Search

The adoption of transformer networks has experienced a notable surge in various AI applications. However, the increased computational complexity, stemming primarily from the self-attention mechanism, parallels the manner in which convolution operations constrain the capabilities and speed of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The self-attention algorithm, specifically the matrix-matrix multiplication (MatMul) operations, demands a substantial amount of memory and computational complexity, thereby restricting the overall performance of the transformer. This paper introduces an efficient hardware accelerator for the transformer network, leveraging memristor-based in-memory computing. The design targets the memory bottleneck associated with MatMul operations in the self-attention process, utilizing approximate analog computation and the highly parallel computations facilitated by the memristor crossbar architecture. Remarkably, this approach resulted in a reduction of approximately 10 times in the number of multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations in transformer networks, while maintaining 95.47% accuracy for the MNIST dataset, as validated by a comprehensive circuit simulator employing NeuroSim 3.0. Simulation outcomes indicate an area utilization of 6895.7 μ m 2 , a latency of 15.52 seconds, an energy consumption of 3 mJ, and a leakage power of 59.55 μ W . The methodology outlined in this paper represents a substantial stride towards a hardware-friendly transformer architecture for edge devices, poised to achieve real-time performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. One of the best therapeutic methods against breast cancer is gene therapy, while having an appropriate gene carrier is the biggest challenge of gene therapy. Hence, developing carriers with low cytotoxicity and high gene transfection efficiency, and preferentially with the selective function of gene delivery is a critical demand for this method. In the present study, we introduce a novel targeted carrier to deliver the inducible caspase-9 suicide gene (pLVSIN-iC9) into breast cancer cells. The carrier is composed of graphene oxide quantum dots decorated with polyethyleneimine, and S2.2; an aptamer with high affinity to MUC1 (GOQD-PEI/S2.2). Due to the overexpression of MUC1 in breast cancer cells, the designed GOQD-PEI/S2.2/pLVSIN-iC9 can selectively target cancer cells. Moreover, to better mimic solid tumor conditions, and to evaluate the selective effect of the GOQD-PEI/S2.2/pLVSIN-iC9, an organoid model derived from human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and MCF-7 cells (coculture organoid) was generated and characterized. The results demonstrate that the coculture organoid model adapts the tissue structure of luminal breast cancer, as well. Therefore, the organoids were subjected to treatment with targeted gene therapy using GOQD-PEI/S2.2/pLVSIN-iC9. Our evidence supports the targeted killing effect of iC9 on the breast cancer cells of the organoids and suggests the good potential of the newly introduced carriers in targeted gene delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. One of the best therapeutic methods against breast cancer is gene therapy, while having an appropriate gene carrier is the biggest challenge of gene therapy. Hence, developing carriers with low cytotoxicity and high gene transfection efficiency, and preferentially with the selective function of gene delivery is a critical demand for this method. In the present study, we introduce a novel targeted carrier to deliver the inducible caspase-9 suicide gene (pLVSIN-iC9) into breast cancer cells. The carrier is composed of graphene oxide quantum dots decorated with polyethyleneimine, and S2.2; an aptamer with high affinity to MUC1 (GOQD-PEI/S2.2). Due to the overexpression of MUC1 in breast cancer cells, the designed GOQD-PEI/S2.2/pLVSIN-iC9 can selectively target cancer cells. Moreover, to better mimic solid tumor conditions, and to evaluate the selective effect of the GOQD-PEI/S2.2/pLVSIN-iC9, an organoid model derived from human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and MCF-7 cells (coculture organoid) was generated and characterized. The results demonstrate that the coculture organoid model adapts the tissue structure of luminal breast cancer, as well. Therefore, the organoids were subjected to treatment with targeted gene therapy using GOQD-PEI/S2.2/pLVSIN-iC9. Our evidence supports the targeted killing effect of iC9 on the breast cancer cells of the organoids and suggests the good potential of the newly introduced carriers in targeted gene delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saffron is the world's most expensive and legendary crop that is widely used in cuisine, drugs, and cosmetics. Therefore, the demand for saffron is increasing globally day by day. Despite its massive demand the cultivation of saffron has dramatically decreased and grown in only a few countries. Saffron is an environment-sensitive crop that is affected by various factors including rapid change in climate, light intensity, pH level, soil moisture, salinity level, and inappropriate cultivation techniques. It is not possible to control many of these environmental factors in traditional farming. Although, many innovative technologies like Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things (IoT) have been used to enhance the growth of saffron still, there is a dire need for a system that can overcome primary issues related to saffron growth. In this research, we have proposed an IoT-based system for the greenhouse to control the numerous agronomical variables such as corm size, temperature, humidity, pH level, soil moisture, salinity, and water availability. The proposed architecture monitors and controls environmental factors automatically and sends real-time data from the greenhouse to the microcontroller. The sensed values of various agronomical variables are compared with threshold values and saved at cloud for sending to the farm owner for efficient management. The experiment results reveal that the proposed system is capable to maximize saffron production in the greenhouse by controlling environmental factors as per crop needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the effect of plasma nitriding (PN) time on wear properties and hardness of Ni–B-20.5rGO electroless composite coatings was investigated. The PN process was performed in three different times (60, 120 and 180 min) at 400 °C under N2-H2 atmosphere on AISI 4140 steel. The results showed that adding 20.5 mg/L of rGO to the coating composition transformed its structure from an amorphous state to a quasi-crystalline. It also increased the hardness and improved the wear resistance of the coating. In contrast with heat treatment, PN significantly changes the surface morphology of electroless Ni–B coatings. Moreover, plasma nitriding affected the grain size and reduced the boron content due to the formation of hBN phase. NiB/20.5G/120PN sample had the highest hardness (1496 HV0.1) and wear resistance (0.24 × 10−9 kg/N.m). It also showed a low friction coefficient and the most uniform crack-free worn surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The approach of converting fruit by-products to produce value-added products contributes to sustainable development and environmental protection. Ultrasound assisted extraction technique was applied to extract pectin from waste pomelo peel (PP) using eco-friendly organic acid (citric acid). A Box-Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the extraction conditions and investigate the individual and interactive effect of process variables (citric acid concentration, ultrasound temperature and ultrasound power) on the pectin yield. A second-order polynomial model was developed using multiple regression analysis and it showed higher adequate in predicting the pectin yield. The results showed that the maximum pectin yield of 21.68% was obtained at optimal conditions of citric acid concentration 1.66%, ultrasound temperature 75 °C and ultrasound power 191 W. The optimized pectin was classified as high methoxyl pectin due to its high esterification degree 67.26 ± 0.32%. The galacturonic acid content and ash content of the pectin were 82.89 ± 1.35% and 1.47 ± 0.21%, respectively, indicating its higher degree of purity. In addition, the pectin presented higher emulsion properties, emulsion activity of 54.3% and the values of emulsion stability of 76.9% to 85.7%. The PP pectin presented a smooth, but wrinkled and loosen surface. The pectin degradation was found in the temperature range from about 220 to 280 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart disease is among the primary causes of morbidity and mortality in β-thalassemia major (β-TM). Conventional echocardiography has failed to identify myocardial dysfunction at an early stage among these patients, thus speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) has been lately used. The objectives of this review were to 1) identify all published studies having evaluated myocardial strain among β-TM patients, 2) gather their results, 3) compare their findings and 4) propose recommendations based on these data. Literature search was conducted in PubMed, SCOPUS and Cohrane Library. Data regarding left ventricular global longitudinal (LV-GLS), circumferential (LV-GCS) and radial strain (LV-GRS), right ventricular longitudinal strain (RV-GLS), left and right atrial strain were extracted. Thirty-five studies (34 original articles and 1 meta-analysis) have met the inclusion criteria. LV-GLS has been reported being worse in patients compared to controls in 13 of 21 studies, LV-GCS in 7 of 11 studies, LV-GRS in 6 of 7 studies, RV-GLS in 2 of 3 studies and left atrial strain in all case–control studies. Myocardial iron overload (MIO) patient subgroups had worse LV-GLS in 6 of 15 studies, LV-GCS in 2 of 7 studies and LV-GRS in none of 7 studies. A small number of studies suggest left atrial strain correlation with electrical atrial ectopy and atrial fibrillation. It is suggested that STE should be applied supplementary to conventional echocardiography for early identification of myocardial dysfunction among β-TM patients. Potential myocardial strain utilities could be screening for myocardial iron overload, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and atrial fibrillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is considered to be the most complex but least understood of all natural hazards, affecting more people. Its reappearance in drought-prone areas every few years is almost certain. Also, they lack sudden and easily identified onsets and terminations. Under the background of global climate change, the impact from drought exhibits the characteristics of complexity and multi-process. It has a significant impact on the water resources, agriculture, society, and economy hence needs attention. Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) is used for observing the change in vegetation that causes agricultural drought. Since the land surface temperature has minimum influence from cloud contamination and humidity in the air, so the Temperature Condition Index (TCI) is used for studying the temperature change. Dryness or wetness of soil is a major indicator for agriculture and a comprehensive assessment of vegetation and temperature stress is achieved from MODIS satellite data in Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform for pre and post monsoon season from 2008 to 2022 (15- year period). Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) is used for observing the change in vegetation that causes agricultural drought. Since the land surface temperature has minimum influence from cloud contamination and humidity in the air, so the Temperature Condition Index (TCI) is used for studying the temperature change. The research also incorporates precipitation data from WorldClim to investigate its influence on the Vegetation Health Index (VHI). Mann Kendall trend analysis is employed to examine spatio-temporal variations in drought severity, for both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The results emphasize the sensitivity of VHI to shifts in rainfall patterns, providing valuable insights for drought monitoring and management. In essence, this study enhances understanding of drought dynamics and emphasizes the significance of Remote Sensing data and climate information for effective drought assessment and mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulphonic acid functionalized mesoporous SBA-15 (SSA) was synthesized by a one-pot hydrothermal method using P123 as the surfactant in acidic media. The basic framework of the SSA material was assembled through the simultaneous hydrolysis and co-condensation of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and in situ oxidation of the thiol moieties to sulfonic acid functionalities aided by H2O2. Phosphotungstic acid (HPW) was incorporated into the SSA matrix via a simple wet impregnation. Successful immobilization of HPW over SSA without disrupting the mesoporous framework could be established by detailed spectroscopic and microscopic characterization. The potential of HPW/SSA systems in catalyzing the formation of bis(indolyl)methanes under ambient conditions is explored. The remarkable performance under light-assisted conditions and a comparative evaluation with conventional thermal synthesis are demonstrated. The novel protocol offers an excellent yield of BIMs in an aqueous medium in a short reaction time, eliminating the need for organic solvents and complex work-up procedures. Sustainable performance upon recycling and broad substrate scope validate the versatility of the catalyst. This present protocol thus provides an operationally simple, scalable, and versatile method for synthesizing BIMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The probiotic potential of Lacticacid bacteria has been studied in various medical complications, from gastrointestinal diseases to antibiotic resistance infections recently. Moreover, diabetic ulcer (DU) is known as one of the most significant global healthcare concerns, which comprehensively impacts the quality of life for these patients. Given that the conventional treatments of DUs have failed to prevent later complications completely, developing alternative therapies seems to be crucial. Methods: We designed the stable oleogel-based formulation of viable probiotic cells, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus), Lactobacillus casei (L. casei), Lactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum), and Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) individually to investigate their effect on wound healing process as an in vivo study. The wound repair process was closely monitored regarding morphology, biochemical, and histopathological changes over two weeks and compared it with the effects of topical tetracycline as an antibiotic approach. Furthermore, the antibiofilm activity of probiotic bacteria was assessed against some common pathogens. Results: The findings indicated that all tested lactobacillus groups (excluded L. casei) included in the oleogel-based formulation revealed a high potential for repairing damaged skin due to the considerably more levels of hydroxyproline content of tissue samples along with the higher numerical density of mature fibroblasts cell and volume density of hair follicles, collagen fibrils, and neovascularization in comparison with antibiotic and control groups. L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus showed the best potential of wound healing among all lactobacillus species, groups treated by tetracycline and control groups. Besides, L. rhamnosus showed a significant biofilm inhibition activity against tested pathogens. Conclusions: This experiment demonstrated that the designed formulations containing probiotics, particularly L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus, play a central role in manipulating diabetic wound healing. It could be suggested as an encouraging nominee for diabetic wound-healing alternative approaches, though further studies in detailed clinical trials are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately predicting the Modulus of Resilience (MR) of subgrade soils, which exhibit non-linear stress–strain behaviors, is crucial for effective soil assessment. Traditional laboratory techniques for determining MR are often costly and time-consuming. This study explores the efficacy of Genetic Programming (GEP), Multi-Expression Programming (MEP), and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in forecasting MR using 2813 data records while considering six key parameters. Several Statistical assessments were utilized to evaluate model accuracy. The results indicate that the GEP model consistently outperforms MEP and ANN models, demonstrating the lowest error metrics and highest correlation indices (R2). During training, the GEP model achieved an R2 value of 0.996, surpassing the MEP (R2 = 0.97) and ANN (R2 = 0.95) models. Sensitivity and SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis were also performed to gain insights into input parameter significance. Sensitivity analysis revealed that confining stress (21.6%) and dry density (26.89%) are the most influential parameters in predicting MR. SHAP analysis corroborated these findings, highlighting the critical impact of these parameters on model predictions. This study underscores the reliability of GEP as a robust tool for precise MR prediction in subgrade soil applications, providing valuable insights into model performance and parameter significance across various machine-learning (ML) approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outcome expectancy of social acceptance via internet gaming potentially contributes to internet gaming disorder (IGD) among adolescents. To better understand the relationship, this study developed and validated the 6-item Expected Social Acceptance via Internet Gaming Scale (ESAIGS) among 2339 adolescent internet gamers via a classroom survey in Guangzhou and Chengdu, China from October to December 2018. The prevalence of IGD was 18.0%. By using two half-split subsamples, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses identified and confirmed a unidimensional structure of the ESAIGS, respectively. The ESAIGS showed satisfactory internal consistency, test–retest reliability, composite reliability, and absence of ceiling effect, although a slight-to-moderate floor effect was observed. It also demonstrated convergent and concurrent validity showing significant positive correlations with the three external variables (IGD, internet gaming time, and perceived rewards of internet gaming). Hence, the validated ESAIGS can be applied to assess expected social acceptance via internet gaming among adolescents in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are potential alternatives of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to the abundant and cost-effective availability of sodium and potassium resources. Unfortunately, they are difficult to use for large-scale grid energy storage due to the lack of suitable anode materials for sodium/potassium energy storage. Biomass-derived carbon, which is widely available and environmentally friendly, is one of the most promising anode materials for SIBs/PIBs, but the design and regulation of its microstructure is exceptionally complex. By selecting suitable biomass precursors, it is expected that biomass-derived carbon with suitable microstructures can be simply prepared. In this study, Wedelia chinensis were selected as biomass precursors, and biomass-derived carbon materials with large interfacial spacing, suitable pores and high-specific surface area were prepared by a simple one-step pyrolysis method. The material exhibited fast energy storage kinetics when electrochemically tested as an anode and showed different performance advantages in storing sodium/potassium. When tested as an anode for SIBs, it exhibited excellent specific capacity and cycling stability (380.7 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at 100 mA g−1); When tested as an anode for PIBs, it exhibited excellent rate performance (128.6 mA h g−1 at 10 A g−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, cleaner technologies, viz. microwave (MW) and microwave-assisted chimeric enzyme treatments (MWEC), were applied for extracting pectin from mango and pomegranate peels, and their impact was compared with the conventional citric acid extraction (CA) in terms of yield, structural features, physico-chemical characteristics and techno-functional properties of the isolated pectins. Chimeric enzymes [bi-chimera: endo-mannanase and endo-xylanase (ManB-XynB); tri-chimera: endo-mannanase, endo-xylanase, and cellulase (ManB-XynB-CelB)] connected by flexible linkers (5–15 amino acids) were generated using overlap extension PCR. ManB-XynB expressed extracellularly (Mw ~ 59 kDa) and was optimally active at 50 °C, pH 6, while ManB-XynB-CelB expressed intracellularly (Mw ~ 112 kDa) and exhibited optimum activities at 50–55 °C, pH 5–7. MWEC of mango and pomegranate peels showed the maximum yield of pectin. Scanning electron micrographs of MWEC treated peels revealed a synergistic action between chimeric enzymes and microwave for extracting pectin as distinguishable physical modifications (cracks, pores and erosion) of the peel surface were observed. ATR/FT-IR spectra of MWEC extracted pectins suggested that considerable portion (> 50%) of galacturonic acid residues was non-esterified. This was corroborated by the degree of esterification present in MWEC extracted pectins. Arabinose and galactose were the predominant neutral sugars found in the extracted pectins. MWEC extracted peel pectin had high protein and ferulic acid content, low particle size, good water holding capacity and low molecular weight, but only MWEC extracted mango peel pectin exhibited good emulsion activity and stability when compared to either MW or CA extraction methods. Rheological measurements suggested that pectins extracted using MW and MWEC exhibit low viscosities and Newtonian behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent earthquakes demonstrate that prioritizing the retrofitting of buildings should be of the utmost importance for enhancing the seismic resilience and structural integrity of urban structures. To have a realistic results of the pounding effects in modeling process of retrofitting buildings, the present research provides seismic Probability Factors (PFs), which can be used for estimating collision effects without engaging in intricate and time-intensive analysis. To include the low-, to mid-rise buildings, the 3-Story, 5-Story, and 9-Story adjacent steel and Reinforced Concrete (RC) moment-resisting frames were modeled in OpenSees software capable to take into account the structure in a state of collapse during the analysis, which can provide the real condition of buildings under seismic excitations. Results of analysis confirmed that the impact force can considerably affect the moment–rotation curve of beams and columns, in which, it can affect the structural response of structures during earthquakes. Therefore, seismic PFs proposed to examine the possibility of changes in the performance levels and fragility assessments. Moreover, proposed PFs can be used as coefficient factors to facilitate the retrofitting process of buildings and improve the environmental effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to establish an optimal protocol for the vitrification of common carp embryos. Additionally, the cryoprotective efficiency of natural honey as a non-permeable cryoprotectant was also examined. Six methanol-based vitrification solutions (V1–V6) were designed to be checked for their effects on the heartbeat stage embryos using a four-step protocol. Methanol-based vitrification solutions contained 4 M methanol + one or two other permeable cryoprotectants + 20% sucrose or natural honey. Toxicity tests showed that the hatching rates of embryos after exposure to V5 and V6 were significantly higher than those of other solutions (P < 0.05). Embryos were cryopreserved in the six vitrification solutions in liquid nitrogen (LN2, − 196 °C) for 30 and 60 min. After thawing (in a water bath at 24 °C for 30 s), all vitrification solutions produced hatched larvae. The results revealed that V6 (4 M methanol + 3 M dimethyl sulfoxide + 2 M propylene glycol + 20% honey) was the most effective for cryopreservation of common carp embryos. The highest hatching rates after storage for 30 and 60 min in LN2 were 44.76% and 17.14%, and the highest survival rates were 36.19% and 11.42%, respectively. The mean normal development rates for vitrified-thawed embryos after 30 and 60 min of storage in LN2 were 14.28% and 2.38%, respectively. As natural honey showed greater cryoprotective efficiency than sucrose for common carp embryos, it is suggested that it can be used instead of sucrose, which is traditionally used in fish embryo cryopreservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using basalt fibers as reinforcement materials, high performance particleboards could be produced by the wood-based panel industry. Due to the high strength of basalt fibers, the strength-to-weight ratio can be significantly increased, which would allow the use of these particleboards (PB) in high-load-bearing applications. In this study, a basalt grid with a grammage of 200 g m−2 was implemented to reinforce PB and oriented strand boards (OSB). OSB were bonded with polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI), while pMDI as well as melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) and urea–formaldehyde resin (UF) were used for the PB. The target densities of the panel variants were 580, 650 and 720 kg m−3. The determination of the mechanical properties showed that the modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were increased up to 100% and 44% respectively, compared to panels without basalt grids. At the same time, the addition of the basalt reinforcement layer did not cause a decrease in internal bond strength (IB). Thus, the usage of basalt grid as a reinforcement material could be a good possibility to produce high-load-bearing panels without increasing the density of the PB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decent work was proposed by International Labour Organization (ILO) as an institutional measure to address challenges faced by labor in the current competitive dynamic labor market. This study aims to investigate the impact of "decent work" dimensions on faculty members' Innovative Work Behaviour (IWB) in higher education institutes. The study also explores the possible role of work engagement in mediating this relationship. Moreover, the study aims to discover the role of job self-efficacy in mediating the relationship between decent work and work engagement. Using the SEM (Structural Equational Modelling) method, we test our model's hypotheses with data from 224 faculty members working in higher education institutes through the use of questionnaires. Results suggest that "decent work" was a predictor of IWB only through the full mediation of work engagement. Decent work was found to significantly impact job self-efficacy and work engagement. Furthermore, job self-efficacy was found to play an important role in promoting work engagement and acts as a mediating variable in the relationship between decent work and work engagement. Findings encourage education policymakers to implement new strategies and policies to promote higher levels of decent work for faculty members, with greater emphasis on work engagement, to enhance their IWB. This study is one of a few studies conducted in emerging economies that highlight "decent work" as an essential job resource, useful in enhancing work engagement and leading to higher IWB among faculty members in higher education institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare diseases (RD) affect a small number of people compared to the general population and are mostly genetic in origin. The first clinical signs often appear at birth or in childhood, and patients endure high levels of pain and progressive loss of autonomy frequently associated with short life expectancy. Until recently, the low prevalence of RD and the gatekeeping delay in their diagnosis have long hampered research. The era of nucleic acid (NA)-based therapies has revolutionized the landscape of RD treatment and new hopes arise with the perspectives of disease-modifying drugs development as some NA-based therapies are now entering the clinical stage. Herein, we review NA-based drugs that were approved and are currently under investigation for the treatment of RD. We also discuss the recent structural improvements of NA-based therapeutics and delivery system, which overcome the main limitations in their market expansion and the current approaches that are developed to address the endosomal escape issue. We finally open the discussion on the ethical and societal issues that raise this new technology in terms of regulatory approval and sustainability of production. Nucleic acids-based drugs aim to fix the genetic problem at its source and emerge as a promising new class of drugs. Recent advances in this field enabled their approval for the treatment of orphan genetic diseases for which no cure was available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to obtain high yield pomelo peel pectin with better physicochemical properties, four pectin extraction methods, including hot acid extraction (HAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction, and enzymatic assisted extraction (EAE) were compared. MAE led to the highest pectin yield (20.43%), and the lowest pectin recovery was found for EAE (11.94%). The physicochemical properties of pomelo peel pectin obtained by different methods were also significantly different. Pectin samples obtained by MAE had the highest methoxyl content (8.35%), galacturonic acid content (71.36%), and showed a higher apparent viscosity, thermal and emulsion stability. The pectin extracted by EAE showed the highest total phenolic content (12.86%) and lowest particle size (843.69 nm), showing higher DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities than other extract methods. The pectin extracted by HAE had the highest particle size (966.12 nm) and degree of esterification (55.67%). However, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that no significant difference occurred among the different methods in the chemical structure of the extracted pectin. This study provides a theoretical basis for the industrial production of pomelo peel pectin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity of natural images in terms of visual features is useful in saliency detection. The complementary visual features jointly improve the performance of salient object detection. In this paper, we introduce a novel region-based feature combination approach that utilizes the diversity of visual features over image regions for robust salient object detection. The proposed approach works in four steps: (i) region formation, (ii) feature extraction, (iii) region-wise weight learning and (iv) region-based feature combination. Region formation is carried out using simple linear iterative clustering (SLIC) algorithm. Then, the features are extracted using Boundary Connectivity (BC), Contrast Cluster (CC), and Minimum Directional Contrast (MDC) methods. These features are then used for learning weights vectors for each region. Our major contribution is in step four where a novel dynamic weighted feature combination method is proposed. In this step region-wise integration weights are obtained by using a nature inspirited optimization algorithm called Constrained Particle swarm optimization (CPSO). Then salient features are region-wise combined with their dynamic relevance for final saliency map. The proposed method is compared with eight state-of-the-art saliency detection methods on five public available saliency benchmark datasets namely MSRA10K, DUT-OMRON, ECSSD, PASCAL, and SED2. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method performs better than state-of-the-art methods in terms of Precision, Recall, F-measure and Mean Absolute Error while comparable in terms of AUC and ROC curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their various applications, terpenes and terpenoids are secondary metabolites of industrial interest. These compounds can be found in a wide variety of organisms from virtually all biological kingdoms. However, it has been identified that various factors in the production process, such as the place and time of harvest, pretreatments, extraction, and purification, generate differences in the profile of terpenes and terpenoids that can be obtained from organisms. The first factor that influences the extraction of compounds is drying since an inappropriate choice of the drying method can lead to the loss of the compounds of interest or the appearance of others that arise due to the decomposition of the original molecules. Similarly, Soxhlet extraction is the most used method in the recovery of terpenoids due to its high extraction efficiency. However, unconventional extraction methods have proven to be effective alternatives for terpenoid recovery, particularly the use of microwave and high-pressure extraction, as well as the use of unconventional solvents, achieving extraction efficiencies equal to or greater than Soxhlet in shorter times. This review will address the differences observed in the extraction of terpenoids and the main factors that cause them, as well as a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the various methodologies for drying, extraction, and separation of these compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cerebellum is a key player in many brain functions and a major topic of neuroscience research. However, the cerebellar nuclei (CN), the main output structures of the cerebellum, are often overlooked. This neglect is because research on the cerebellum typically focuses on the cortex and tends to treat the CN as relatively simple output nuclei conveying an inverted signal from the cerebellar cortex to the rest of the brain. In this review, by adopting a nucleocentric perspective we aim to rectify this impression. First, we describe CN anatomy and modularity and comprehensively integrate CN architecture with its highly organized but complex afferent and efferent connectivity. This is followed by a novel classification of the specific neuronal classes the CN comprise and speculate on the implications of CN structure and physiology for our understanding of adult cerebellar function. Based on this thorough review of the adult literature we provide a comprehensive overview of CN embryonic development and, by comparing cerebellar structures in various chordate clades, propose an interpretation of CN evolution. Despite their critical importance in cerebellar function, from a clinical perspective intriguingly few, if any, neurological disorders appear to primarily affect the CN. To highlight this curious anomaly, and encourage future nucleocentric interpretations, we build on our review to provide a brief overview of the various syndromes in which the CN are currently implicated. Finally, we summarize the specific perspectives that a nucleocentric view of the cerebellum brings, move major outstanding issues in CN biology to the limelight, and provide a roadmap to the key questions that need to be answered in order to create a comprehensive integrated model of CN structure, function, development, and evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional polymers as solid-supported reagents and catalysts for organic synthesis were conventionally based on cross-linked polystyrene (PS). Polyacrylamide (PAM), modified PAM and their copolymers as hydrophilic support, alternatively can be used as heterogeneous systems in several areas of chemistry and industry. After Regen's report in 1979 that applied cross-linked PAM as a solid phase cosolvent, PAM-supported reagents and catalysts manifest an excessively important function in various organic reactions. This review summarizes the entire features of PAM and its modified forms and focuses on their most recent and relevant applications in organic transformations. Oxidation–reduction reactions, C–C cross-coupling reactions, and Michael addition reactions are among the most important transformation in which PAM and its derivatives have been widely used. Other reactions like substitution reactions, H2O2 decomposition, 1,3-thiazoles synthesis, oxidative esterification, dichlorocyclopropanation, protection of carbonyl compounds, ring opening of epoxides, and dye decolorization have also been investigated. Furthermore, the efficiency, reusability, and limitations associated with these supported systems are discussed. Herein, applications of functional polymers based on polyacrylamide, modified PAM and their copolymers for the production of polymer supported reagents and catalysts are reviewed. This review summarizes the entire features of PAM and its modified forms and focuses on their most recent and relevant applications in organic transformations such as oxidation–reduction reactions, C–C cross-coupling reactions, Michael addition reactions etc. Furthermore, the efficiency, reusability, and limitations associated with these supported systems are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor cells employ multiple signaling mediators to escape the hypoxic condition and trigger angiogenesis and metastasis. As a critical orchestrate of tumorigenic conditions, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is responsible for stimulating several target genes and dysregulated pathways in tumor invasion and migration. Therefore, targeting HIF-1 pathway and cross-talked mediators seems to be a novel strategy in cancer prevention and treatment. In recent decades, tremendous efforts have been made to develop multi-targeted therapies to modulate several dysregulated pathways in cancer angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. In this line, natural compounds have shown a bright future in combating angiogenic and metastatic conditions. Among the natural secondary metabolites, we have evaluated the critical potential of phenolic compounds, terpenes/terpenoids, alkaloids, sulfur compounds, marine- and microbe-derived agents in the attenuation of HIF-1, and interconnected pathways in fighting tumor-associated angiogenesis and invasion. This is the first comprehensive review on natural constituents as potential regulators of HIF-1 and interconnected pathways against cancer angiogenesis and metastasis. This review aims to reshape the previous strategies in cancer prevention and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanoma is the most dreadful type of skin cancer; due to the side effects and drug resistance of chemotherapeutic drugs, the development of new herbal drugs has received more attention. In this study, the chemical composition of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil, one of the most common medicinal plants, using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was first identified. Then, chitosan nanoparticles containing the essential oil and α-pinene (identified major compound) with particle sizes of 69 ± 5 and 102 ± 6 nm and zeta potentials of 42.8 ± 0.9 and 41.7 ± 1 mV, respectively, were prepared. The attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis confirmed the successful loading of the essential oil and α-pinene into the nanoparticles. Besides, a polyethylene oxide–alginate electrospun scaffold (363 ± 20 nm) was proposed as a neutral dressing; it did not affect the viability of A-375 human melanoma cells. Moreover, the efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles containing α-pinene with IC50 value of 76.4 µg/mL was significantly more potent than chitosan nanoparticles containing R. officinalis essential oil (120.0 µg/mL), non-formulated essential oil (474.5 µg/mL), and non-formulated α-pinene (173.5 µg/mL). As the Bax/Bcl2 ratio was greater than 1 in all samples, it was confirmed that their effect on cell viability occurred through the apoptosis pathway. Considering obtained results, chitosan nanoparticles containing α-pinene could be considered for in vivo study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) have been evaluated for their ability to improve cardiac repair and benefit patients with severe ischemic heart disease and heart failure. In our single-center trial in 2006–2011 we demonstrated the safety and efficacy of BMMCs injected intramyocardially in conjunction with coronary artery bypass surgery. The effect persisted in the follow-up study 5 years later. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of BMMC therapy beyond 10 years. A total of 18 patients (46%) died during over 10-years follow-up and 21 were contacted for participation. Late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) and clinical evaluation were performed on 14 patients, seven from each group. CMRIs from the study baseline, 1-year and 5-years follow-ups were re-analyzed to enable comparison. The CMRI demonstrated a 2.1-fold larger reduction in the mass of late gadolinium enhancement values between the preoperative and the over 10-years follow-up, suggesting less scar or fibrosis after BMMC treatment (− 15.1%; 95% CI − 23 to − 6.7% vs. − 7.3%; 95% CI − 16 to 4.5%, p = 0.039), compared to placebo. No differences in mortality or morbidity were observed. Intramyocardially injected BMMCs may exert long-term benefits in patients with ischemic heart failure. This deserves further evaluation in patients who have received BMMCs in international clinical studies over two decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant tumours of the digestive system cover a wide range of diseases that affect the health of people to a large extent. Angiogenesis is indispensable in the development, and metastasis of tumours, mainly in two ways: occupation or formation. Vessels can provide nutrients, oxygen, and growth factors for tumours to encourage growth and metastasis, so cancer progression depends on simultaneous angiogenesis. Recently, exosomes have been proven to participate in the angiogenesis of tumours. They influence angiogenesis by binding to tyrosine kinase receptors (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3 with different affinities, regulating Yap-VEGF pathway, Akt pathway or other signaling pathway. Additionally, exosomes are potential therapeutic vectors that can deliver many types of cargoes to different cells. In this review, we summarize the roles of exosomes in the angiogenesis of digestive system tumours and highlight the clinical application prospects, directly used as targers or delivery vehicles, in antiangiogenic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) is a promising material for energy storage systems due to its captivating features, such as its large surface area, three-dimensional absorbent network, reversible redox reactions and cost effectiveness. In order to further enhance its electrochemical properties, metal oxides, metallic ions, polymers and carbon-based materials can be incorporated. In this study, we focus on incorporating cobalt oxide (Co3O4) into copper hexacyanoferrate to improve its electrochemical behaviour. Remarkably, the study reveals that the specific capacitance of the resulting Cobalt Oxide Incorporated Copper Hexacyanoferrate (Co3O4–CuHCF) composite is as high as 1456 Fg−1 at a current density of 2 Ag−1, which is significantly higher than that of pure CuHCF (264 Fg−1 at 2 Ag−1). The Ragone plot clearly demonstrates the excellent capacitive behaviour of the Co3O4–CuHCF composite, making it a highly promising electrode material for the fabrication of inexpensive and flexible supercapacitors. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis indicate that Co3O4 sheets coated with CuHCF nanoparticles provide various electroactive surface sites that are responsible for the enhancement of electrochemical behaviour of prepared composite when employed as supercapacitor electrode material. The redox couples (Co3+/Co2+, Fe3+/Fe2+, Cu2+/Cu+) as confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) also enhance the electrochemical properties. Additionally, the composite material retains specific capacitance upto 85% of its original value even after 2500 cycles, further demonstrating its exceptional durability and stability. These findings suggest that the Co3O4–CuHCF composite has significant potential for use in high-performance energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain psychological and social factors modulate emotional adjustment in infertility. The aims of this study were: analyse whether there are sex and group differences (infertile vs. fertile) in emotional adjustment, and personality, dispositional optimism, coping strategies, personal and interpersonal resources; observe the modulating role of these psychosocial variables in the emotional adjustment of infertile individuals compared to fertile ones; and determine if the modulator variables associated with emotional adjustment are specific to infertile people. Method: A cross-sectional study design was used with a sample of 139 heterosexual Spanish participants (84 infertile, 55 fertile). For the data analysis we performed correlations, multiple regression analysis, MANOVAS and ANOVAS. Results: The multivariate and univariate analyses showed that the infertile group exhibited greater emotional maladjustment, more personal resources, lesser degree of confrontive coping, social support seeking, positive reappraisal, and lower marital satisfaction than the fertile group. In addition, women (infertile and fertile) sought more social support seeking and the infertile ones made more use of self-controlling strategies. Multiple regression analyses showed that for all subjects the emotional adjustment was modulated by dispositional optimism and escape/avoidance. For infertile participants, the remaining significant modulating factors were personal resources and marital satisfaction, whereas, for the fertile group, they were openness and interpersonal resources. Conclusion: Infertile women and men showed no differences in emotional maladjustment, but levels were higher than in the fertile group. We found differences between infertile and fertile subjects in terms of modulating variables of emotional adjustment. For infertile participants, the development of personal resources and increased marital satisfaction are particularly important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The approach of converting waste to wealth has become a crucial topic and intense research has been ongoing globally for their proper management and utilization. With an aim to follow up this concept, this study is aimed to valorize Citrus limetta peels by extracting pectin using green organic acid. A Box-Behnken experimental design was used to optimize the extraction process and study the effect of process parameters, i.e., temperature (70–100 °C), extraction time (30–120 min), pH (1–2.5), and liquid:solid ratio (10–40 v/w) on the yield of pectin. The maximum pectin yield of 22.03 ± 0.13% was obtained at optimum extraction conditions of 90 °C temperature, 95-min time, 1.8 pH, and 30 v/w LSR which was observed to be in close agreement to the predicted value of 22.7%. Furthermore, the pectin extracted under optimal conditions was low methoxy pectin with a degree of esterification of 45.62 ± 0.64% and methoxyl content of 5.45 ± 0.04%. The structural properties of pectin were characterized using analytical techniques including X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphological analysis of peel powder before and after pectin extraction examined using scanning electron microscope indicated that the peel structure after extraction treatment was damaged and disrupted. Besides, the emulsifying activity, emulsifying stability, water holding, and oil holding capacities of extracted pectin were evaluated to determine its potential to be considered as a natural food additive. The results suggested that C. limetta peels have a great potential to be used as a novel low-cost source for the pectin extraction having good properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercapattery has emerged as one of the possibilities in the electrochemical energy storage system as a consequence of the expansion of technological advancement and the electrical vehicle sector. Manganese sulfide (MnS) nanoflakes were produced by hydrothermal technique at various heating temperatures (100, 110, 120, and 130 °C). The existence of MnS is revealed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) diffractogram, and α- and γ-MnS crystals were effectively grown on a nickel (Ni) foam. MnS nanoflakes were seen under a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The crystalline structure of MnS nanoflakes is susceptible to variation depending on the heating temperature, and at 120 °C, MnS produced nanoflakes with additional wrinkles. Through Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, the thermal and physical adsorption investigations demonstrated the high total surface area and thermal stability of MnS electrodes. The findings of BET studies demonstrate that MnS-120 has the highest surface BET (SBET) and the smallest pore size distribution (PSD), which later increases the total surface area of MnS nanoflakes for an effective energy storage mechanism. MnS is structurally stable below 200 °C, according to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). MnS-120 electrode has a maximum specific capacity of 1003.5 C/g at 5 A/g and a 49% rate capability. Supercapattery devices were created in a MnS-120//activated carbon (AC) configuration to assess the real-time performance of the material. The MnS-120//AC demonstrated better efficiency by offering a specific energy of 69.24 Wh/kg at 2953 W/kg. The life cycle test confirmed that MnS-120//AC is stable with a capacity retention value of 96% after 4000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clogging is characterized by a progressive impairment of transmembrane patency in renal replacement devices and occurs due to obstruction of pores by unknown molecules. If citrate-based anti-coagulation is used, clogging can manifest as a metabolic alkalosis accompanied by hypernatremia and hypercalcemia, primarily a consequence of Na3Citrate infusion. An increased incidence of clogging has been observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, precise factors contributing to the formation remain uncertain. This investigation aimed to analyze its incidence and assessed time-varying trajectories of associated factors in critically ill patients on continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Methods: In this retrospective, single-center data analysis, we evaluated COVID-19 patients undergoing CRRT and admitted to critical care between March 2020 and December 2021. We assessed the proportional incidence of clogging surrogates in the overall population and subgroups based on the specific CRRT devices employed at our institution, including multiFiltrate (Fresenius Medical Care) and Prismaflex System (Baxter). Moderate and severe clogging were defined as Na > 145 or ≥ 150 mmol/l and HCO3− > 28.0 or ≥ 30 mmol/l, respectively, with a total albumin-corrected calcium > 2.54 mmol/l. A mixed effect model was introduced to investigate factors associated with development of clogging. Results: Fifty-three patients with 240 CRRT runs were analyzed. Moderate and severe clogging occurred in 15% (8/53) and 19% (10/53) of patients, respectively. Twenty-seven percent (37/136) of CRRTs conducted with a multiFiltrate device met the criteria for clogging, whereas no clogging could be observed in patients dialyzed with the Prismaflex System. Occurrence of clogging was associated with elevated triglyceride plasma levels at filter start (p = 0.013), amount of enteral nutrition (p = 0.002) and an increasing white blood cell count over time (p = 0.002). Conclusions: Clogging seems to be a frequently observed phenomenon in critically ill COVID-19 patients. The presence of hypertriglyceridemia, combined with systemic inflammation, may facilitate the development of an impermeable secondary membrane within filters, thereby contributing to compromised membrane patency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics are gaining growing research interest due to their significant potential threats to ecosystems and public health. Physical techniques have been proposed as a promising strategy for removing microplastics from the environment. This work innovatively proposes a process of microplastic removal by froth flotation and subsequent carbonization for synthesis of heterogeneous Fenton catalyst. The feasibility of separating different microplastics from water was verified by froth flotation, and iron-loaded carbon derived from separated microplastics was fabricated as catalyst. Carbon material was obtained by carbonization of microplastics, and iron loading was conducted to improve catalytic ability. The catalyst of iron-loaded iron was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride in the heterogeneous Fenton system was evaluated by single factor experiment and kinetic analysis. The catalytic performance was mainly influenced by H2O2 concentration, solution pH, and co-existing ions. Under the conditions of catalyst 20 mg/L, H2O2 concentration 0.99 mmol/L, initial tetracycline hydrochloride concentration 20 mg/L, pH 4.0, and temperature 25 °C, the removal rate of tetracycline hydrochloride within 15 min reached 81.6%, and the rate constant was 0.138min−1. The catalytic mechanism dominated by hydroxyl radical was verified for the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride. This work offers insights into the management of microplastics and sustainable treatment of antibiotic wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the interactions between metal ions of different valences (Na+, Ca2+, Al3+) and rice protein (RP) and their effects on rice protein fibrillation were investigated. The results showed that adding metal ions could shorten the time of protein fibrillation and increase fibril yield. The fluorescence results showed that high-valent metal ions were more likely to destroy the hydration layer on the surface of the protein, showing higher fluorescence intensity. The dynamic binding of metal ions to proteins promoted fibrils elongation. Moreover, The high-valent metal ions have more binding sites and larger binding constants with proteins. As the morphological studies showed that the length of fibrils increased to more than 1 μm after the addition of metal ions. The rheological results revealed that the viscosity of fibrils formed under the mediation of high-valent metal ions was enhanced and the storage modulus was higher than the loss modulus, indicating stronger molecular forces between fibrils and better elastic properties. This study provided a method for regulating RP fibrillation and meanwhile provided new insights for the application of RP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thalassemia is one of the most common hemoglobinopathies affecting a large number of people in India and other countries of South-East Asia. For patients with most severe form of the disease- Transfusion Dependent Thalassemia (TDT), stem cell transplantation or gene therapy are only curative treatment which are not available to most of the patients because of lack of experts, financial constraints and lack of suitable donors. In such situations, most cases are managed with regular blood transfusion and iron chelation therapy. With this treatment, over the years, survival of the patients has improved and 20–40% cases are entering into adulthood. In the absence of structured transition of care programs, currently most adult TDT patients are being managed by pediatricians. This article highlights the need for transition of care for TDT patients, barriers to transition and how to overcome the barriers and process of transition of care to adult care team. The importance of empowering the patients in self-management of the disease and educating the adult care team to achieve the desired outcome of transition program is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Producing therapeutic proteins can be done quickly and on a large scale through Transient Gene Expression (TGE). Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines are commonly used to achieve this. Although there are few comparative studies, TGE has been observed in suspension-adapted CHO cells. Objectives We tested TGE's effectiveness in DG-44, CHO-S, and ExpiCHO-S cell lines with four transfection reagents. Methods A design of experiments (DoE) was followed to optimize transfection using a recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb) construct. To evaluate the efficacy, flow cytometry and ELISA were used. Feeding strategies and temperature shifts were implemented to enhance transfection effectiveness. The quality of the mAb was assessed through ELISA, SDS-PAGE, and proliferation inhibition assays. Results We adapted all cell lines to grow in suspension using a serum-free medium. Our findings from flow cytometry and ELISA tests indicate that PEI and Pmax reagents had a higher rate of transfection and mAb production than the ExpiCHO commercial transfection reagent. While DG-44 cells had better transfection efficiency than CHO-S and ExpiCHO-S, there was no significant difference between CHO-S and ExpiCHO-S. Our TGE system was more productive at 32 °C than at 37 °C. In the optimized TGE of Pmax-based transfection in DG-44 at 37 and 32 °C, the production level of mAb was more than half of the amount of the commercial ExpiCHO-S expression system. Still, the number of transfected cells was three times higher, making it more efficient. The purified mAb from all transfected cell lines had similar structural and functional properties under different conditions. Conclusion Our research shows that using Pmax and DG-44 cells in the TGE system is a cost-effective and efficient way to produce humanized monoclonal antibodies. We discovered that this method outperforms the ExpiCHO-S kit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The housing sector's importance in cities, as the largest land-use, drives an annual rise in demand for urban residential land, raising significant worries about urban living quality. The investigation into selecting optimal residential land locations in Erbil City holds significance as it addresses the pressing urban challenge of accommodating housing needs effectively. This study contributes to urban planning and resource allocation to identify suitable areas for residential development, which can enhance urban living conditions, promote sustainable growth, and inform decision-making processes in city planning and development. This study aims to use Geographical Information Systems and Analytical Hierarchy Process to create a spatial suitability model for optimal residential land in Erbil City. The model's effectiveness will be evaluated by comparing it with the existing real estate scenario. The Boolean model excluded 22% of the study area from the suitability model, which categorized the city into five suitability classes. The highly suitable category accounted for 15%, while the very low suitable category covered 9.3%. Municipality-4 in the eastern part has 48.2% of the very high suitable class, while municipality-1, has only 3.6% of such category. The study found that the correlation between the suitability model and the land value is very weak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sialic acids (Sias) are a class of sugar molecules with a parent nine-carbon neuraminic acid, generally present at the ends of carbohydrate chains, either attached to cellular surfaces or as secreted glycoconjugates. Given their position and structural diversity, Sias modulate a wide variety of biological processes. However, little is known about the role of Sias in human adipose tissue, or their implications for health and disease, particularly among individuals following different dietary patterns. The goal of this study was to measure N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), N-Glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), and 2-keto-3-deoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-nononic acid (KDN) concentrations in adipose tissue samples from participants in the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) and to compare the abundance of these Sias in individuals following habitual, long-term vegetarian or non-vegetarian dietary patterns. A method was successfully developed for the extraction and detection of Sias in adipose tissue. Sias levels were quantified in 52 vegans, 56 lacto-vegetarians, and 48 non-vegetarians using LC–MS/MS with Neu5Ac-D-1,2,3-13C3 as an internal standard. Dietary groups were compared using linear regression. Vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians had significantly higher concentrations of Neu5Ac relative to non-vegetarians. While KDN levels tended to be higher in vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians, these differences were not statistically significant. However, KDN levels were significantly inversely associated with body mass index. In contrast, Neu5Gc was not detected in human adipose samples. It is plausible that different Neu5Ac concentrations in adipose tissues of vegetarians, compared to those of non-vegetarians, reflect a difference in the baseline inflammatory status between the two groups. Epidemiologic studies examining levels of Sias in human adipose tissue and other biospecimens will help to further explore their roles in development and progression of inflammatory conditions and chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walnut is among the four most consumed dry fruits around the globe. Apart from the edible walnut kernel, walnut fruit consists of a walnut shell (WS) and walnut husk/hull (WH), usually discarded in walnut processing and consumption. These walnut by-products are filled with beneficial compounds that find their use in different fields. This review summarizes recent developments and research on functional aspects of walnut waste (shell and husk/hull) in various fields. WS has many important bioactive compounds, including lignin, cellulose, oleic, and palmitic acids. The creation of WS and carbon-based materials, such as activated carbons and unmodified/modified WS, as adsorbents have been explored. Possible uses for WS-derived by-products include all-natural but powerful adsorbents for eliminating hazardous substances, such as heavy metals, dangerous compounds, and synthetic industrial colors. Similarly, WH also has many beneficial compounds like juglone. WH has antioxidant properties and can be used as textile and protein strainers. These wastes are used in agriculture, laboratory, medical, and food industries, which can be employed as sustainable and environment-friendly alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer, with over 2.1 million cases diagnosed annually worldwide. It has a high incidence and mortality rate, leading to extensive research into various treatment options, including the use of nanomaterial-based carriers for drug delivery. With regard to cancer treatment, the distinct biological and physico-chemical features of nano-structures have acquired considerable impetus as drug delivery system (DDS) for delivering medication combinations or combining diagnostics and targeted therapy. This review focuses on the use of nanomedicine-based drug delivery systems in the treatment of lung cancer, including the use of lipid, polymer, and carbon-based nanomaterials for traditional therapies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and phototherapy. The review also discusses the potential of stimuli-responsive nanomaterials for drug delivery in lung cancer, and the limitations and opportunities for improving the design of nano-based materials for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lemongrass is a fragrant herb with lengthy, thin leaves that contains myrcene (an aromatic compound) as well as citral and geraniol (antimicrobial compounds). Therefore, identifying an appropriate drying method for this plant is crucial for maintaining aromatic and antimicrobial compounds and enhancing the shelf life of the product. This investigation seeks to assess the influence of various drying tactics involving hot air at temperatures of 40, 50, and 60 °C, infrared radiation at intensities of 0.5, 0.6, and 0.8 W / cm 2 , sequential hot-air/infrared, as well as simultaneous hot air-infrared, on the drying mechanism, color, appearance, yield, and essential oil constituents of lemongrass leaves, with the objective of enhancing the marketability of the product. The essential oils of lemongrass were extracted through the process of hydro-distillation, and subsequently, the volatile compounds present were analyzed using Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). The findings indicated: (a) The most appropriate technique for preserving optimal color quality of lemongrass leaves was through the application of hot air drying solely at a temperature of 60 °C; (b) To optimize the retention and amplification of the essential oil content in lemongrass, our study recommends the employment of a simultaneous hybrid drying technique involving hot air drying at a temperature of 50 °C in conjunction with infrared drying set at a radiation intensity level of 0.6 W / cm 2 ; and (c) The data analysis demonstrated that in order to achieve elevated levels of volatile compounds, specifically neral and geranial, infrared drying with a radiation intensity of 0.6 and 0.8 W / cm 2 , respectively, was found to be optimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]