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Palytoxin (PlTX) is one of the most toxic non-protein molecules extracted from soft corals, posing significant risks within the food chain. To mitigate these risks, regulatory agencies prioritize developing reliable analytical techniques for monitoring and risk management of PlTX in marine organisms. The analysis of PlTX using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) has become a preferred method due to its high sensitivity and specificity. However, previous studies have reported challenges in achieving sharp peak shapes and adequate resolution in PlTX detection, which can compromise the accuracy and reliability of quantification. Therefore, PlTX monitoring is actively performed using an emerging and enhanced LC/MS/MS method. To ensure accurate quantification of PlTX, which is present in trace amounts in marine organisms, it is essential to optimize chromatographic separation and ionization. In this study, we optimized the separation conditions to improve PlTX quantification through the adjustment of a buffer system, specifically increasing the concentration of ammonium formate using reverse-phase liquid chromatography coupled with multiple reaction-monitoring mass spectrometry (RPLC/MRM-MS). This optimization significantly improved peak sharpness and resolution, enhancing the overall analytical performance of LC–MS/MS for PlTX detection in marine samples. Our findings suggest that the optimized method can serve as a reliable reference for developing standardized protocols aimed at improving PlTX analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent significant changes in the marine ecosystems have led to an increased occurrence and exposure of a novel marine biotoxin group known as cyclic imines (CIs). To mitigate associated risks, rapid and sensitive monitoring platforms for detecting CIs in marine organisms are essential. Although liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is a promising tool for managing hazardous substances, characterizing CIs is challenging due to difficulties in distinguishing trace amounts from the complex matrix of substances derived from marine organisms. Therefore, a critically improved method that can accurately and rapidly detect various types of CIs, while minimizing interference effects, is needed. In this study, we investigated optimal purification conditions to enhance the reliability in LC/MRM-MS analyses for CIs. Specifically, we spiked three types of seven CIs (PnTX E, PnTX F, PnTX G, 13-des-SPX C, 13,19-dides-SPX C, 20-des-SPX G, and GYM A) into a shellfish matrix and assessed the effectiveness of two purification methods. The hydrophilic–lipophilic balanced solid-phase extraction (HLB-SPE) with methanol condition provided the best results in LC/MRM-MS analysis of all seven CIs. The recoveries of validated CIs ranged from 80 to 120% at three points encompassing 2, 10, and 100 times the limit of quantitation (LOQ) on the quantitation curve, respectively. The effectiveness of our enhanced CI quantitative platform was demonstrated through the monitoring of shellfish collected from the Korean Waters. Ultimately, our findings provide a valuable reference for enhancing quantitative accuracy of LC/MS-based CI monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclic imines (CIs) produced by microalgal species that accumulate in the food chains of marine organisms are novel biotoxins that do not belong to the classic group of marine biotoxins. In the past, CIs were found only in limited areas; however, in recent years, rapid changes in marine ecosystems have led to widespread CIs and increased exposure to toxic risks. In this study, we analyzed seven CI toxins, GYM-A, SPX (13-desmethyl spirolide C, 13, 19-dideMe spirolide C, 20-methyl spirolide G), and PnTX-E, F, and G, using LC/MRM-MS. Shellfish samples were purchased from a domestic Korean fish market (67 samples in 2021 and 216 samples in 2022). The entire body of the shellfish was ground and extracted with 50% methanol, followed by lipophilic-specific SPE. Only GYM-A, PnTX-G, and 13-desmethyl spirolide C were detected in all analyzed samples. The maximum concentrations of GYM-A is maximum 179 ppt (ng/kg) in Crassostrea nippona (March 2022), PnTX-G is maximum 7 ppt in Anadara broughtonii (April 2022), 13-desmethyl SPX C is maximum 58 ppt in Crassostrea nippona (April 2022). The southern coast exhibited the highest frequency of detection of these toxins, which was attributed to elevated sea-surface temperatures, aligned with conducive conditions for toxin-producing phytoplankton. According to the monitoring results, there were no significant CI toxins in the shellfish; however, it is important to monitor CI toxin accumulation in shellfish because of their high risk of toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant activity of previously purified fucoidan fraction, LJSF4, from Saccharina japonica were evaluated in Vero cells and zebrafish. LJSF4 effectively reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, and cell death stimulated by 2,2-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH) in Vero cells. Further studies indicated that the antioxidant activity was caused by up-regulating catalase and superoxide dismutase levels in AAPH-treated Vero cells. In addition, LJSF4 significantly suppressed AAPH-induced oxidative damage in zebrafish by improving survival and heartbeat disorder of the zebrafish embryo as well as reducing the levels of ROS, cell death, and lipid peroxidation in AAPH-treated juvenile zebrafish. By exploring the structure–activity relationship, it was found that the sulfate content, fucose content and molecular weight of fucoidan were important factors affecting LJSF4 activity. The excellent protective effect of LJSF4 indicated its potential application as anti-oxidative reagent in functional food and cosmetic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neopyropia J. Brodie & L.-E Yang has been cultivated in Asia for centuries and the total production was nearly three million (fresh weight) with an economic value of US$2.7 billion in 2019. It has been traditionally used as human food. Recently its diverse secondary metabolites as functional components, including porphyrin, phycobiliproteins, carotenoids, mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries have received much attention. In this review we first discuss the nomenclatural history of Neopyropia, its characterization, and circumscription and species delineation; current systematics, biogeography and speciation, genomics and transcriptomics, ecology, life history, cultivation, and bioactive chemicals. Currently, 22 species have been described in this genus and 32 varieties or cultivars have been developed in Korea, China, and Japan. Most species show a large degree of phenotypic plasticity. This genus may be found on all continents except for the Antarctic. Neopyropia has a heteromorphic life cycle, alternating macroscopic foliose monoecious gametophytic phase and a filamentous sporophytic phase, called the conchocelis. The gametophytic thallus consists of one cell layers in thickness with an extremely high surface area to volume ratio, and therefore, all cells can take up nutrients. Neopyropia can be found in various environments: from marine to estuarine; from eulittoral to sublittoral; and may be epilithic, epiphytic or epizoic. Neopyropia yezoensis has received much more attention than other species in this genus because this species is the dominant aquaculture species and has rapid growth. Recently, a complete plastid and mitochondria genome has been described in N. yezoensis, which provides critical insights to understand the origin and evolution of eukaryotes and the evolution of agronomic traits. This review will describe the most recent advances in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surimi is refined myofibrillar proteins of fish, which are materials of processed seafood products. However, the health-related outcomes associated with surimi consumption need further investigation. Given the high valued impact of surimi in the functional food industry, the study aims to evaluate its digest with regard to antioxidant potential to understand health benefits raised by surimi consumption. Paralichthys olivaceus surimi digest (POSD) showed a significant DPPH and alkyl radical scavenging activity and protective effects against 2,20-azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidative stressed Vero cells with a significant increasing cell viability and decreasing apoptosis. It also dramatically suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation as well as prevented cell death and down-regulated pro-apoptotic genes at the mRNA levels in AAPH-stimulated zebrafish. This study reports the protective effects against oxidative stressed cells and zebrafish by a strong antioxidant activity of POSD. Therefore, surimi consumption could be a potential benefit in the prevention of oxidative stress-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anti-inflammatory effect of a fucoidan with a molecular weight of 102.67 kDa isolated from an enzymatic digest of Sargassum fusiforme was investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish. The results indicated that the fucoidan significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the production of inflammatory molecules, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as improved the viability of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, the fucoidan suppressed the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by regulating the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, in vivo test results suggested that the fucoidan remarkably reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell death, and NO levels in LPS-stimulated zebrafish in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results demonstrated that the fucoidan isolated from S. fusiforme possesses strong anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo, and could prove as an important candidate to be used to develop anti-inflammatory agents in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetically modified (GM) plants have been mainly advanced for the mass production of agricultural plants. However, there are concerns about GM crops which cause side effects on ecosystems and human beings. Zebrafish is a better in vivo model and possess the advantages; small size, large clutches, transparency, low cost, and physiological similarity to mammals. The objective of this study was to assess the safety of non-GM and GM grasses (Zoysia japonica) including JG21, JG21-MS1, JG21-MS2 in zebrafish embryos by examining the survival rates, heart-beating rate, yolk sac edema size, cell death, and morphology. The survival rates, heart-beating rates, and yolk sac edema sizes in non-GM and GM grass-treated zebrafish were similar change with the control group. And, all the groups did not show a significant difference within less than 1.0-fold in cell death by fluorescence levels. These results indicate that the zebrafish model is a useful and simple tool and can be used for risk assessment of GM plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our previous study, the anticancer effect of the active fucoidan (JHCF4) isolated from acid-processed Sargassum fusiformis was evaluated. In this study, the liver-protective effects of JHCF4 against ethanol-induced Chang liver cell damage and apoptosis-related responses were investigated. Furthermore, the low cytotoxicity and high cell viability of JHCF4 against ethanol-induced cell damage, as well as its protective effect against ethanol-induced cell apoptosis, were observed via nuclear staining with Hoechst 33342 in Chang liver cells. Additionally, the treatment of the 72 h post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish model with JHCF4 increased the ethanol-stimulated survival rates as well as decreased oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and cell death levels. JHCF4 was found to significantly decrease steatosis production in the 128 hpf zebrafish model by Oil Red O staining, as well as attenuate the malondialdehyde and increase the glutathione contents, compared with the untreated group. These results demonstrate that JHCF4 has a potential hepato-protective effect against ethanol-induced damage both in vitro and in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweed-derived compounds are known to possess various biological activities. The present study evaluated the antioxidant potential of (−)-loliolide, a monoterpenoid isolated from Sargassum horneri in Vero cells and zebrafish models. (−)-Loliolide was purified from the chloroform fraction of an S. horneri methanol extract using high-performance centrifugal partition chromatography (HPCPC). HPCPC was found to be an effective method to isolate (−)-loliolide, yielding a high purity product. Electron spin resonance evaluation demonstrated that (−)-loliolide had significant alkyl radical scavenging activity (IC50: 0.043 ± 0.005 mg mL−1). In addition, our study showed that (−)-loliolide demonstrated dose-dependent protective effects for Vero cell viability against 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, (−)-loliolide reduced lipid peroxidation in AAPH-induced zebrafish embryos, while ameliorating the survival rate and cell death in a dose-dependent manner. These results reveal the antioxidant potential of (−)-loliolide. Future studies highlighting the potential applications of S. horneri in manufacturing functional food ingredients are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fine dust-associated complications related to human health are one of the major issues in the East-Asia region. In the present study, we evaluated anti-inflammatory effect of dieckol in fine dust-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and its biological mechanism. The result showed that the exposure of macrophages to fine dust induced the productions of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory mediators such as inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 whereas it was significantly attenuated by the treatment of dieckol. In addition, fine dust increased the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α that were down-regulated by dieckol. Interestingly, dieckol protected macrophages against cell damages via reducing the fine dust-caused intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation via induction of superoxide dismutase production as well as the HO-1/Nrf2 signaling activation. In conclusion, dieckol protects RAW 264.7 cells against fine dust-induced inflammation and oxidative stress via inducing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particulate matter is a major contribution of air pollution and detrimental to human health. The in vitro antioxidant activities of a brown seaweed, Sargassum horneri ethanol extract (SHE) against particulate matter-induced oxidative stress were investigated by measuring 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity, superoxide anion (O2·−) inhibition, hydroxyl radical (·OH) scavenging activity, reducing power, and the metal ion-chelating effect. All in vitro antioxidant activities were increased as the concentration of SHE increased (0–1000 μg/mL). When treated with particulate matter at 0–1000 μg/mL, the DPPH free radical, and H2O2 scavenging activities, reducing power, and metal ion-chelating abilities of SHE were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). These results indicate that Sargassum horneri, which is a rich source of bioactive compounds, can be used as a natural source of antioxidants in the food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the saponin-rich fractions of five individual (two Red and three Black) sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus) in South Korea were investigated for their antiproliferative effect against HL-60, B16F10, MCF-7, and Hep3B tumor cell lines. The red sea cucumber saponin-rich fraction (SSC) from Jeju Island (JRe) decreased the growth of HL-60 with an IC50 value of 23.55 ± 3.40 μg/mL, which represented the strongest anticancer activity among the extracts. Further, SSC downregulated B-cell lymphoma extra-large (Bcl-xL), while upregulating, to different degrees, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), caspase-9, caspase-3, PARP cleavage, and apoptotic bodies in cancer cells. Evidence for SSC inducing apoptosis via the mitochondria-mediated pathway was found. The contents of SSCs were determined using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry to comparatively evaluate the regional influence. In West Sea, the total SSC content of A. japonicus was 15.5 mg/g, representing the highest content, while A. japonicus in the South Sea yielded the lowest content at 8 mg/g. The major saponin constituent in SSC was identified as Holotoxin A1, which may the anti-tumor compound in A. japonicus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abalone production in Korea has reached 5000 metric tonnes (MT) since 2000 and has been consistently increasing to reach 10,000 MT in 2015. Abalone fisheries are mainly seen in Wando on the south coast of Korea, where seaweed aquaculture has been majorly conducted. Mass mortality of abalone spats is considered a major problem in abalone fisheries and is caused by changes in environmental factors and food availability (including availability of benthic diatoms). However, it is difficult to supply sufficient quantities of benthic diatoms to post-larvae abalone. Therefore, we explored the development of growth-promoting substances for diatoms Navicula sp. and experimentally mixed several substances to enhance the growth of diatoms. In this study, we used alginic acid, fucoidan, Scytosiphon lomentaria, Ecklonia cava, Ecklonia cava processing byproduct (i.e., Ecklonia cava–boiled extracts, EBE), and Porphyra tenera. In addition, EBE, phosphate fertilizer (PF), nitrogenous manure (NM), and sodium silicate (SS) were mixed to determine the optimal composition of growth substances. The growth of diatoms significantly increased under EBE exposure, compared with other substances. During this study, attempts were made to identify the optimal composition of mixtures of PF, NM, and SS with that of EBE (1:1:1:1). The Navicula sp. growth-promoting substance (NGPS) mixture enhanced Navicula sp. growth by 150% compared with existing market products. We were therefore able to develop a substance that promotes the growth of diatoms, thereby facilitating the cultivation of healthy abalone with reduced mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration and identification of antiproliferative phytochemicals have received increased attention in medicinal chemistry. In particular, research focused on the toxicology of marine natural products has increased in recent years. Terpenoids, among many secondary metabolites, have been demonstrated to act as effective anticancer agents. Soft corals, a group of marine invertebrates, produce a variety of terpenoids with biofunctional properties. The current study presents the extraction, purification, and identification of sterol congeners from the soft coral Dendronephthya putteri. The method involves 50% chloroform-methanol extraction, polar column fractionation, and analysis through GC-MS n. Dose-dependent antiproliferative activity was observed within the sterol-rich fraction (DPCMH 2-4), which consisted of 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-steroidal congeners. This fraction inhibited the growth of HL-60 and MCF-7 cells with IC 50 values of 25.27±1.43 and 22.81±0.15 μg/mL, respectively. Apoptotic body formation, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptotic cell signaling pathway activation were also observed, reinforcing the dosedependent antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing activity of 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-steroidal congeners. To our knowledge, this is the first report of anticancer agent idwl D. putteri. Based on the observations, these steroidal congeners are promising candidates for the development of anticancer drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative hair dyes containing ρ-phenylenediamine (PPD) are reported to induce an allergic reaction by promoting oxidative stress when absorbed through the skin. Despite the associated risk, these hair dyes remain popular owing to their convenience and sharpness of color. This makes it important to minimize the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by PPD-containing hair dyes. Ecklonia cava extract has been evaluated in different studies for its protective effects against external stress in fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Our study was aimed at using in-vitro and in-vivo models to investigate the extract's effects on cytotoxicity of and oxidative stress induced by PPD-containing hair dyes. Analysis of CIEL*a*b* Color space was first used to determine the range of E. cava extract that would not interfere with the coloring ability of the dye upon addition. Subsequently, the set ranges of E. cava extract (5% and 7%) were added to the hair dye and their toxicity assessed by evaluating the viability of fibroblasts and keratinocytes. The effects on developmental phenotypes and induction of oxidative stress by hair dye were evaluated and compared with those of hair dyes containing different contents of E. cava extract using an in-vivo zebrafish model. Our results showed that E. cava extract in hair dye could significantly decrease the cytotoxicity and levels of oxidative stress caused by hair dyes containing PPD in both in-vitro and in-vivo models. These results suggest that the addition of 7% E. cava extract to 250 μg/mL hair dye does not interfere with the coloring ability of the dye while showing significant protective effects against the hair dye. The study proposes that the use of E. cava extract as an adduct to hair dyes containing PPD reduces the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by these hair dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypehnol is an important, potentially bioactive component of Sargassum muticum. In this study, ultrasonic assisted extraction of polyphenol-rich substances was performed using a 38% ethanol solution at a solid:liquid ratio of 1:30 at 68°C for 32 min, determined by single-factor and response surface methodology (RSM) optimization. The content of polyphenol was 5.66 mg/g in the crude extract. Further extraction showed that the polyphenol mainly distributed in ethyl acetate (SKEE) and water phases (SKEW). The anti-oxidation test by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum showed that the SKEE had the strongest scavenging activity on DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and alkyl radicals. SKEE was shown non-cytotoxic but could inhibit the generation of cellular ROS, showing protective effects in H2O2 and AAPH-induced Vero cells and UV-B irradiated HaCaT cells. SKEE also significantly inhibited the release of NO of LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Therefore, the polyphenol-rich extracts in ethanol and ethyl acetate showed excellent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which is beneficial to the development of high-value bio-substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioactive peptides isolated from edible marine sources have been used as nutraceuticals and functional foods. The present study focuses on the alcalase hydrolysate of Hippocampus abdominalis for the isolation of antioxidative and angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides. Initially, the H. abdominalis alcalase hydrolysate (HA) was separated using ultrafiltration (MWCO = 5 kDa), and have obtained the fraction, HA-III (MW ≤ 5 kDa), with strong bioactivity. This was further separated using gel filtration chromatography (Sephadex G-10) and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The active Sephadex G-10 fraction was analyzed by the Q-TOF mass spectrometry, nine peptides were identified within the molecular mass range between 757.8 and 990.1 Da. Three peptides, GIIGPSGSP, IGTGIPGIW, and QIGFIW, showed strong ACE inhibitory activity and alkyl radical-scavenging activity. Molecular docking studies revealed that the ACE inhibitory activity of the three active peptides is mainly due to hydrogen bonding interactions and active site interactions between active peptides and ACE. This study demonstrated that the active peptides derived from H. abdominalis can be isolated and the proteolytic hydrolysates of it are potential antioxidant and antihypertensive agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, bioactive and biocompatible natural products have received increased attention as ingredients of cosmeceutical formulations owing to their robust properties compared to many of the synthetic chemicals in use. Many natural products derived from algae have shown promising cosmetizing properties. Seaweed polysaccharides, in particular, have received increased attention for their biofunctional and physicochemical characteristics. This study aimed to design a cost-effective strategy to purify fucoidans from the untapped brown algae Chnoospora minima (CMF) and Sargassum polycystum (SPF) harvested in Sri Lanka and to evaluate their cosmetizing properties. Based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and monosaccharide composition analysis, the purified polysaccharides were rich in fucoidan. Relatively high sulfate content was detected in both fucoidans. Experiments were carried out to evaluate antioxidant, UV-protective, anti-inflammatory, antiwrinkling, and skin-whitening effects. Both CMF and SPF showed 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and alkyl radical-scavenging activities, anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, considerable collagenase and elastase inhibitory properties and skin-whitening effects via direct inhibition of tyrosinase, and intracellular melanin synthesis indicating promising cosmetizing effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzyme-assisted extraction is a cost-effective, safe, and efficient method to obtain bioactives from plant materials. During this study, 10 different marine algae from Sri Lanka were individually extracted by using five commercial food-grade carbohydrases. The enzymatic and water extracts of the seaweeds were analyzed for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The highest DPPH, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and intracellular H2O2 scavenging abilities were observed from the Celluclast extract of Sargassum polycystum (CSp). CSp exerted protective effects against oxidative stress-induced cell death in hydrogen peroxide-induced Chang cells and in model zebrafish. The Celluclast extract of Chnoospora minima (CCm) showed the strongest anti-inflammatory activity against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages (IC50 = 44.47 µg/mL) and in model zebrafish. CCm inhibited the levels of iNOS, COX-2, PGE2, and TNF-α in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Hence, CSp and CCm could be utilized in developing functional ingredients for foods, and cosmeceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional products such as cosmeceuticals, functional foods, and nutraceuticals with natural ingredients have more market demand than their synthetic counterparts due to the lower side effects and health-promoting properties associated with the natural functional ingredients. Ishige okamurae is an edible brown seaweed growing on rocks in the upper and middle intertidal zones of rough open coasts in Korea, Japan, and China. Studies carried out to isolate and evaluate the bioactive properties of crude and pure compounds from I. okamurae have shown promising results under in vitro and in vivo conditions. As a result, I. okamurae has recently gained considerable attention as a functional material in industries such as functional foods, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. However, the promising health effects associated with the extracts and pure compounds isolated from I. okamurae have not been reviewed to date. Herein, the authors review some health-promoting properties of crude and pure compounds from this seaweed, including anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-HIV, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and anti-MMP activities. Thus, this review might serve to increase the utilization of this invaluable natural resource as an ingredient in the aforementioned industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide, is an active component found in various species of seaweed. Although this compound has a strong anti-inflammatory activity, the underlying mechanisms exerted by fucoidan have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effects of fucoidan on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages and zebrafish larvae were examined. The present data indicated that fucoidan significantly suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide (NO ) and prostaglandin E (PGE), and cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β in RAW 264.7 macrophages without any significant cytotoxicity, the protective effects of which were accompanied by a marked reduction in their regulatory gene expression at the transcription levels. Fucoidan also inhibited translocation of the nuclear factor-kappa B from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and attenuated LPS-induced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, fucoidan reduced NO and PGE production and ROS accumulation in LPS-stimulated zebrafish larvae, which was associated with a diminished recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages. Based on the results of this study, we suggest that fucoidan has excellent potential as a therapeutic agent for inflammatory disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we isolated and purified secondary metabolites from an edible brown seaweed, Undariopsis peterseniana, and evaluated their anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. Apo-9′-fucoxanthinone (Apo-9′), a main anti-inflammatory compound found in the chloroform fraction of U. peterseniana extracts, was first isolated by one-step centrifugal partition chromatography and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance. Apo-9′ significantly decreased nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E, pro-inflammatory proteins (inducible NO synthase [iNOS] and cyclooxygenase [COX-2]), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells without exhibiting any cytotoxicity. In vivo, Apo-9′ protected LPS-stimulated zebrafish embryos against inflammatory stress and suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory proteins such as COX-2 and iNOS. These findings suggest that U. peterseniana extract and Apo-9′ could be used as an anti-inflammatory agent in health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide was purified from krill ( Euphausia superba) protein hydrolysate using consecutive chromatography using an SP-Sephadex C-25 cation exchanger and then reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The purified ACE inhibitory peptide was identified to be Ile-Pro-Ile-Lys with a molecular weight of 470.3 Da by LC-MS/MS. The IC value of Ile-Pro-Ile-Lys was 57.4 µM. Lineweaver-Burk plots suggest that Ile-Pro-Ile-Lys acts as a non-competitive inhibitor against ACE. Oral administration of Ile-Pro-Ile-Lys significantly ( p < 0.05) decreased the systolic blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Collectively, an antihypertensive peptide purified from krill protein hydrolysates may be useful as a food ingredient for treatment of hypertension and related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A freshwater alga, Spirogyra sp., collected in shallow ponds in South Korea, was evaluated for its antilipid peroxidative effect against 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced in vivo zebrafish, and antioxidative compounds from the alga were efficiently identified using 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) online high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and preparative centrifugal partition chromatography. The ethyl acetate fraction of Spirogyra sp. (SPE) in each fraction showed the strongest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity and significantly scavenged 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine fluorescence, respectively, in AAPH-induced zebrafish embryo without any cytotoxicity in the concentrations between 25 and 50 μg mL. The two main antioxidative compounds in SPE were confirmed by ABTS online HPLC and were identified as gallic acid and methyl gallate, respectively, by HPLC-diode array detection (DAD)-electrospray ionization (ESI)/mass spectrometry (MS), H- and C-NMR. We conclude therefore that Spirogyra sp. is rich in gallic acid and methyl gallate, and it might be useful as a strong antilipid peroxidation material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previously, our group described an antihypertensive peptide (Ala-His-Ile-Ile-Ile, MW: 565.3 Da) with angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory and vasodilatory effects that was purified from Styela clava flesh tissue. In the present study, we investigated the metabolic effects of the antihypertensive peptide in skeletal muscle cells. We found that the antihypertensive peptide stimulated glucose uptake in differentiated L6 rat myoblast cells in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by compound C significantly inhibited the antihypertensive peptide-stimulated glucose uptake. Western blotting analyses revealed that the antihypertensive peptide stimulated AMPK phosphorylation and this enhancement could be specifically inhibited by compound C. Furthermore, the current study demonstrates that translocation of glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane was stimulated by the antihypertensive peptide. In summary, the findings from this study suggest that the antihypertensive peptide may have beneficial effects on the glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle cells via a mechanism involving AMPK and possible stimulation of the intrinsic activity of GLUT4 transporter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compared the protective effect of defatted sesame meal extracts (DSMEs; prepared either after roasting sesame seeds at 200°C for 60 min or without roasting) on phospholipid peroxidation of liposomes, with the protective effect of natural antioxidants (ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol). We investigated phospholipid peroxidation after induction with either a hydrophilic radical generator (2,2′-azobis [2-amidinopropane]) or a hydrophobic radical generator (2,2′-azobis [2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile]), for 6 h at 37 and 50°C. Added antioxidants prevented peroxidation of phospholipids in liposomes, and roasted DSME showed a significantly stronger antioxidant activity than unroasted DSME in all cases. The results indicate that heat treatment significantly increases the protective effect of DSME on lipid peroxidation in phospholipid bilayers under both hydrophilic and hydrophobic conditions, regardless of the hydrophobicity of the radical generators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antidiabetogenic and antioxidative effects of octaphlorethol A (OPA) isolated from the brown algae Ishige foliacea in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice were analyzed. STZ-induced diabetic mice showed a significant ( p<0.05) increase in blood glucose and lipid peroxidation levels and a significant ( p<0.05) decrease in the plasma insulin level and body weight, compared with controls. Diabetic mice also showed a significant ( p<0.05) decrease in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), compared with controls. Oral treatment with OPA (5 and 10 mg/kg) showed protective effects against all the biochemical parameters studied. OPA-treated mice exhibited suppression of apoptosis, and treatment with OPA was associated with an increase in antiapoptotic BclxL expression and a reduction in pro-apoptotic Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expressions. OPA has antidiabetogenic and antioxidative effects, and potential for use in therapies as both a natural functional food and a pharmaceutical agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work describes the protective effects of thymol isolated from Thymus quinquecostatus Celak. against tert-butyl hydroperoxide ( t-BHP)-induced oxidative damage through various experiments with Chang liver cells. Thymol significantly protected hepatocytes against t-BHP-induced cell cytotoxicity as demonstrated by increased viability. Furthermore, observation of Hoechst staining, annexin V/PI staining, and expression of Bcl-2 and Bax indicated that thymol inhibited t-BHP-induced Chang cell damage. Further, thymol inhibited the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in t-BHP-treated Chang cells and prevented oxidative stress-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA). Thymol restored the antioxidant capability of hepatocytes including glutathione (GSH) levels which were reduced by t-BHP. These results indicated that thymol prevents oxidative stress-induced damage to liver cells through suppression of ROS and MDA levels and increase of GSH level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary metabolites of tropical seaweed are proven to exhibit variety of biological activities. Six species of seaweed ( Caulerpa racemosa var. laete- virens, Caulerpa sertularioides f. longipes, Halymenia dilatata, Laurencia snackeyi, Padina boryana, and Sargassum swartzii) were tested for anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Crude L. snackeyi extract exhibit potent activity, and upon bioassay-guided isolation, it contained four halogenated compounds that exert profound inhibitory effects against nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. These compounds were subjected to spectroscopic measurements and were identified as palisadin A ( 1), aplysistatin ( 2), 5-acetoxypalisadin B ( 3), and palisol ( 4). Further experiments showed aplysistatin ( 2) to significantly inhibit NO production and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) production, and suppress inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Therefore, aplysistatin ( 2) is suggested to inhibit NO and PGE2 production via the inhibition of iNOS and COX-2, indicating that its activity may be attributed to the modulation of anti-inflammatory agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, fermentation broth of Eisenia bicyclis with Candia utilis YM-1 exhibited enhanced antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and food-borne pathogenic bacteria. To perform a more detailed investigation on the antibacterial activity, the fermented broth of E. bicyclis was extracted with methanol and further fractionated with organic solvents. After 1-day fermentation, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc)-soluble extract exhibited the highest anti-MRSA activity with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 128 to 512 μg/mL, suggesting that the fermentation of E. bicyclis with C. utilis YM-1 may enhance antibacterial activity against MRSA. This effect was correlated to the result obtained by an increase in total phenolic contents in EtOAc-soluble extract. In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that eckol, dieckol, dioxinodehydroeckol, and phlorofucofuroeckol-A contents in the EtOAc-soluble extract increased significantly. Thus, these results show that anti-MRSA activity of E. bicyclis fermented with C. utilis most likely originated from phlorotannins and allow the possible application of a variety of seaweed functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isolation of bioactive compounds and commercialization of marine microalgae sources are interesting targets in future marine biotechnology. Cultured biomass of the marine microalga, Nannochloropsis oculata, was used to purify angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides using proteases including pepsin, trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, papain, alcalase, and neutrase. The pepsin hydrolysate exhibited the highest ACE inhibitory activity, compared to the other hydrolysates and then was separated into three fractions (F1, F2, and F3) using Sephadex G-25 gel filtration column chromatography. First fraction (F1) showed the highest ACE inhibitory activity and it was further purified into two fractions (F1-1 and F1-2) using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The IC value of purified ACE inhibitory peptides were 123 and 173 μM and identified as novel peptides, Gly-Met-Asn-Asn-Leu-Thr-Pro (GMNNLTP; MW, 728 Da) and Leu-Glu-Gln (LEQ; MW, 369 Da), respectively. In addition, nitric oxide production level (%) was significantly increased by the purified peptide (Gly-Met-Asn-Asn-Leu-Thr-Pro) compared to the purified peptide (Leu-Glu-Gln) and other treated pepsin hydrolysate fractions on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Cell viability assay showed no cytotoxicity on HUVECs with the treated purified peptides and fractions. These results suggest that the isolated peptides from cultured marine microalga, N. oculata protein sources may have potentiality to use commercially as ACE inhibitory agents in functional food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, fermentation was employed as a tool to further increase the bioactive potential of processing by-product from a brown seaweed, Ecklonia cava, which can be obtained from food and cosmetic industries after its polyphenol extraction. The fermentation process was done for 24 h using an industrially important microorganism Candida utilis prior to being extracted with 80 % ethanol. The anti-inflammatory potential of the fermented E. cava processing by-product extract (FEPBE) was evaluated in vitro. The phlorotannin-rich FEPBE dose-dependently inhibited the nitric oxide production, prostaglandin-E production and suppressed the inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expressions in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6, was significantly suppressed by the extract in a dose-dependent manner. Due to the profound anti-inflammatory activity, FEPBE appears as a value-added biomass fraction that can be exploited in numerous industrial applications as a source of functional ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the antioxidant potential of extracts from Cornus walteri W. (CW) using various assays for natural antioxidants. We determined the polyphenol and flavonoid contents, as well as the antioxidant properties of water and ethanol extracts from the CW compared with those of other natural and synthetic antioxidants. CW extracts had high total phenolic and flavonoid contents in both the water and ethanol extracts. Various radical (DPPH, hydroxyl, and alkyl) scavenging activities of extracts from CW were higher than that of vitamin C. In addition, the antioxidant capacity measured as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) as diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging were higher than that of 2,6-di- tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), used as a positive control. The cytoprotective effect of CW extracts was also observed in tert-butyl hydroperoxide ( t-BHP)-induced oxidative damage in Chang cells. These results showed that CW extracts have antioxidant properties through their ability to enhance cell viability, prevent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and inhibit mitochondrial membrane depolarization. The antioxidant potency of the CW extracts could be exploited for their health promoting potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an antioxidative peptide was obtained by hydrolyzation of mideodeok (Styela clava) flesh tissue with various proteases and purified through gel filtration chromatography and reverse phage-HPLC (RPHPLC), and then antioxidant activity was investigated using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer. Among the enzymatic hydrolysates, the peptic hydrolysate exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, and a strong antioxidant peptide was purified from the hydrolysate. The peptide sequence, Leu-Trp-His-Thr-His (692.2 Da), was identified by quardruple time-of-flight electrospray ionization (QTOF ESI)-MS. This antioxidative peptide strongly scavenged peroxyl radical with the IC value of 39.4 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncaria rhynchophylla (UR) is widely used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. However, there are few studies on antioxidant activity of UR extracts. The study was aimed at determining the antioxidant activity, the contents of polyphenol and flavonoid of UR extracts. Various assays were employed to evaluate the antioxidant property of water and ethanol extracts from the UR, compared to those of the other natural and synthetic antioxidants. UR extracts had high total phenolic contents in both the water (160 ± 2.32 mg GAE/g extracts) and ethanol extracts (190.2 ± 3.16 mg GAE/g extracts). In addition, total flavonoid contents were high in both the water extracts (154 ± 1.47 mg CE/g extracts) and ethanol extracts (184.2 ± 2.41 CE/g extracts). Specially, DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethanol extracts from UR were similar with vitamin C as a positive control. In addition, antioxidant capacity in ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were higher than that for BHT, which was used as a positive control. The antioxidant activity of extracts from UR showed stronger activity than those of vitamin C and α-tocopherol in ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods. The ethanol extracts of UR protected on HO-induced DNA damage. In addition, cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic effect of ethanol extracts from UR was also investigated in t-BHP-induced hepatotoxicity. Therefore, these results indicate that UR extracts have antioxidant properties through its ability to enhance the cell viability, mediation of production of ROS. The UR extracts could be suitable as an antioxidant in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to effectively prepare useful components from Sargassum coreanum, enzyme-assisted extraction was adapted to extraction processing of the seaweed. Our previous studies have shown that Neutrase extract of S. coreanum exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities among ten enzymatic extracts. It is reported that many antioxidant substances have anticancer or anticarcinogenic properties. Thus, Neutrase extract, which possessed a strong antioxidant activity in the previous study, was separated into four different molecular weight fractions (<5, 5-10, 10-30, and >30 kDa) which were screened for inhibitory activities against cancer cell growth. The >30-kDa fraction inhibited cell growth more than the other fractions. We separated crude polysaccharide (CPS) from the >30-kDa fraction to show that CPS increased DNA fragmentation, apoptotic body, and apoptotic cells with hypodiploid DNA contents in HL-60 cells. This indicates that CPS suppressed the growth of cells through apoptosis. The CPS gradually increased the expression of pro-apoptotic Bax and led to the activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. The CPS was 40.85% fucose, 27.24% galactose, and 12.99% glucose, as analyzed by bio-liquid chromatography. These findings suggest that apoptosis effect can be mediated by CPS in HL-60 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic β-cells are very sensitive to oxidative stress and this might play an important role in β-cell death in diabetes. In the present study, we investigated whether the brown alga Ecklonia cava has protective effects against high glucose-induced damage in INS-1 pancreatic β-cells. For that purpose, we prepared an enzymatic hydrolysate from E. cava (EHE) by using the carbohydrase, Celluclast. High-glucose (30 mM) treatment induced glucotoxicity, whereas EHE prevented cells from high glucose-induced damage then restoring cell viability was significantly increased. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) were overproduced as the result of the treatment by high glucose; however, these lipid peroxidation, ROS and NO generations were effectively inhibited by addition of EHE in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, EHE treatment increased activities of antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) in high glucose pretreated INS-1 pancreatic β-cells. EHE slightly reduced the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax induced by high glucose but increased the expression of Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein. These findings indicate that EHE might be used as potential nutraceutical agent which will protect the glucotoxicity caused by hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress associated with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to investigate whether the brown alga gamtae ( Ecklonia cava) may inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities, and alleviate postprandial hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. For that purpose, we prepared an enzymatic hydrolysate from gamtae (EHG) by using the carbohydrase, Celluclast. EHG evidenced prominent inhibitory effect against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The IC values of EHG against α-glucosidase and α-amylase were 0.62 and 0.59 mg/mL, respectively, which evidenced the higher activities than that of acarbose. EHG did not exert any cytotoxic effect in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) at various concentrations (from 0.25 to 2 mg/mL). The increase of postprandial blood glucose levels were significantly suppressed in the EHG administered group than those in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic or normal mice. Moreover, the area under curve (AUC) was significantly reduced via EHG administration (6,102 vs. 10,425 mg·min/dL) in the diabetic mice as well as it delays absorption of dietary carbohydrates. These result indicated that EHG might be a potent inhibitor for α-glucosidase and α-amylase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of a kind of phlorotannins, diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) isolated from Ishige okamurae against hydrogen peroxide (HO)-induced oxidative stress in murine hippocampal neuronal cells, HT22. HO treatment induced neurotoxicity, whereas DPHC prevented cells from HO-induced damage then restoring cell viability was significantly increased. DPHC slightly reduced the expression of Bax induced by HO but recovered the expression of Bcl-xL as well as caspase-9 and -3 mediated PARP cleavage by HO. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation was overproduced as the result of the addition of HO; however, these ROS generations and lipid peroxidation were effectively inhibited by addition of DPHC in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, DPHC suppressed the elevation of HO-induced Ca release. These findings indicate that DPHC has neuroprotective effects against HO-induced damage in neuronal cells, and that an inhibitory effect on ROS production may contribute to the underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interest in the extraction of polyphenolic compounds from plant materials is focused on upgrading of the large amount of by-products coming from food or cosmetics industries from which the press residues have particularly high contents of phenolics. In this study, for value-added use of the brown seaweed Ecklonia cava processing by-product (ECPB), which can be obtained after polyphenolic extraction of E. cava, it was fermented by the yeast Candida utilis and its antioxidant activities were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl, and alkyl radical scavenging using electron spin resonance spectrometer. ECPB was fermented for 1~4 days prior to being extracted with 80% ethanol, and significant differences were observed in extraction yields, total phenolic contents (TPC), and radical scavenging activities with the fermentation time. Extract from the ECPB fermented for 1 day exhibited the highest TPC and also found to be the strongest antioxidant. The 1-day fermented ECPB strongly enhanced cell viability against HO-induced oxidative damage in Vero cell line. This sample also exhibited good protective properties against HO-induced cell apoptosis as was demonstrated by a decreased quantity of sub-G1 hypodiploid cells and decreased apoptotic body formation in the flow cytometry analysis. This study demonstrated that the fermentation elevated functionally important polyphenolic contents of ECPB and resultant antioxidant activities were enhanced. Therefore, the fermentation could offer a tool to further increase the bioactive potential of ECPB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic β cells are very sensitive to oxidative stress and this may play an important role in β cell death in diabetes. The protective effect of diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC), one of phlorotannin polyphenol compound purified from pae ( Ishige okamurae) against high glucoseinduced oxidative stress was investigated using RINm5F pancreatic β cells. High glucose (30 mM) treatment induced RINm5F pancreatic β cells cell death, but DPHC, at concentration 10 or 50 μg/mL, significantly inhibited the high glucose-induced glucotoxicity and apoptosis. Furthermore, treatment with DPHC dose-dependently decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and nitric oxide level increased by high glucose. In addition, DPHC treatment increased activities of antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) in high glucose pretreated RINm5F pancreatic β cells. DPHC treatment improved the secretory responsiveness following stimulation with glucose. These findings indicate that DPHC might be used as potential nutraceutical agent which will protect the glucotoxicity caused by hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress associated with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine algae have been utilized in food as well as medicine products for a variety of purposes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an ethanol extract of Polyopes affinis ( P. affinis) can inhibit the pathogenesis of T helper 2 (Th2)-mediated allergen-induced airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma. Mice that were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) evidenced typical asthmatic reactions such as the following: an increase in the number of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid; a marked influx of inflammatory cells into the lung around blood vessels and airways as well as the narrowing of the airway luminal; the development of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR); the presence of pulmonary Th2 cytokines; and the presence of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the serum. The successive intraperitoneal administration of P. affinis ethanolic extracts before the last airway OVA-challenge resulted in a significant inhibition of all asthmatic reactions. These data suggest that P. affinis ethanolic extracts possess therapeutic potential for the treatment of pulmonary allergic disorders such as allergic asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide was isolated from Styela plicata. The S. plicata was hydrolyzed with various proteases including Protamex, Kojizyme, Neutrase, Flavourzyme, Alcalase, trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, pepsin, and papain. The hydrolysate prepared with Protamex had the highest ACE inhibitory activity compared to the other hydrolysates. We attempted to isolate ACE inhibitory peptides from hydrolysate prepared with Protamex using ultra-filtration, gel filtration on a Sephadex G-25 column and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) on an ODS column. IC value of the purified ACE inhibitory peptide was 24.7 μM, and Lineweaver-Burk plots suggest that the purified peptide from S. plicata acts as mixed-type inhibitor against ACE. Amino acid sequence of the purified peptide was identified as Met-Leu-Leu-Cys-Ser, with a molecular weight 566.4 Da. The results of this study suggest that peptides derived from S. plicata may be beneficial as anti-hypertension compounds in functional foods resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweeds are the primary producers of all aquatic ecosystems. Chemical constituents isolated from diverse classes of seaweeds exert a wide range of nutritional, functional and biological activities. Unique metabolites of seaweeds possess specific biological properties that make them potential ingredients of many industrial applications such as functional foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmeceuticals. Cosmeceuticals of natural origin are becoming more popular than synthetic cosmetics. Hence, the investigation of new seaweeds derived functional components, a different source of natural products, has proven to be a promising area of cosmeceutical studies. Brown seaweeds also produce a range of active components including unique secondary metabolites such as phlorotannins and many of which have specific biological activities that give possibilities for their economic utilization. Brown seaweeds derived active compounds have been shown various functional properties including, antioxidant, antiwrinkling, whitening, antiinflammatory and antiallergy. It is well-known that these kind of biological effects are closely associated with cosmeceutical preparations. This communication reviews the current knowledge on brown seaweeds derived metabolites with various biological activities and the potential use as cosmeceutical ingredients. It is hoped that the reviewed literature on multifunctional properties of brown seaweeds will improve access to the seaweed based natural products specially the ability to incorporate these functional properties in cosmeceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic exposure of the skin to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces oxidative stress, which plays a crucial role in the induction of skin aging. In this study, potential protective effect of extracts of six species of brown seaweeds on UVB radiation-induced cell damage was assessed via cell viability in HaCaT cells. The Ecklonia cava extract showed a profound protective effect against UVB radiation-induced cell damage, compared to that exhibited by other brown seaweed extracts. Thus, E. cava was selected for use in further experiments and was extracted with different solvents. The protection effect was evaluated via DCFH-DA, MTT, and morphological changes in HaCaT cells. Profound protective effect against UVB radiation-induced cell damage was detected in the 100% methanol extract. Partitioning of the 100% methanol extract with different organic solvents revealed a pronounced protective effect in the ethyl acetate fraction. The isolated active compounds were phlorotannins, especially dieckol, as identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Among the phlorotannins, dieckol showed a higher protective effect on UVB-induced cell damage in HaCaT cells than the other phlorotannins. Therefore, UVB protection of dieckol was evaluated via DCFH-DA, DAF-FM DA, acridine orange, and morphological changes in zebrafish model. Reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and cell death in live zebrafish induced by UVB radiation were reduced by the addition of dieckol. These results indicated that dieckol has potential protective effects on UVB-induced skin damage, which might be useful in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]