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An unusual pattern among the scaling laws in nature is that the fastest animals are neither the largest, nor the smallest, but rather intermediately sized. Because of the enormous diversity in animal shape, the mechanisms underlying this have long been difficult to determine. To address this, we challenge predictive human musculoskeletal simulations, scaled in mass from the size of a mouse (0.1 kg) to the size of an elephant (2000 kg), to move as fast as possible. Our models replicate patterns observed across extant animals including: (i) an intermediate optimal body mass for speed; (ii) a reduction in the cost of transport with increasing size; and (iii) crouched postures at smaller body masses and upright postures at larger body masses. Finally, we use our models to determine the mechanical limitations of speed with size, showing larger animals may be limited by their ability to produce muscular force while smaller animals are likely limited by their ability to produce larger ground reaction forces. Despite their bipedal gait, our models replicate patterns observed across quadrupedal animals, suggesting these biological phenomena likely represent general rules and are not the result of phylogenetic or other ecological factors that typically hinder comparative studies. The fastest animals are neither the largest, nor the smallest, but rather intermediately sized, though the mechanism for this is unknown. This study built predictive musculoskeletal simulations, scaled in mass from the size of a mouse to an elephant to understand the underlying mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrocyclic liquid crystals combine the unique property of liquid crystals and excellent supramolecular assembly ability of macrocyclic compounds. It is a significant challenge to make rational use of the advantages of macrocyclic compounds to prepare new macrocyclic mesogens. Pillararenes, a type of macrocycles with rigid pillar-shaped frameworks and easy-to-functionalize property, are excellent building blocks to fabricate liquid crystal materials. However, the site-selective modification property of pillararene has been rarely exploited to tailor liquid crystal behaviors. Previously reported pillararene-based liquid crystal systems are almost prepared by per-functionalized pillararenes. Herein, we report the regulation of chiral liquid crystal behaviors by different derivatization of pillararene. Lyotropic and thermotropic liquid crystals with different chirality were obtained by self-assembly of pillararene with different numbers of cholesterol groups. The bridge between thermotropic liquid crystal and lyotropic liquid crystal based on pillararene is built. In addition, the chirality of the mesogens can be amplified through supramolecular self-assembly driven by noncovalent interactions. Based on the different liquid crystal behaviors, the optical signal of the pillararene-based chiral liquid crystals was used to fabricate an information encryption system. This work provides a simple strategy to regulate liquid crystal behaviors via pillararene-based mesogens and realizes information encryption through the combination of different types of liquid crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue stem cells (TSCs), which reside in specialized tissues, constitute the major cell sources for tissue homeostasis and regeneration, and the contribution of transcriptional or epigenetic regulation of distinct biological processes in TSCs has been discussed in the past few decades. Meanwhile, ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers use the energy from ATP hydrolysis to remodel nucleosomes, thereby affecting chromatin dynamics and the regulation of gene expression programs in each cell type. However, the role of chromatin remodelers in tissue stem cell fate determination is less well understood. In this review, we systematically discuss recent advances in epigenetic control by chromatin remodelers of hematopoietic stem cells, intestinal epithelial stem cells, neural stem cells, and skin stem cells in their fate determination and highlight the importance of their essential role in tissue homeostasis, development, and regeneration. Moreover, the exploration of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of TSCs is crucial for advancing our understanding of tissue maintenance and for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate population data is crucial for assessing exposure in disaster risk assessments. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the development of spatially gridded population datasets. Despite these datasets often using similar input data to derive population figures, notable differences arise when comparing them with direct ground-level observations. This study evaluates the precision and accuracy of flood exposure assessments using both known and generated gridded population datasets in Sweden. Specifically focusing on WorldPop and GHSPop, we compare these datasets against official national statistics at a 100 m grid cell resolution to assess their reliability in flood exposure analyses. Our objectives include quantifying the reliability of these datasets and examining the impact of data aggregation on estimated flood exposure across different administrative levels. The analysis reveals significant discrepancies in flood exposure estimates, underscoring the challenges associated with relying on generated gridded population data for precise flood risk assessments. Our findings emphasize the importance of careful dataset selection and highlight the potential for overestimation in flood risk analysis. This emphasises the critical need for validations against ground population data to ensure accurate flood risk management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The GDS(L)-like lipase from the Basidiomycota Pleurotus sapidus (PSA_Lip) was heterologously expressed using Trichoderma reesei with an activity of 350 U L−1. The isoelectric point of 5.0 was determined by isoelectric focusing. The novel PSA_Lip showed only 23.8–25.1%, 25.5%, 26.6% and 28.4% identity to the previously characterized GDSL-like enzymes phospholipase, plant lipase, acetylcholinesterase and acetylxylan esterase, from the carbohydrate esterase family 16, respectively. Therefore, the enzyme was purified from the culture supernatant and the catalytic properties and the substrate specificity of the enzyme were investigated using different assays to reveal its potential function. While no phospholipase, acetylcholinesterase and acetylxylan esterase activities were detected, studies on the hydrolysis of ferulic acid methyl ester (~ 8.3%) and feruloylated carbohydrate 5-O-transferuloyl-arabino-furanose (~ 0.8%) showed low conversions of these substrates. By investigating the hydrolytic activity towards p-nitrophenyl-(pNP)-esters with various chain-lengths, the highest activity was determined for medium chain-length pNP-octanoate at 65 °C and a pH value of 8, while almost no activity was detected for pNP-hexanoate. The enzyme is highly stable when stored at pH 10 and 4 °C for at least 7 days. Moreover, using consensus sequence analysis and homology modeling, we could demonstrate that the PSA_Lip does not contain the usual SGNH residues in the actives site, which are usually present in GDS(L)-like enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship is one of the factors that receiving attention in recent decades due to its role in achieving certain economic objectives, such as employment and economic growth. For this reason, understanding the factors that stimulate it to design policy measures for enhancing entrepreneurial activity is relevant. One way to identify these factors is to consider the essential elements that make up entrepreneurship, namely, innovation, autonomy, and opportunities. From this perspective, digitalization, institutions, credit, and the economic environment are considered factors that stimulate entrepreneurship. The objective of this paper is to analyse the relationship between digitalization and entrepreneurship, while also considering the variables that can affect digitalization. Basically, in periods of crisis and expansion, these variables include the cultural factor and credit policy, and they are used to consider two economic situations: the expansive phase (or the prepandemic period of 2018–2019), and the crisis phase (or the pandemic period of 2020–2021). To achieve this objective, a theoretical and empirical analysis is conducted on 16 European countries using the partial least squares (PLS) method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pregnant and postpartum women are at high risk of depression due to hormonal and biological changes. Antenatal depression is understudied compared to postpartum depression and its predictors remain highly controversial. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy and investigate factors associated with this condition including vitamin D, folate and Vitamin B12 among participants in the Kuwait Birth Study. Methods: Data collection occurred as part of the Kuwait Birth Cohort Study in which pregnant women were recruited in the second and third trimester during antenatal care visits. Data on antenatal depression were collected using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), considering a score of ≥ 13 as an indicator of depression. Logistic regression was used to investigate factors associated with depressive symptoms in pregnant women. Results: Of 1108 participants in the Kuwait Birth Cohort study, 1070(96.6%) completed the EPDS. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 21.03%(95%CI:18.62–23.59%) and 17.85%(95%CI:15.60-20.28%) as indicated by an EPDS ≥ 13 and EPDS ≥ 14 respectively. In the multivariable analysis, passive smoking at home, experiencing stressful life events during pregnancy, and a lower level of vitamin B12 were identified as predisposing factors. Conversely, having desire for the pregnancy and consumption of fruits and vegetables were inversely associated with depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Approximately, one fifth of pregnant women had depressive symptoms indicating the need to implement screening program for depression in pregnant women, a measure not systematically implemented in Kuwait. Specifically, screening efforts should focus on pregnant women with unintended pregnancies, exposure to passive smoking at home, and recent stressful live events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental dependences (pressure-temperature) of phase equilibrium of hydrofluorocarbon R134a hydrate have been obtained in aqueous solution of the NaCl salt. The measurements were carried out at a salt concentration in water of 3.25 wt. % in the pressure range from 0.5 to 2.5 bar at temperatures varying from −3 to 10°C. In contrast with the pure water system, the presence of salt in the solution had an inhibitory effect. The equilibrium temperature on the equilibrium curve of R134a hydrate at a set pressure decreased by 12–25%, unlike the temperature for the system with pure water. Combined washing process followed by centrifugation decreased the mass concentration of the salt in the solution by 92% compared to the initial salt concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1959 Crawford S. Holling formulated a classification to model the action of the predators over their prey, doing empirical works. In this taxonomy, he introduced only three types of functional responses dependent only on the prey population, which are described by saturated functions. Later, various other types have been proposed, including the functional responses dependent on both populations. This work concerns the study of the Leslie–Gower type predator-prey model, incorporating the Rosenzweig functional response described by a power law. The elected function does not conform to the types proposed by Holling since it is unbounded, being, besides, non-differentiable for x = 0 ; nonetheless, the obtained system is Lipschitzian. Moreover, the existence of a separatrix curve Σ in the phase plane is proven, which is divided into two complementary sectors. According to the position of the initial conditions with respect to the curve, the trajectories can have different ω -limit sets, which can be the equilibrium 0 , 0 , or a positive equilibrium, or a heteroclinic curve, or a stable limit cycle. These properties show the great difference of this model with the original Leslie–Gower model, in which a unique positive equilibrium exists, which is globally asymptotically stable, when it exists. Then, the analyzed system has a richer dynamic than the original system in which a linear functional response is considered, also unbounded. Numerical simulations and bifurcation diagrams are given to endorse our analytical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employed two prevalent plastic products - straws and microfiber as microplastics (MPs) to elucidate their largely unexplored effects on soil's properties and the growth of the tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum L.). For this experiment, a completely randomized design (CRD) was adopted where, straw - polypropylene (PP), microfiber - polyester (PES) + polyamide (PA), and their combinations (PP + PES + PA) were mixed with soil using different concentrations – 0% (control), 0.4%, 1%, and 2% (treatments) and kept for 45 days at room temperature. The findings demonstrated that incorporating 2% mixed MPs in soil significantly decreased bulk density and electrical conductivity 7.29% and 67.3%, respectively, while soil pH increased 17.84% in cultures containing 1% microfiber. Maximum water holding capacity (MWHC), soil organic carbon (SOC), and soil organic matter (SOM) showed varied responses based on MPs type and concentration. Specifically, MWHC increased 16.4% with 2% microfiber but declined 13.3% with 0.4% straw. The highest decreased (30.65%) in SOC and SOM were evident in cultures with 1% microfiber whereas increased 9.68% and 8.33% in cultures with 0.4% straw. In terms of the growth traits of S. lycopersicum, substantial reductions in plant height (56.37%), leaf number (54.37%), and girth diameter (56.43%) were observed in 2% straw containing cultures. Although no plant mortality was noted, the most pronounced reductions in leaf area (62.44%) and total plant biomass (68.16%) occurred in 2% microfiber cultures. Therefore, the ramifications of these findings may contribute to a deeper comprehension of the mechanisms and effects of MPs on soil properties and above-ground plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review explores the hidden hazards associated with the reuse of treated wastewater and sewage sludge in agriculture while proposing mitigation strategies. It examines the origins and pathways of microplastics (MPs) in wastewater treatment plants and how these pollutants infiltrate agricultural ecosystems. The review assesses the effectiveness of MP removal from wastewater and its fate in soil after reuse, highlighting contamination dynamics and the need for proactive measures. Introducing soil remediation methods is crucial for addressing this issue. Alarming evidence of MPs in human blood, testis, semen, and placenta underscores the urgency for solutions, revealing significant threats to human health, particularly reproductive health. The review advocates for sustainable agricultural practices and effective soil remediation strategies to mitigate MP contamination, promoting environmental preservation, food safety, and human health protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics persist as a challenging pollutant in agroecosystems, posing potential risks to soil health and crop productivity. Root growth, elongation and expansion may significantly influence the vertical transport and infiltration of microplastics into the soil profile. Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum) grown in 70 cm deep rhizotrons were investigated for their influence on the vertical movement of two prevalent microplastic shapes, polyester fibres and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fragments. Wheat was chosen for its dense and extensive fibrous and fine root system, which is a robust model for studying root-soil-microplastic interactions. Microplastics at a 0.24% w/w dry soil weight concentration were homogeneously distributed in the topsoil (0–20 cm). Infiltration of polyester fibres up to 50 cm into the soil profile was discerned as strong adherence to plant roots. PVC fragments exhibited greater mobility, reaching depths of 70 cm in the presence and absence of wheat plants. Plant growth response on exposure to microplastics appeared in the form of increased root branching and decreased shoot biomass, indicating a stress response in wheat plants. The results prove the vertical movement of microplastics, while the infiltration depth was influenced by microplastic shape. Movement was detected as either strong adherence of polyester fibres to plant roots or infiltration of PVC fragments. PVC fragments may have infiltrated through preferential flow paths in soil pores and the fissures created by root elongation and water movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclosporine A (CP) inclusion complex using cyclodextrin (binary) and cyclodextrin with TPGS (ternary) was prepared by the freeze-drying method. The phase solubility study was performed to calculate the solubility parameters. The prepared formulations were evaluated for saturation solubility and drug release studies. The spectroscopy and molecular docking studies were performed to confirm the formation of inclusion complex. The phase solubility results revealed a high stability constant for both binary and ternary samples. A significant enhancement in saturation solubility and dissolution was found in the prepared inclusion complexes. The spectroscopy studies revealed no interaction between the drug and carrier. The molecular docking study displayed the formation of a stable complex with a good docking score. The diffraction pattern showed the conversion of crystalline CP into an amorphous form after the formation of the inclusion complex. The findings were also supported by the saturation solubility study, which showed a significant enhancement in solubility. From the results, it can be concluded that Cyclosporine A inclusion complex using HP βCD with TPGS is an excellent delivery system. Therefore, the prepared delivery systems may be an alternative to the conventional delivery system for enhanced solubility of highly lipophilic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of two meditation-based programs, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT), in a brief and intensive format on various psychological variables in a group of healthy volunteer adults attending a retreat with a crossover design. Method: Participants received both interventions in a random order over 7 days (MBSR-CCT, n = 25; CCT-MBSR, n = 24). Assessments were conducted at three different times: Day 1 (pre-program), Day 4 (after completing the first program and before starting the second program), and Day 7 (post-second program), with a follow-up assessment 3 months later. Results: A significant time main effect was found for emotion regulation (p < 0.001; b = 0.49), self-compassion (p < 0.001; b = − 0.78), mindfulness (p < 0.001; b = − 1.06), low-arousal positive affect (p < 0.001; b = − 1.39), and high-arousal negative affect (p < 0.001; b = 1.82), with improvements in the expected directions observed in both groups. However, the combination of MBSR followed by CCT showed an advantage in some psychological outcomes following the retreat. The follow-up analysis revealed that some of the psychological benefits observed were retained after 3 months (e.g., emotional distress and regulation, self-compassion, and mindfulness), especially in the groups starting their training with MBSR followed by CCT. Conclusions: These findings highlight the benefits of meditation-based interventions in a brief and intensive format for psychological functioning in healthy adults, providing novel results on the sequential and combined effects of MBSR and CCT, with implications for practice and interventions. Pre-registration: The study was pre-registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05516355). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a numerical study is conducted to optimize the double-panel structure with a locally resonant sonic crystal for the band reduction of the low-frequency sound transmission. Recently, we proposed one type of sonic crystal with slots elongated into the cylindrical shells, namely, the slot-type Helmholtz resonator array. The results indicated that it had the potential to form and broaden the low-frequency band gap. First, the ranges of the slot length and width are determined to form the resonant peak in a given frequency range using the finite element simulation. Next, the optimizations using the Monte Carlo method are performed for the incidences of the plane waves with a uniform and non-uniform spectral densities. It is found that the weighted single-objective optimization proposed can bring out the improvement of the overall sound insulation (10.5 dBA in our case) as well as the elimination of the transmission peaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ligand is a cornerstone of modern organometallic chemistry. Since the discovery of ferrocene, the Cp ligand and its various derivatives have become foundational motifs in catalysis, medicine and materials science. Although largely considered an ancillary ligand for altering the stereoelectronic properties of transition metal centres, there is mounting evidence that the core Cp ring structure also serves as a reservoir for reactive protons (H + ), hydrides (H - ) or radical hydrogen (H • ) atoms. This Review chronicles the field of Cp ring activation, highlighting the pivotal role that Cp ligands can have in electrocatalytic H 2 production, N 2 reduction, hydride transfer reactions and proton-coupled electron transfer., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)

Excessive tidal stretching may initiate damage or retard healing after lung injury. However, it is seldom considered whether intracycle power and ventilatory forces of lesser magnitude than those required to cross an injury threshold might stimulate or accelerate beneficial adaptive responses. Acute lung injury is a dynamic process that may exhibit phase-dependent reparative responses to mechanical stress broadly similar to physical training, body trauma or sepsis. We propose that lower stress may not always be better through all phases of ARDS; moderately high tidal airway pressures that stay below the threshold of global injury may have potential to speed healing of the injured lung. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The rate of depression among college students has increased significantly, reducing vitality and ability to flourish. Mindfulness interventions delivered via technological platforms offer great promise for reducing depression symptoms and supporting positive wellbeing outcomes for college students. The present study aimed to understand the broader positive wellbeing outcomes that accompany a reduction in psychological distress following use of a technology-delivered mindfulness intervention. Methods: Using a randomized controlled treatment design, this study evaluated the benefits of a mindfulness-based mobile application (app), Headspace, on various aspects of wellbeing in depressed college students. Students (n = 145) were randomly assigned to 2 months of app-based intervention or to a waitlist control. Participants completed self-report surveys assessing mental health and wellbeing at pre-intervention, midpoint (1 month), post-intervention (2 months), and follow-up (3 months). Results: Using intent-to-treat analysis, those randomized to use the app, compared to those on the waitlist, demonstrated a reduction in depression symptoms, and in other indicators of psychological distress (e.g., anxiety, stress, negative affect), over time. Self-reported positive wellbeing outcomes included an increase in positive affect and happiness, enhanced capacity to savor the moment, enhanced compassion, self-regulation, and trait mindfulness. These statistically significant benefits were medium to large in size and lasted into the 1-month follow-up period. Further, students' patterns of app use point to the critical gap that evidence-based technology-delivered interventions can fill. Conclusions: Building on previous research, the present study illustrated that a technology-delivered mindfulness intervention comprehensively improved aspects of psychological distress and positive wellbeing in a sustained manner in college students. Preregistration: This study was registered at OSF, https://osf.io/3trzk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-surface similarities and atmospheric turbulence characteristics have a large impact on numerical weather prediction models. However, the validity of these similarities is unclear during precipitation. This study investigates the modulations in atmospheric boundary layer turbulence and the variations of the near-surface scaling similarities caused by rainfall. Here we present our field observations on the effects of rainfall on the near-surface similarities and atmospheric turbulence in the stable boundary layer using a Parsivel2 disdrometer and a 3D ultrasonic anemometer at our outdoor rainfall laboratory in San Antonio, Texas, USA. During moderate to heavy rainfall conditions, higher turbulent energy was observed than those in non-rainy conditions when the turbulence intensity and the wind speeds were relatively low. On the contrary, when the turbulence intensity and the wind speeds were relatively high, the turbulence energy in the stable boundary layer were dampened due to the raindrops. Raindrops with high particle Reynolds numbers ( R e p = D m v t / ϑ ; D m —mean volume diameter, v t —terminal raindrop fall speed, and ϑ —kinematic viscosity of the surrounding air) can act as either a source or a sink of turbulent kinetic energy depending on the turbulence intensity of the atmosphere. Our field observations showed that near-surface similarities deviated from the scaled similarities under the influence of rainfall. The normalized standard deviations of the streamwise and vertical velocity components and the dissipation rate were higher during rainy than non-rainy times. Rainfall effects on turbulence modulations and near-surface scaling parameters of the stable boundary layer are discussed with considerations of the relevant mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypropylene is commonly used as a binder for ceramic injection molding, and rapid cooling is often encountered during processing. However, the crystallization behavior of polypropylene shows a strong dependence on cooling rate due to its semi-crystalline characteristics. Therefore, the influence of cooling rate on the quality of final product cannot be ignored. In this study, the fast differential scanning calorimetry (FSC) test was performed to study the influence of cooling rate on the non-isothermal crystallization behavior and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of a copolymer polypropylene (PP BC03B). The results show that the crystallization temperatures and crystallinity decrease as the cooling rate increases. In addition, two exothermic peaks occur when cooling rate ranges from 30 to 300 K·s-1, indicating the formation of another crystal phase. Avrami, Ozawa and Mo equations were used to explore the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics, and it can be concluded that the Mo method is suitable for this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The requirement for a high number of training episodes has been a major limiting factor for the application of Reinforcement Learning (RL) in robotics. Learning skills directly on real robots requires time, causes wear and tear and can lead to damage to the robot and environment due to unsafe exploratory actions. The success of learning skills in simulation and transferring them to real robots has also been limited by the gap between reality and simulation. This is particularly problematic for tasks involving contact with the environment as contact dynamics are hard to model and simulate. In this paper we propose a framework which leverages a shared control framework for modeling known constraints defined by object interactions and task geometry to reduce the state and action spaces and hence the overall dimensionality of the reinforcement learning problem. The unknown task knowledge and actions are learned by a reinforcement learning agent by conducting exploration in the constrained environment. Using a pouring task and grid-clamp placement task (similar to peg-in-hole) as use cases and a 7-DoF arm, we show that our approach can be used to learn directly on the real robot. The pouring task is learned in only 65 episodes (16 min) and the grid-clamp placement task is learned in 75 episodes (17 min) with strong safety guarantees and simple reward functions, greatly alleviating the need for simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nasally colonized staphylococci carry antibiotic resistance genes and may lead to serious opportunistic infections. We are investigating nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococci other than S. aureus (SOSA) among young volunteers in Egypt to determine their risk potential. Nasal swabs collected over 1 week in June 2019 from 196 volunteers were cultured for staphylococcus isolation. The participants were interviewed to assess sex, age, general health, hospitalization and personal hygiene habits. Identification was carried out using biochemical tests and VITEK 2 automated system. Disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration tests were performed to determine antibiotic susceptibility. Screening for macrolide resistance genes (ermA, ermB, ermC, ermT and msrA) was performed using polymerase chain reaction. Thirty four S. aureus and 69 SOSA were obtained. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was detected among most staphylococcal species, ranging from 30.77% among S. hominis to 50% among S. epidermidis. Phenotypic resistance to all tested antibiotics, except for linezolid, was observed. Susceptibility to rifampicin, vancomycin and teicoplanin was highest. ermB showed the highest prevalence among all species (79.41% and 94.2% among S. aureus and SOSA, respectively), and constitutive macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance was equally observed in S. aureus and SOSA (11.11% and 16.22%, respectively), whereas inducible MLSB resistance was more often found in S. aureus (77.78% and 43.24%, respectively). The species or resistance level of the carried isolates were not significantly associated with previous hospitalization or underlying diseases. Although over all colonization and carriage of resistance genes are within normal ranges, the increased carriage of MDR S. aureus is alarming. Also, the fact that many macrolide resitance genes were detected should be a warning sign, particularly in case of MLSB inducible phenotype. More in depth analysis using whole genome sequencing would give a better insight into the MDR staphylococci in the community in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although licensed vaccines against influenza virus have been successful in reducing pathogen-mediated disease, they have been less effective at preventing viral infection of the airways and current seasonal updates to influenza vaccines do not always successfully accommodate viral drift. Most licensed influenza and recently licensed RSV vaccines are administered via the intramuscular route. Alternative immunisation strategies, such as intranasal vaccinations, and "prime-pull" regimens, may deliver a more sterilising form of protection against respiratory viruses. A bivalent ChAdOx1-based vaccine (ChAdOx1-NP + M1-RSVF) encoding conserved nucleoprotein and matrix 1 proteins from influenza A virus and a modified pre-fusion stabilised RSV A F protein, was designed, developed and tested in preclinical animal models. The aim was to induce broad, cross-protective tissue-resident T cells against heterotypic influenza viruses and neutralising antibodies against RSV in the respiratory mucosa and systemically. When administered via an intramuscular prime-intranasal boost (IM-IN) regimen in mice, superior protection was generated against challenge with either RSV A, Influenza A H3N2 or H1N1. These results support further clinical development of a pan influenza & RSV vaccine administered in a prime-pull regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has been widely used to characterize cell types based on their average gene expression profiles. However, most studies do not consider cell type-specific variation across donors. Modelling this cell type-specific inter-individual variation could help elucidate cell type-specific biology and inform genes and cell types underlying complex traits. We therefore develop a new model to detect and quantify cell type-specific variation across individuals called CTMM (Cell Type-specific linear Mixed Model). We use extensive simulations to show that CTMM is powerful and unbiased in realistic settings. We also derive calibrated tests for cell type-specific interindividual variation, which is challenging given the modest sample sizes in scRNA-seq. We apply CTMM to scRNA-seq data from human induced pluripotent stem cells to characterize the transcriptomic variation across donors as cells differentiate into endoderm. We find that almost 100% of transcriptome-wide variability between donors is differentiation stage-specific. CTMM also identifies individual genes with statistically significant stage-specific variability across samples, including 85 genes that do not have significant stage-specific mean expression. Finally, we extend CTMM to partition interindividual covariance between stages, which recapitulates the overall differentiation trajectory. Overall, CTMM is a powerful tool to illuminate cell type-specific biology in scRNA-seq. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is widely used to characterize cell types based on their average gene expression profiles, however most studies do not consider cell type-specific variation across individuals. Here the authors introduce a model to study cell type-specificity of inter-individual variation in scRNA-seq data and show that it can identify biologically meaningful signals missed by conventional differential expression tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics are emerging as prominent pollutants across the globe. Oceans are becoming major sinks for these pollutants, and their presence is widespread in coastal regions, oceanic surface waters, water column, and sediments. Studies have revealed that microplastics cause serious threats to the marine ecosystem as well as human beings. In the past few years, many research efforts have focused on studying different aspects relating to microplastic pollution of the oceans. This review summarizes sources, migration routes, and ill effects of marine microplastic pollution along with various conventional as well as advanced methods for microplastics analysis and control. However, various knowledge gaps in detection and analysis require attention in order to understand the sources and transport of microplastics, which is critical to deploying mitigation strategies at appropriate locations. Advanced removal methods and an integrated approach are necessary, including government policies and stringent regulations to control the release of plastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial communities often exhibit more than one possible stable composition for the same set of external conditions. In the human microbiome, these persistent changes in species composition and abundance are associated with health and disease states, but the drivers of these alternative stable states remain unclear. Here we experimentally demonstrate that a cross-kingdom community, composed of six species relevant to the respiratory tract, displays four alternative stable states each dominated by a different species. In pairwise coculture, we observe widespread bistability among species pairs, providing a natural origin for the multistability of the full community. In contrast with the common association between bistability and antagonism, experiments reveal many positive interactions within and between community members. We find that multiple species display cooperative growth, and modeling predicts that this could drive the observed multistability within the community as well as non-canonical pairwise outcomes. A biochemical screening reveals that glutamate either reduces or eliminates cooperativity in the growth of several species, and we confirm that such supplementation reduces the extent of bistability across pairs and reduces multistability in the full community. Our findings provide a mechanistic explanation of how cooperative growth rather than competitive interactions can underlie multistability in microbial communities. This study explores alternative stable states in microbial communities. Focusing on a respiratory tract community of 6 species, the authors identified four distinct stable states that are predicted to be driven by cooperative growth. The findings contrast with the common association between competitive interactions and multistability in microbial communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic considerably impacted the lives of European citizens. This study aims to provide a nuanced picture of well-being patterns during the pandemic across Europe with a special focus on relevant socio-economic sub-groups. This observational study uses data from a repeated, cross-sectional, representative population survey with nine waves of data from seven European countries from April 2020 to January 2022. The analysis sample contains a total of 25,062 individuals providing 64,303 observations. Well-being is measured using the ICECAP-A, a multi-dimensional instrument for approximating capability well-being. Average levels of ICECAP-A index values and sub-dimension scores were calculated across waves, countries, and relevant sub-groups. In a fixed effects regression framework, associations of capability well-being with COVID-19 incidence, mortality, and the stringency of the imposed lockdown measures were estimated. Denmark, the Netherlands, and France experienced a U-shaped pattern in well-being (lowest point in winter 2020/21), while well-being in the UK, Germany, Portugal, and Italy followed an M-shape, with increases after April 2020, a drop in winter 2020, a recovery in the summer of 2021, and a decline in winter 2021. However, observed average well-being reductions were generally small. The largest declines were found in the well-being dimensions attachment and enjoyment and among individuals with a younger age, a financially unstable situation, and lower health. COVID-19 mortality was consistently negatively associated with capability well-being and its sub-dimensions, while stringency and incidence rate were generally not significantly associated with well-being. Further investigation is needed to understand underlying mechanisms of presented patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landfill leachate contains antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and microplastics (MPs), making it an important reservoir. However, little research has been conducted on how ARGs are enriched on MPs and how the presence of MPs affects pathogens and ARGs in leachates and soil. MPs possess the capacity to establish unique bacterial populations and assimilate contaminants from their immediate surroundings, generating a potential environment conducive to the growth of disease-causing microorganisms and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), thereby exerting selection pressure. Through a comprehensive analysis of scientific literature, we have carried out a practical assessment of this topic. The gathering of pollutants and the formation of dense bacterial communities on microplastics create advantageous circumstances for an increased frequency of ARG transfer and evolution. Additional investigations are necessary to acquire a more profound comprehension of how pathogens and ARGs are enriched, transported, and transferred on microplastics. This research is essential for evaluating the health risks associated with human exposure to these pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although a sizable body of research concerning innovation and intellectual property (IP) performance exists, there has been limited attention on whether the state of IP strengthens or curtails innovation activity in the global south, specifically among sub-Saharan Africa firms. This article analyzes the direct impacts of IP on innovation performance in sub-Saharan Africa, namely patents, copyrights, industrial designs, and trademarks. The paper responds to firms extracting value from intellectual property strategies through innovation activities and overall performance. Using the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) and Innovation Follow-up Survey (IFS), we find that appropriation channels are essential for transforming innovation pursuits into a competitive advantage. Our results further reinforce that appropriation mechanisms are crucial to innovation and may allow firms to gain returns on their innovation activities. Regardless of the weaknesses and limitations of the patenting strategy in sub-Saharan Africa, the probability of patenting an innovation relates to a process and product innovation while controlling for several other effects. More importantly, we demonstrate how industrial designs and improved or changed trademarks can foster inclusive performance. In addition, we show that beyond perception-based innovations, intellectual property strategies also matter to innovation intensity and sales growth. Consequently, our results indicate that the significance of innovation for competitiveness puts intellectual capital at the critical juncture of knowledge management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play essential roles in vital aspects of brain functions. NMDARs mediate clinical features of neurological diseases and thus, represent a potential therapeutic target for their treatments. Many findings implicated the GluN2B subunit of NMDARs in various neurological disorders including epilepsy, ischemic brain damage, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although a large amount of information is growing consistently on the importance of GluN2B subunit, however, limited recent data is available on how subunit-selective ligands impact NMDAR functions, which blunts the ability to render the diagnosis or craft novel treatments tailored to patients. To bridge this gap, we have focused on and summarized recently reported GluN2B selective ligands as emerging subunit-selective antagonists and modulators of NMDAR. Herein, we have also presented an overview of the structure–function relationship for potential GluN2B/NMDAR ligands with their binding sites and connection to CNS functionalities. Understanding of design rules and roles of GluN2B selective compounds will provide the link to medicinal chemists and neuroscientists to explore novel neurotherapeutic strategies against dysfunctions of glutamatergic neurotransmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the ontogenetic age and sex composition of zooarchaeological assemblages can reveal details about past human hunting and herding strategies as well as past animal morphology and behavior. As such, the accuracy of our estimates underlies our ability to ascertain details about site formation and gain insights into how people interacted with different animals in the past. Unfortunately, our estimates typically rely on only a small number of bones, limiting our ability to fruitfully use these estimates to make meaningful comparisons to theoretical expectations or even between multiple assemblages. This paper describes a method to use zooarchaeological remains with standard biometric measurements to estimate the ontogenetic age and sex composition of the assemblage, focused on immature, adult-sized female, and adult-sized male specimens. The model uses a Bayesian framework to ensure that the parameter estimates are biologically meaningful. Simulated assemblages show that the model can accurately estimate the biometry and composition of zooarchaeological assemblages. Two archaeological case studies also show how the model can be applied to produce tangible insights. The first, focused on sheep from Neolithic Pinarbaşı B, highlights the model's ability to elucidate site formation and function. The second, focused on cattle remains from four assemblages from 7th-6th millennium BCE northwestern Anatolia, showcases how to use the mixture modeling results to compare assemblages to one another and to specific hypotheses. This modeling framework provides a new avenue for investigating long-term trajectories in animal biometry alongside contextual analyses of past human choices in butchery and consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of ribosomes occurs through a complex pathway that requires the precise cleavage of pre-rRNA to generate four mature precursor rRNA components of the two ribosomal subunits. This highly regulated process involves numerous assembly factors, including RNA-binding proteins. Rrp5 is one of very few known RNA-binding proteins that is essential for the assembly of both the small and large subunits in eukaryotic organisms. Rrp5 harbors multiple S1 domains in tandem, which bind both RNA and proteins, followed by tandem Tetratrico Peptide Repeat domains that bind proteins. Notably, Rrp5 lacks a direct RNA cleaving ability, and thus must collaborate with other protein modules to carry out pre-rRNA cleavage events. Despite being a central player in ribosome biogenesis, the precise functions of Rrp5 remain poorly defined, particularly in complex organisms. In this review, we summarize the architecture of Rrp5, its confirmed and potential partners, and discuss the potential mechanisms for its multiple functions. A better understanding of the role and regulation of Rrp5 in development might enhance our understanding of a class of human diseases called ribosomopathies, where malfunctions in specific tissues are associated with defective ribosomal functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on 32 semi structured in-depth interviews with Egyptian women, this paper discusses determinants of sexual knowledge and attitudes among premarital and married women and women's agency in presenting sexual desires and gaining sexual knowledge in Egypt. Three main themes emerged as follows: (1) Attitudes toward being sexually educated; the findings show that most women have a positive attitude toward sexual knowledge and being sexually educated. However, there is still some embarrassment and shame associated with expressing their sexual needs or seeking more information about them. (2) Gender inequity in sexual knowledge: respondents have reported that they face social oppression and challenges when expressing their sexual desires, and there is gender inequity in obtaining knowledge about sex. Additionally, women agreed that men have the right to obtain knowledge about sex and that Egyptian society supports men in acquiring such knowledge. (3) General knowledge about sex; the internet is the most common source of information about sex. There is agreement that intimate relationships should be an enjoyable experience for both partners. Furthermore, women have stated that there are some indicators of successful sexual relationships. The current research contributes by filling a gap in the knowledge about women's sexual education in Egypt, where empirical literature on women's sexual knowledge in such conservative culture is lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Given the role of endogenous carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, current patient decolonization strategies revolve around the application of topical antiseptic agents prior to and at the time of surgery. Recent Findings: Intranasal single-application povidone-iodine (PVP-I) on the day of surgery is an emerging, attractive alternative to the established approach of a 5-day course of intranasal mupirocin for preoperative decolonization. Summary: PVP-I appears more convenient and cost-effective for both patients and healthcare systems, and its role in reducing SSI is under investigation. However, most published literature consists of retrospective, single-center studies primarily done in orthopedic surgical populations. Based on current data, PVP-I appears to be as equally effective in SSI reduction as mupirocin, but larger and better-quality studies are needed to implement a change from currently established preoperative decontamination practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the crucial role of effective human-robot interactions in collaborative tasks, exploring diverse communication channels like hearing, speech, sight, touch, and learning. Topics include human-robot collaboration mirroring human-human collaboration, brain-computer interfaces, and emotional intelligence perception in robotics.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effects of a virtual Mindful Self-compassion (MSC) intervention on mindfulness and self-compassion, empathy, stress, and well-being in Uruguayan primary school teachers, during COVID-19 times. Method: A quasi-experimental, longitudinal study was conducted with an active control intervention that involved practicing Kundalini yoga (KY). Uruguayan volunteer female teachers were randomly assigned to MSC or KY 9-week virtual training. They completed self-reported psychometric tests and an empathy for pain task (EPT) at pre- and post-training, and follow-up (3 months). Results: At post-MSC training, mindfulness (observing, non-reactivity, and total mindfulness) and self-compassion (self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, and self-judgment) increased. The empathy dimensions perspective-taking increased and personal distress decreased. Stress decreased and well-being increased. Concerning EPT, the accuracy in attributing intentionality to the harm inflicted, i.e., the intentionality comprehension accuracy, increased. At follow-up, observing and total mindfulness remained elevated, and non-judging increased. Common humanity remained elevated and personal distress remained decreased. Comparing MSC with KY trainings at post-training, the psychometric tests showed that personal distress was lower in the MSC group. At follow-up, observing and total mindfulness were higher in the MSC group. No differences between groups were found for the EPT at post-training and follow-up. Conclusions: Virtual MSC training increased mindfulness and self-compassion, associated with higher well-being, reduced stress, and increased empathy in primary school teachers in Uruguay. Preregistration: This study is not preregistered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the corona crisis, and even more so when the war in Ukraine struck, the price levels of all goods in the US and Europe rose surprisingly quickly and persistently. The FED began in March 2022 and the ECB in July 2022 with historically unique interest rate increases to combat the wage-price spiral that had not yet begun. In this article we show that energy, commodities and food were the main drivers of inflation. For this reason, central banks' goal of weakening demand for labor through historically large interest rate hikes seems unwise. We argue that the current measures cannot achieve all of their objectives: slowing inflation, stabilizing financial markets and sustaining growth. If interest rates remain high, but external forces emerge with a lasting effect and keep inflation rates high, especially in smaller emerging countries, it will be difficult to counteract this on a country or regional basis through high interest rate policy and national control of the price- and wage-Phillips curve. Significant negative side effects of interest rate hikes increase the risk of not making the necessary investments and, in particular, weaken the bargaining power of particularly vulnerable employment groups. Other tools are needed to curb inflation and keep it under control, for example more investment in sectors with supply disruptions and a massive expansion of investment in renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method is proposed to convert ordinal ranking of a number of criteria and an additional piece of information into numerical weights. A literature review of methods for assigning cardinal weights based on ordinal ranking is performed, as well as an analysis of their behaviour. The new method, called ‘constant weight ratio’ (CWR), enables better adjustment to the decision-maker’s preferences than purely ordinal ranking methods. It also solves the problem of the excessive decrease in the weight of the most important criterion (or criteria) when the total number of criteria is large and the weight of the most important criterion (or criteria) must be high. It is achieved via three simple steps and flexible input data. The additional piece of information may be: (i) the relative importance of the criteria, i.e., the weight ratio, (ii) the total weight of the most important set of criteria, or (iii) the weight of the most important criterion. The proposed method is applied to two case studies in the cultural sector to illustrate that the resulting weights are equivalent to other methods requiring more input data from the decision maker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As online gambling becomes more prevalent, understanding the motives of online gamblers has become a key focus for research and practice. The aim of this study was to understand differences in gambling-related outcome expectancies between mixed (both online and offline) gamblers and offline-only gamblers, by incorporating gambling harm risk categories from the problem gambling severity index (PGSI). This study comprised a secondary data analysis of the 2015 Northern Territory Gambling Prevalence and Wellbeing Survey. A sample of 1207 individuals in the Northern Territory who had reported gambling at least once in the previous 12 months were used in the analyses. General linear and structural equation modelling were used to ascertain differences in gambling outcome expectancies, in relation to gambling modality (i.e., mixed, offline-only) and PGSI scores. Mixed gamblers tended to score higher on all outcome expectancies than their offline-only counterparts. Outcome expectancy scores were higher in individuals in higher-risk PGSI categories. The escape outcome expectancy was dependent on both modality and risk category. Invariance testing of a low and problem gambling risk subsample revealed differential relationships for both the escape and excitement outcome expectancies for mixed and offline-only gamblers. The results provide an important contribution to the existing literature regarding motivation and outcome expectancies in relation to gambling modality and problem gambling severity. The findings highlight the importance of considering both gambling outcome expectancies and modality when considering problem gambling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning 60 years ago, Thomas Kuhn has had a significant impact across the academy and on culture more widely. And he had a great impact on science education research, theorising, and pedagogy. For the majority of educators, the second edition (1970) of his Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Kuhn, 1970a) articulated the very nature of the science, the discipline they were teaching. More particularly, Kuhn's book directly influenced four burgeoning research fields in science education: Children's Conceptual Change, Constructivism, Science-Technology-Society studies, and Cultural Studies of Science Education. This paper looks back to the Kuhnian years in science education and to the long shadow they cast. The discipline of science education needs to learn from its past so that comparable mistakes might be averted in the future. Kuhn's influence was good and bad. Good, that he brought HPS to so many; bad, that, on key points, his account of science was flawed. This paper will document the book's two fundamental errors: namely, its Kantian-influenced ontological idealism and its claims of incommensurability between competing paradigms. Both had significant flow-on effects. Although the book had many positive features, this paper will document how most of these ideas and insights were well established in HPS literature at the time of its 1962 publication. Kuhn was not trained in philosophy, he was not part of the HPS tradition, and to the detriment of all, he did not engage with it. This matters, because before publication he could have abandoned, modified, or refined much of his 'revolutionary' text. Something that he subsequently did, but this amounted to closing the gate after the horse had bolted. In particular, the education horse had well and truly bolted. While educators were rushing to adopt Kuhn, many philosophers, historians, and sociologists were rejecting him. Kuhn did modify and 'walk back' many of the head-turning, but erroneous, claims of Structure. But his retreat went largely unnoticed in education, and so the original, deeply flawed Structure affected the four above-mentioned central research fields. The most important lesson to be learnt from science education's uncritical embrace of Kuhn and Kuhnianism is that the problems arose not from personal inadequacies; individuals are not to blame. There was a systematic, disciplinary deficiency. This needs to be addressed by raising the level of philosophical competence in the discipline, beginning with the inclusion of HPS in teacher education and graduate programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The German Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents 2022 provides a summary and a comprehensive evaluation of physical activity levels and correlated indicators using the Active Healthy Kids Canada grading framework. The 2022 German Report Card, established by the Active Healthy Kids Germany (AHK Germany) expert panel, describes to what degree German youth meets the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behavior. Additionally, distal and proximal determinants, settings, as well as strategies and investments towards improvements in physical activity were analyzed by assigning grades to the eleven Report Card indicators using established benchmarks. Most children and adolescents in Germany failed to meet the WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behavior and engaged in high sitting durations. Therefore, we assigned poor grades for Overall Physical Activity (D−) and slightly higher grades for Sedentary Behavior (C). Moderately positive scores were observed for specific physical activity behaviors such as Active Transportation (C) and Non-organized Physical Activity and Active Play (C−). Organized Sport Participation was the only behavioral indicator receiving a good grade (B−). Grades were moderately positive for Settings and Sources of Influence (Family and Friends: C; School: B−; Community and Environment: B−). For the indicators within the group of Individual Characteristics, we were able to assign a grade to Physical Fitness (D+), whereas the indicator Overweight and Obesity was not rated (INC). We also assigned an incomplete grade for the Government indicator due to the need for objective criteria for grading policies, indicating data gaps potentially crucial for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]