF conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, glucose respiratory quotient (RQ)-feedback control was developed for erythromycin production with a recombinant strain Saccharopolyspora erythraea ZL1004. RQ was confirmed to be an ideal online parameter for regulating glucose feed rate. Through feeding glucose to control RQ at 0.85 during 45-100 h and 0.95 during 100-185 h, erythromycin titer and erythromycin A concentration were reached 11.88 and 8.82 g l in 50 l fermenter, which were increased by 8.3 and 6.1 % as compared to that with glucose pH-feedback control, respectively. When glucose RQ-feedback control was scaled up to 372-m fermenter, erythromycin titer and erythromycin A concentration at 155 h were reached 9.12 and 7.12 g l, respectively, which were 10.5 and 9.4 % higher than that with the original technology (glucose pH-feedback control). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the successful application of glucose RQ-feedback control in erythromycin production, especially in 372-m fermenter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relaxation time, T, of deuterium nuclei in a few deuterated compounds, such as methanol- d, benzene- d, and dimethylsulfoxide- d, is measured at higher temperatures in the range from 300 to 375 K. An almost linear increase in time, T, over an increase in temperature is observed in all these cases, which confirms an increase in the mobility of molecules and a decrease in the correlation time. A T value in the range from 2 to 3 s can be expected for deutrons in small organic molecules at temperatures above 350 K. Thus, a linewidth of about 0.1 Hz in H NMR spectra can be obtained for a magnetic field inhomogeneity of about 0.5 Hz in 1H NMR spectra. Such high resolution H NMR spectra provide information about chemical shifts and J(H-D) spin-spin coupling constants (or J(H-H) = (γ/γ) J(H-D) when the isotope effects on the spin-spin coupling constants are neglected), including information about coupling constants between magnetically equivalent protons that can not be observed in H NMR spectra. New or refined data on the coupling constants are obtained from the studied H NMR spectra for ethanol, propanol, 1,2-dichloroethane, and 1,4-dioxane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potassium promoted molybdenum sulfide catalysts are well-known for the conversion of synthesis gas (H and CO) to higher alcohols, primarily ethanol and propanol. Basic supports composed of mixed MgAl based oxides from decomposed hydrotalcites are known to yield enhanced higher alcohol selectivities compared to bulk or carbon supported molybdenum sulfide catalysts. In this study, the role of the metal oxide support and the active as well as precursor molybdenum phases on higher alcohol productivity and selectivity are probed. At fixed loadings of potassium (3 wt%) and molybdenum (5 wt%), supported molybdenum sulfide (MoS) and molybdenum carbide (MoC) catalysts are prepared on mixed MgAl oxide, α-alumina, and magnesium oxide supports and evaluated in higher alcohol synthesis. At low conversions, the catalytic results suggest that basic supports provide similar effects as the alkali promoter, helping to produce lower methanol (MeOH) selectivities and higher COH selectivities while shifting overall selectivity from hydrocarbons towards alcohols. Under similar conditions, it is also shown that MoC compositions produce more hydrocarbons than MoS catalysts, suggesting that higher potassium loadings are needed to fully eliminate acidity in molybdenum carbide phases. Conversion of the MoC phase to a MoS phase in situ, followed by catalytic testing in syngas hydrogenation shows that similar catalytic selectivities are obtained at similar CO conversions for catalysts with similar overall molybdenum and potassium loadings, regardless of the molybdenum phase in the precatalyst (MoO vs. MoC). The highest C alcohol selectivities and productivities among the catalysts tested here are obtained on presulfided MoO catalysts on both α-alumina and magnesium oxide supports. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the addition of short-chain fatty acids and lower alcohols on the production of natamycin from Streptomyces natalensis F4-245 was investigated, and propanol was found to be the most effective additive. Under the optimal condition of propanol addition, the maximal natamycin titer reached 10.38 g/l, which was 17 % higher than that of the control. Metabolites analysis showed the concentrations of amino acids and acetyl-CoA were enhanced while those of organic acids in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were reduced. This work demonstrates that the addition of propanol is an effective strategy to increase natamycin yield through regulating metabolite node and pools of precursors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of Co addition on the activity and selectivity of Rb-promoted MoC/α-AlO catalysts in CO hydrogenation was explored. The reaction was performed in a fixed-bed reactor system operating at 573 K, 30 bar, and CO/H ratio of 1. Addition of Co enhanced the production rates of hydrocarbons and higher alcohols over Rb-promoted MoC/α-AlO by about 60 % without significantly increasing the production rate of methanol, thus shifting the alcohol selectivity toward larger molecules. The addition of Co also lessened the negative impact of CO conversion on oxygenate selectivity over Rb-promoted MoC/α-AlO. Results from X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that highly dispersed Co and Mo domains remained more reduced in the bimetallic carbide samples than the corresponding monometallic samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, several different fermentation experiments were designed to address whether modulating glucose and propanol feeds could benefit the production level of erythromycin during pilot plant (30 L) fermentation. Results showed that glucose feed rate (determined by a set high or low culture pH) had no effect on erythromycin production, indicating that glucose was not the limiting factor for erythromycin biosynthesis under these conditions. It was found that decreasing glucose feed could stimulate the consumption of propanol, and the high erythromycin production (12.49 ± 0.50 mg ml) was achieved by controlling the feed rates of glucose and propanol. The quantitative metabolic flux analysis disclosed that high propanol consumption increased the pool size of propionyl-CoA (~2.147 mmol g day) and methylmalonyl-CoA (~1.708 mmolg day). It was also found that 45-77 % of the propanol went into the TCA cycle which strengthened the conclusion that blocking the propionate pathway to TCA cycle could lead to a significant increase in erythromycin production in carbohydrate-based media (Reeves et al. Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 7:600-609, 2006). In addition, the results also suggested that a relative low intracellular ATP level resulting from low glucose feed did not limit the erythromycin biosynthesis, and a relatively high NADPH should be beneficial for erythromycin biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behavior of the limiting high-frequency (HF) conductivity of water, methanol, ethanol, and propanol in a wide temperature range is considered. As the temperature is increased to its critical value, the static permittivity and the dipole relaxation time of the polar solvents decrease monotonically; however, the limiting HF conductivity, which is determined by their ratio, passes through a maximum. The maximum is explained by differences in the behavior of the temperature dependences of the relative temperature coefficients (RTCs) of static permittivity and the dipole relaxation time. It is shown that the maximum on the temperature dependence of the limiting HF conductivity corresponds to the equality of the RTCs of static permittivity and the dipole relaxation time. It is noted that in the temperature range corresponding to the maximum limiting HF conductivities of water and alcohols, the temperature dependences of the ion product of water and the conductivity of the considered polar solvents and solutions of inorganic salts in them also pass through maxima. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Waste rapeseed oil is a useful substrate for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production employing Cupriavidus necator H16. In fed-batch mode, we obtained biomass and PHA yields of 138 and 105 g l, respectively. Yield coefficient and volumetric productivity were 0.83 g PHA per g oil and 1.46 g l h, respectively. Propanol at 1% (v/v) enhanced both PHA and biomass formation significantly and, furthermore, resulted in incorporation of 3-hydroxyvalerate units into PHA structure. Thus, propanol can be used as an effective precursor of 3-hydroxyvalarete for production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate) copolymer. During the fed-batch cultivation, propanol concentration was maintained at 1% which resulted in 8% content of 3-hydroxyvalerate in copolymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been speculated that the application of nanofluids in real systems could lead to smaller, more compact heat exchangers and reductions in material cost. However, few studies have been conducted which have carefully measured the thermo-physical properties and thermal performance of these fluids as well as examine the system-level effects of using these fluids in traditional cooling systems. In this study, dilute suspensions of 10 nm aluminum oxide nanoparticles in propanol (0.5, 1, and 3 wt%) were investigated. Changes in density, specific heat, and thermal conductivity with particle concentration were measured and found to be linear, whereas changes in viscosity were nonlinear and increased sharply with particle loading. Nanofluid heat transfer performance data were generally commensurate with that measured for the baseline. For the 1 wt% concentration, a small but significant enhancement in the heat transfer coefficient was recorded for 1800 < Re < 2800, which is attributed to an earlier transition to turbulent flow. In the case of high particle loading (i.e. 3 wt%), the thermal performance was observed to deteriorate with respect to the baseline case. Discoloration of the fluid was also observed after being cycled at high flow rates and increased temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clostridiumsp. strain 17cr1 was able to fermentl-threonine to propionate and propanol. Electrons arising in the oxidation of 2-oxobutyrate to propionyl-CoA were apparently used in reductive pathway leading to propanol formation. Part of the propionyl-CoA was used to form propionate in an ATP-forming pathway via a propionate kinase, so that the final ATP yield was 0.5 mol per mol ofl-threonine metabolised. Other growth substrates were fermented mainly to acetate and butyrate, and the reductive formation of butyrate, from 2 mol of acetyl-CoA or from crotonate or 3-hydroxybutyrate, was the main route for recycling reduced electron carriers arising during oxidative pathways for most substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Central venous catheter (CVC)-related infections may be caused by micro-organisms introduced from the skin surface into deeper tissue at the time of CVC insertion. The optimal disinfection regimen to avoid catheter-related infections has not yet been defined. This study compares three different approaches.Design: Prospective randomised trial.Setting: A tertiary care hospital.Patients and Participants: One hundred nineteen patients scheduled electively to receive 140 CVCs.Interventions: Skin disinfection was performed with either povidone-iodine 10% (PVP-iodine), chlorhexidine 0.5%/propanol 70%, or chlorhexidine 0.5%/propanol 70% followed by PVP-iodine 10%. Prior to disinfection, a swab from the site of insertion was taken for culture. CVCs were removed if no longer needed or infection was suspected. All catheters were cultured quantitatively after removal.Measurement and Results: Bacteria could be isolated from 20.7% of the catheter tips. Bacterial growth was found in 30.8% of the catheters placed after skin disinfection with povidone-iodine, in 24.4% after disinfection with propanol/chlorhexidine and in 4.7% after disinfection with propanol/chlorhexidine followed by povidone-iodine ( p=0.006). In 15 cases, the same organism was isolated from the skin swab and the catheter tip. Ten of these paired isolates showed the same pattern in a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis.Conclusions: Skin disinfection with propanol/chlorhexidine followed by PVP-iodine was superior in the prevention of microbial CVC colonisation compared to either of the regimens alone. These results support the concept that catheter infections can originate from bacterial translocation at the time of catheter insertion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstrat. Respiration cools the nasal vein blood. This may, via counter current transfer in the cavernous sinus/carotid artery complex, cool the brain arterial blood and, therefore, decrease the brain temperature during heat stress. We investigated the possible local transfer of substances from the nasal cavities to the brain via a similar transfer between nasal venous blood and brain arterial blood. Tritiated water (TW), 3H-tyrosine (T) and 14C-propanol (P) were infused into the nasal cavity of anesthetized rats that had two catheters inserted into the same, occluded carotid artery, one pointing towards the head, the other towards the heart. Continuous, parallel blood samples were collected throughout 30-s periods for 10 min, and the radioactivity measured in the separated plasma. After nasal application of TW, the radioactivity increased in the head arterial plasma samples compared with the parallel heart samples. When recirculation to the general circulation was diminished, a larger and significant difference was found for all three substances during the last 5 min of the collection period. No difference between the parallel samples was observed after intravenous administration of the three substances. Absorption of all three substances from the nasal cavity was rapid and high. The results indicate that local transfer takes place between the venous and arterial blood in the head, probably in the area of the cavernous sinus-carotid artery complex, which in rat and man lacks a Rete Mirabile. The local transfer raises the possibility of treating brain diseases in man locally through nasal application of drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Dry weight yields from mixed cultures of Prosthecochloris aestuarii or Chlorobium limicola with the sulfur reducing Desulfuromonas acetoxidans were determined on different growth limiting amounts of acetate, ethanol or propanol. The obtained yields agreed well with values predicted from stoichiometric calculations. 2. From mixed cultures of two Chlorobium limicola strains with Desulfovibrio desulfuricans or D. gigas on ethanol as the growth limiting substrate, dry weight yields were obtained as calculated for the complete utilization of the ethanol by the mixed cultures. 3. Dry weight yield determinations for two pure cultures of Chlorobium limicola with different growth limiting amounts of sulfide in the absence and presence of excess acetate confirmed that acetate is incorporated by Chlorobium in a fixed proportion to sulfide; compared to the yield in the absence of acetate the yield is increased two to threefold in the presence of acetate. 4. The lowest possible sulfide concentrations necessary for optimal growth of mixed cultures of either Prosthecochloris or Chlorobium with Desulfuromonas on acetate were 7-8 mg HS per liter of medium. 5. Doubling times at the growth rate limiting light intensities of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 lux were determined under optimal growth conditions for the following phototrophic bacteria: Prosthecochloris aestuarii, Chlorobium phaeovibriodes, Chromatium vinosum and Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Reasonably good growth was still obtained with Prosthecochloris at 10 and 5 lux light intensity at which no growth of the purple bacteria could be observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic sea or fresh water media with acetate and elemental sulfur yielded enrichments of a new type of strictly anaerobic, rod-shaped, laterally flagellated, Gram-negative bacterium. Three pure culture-strains from different sulfide-containing sea water sources were characterized in detail and are described as a new genus and species Desulfuromonas acetoxidans. The new bacterium is unable to ferment organic substances; it obtains energy for growth by anaerobic sulfur respiration. Acetate, ethanol or propanol can serve as carbon and energy source for growth; their oxidation to CO is stoichiometrically linked to the reduction of elemental sulfur to sulfide. Organic disulfide compounds, malate or fumarate are the only other electron acceptors used. Butanol and pyruvate are used in the presence of malate only; no other organic compounds are utilized. Biotin is required as a growth factor. The following dry weight yields per mole of substrate are obtained: in the presence of sulfur: 4.21 g on acetate, 9.77 g on ethanol; in the presence of malate: 16.5 g on acetate, 34.2 g on ethanol and 46.2 g on pyruvate. Accumulations of cells are pink; cell suspensions exhibit absorption spectra resembling those of c-type cytochromes (abs. max. at 419, 523 and 553 nm). Malate-ethanol grown cells contain a b-type cytochrome in addition. In the presence of acetate, ethanol or propanol, Desulfuromonas strains form robust growing syntrophic mixed cultures with phototrophic green sulfur bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary cultures of adult mouse sensory neurons maintained for 8 days in vitro (8 div), in both the presence of non-neuronal cell (NNC) outgrowth and in NNC-reduced cultures, were exposed to doses of ethanol, propanol, acetaldehyde and acrolein. The effects on cell viability were monitored: LD50's of 600 μM acrolein and 100 mM propanol were obtained after 24 h exposures and after 48 h with 1 mM acetaldehyde and 500 mM ethanol. Morphological effects were evident by scanning electron microscopy with sub-acute doses for each agent, using both lower concentrations and shorter exposures. Membrane pitting of the perikaryon and a reduction in the proportion of neurons bearing neurites were common signs of toxic insult. The neurites of treated cells were thicker and more irregular than those of untreated cells; this proved a good indicator of specific neurotoxicity rather than merely a cytotoxic response. Fetal calf serum in the medium lessened the response of neurons to ethanol treatments. Comparison with other in vitro studies suggests these primary cultures are a more sensitive system than established cell lines of neuronal origin for use in neurotoxicity testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metabolism of Clostridium kluyveri has been extensively studied, but the range of substrates C. kluyveri can use for growth has not been fully explored. The use of propanol and succinate as growth substrates were established. C. kluyveri grows on acetate with propanol replacing ethanol. The principle carbon containing products were propionate, valerate, butyrate and hexanoate with traces of heptanoate. When grown with ethanol and succinate the principle carbon-containing products were acetate, butyrate and hexanoate. Hexanol was found as a product when incubated with ethanol and succinate 4-hydroxybutyrate or 3-butenoate. 5-Hexenoate was also a product of 3-butenoate and ethanol metabolism. The splitting of succinate into 2 acetates was indicated with ethanol providing the necessary reducing equivalents. Hydrogen was also found as a source of reducing equivalents but could not replace ethanol. A mechanism of succinate metabolism to acetate was proposed which accounts for growth yield, energetics considerations, carbon balances, production of side products and intermediates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prototheca zopfii (12 strains) is able to use glucose, fructose, propanol, glycerol, and acetate as sources of carbon for growth. One of the strains is biochemically (utilization also of galactose and mannose), and two strains are morphologically slightly different. Two strains can be identified as P. wikerhamii. They exhibit good growth with glucose, fructose, galactose, trehalose, propanol, glycerol, acetate, and glutamate as sources of carbon. P. spec. 263-2 grows only with glucose and acatate. P. zopfii and P. wickerhamii are able to use urea, glycine, and glutamate as sources of nitrogen. P. spec. 263-2, on the other hand, cannot utilize these organic nitrogen compounds for growth. Four strains of Chlorella protothecoides are able to use glucose, fructose, galactose, and acetate as sources of carbon for growth in the dark. Three of them utilize also mannose, trehalose, and glutamate. Two strains can grow with glycerol, and one is able to use lactose. - Urea and glycine can serve as sources of nitrogen for the four strains of C. protothecoides. Glutamate supports growth of three strains, and one strain is able to use nicotinamide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heats of mixing of n-butyl amine with methanol and n-propanol have been determined at 30° C and the enthalpies of alcohol-amine complex formation have been calculated by thermochemical cycle. The enthalpies of complex formation of butyl amine with methanol and n-propanol were found to be-44.3 kJ/mole and-39.4 kj/mole respectively. The heats of mixing of synthetically prepared 1:1 molar mixtures of n-butyl amine with methanol, ethanol and n-propanol with n-hexane have also been determined at 30° C. The enthalpy of amine-alcohol complexes was obtained from the partial molar heats of dissociation of the complexes in n-hexane. The values agree with those obtained by the thermochemical cycle method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the phase behavior of three coexisting phases in water/propanol/octaethyleneglycol mono dodecyl ether/heptane system at 45°C. A cone-like three-phase body was found in a composition tetrahedron. In the body aqueous and surfactant phases coexist in the presence of the third coexisting phase, an oil phase, with their loci of composition drawing a closed-loop on addition of propanol. The oil phase remains in an oil-rich region without major change in its composition. The roles of propanol are discussed by using hydrophile-lipophile balance and locations of critical tie lines. Propanol mainly plays two roles; one is as a lipophilic cosurfactant and the other is as a water-soluble cosolvent. The compositions of the critical end points were also determined by a method to use the critical tie line as a clue. In other systems the same pattern phase behavior was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess enthalpies ( H ) for mixtures of cyclohexanone with propan-1-ol. propan-2-ol, butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol and 2-methyl propan-1-ol at 298.15 K have been measured over the entire composition range. All mixed endothermically with the maximum values of H occurring at equimole fraction. Comments about the molecular interactions contributing to the excess enthalpies of a cyclic ketone + an alcohol are made on the basis of these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bjerrum association model, developed in 1926, is now incorporated in many conductance theories of electrolyte systems to extract Λ0 and KA from experimental data. The Bjerrum concept is simply a convenient way of taking into account short-range electrostatic interactions between ions. The equations of the Bjerrum model can be applied to the prediction of the temperature and pressure dependencies of KA from the value of KA at a reference T and P and from the dielectric properties of the solvent. This feature will be essential when the relaxation effect is taken into account when applying the model to heat capacities and compressibilities. These equations were tested against literature KA values (obtained from treatment of conductance data by equations that incorporate the Bjerrum concept) in aqueous electrolyte solutions at high temperatures and pressures and in some electrolyte systems in acetonitrile, 2-butanone, propylene carbonate, γ-butyrolactone, and propanol. In the absence of specific interactions in solution, the agreement between experimental and predicted KA are generally quite good. Notable exceptions are acids and bases in water, lithium perchlorate in most solvents, and the majority of electrolytes in propylene carbonate, suggesting that specific interactions in these systems may cause the model to fail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]