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In the context of the reform of the economic system and the globalization of the economy, in order to explore the effect of secure base leadership on positive followership behavior. This study constructed a conceptual model of Secure Base Leadership and Positive Followership Behaviour based on Cognitive Affective Systems Theory. The chain mediating role of organisation-based self-esteem and work dynamics and the moderating role of equity sensitivity as a moderator of the relationship between secure base leadership and organisation-based self-esteem/work dynamics were examined. In total, 2 studies were conducted: study 1 was a situational experiment with 120 MBA students, which showed that secure base leaders can positively influence organisation-based self-esteem and work dynamics. To further explore this finding, Study 2 was a three-time point questionnaire survey on 366 employees in different industries, accounting for 84.14%, and the results of Study 2 not only proved the findings of Study 1, but also demonstrated that secure base leaders significantly influence positive followership behaviours. At the same time, organisation-based self-esteem and work dynamics were found to play a mediating role between secure base leadership and positive followership behaviour. In addition, equity sensitivity negatively moderated the relationship between secure base leadership and organisation-based self-esteem/work dynamism and also negatively moderated the indirect effect of secure base leadership influencing positive following behaviour through organisation-based self-esteem/work dynamism. Based on the findings, this study presents the theoretical contributions and managerial implications of this study and provides an outlook for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the contemporary issues in the global environment is how countries' and regions' interactions benefit economic agents, especially in developing countries where poverty prevails. Over the years, globalization has continued to increase, mainly as a result of differences in resources and technology, but how it affects the poor has remained one of the central issues in international economics. In this paper, we thus developed a Globalization-Growth-Poverty (GGP) triangular nexus to provide an answer to whether globalization and growth can help India achieve Goal 1 of sustainable development. The cointegration approach was used, and our result validates the globalization-led growth hypothesis and shows interconnectedness among globalization, economic growth, and poverty, which confirms the GGP triangular nexus. Our results further show that growth and globalization have a positive near future impact on poverty in India. Thus, the results suggest to the government and policymakers that the achievement of poverty reduction and sustainable development in India can be realized with sustained economic growth and increased globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how economic globalization, innovations in environment-related technology, shifts in industrial structure, and GDP collectively influence the ecological footprint of the top 10 Asian countries known for technological innovation from 1999 to 2018. Results show that economic globalization, industrial structure change, and GDP are important determinants of ecological footprint. Greater economic globalization and GDP growth harm the environment and require more resources. However, industrial structure change toward services ameliorates environment pressure. Uni-directional causality was established from globalization to ecological footprint, from ecological footprint to industrial structure change, and from GDP to industrial structure change. In addition, bidirectional causalities were also confirmed: between GDP and ecological footprint, between GDP and environment-related technology innovation, between economic globalization and GDP, and between environment-related technology innovation and ecological footprint. Finally, this study recommends that governments should enhance technological innovation, encourage industrial structure change towards high-value-added service industries, and use low-carbon energy in the pursuit of globalization. These results have notable implications for energy policy and economic sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of economic and political globalization on financial stability in developing countries. By using data from 108 developing countries from 2012 to 2021, and applying fixed effect and System GMM estimation methods, we provide some important findings. First, we find that economic globalization reduces financial stability but political globalization enhances financial stability in developing countries. Second, we provide strong evidence that credit information sharing plays a crucial role in reducing the negative impact of economic globalization on financial stability and enhancing the positive effect of political globalization on financial stability in developing countries. This study contributes to the ongoing discourse on globalization and financial stability by shedding light on their multifaceted outcomes within developing countries. Furthermore, in the context of endeavors by developing countries to enhance financial stability, our research provides some important implications for these countries to have appropriate policies to achieve their goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating apprehension regarding climate change mitigation has intensified the quest for energy alternatives that are low in carbon emissions, economically viable, and consistently available. Within this context, renewable energy sources emerge as fitting candidates, being recognized for their eco-friendliness and cleanliness. Nonetheless, despite the allure of transitioning towards cleaner energy, there exists a notable dearth of literature addressing the pivotal role of solar energy innovations and economic globalization in advancing the agenda of climate change mitigation (SDG-13), thus complicating the prediction of factors influencing ecological quality. Consequently, this study undertakes the inaugural investigation into the impact of solar energy innovation on ecological footprint, while also considering the influences of digitalization, economic globalization, renewable energy, and natural resources in the USA. To this end, Quantile-on-Quantile Kernel-Based Regularized Least Squares (QQKRLS) and wavelet quantile regressions (WQR) methodologies are employed, utilizing data spanning from 2000 to 2020. The analysis reveals that solar energy innovation, along with renewable energy, digitalization, and economic globalization, exerts a negative impact on ecological footprint, whereas natural resources exhibit a positive influence. Drawing from these insights, it becomes apparent that a concerted effort from stakeholders and policymakers is imperative in realizing the objectives of SDG-13 and SDG-7, necessitating a paradigm shifts in the USA's energy portfolio away from fossil fuels towards renewables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic development of N-11 countries has been significantly influenced by the contributions of natural resources (NAT) and economic globalization (EG). These countries have been facing drastic environmental problems for several years. Hence, it is imperative to ascertain the environmental ramifications of natural resource extraction activities in the N-11 nations. In doing so, this study examines the impact of gross domestic product (GDP), EG, and NAT on ecological footprints (EF) within the time frame of 1971 to 2022 in the group of N-11 countries. After verifying the cross-sectional dependence, this work found the integration of all variables at first difference. To provide short and long run econometric results; this study utilizes cross sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL). The findings indicate that the presence of NAT rent has a detrimental impact (0.03%) on the ecological quality within the N-11 nations. Moreover, it can be argued that both EG and GDP exhibit environmentally sustainable characteristics over an extended period by (0.03% and − 3.12%) respectively. This study does not provide evidence for the presence of an N-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in the N-11 nations. Based on the findings, a policy recommendation is proposed for the nations in question. These countries must immediately implement and enforce robust environmental laws while fostering a heightened sense of environmental consciousness. It is imperative for emerging economies to increase their investments to explore and adopt efficient technologies in various economic sectors, including mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Container ports and hinterland manufacturing are two important forces of the local participation in economic globalization. This study, taking the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China with an export-oriented economy as an example, applies Huff and panel regression models to evaluate the impact of hinterland manufacturing on the development of container ports during the period of 1993–2019. The results show that 1) the spatial patterns of hinterlands for hub ports help to determine the distribution range and scale of economic variables that affect port throughput; 2) the hinterland's gross manufacturing output has universally positive influence on port throughput, wherein export-oriented processing and the entire manufacturing industry have significantly positive impact on port throughput in 1993–2011 and 2001–2019, respectively; 3) the two internal structural factors related to an export-oriented economy, labor-intensive sectors and foreign-funded terminals, have positively moderate the direct influence of hinterland manufacturing on port throughput. Our results highlight the importance of local context in understanding port-manufacturing relationship in developing economies. Based on our findings, policy implications are further proposed to enhance port network organization in PRD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distributed permutation flow shop scheduling problem (DPFSP) is one of the hottest issues in the context of economic globalization. In this paper, a Q-learning enhanced fruit fly optimization algorithm (QFOA) is proposed to solve the DPFSP with the goal of minimizing the makespan. First, a hybrid strategy is used to cooperatively initialize the position of the fruit fly in the solution space and the boundary properties are used to improve the operation efficiency of QFOA. Second, the neighborhood structure based on problem knowledge is designed in the smell stage to generate neighborhood solutions, and the Q-learning method is conducive to the selection of high-quality neighborhood structures. Moreover, a local search algorithm based on key factories is designed to improve the solution accuracy by processing sequences of subjobs from key factories. Finally, the proposed QFOA is compared with the state-of-the-art algorithms for solving 720 well-known large-scale benchmark instances. The experimental results demonstrate the most outstanding performance of QFOA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers and policymakers hold diverse opinions about the impact of globalization on environmental degradation. Over the past three decades, increased economic, social, and political interconnections have fueled this debate. However, prior studies have largely overlooked these facets of globalization concerning environmental implications, particularly carbon emissions in developing countries. We contribute to this discourse by examining how various aspects of globalization (economic, social, and political) and two specific measures, de facto and de jure trade, influenced carbon emissions in four selected South Asian countries from 1996 to 2019. The results obtained through feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) reveal that economic globalization increases carbon emissions while social and political globalization reduces them. These results further confirm that, in South Asia, the pollution haven hypothesis is associated only with economic globalization. In contrast, social and political globalization support the world polity theory, indicating potential for positive change. The results also show that both de facto and de jure measures of disaggregated globalization equally influence carbon emissions, suggesting a significant impact from policy interventions. For future environmental sustainability, the governments of these nations should intensify their efforts to strengthen social and political globalization. Meanwhile, the adverse effects of economic globalization can be mitigated by reducing reliance on fossil fuels and providing financial assistance to businesses to encourage the use of renewable energy and modern technology in production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study empirically examines whether economic globalization reduces (enhances) the level of poverty in the top (bottom) globalized region by controlling economic growth, urbanization, government expenditure, and public expenditure on education. This issue has taken Europe and Central Asia (ECA) as the top (16) and South Asia (SA) as the bottom (7) economic globalized developing region for the empirical analysis for the period of 1991-2020. Two empirical models, non-linear ARDL and PMG-ARDL, estimate the impact of globalization (trade and financial openness) and education on poverty. This study also segregates economic globalization into de jure and de facto to critically analyze the impact on poverty reduction. The long-run results suggest that economic globalization has a negative (positive) effect on poverty in the top (bottom) globalized region. Apart from globalization, primary education is insufficient for reducing poverty in the ECA region, while primary education is enough to reduce poverty in the SA region. After replacing economic globalization with trade and financial openness, the results reveal that more trade openness is difficult for reducing poverty in top globalized developing countries. On the contrary, financial openness reduces (enhances) poverty in the top (bottom) globalized region. Additionally, the impact of de jure and de facto economic globalization are similar throughout the regions. The effects of control variables are mixed in nature. From a policy perspective, the government of these two regions should use education as a weapon to lower poverty vulnerability by improving its quality and giving extensive focus on trade and financial openness to find out the leakage of the financial flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic openness and globalization are under rising pressure from the proliferation of economic sanctions over the past decades. Data-driven evidence is urgently needed to inform the heated debates about the effectiveness of various sanctions and counter-sanction measures. In this research, we provide a game theoretical framework to model the interplays between the sanction sender and target at different stages of political conflicts. Using real-world international trade data, our game-theoretical framework assesses each country's capability of and vulnerability to economic sanctions and quantifies the feasibility and effectiveness of different counter-sanction measures. Our findings suggest that expanded international trade creates the potential to weaponize economic interdependence for giant economies, imbalanced trade relationships with which is the main source of sanction risk for vulnerable economies. Complete decoupling from these highly capable countries is a costly and ineffective strategy to combat economic sanctions. Bloc-type collective retaliation against the common adversary can be effective under certain scenarios but provides little benefit for major contributors in the bloc, making it impractical in addressing real-world conflicts. Promoting cooperation and dialogue is the ultimate solution to maintaining economic and political stability and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the impact of economic globalization, the internationalization of production and trade has given rise to global value chains (GVCs) and global innovation networks (GINs); however, few studies have explored the link between these two networks. This paper constructs a global innovation cooperation network based on patent cooperation data and then analyzes the impact of different network characteristics on improving global value chain status. Empirical research shows that the characteristics of GINs significantly affect GVC status; the higher the eigenvector centrality and network connectivity, the higher the country's GVC status. Moreover, a higher degree of constraint is associated with a lower GVC status for the country concerned. The heterogeneity analysis further reveals apparent differences in the impact of GINs on different countries, manifesting as a catalytic effect in developed countries and as a disincentive in emerging economies; the effect is less apparent in developing countries. This paper provides theoretical support for the development of technological innovation activities and provides a reference for government departments to formulate policies on cross-border technological innovation cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in global interaction between nations, which has positive and negative impacts on environmental health. To better understand the effects of globalization on carbon emissions in Indonesia, the study adopted auto-regressive distributed lag approach to analyze the long-term and short-term relationships among variables and the vector error correction method to find the causal interaction among variables from 1990 to 2020. The study revealed that economic globalization positively impacts on CO2 emissions, while social globalization mitigates environmental degradation. However, political globalization and human capital does not appear to affect CO2 emissions significantly. Furthermore, we found that energy consumption and economic growth contribute to increased emissions. The study also observed the environmental Kuznet curve decreases environmental deterioration and increases environmental sustainability in the region. Therefore, our results suggest that Indonesia should carefully regulate trade openness and foreign direct investment to minimize its negative environmental impact. Additionally, we recommend encouraging the social aspects of globalization to help mitigate CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the positive impact that renewable energy can offer its development is not necessarily and widely implemented by countries. It is against this backdrop this study investigates whether renewable energy contribute to economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) between the periods 2005–2022. The study accounted for the role of information communication technology and globalization in stimulating economic growth. For empirical analysis, this study adopted Pooled Mean Group (PMG) Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model approach and other batteries of techniques for robustness testing. It was observed that both renewable energy and information communication technology (ICT) indicate a negative and significant impact on economic growth in the long run. The study further established a positive and significant impact of globalization and economic growth in the long run. This indicates the vital role of ICT and globalization in accelerating economic growth. In terms of policy suggestions, this study believes that infrastructural development, incentives among others could make renewable energy more affordable and attractive for private sector participation. There is also the need to provide research funding to develop home-produced technology to improve energy supply in the region, particularly in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debates over trade liberalization vs. protectionism have becoming increasingly relevant as the world moves through a contentious era of economic globalization. This is particularly true in the United States, where an elite consensus on the merits of free trade has fractured in recent years. While we know a good deal about the economic and cultural determinants of trade opinion, we know little about how attitudes toward government may matter. Here, I address this oversight by examining the relationship between political trust and trade support. I do this with cross-sectional and panel data from the American National Election Studies (ANES) and the National Annenberg Election Surveys (NAES), and a survey experiment fielded through Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Overall, I find that there is a positive and substantively significant relationship between political trust and mass support for free and open "pro-trade" policies. I attribute this to greater citizen confidence that government will pursue trade deals in the national interest and mitigate any perceived risks associated with free trade. These findings help us to better understand the determinants of public opinion toward trade policy and underscore the consequences of political trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between fiscal decentralization, renewable energy, economic globalization, GDP, and energy efficiency is thoroughly examined in this paper within the framework of the BRICS countries. To decipher the intricate interplay between these key factors influencing energy efficiency, we use an empirical strategy that makes use of state-of-the-art cointegration methods and robustness tests. We confirm the presence of the environmental Kuznets curve in BRICS, illustrating that economic expansion might ultimately result in enhanced environmental results. We emphasize the significance of fiscal decentralization and renewable energy in enhancing energy efficiency while recognizing the ambivalent impact of economic globalization. The findings obtained from this research not only add to the current knowledge but also provide practical advice for policy actions targeted at fostering sustainable development and reducing environmental deterioration. Although the research focuses on BRICS, its results have potential ramifications for other growing economies globally, representing a substantial advancement toward a more sustainable and energy-efficient future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the backdrop of economic globalization and the digital economy, entrepreneurial behavior has emerged not only as a focal point of management research but also as an urgent topic within the domain of family finance. This paper scrutinizes the ramifications of financial literacy on household entrepreneurial behavior utilizing data from China's sample of the China Household Finance Survey spanning the years 2015 and 2017. Employing the ordered Probit model, we pursue our research objectives. Our findings suggest that financial literacy exerts immediate, persistent, and evolving positive effects on households' engagement in entrepreneurial activities and their proclivity toward entrepreneurship. Through the mitigation of endogeneity in the regression model, the outcomes of the two-stage regression corroborate the primary regression results. An examination of heterogeneity unveils noteworthy disparities between urban and rural areas, as well as gender discrepancies, in how financial literacy influences household entrepreneurial behavior. Furthermore, this study validates three potential pathways—namely income, social network, and risk attitude channels—demonstrating that financial literacy significantly augments household income, expands social networks, and enhances risk attitudes. Moreover, through supplementary analysis, we ascertain that financial education amplifies the impact of financial literacy on entrepreneurial behavior. Our study contributes to the enrichment of human capital theory and modern entrepreneurship theory. It advocates for robust efforts by governments and financial institutions to widely disseminate financial knowledge and foster family entrepreneurship, thereby fostering the robust and stable operation of both the global financial market and the job market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the rapid economic development of globalization and the intensification of economic and trade exchanges, cross-international and regional carbon emissions have become increasingly severe. Governments worldwide establish laws and regulations to protect their countries' environmental impact. Therefore, selecting robustness evaluation models and metrics is an urgent research topic. This article proves the reliability and scientific of the assessment data through literature coupling evaluation, multidisciplinary coupling mathematical model and international engineering case analysis. The innovation of this project's research lies in the comprehensive analysis of the complex coupling effects of various discrete data and uncertainty indicators on the research model across international projects and how to model and evaluate interactive effects accurately. This article provides scientific measurement standards and data support for governments worldwide to formulate carbon tariffs and carbon emission policies. Case analysis data shows that the carbon emission ratio of exporting and importing countries is 0.577:100; the carbon trading quota ratio is 32.50:100. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase in economic growth, the world is facing serious challenges concerning environmental sustainability. Hence, the green economic growth is imperative for sustainable and inclusive development. The objective of this study is to contribute to the existing literature about the factors that influence green economic growth. The study investigates the role of green technology, green energy, foreign direct investment, and globalization on green economic growth in G7 countries. The data of the study is collected from WDI, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, and OECD database and the data period ranges from 1995 to 2020. The existence of cointegration between the variables of the study was tested by Westerlund's (Oxford Bull Econ Stat 69(6):709–748) cointegration test. Due to the presence of cross-sectional dependency, the study employed the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) method to estimate the coefficients in the long and short run. The study also used a common correlated effect—mean group (CCEMG) estimator for robustness check. The findings of the study reveal that green energy and FDI positively contribute to green economic growth in the long and short run. The green technology also contributes positively to enhance green economic growth but only in long run. To accelerate green economic growth, G7 countries should incorporate policies promoting green energy and technology, while acquiring more foreign investments to ensure a sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clarifying China's position in the global system is an important logical basis for developing national diplomacy. Although much research has been done on China's development status, most studies have been based on country comparisons or institutional environment. In today's networked era in which the global economy, trade, personnel, and information are closely connected, studies on China's global position and its status changes and influencing factors in multiple contact networks are still insufficient. In this study, from the perspective of diverse global contact networks, we constructed economic, cultural, and political influence indices to explore the changes and influencing factors on China's status in the global system from 2005 to 2018. The results show that during the study period, China's global influence in the fields of economic ties, cultural exchanges, and political contacts increased significantly, but its influence in the fields of cultural exchanges and political contacts lagged far economic ties. The pattern of China's economic influence on various economies around the world has shown a transformation from an 'upright pyramid' to an 'inverted pyramid' structure. The proportion of these economies in low-influence zones has decreased from more than 60% in 2005 to less than 20% in 2018. China's cultural and political influence on various economies around the world has increased significantly; however, for the former, the percentage of high-influence areas is still less than 20%, whereas for the latter the percentage of these economies in medium- and high-influence areas is still less than 50%. Analyses such as a scatter plot matrix show that geographical proximity, economic globalization, close cooperation with developing countries, and a proactive and peaceful foreign policy are important factors in improving China's status in the diverse global network system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays globalization seems to be an irresistible phenomenon that affects all countries around the world, including developed and developing countries. In that context, the purpose of this paper is to check whether increasing globalization level spreads happiness in Africa. We employ a dynamic panel data model on 34 African countries over the period 2006–2019 to assess the effect of globalization on happiness. We used the two-step system generalized method of moments estimator to control for potential endogeneity of regressors and unobserved heterogeneity. We find that globalization is positively associated with happiness. Among the sub-indexes of globalization, economic and political globalization enhance happiness while social globalization worsens happiness. In addition, the effects of globalization on happiness are sensitive to the level of human development, democratization and natural resource wealth. Specifically, the positive effect of globalization turns out to be more robust in democratic and non-oil producing countries than in autocratic and oil-producing countries. Similarly, the effects of globalization are positive in high-human development countries while these effects remain negative in low-human development countries. Furthermore, the results also show that unemployment and inflation are the channels through which economic globalization positively affects happiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are all countries in Sub-Saharan Africa equally benefiting from the deployment of Information and Communications Technology and economic globalization? In order to provide an answer to this question, the present study examined the impacts of Information and Communications Technology and economic globalisation on the growth of per capita GDP in 44 countries of the Sub-Saharan Africa region during 2004–2019. This study uses the neoclassical Aggregate Production Function, which incorporates a comprehensive measure of Information and Communications Technology infrastructure and economic globalization. In general, Moments Quantile methods indicate that despite economic globalization and Information and Communications Technology services having statistically significant positive effects on growth, the effects are negligible. A more important finding is that the impact of Information and Communications Technology and economic globalization on growth diminished as per capita GDP increased. Comparatively to countries with relatively higher growth rates in the Sub-Saharan Africa region, countries with lower growth rates will benefit more from expanding their Information and Communications Technology sector and globallyizing their local economies. Accordingly, countries with relatively lower per capita GDP growth in the Sub-Saharan Africa region need to allocate more resources to develop their Information and Communications Technology sector and continue to integrate their local economies with global markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper empirically investigates the relative effectiveness of economic globalization, trade openness, and financial openness on income inequality in low-, middle-, and high-income countries for the panel data over the period from 1991 to 2020 by endogenizing economic growth, urbanization, agriculture, industry, and service sectors' value-added as % of GDP as control variables in income inequality function. The results emanating from the panel pooled mean group-autoregressive distributed lag (PMG-ARDL) test provide evidence of a significant long-run relationship among the variables. Interestingly, economic globalization reduces income inequality for high- and middle-income countries and increases it in low-income countries. On the other hand, trade openness reduces income inequality in high- and middle-income countries but increases it for low-income countries. In contrast, financial openness lessens income inequality in low-income countries but increases it for middle- and high-income countries. We find that urbanization increases income inequality in low-, middle- and high-income countries. We also find that economic growth decreases (increases) income inequality in high (middle and low)-income countries. Moreover, it is found that industrial and service sectors' output decrease (increases) income inequality in high (middle and low)-income countries, whereas agricultural output improves (deteriorates) income distribution in middle- and low- (high) income countries. In light of these findings, we suggest that the governments of low-income countries need to focus more on improving the level of globalization and trade openness to improve their economic conditions in long run. Both high- and middle-income countries should also improve their financial openness so that effective utilization of overseas finance will flourish their overall economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two decades, financial inclusion has dramatically augmented the accessibility and affordability of financial services and significantly contributes towards economic development; however, its environmental implications cannot be ignored. In this context, this study investigates the impact of financial inclusion on CO2 emissions in Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) countries. Furthermore, we analyze the moderating role of technological innovation and economic globalization in the relationship between financial inclusion and CO2 emissions. Drawing on the data from 2004 to 2018, advanced econometric techniques robust to cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity are employed. The augmented mean group (AMG) outcome reveals that financial inclusion and renewable energy consumption significantly promote environmental sustainability by reducing CO2 emissions. On the other hand, economic growth and economic globalization damage environmental quality by increasing CO2 emissions. The findings further unfold that financial inclusion fosters environmental sustainability through the channel of technological innovation. Additionally, the interaction term effect of financial inclusion with economic globalization poses an unfavorable impact on environmental quality. Besides, Dumitrescu and Hurlin (D-H) non-causality test revealed the unidirectional casualty between financial inclusion, renewable energy, and CO2 emissions, while feedback hypothesis among economic globalization, technological innovation, economic growth, and CO2 emissions. In line with these crucial findings, this study recommends that the APEC countries should promote financial inclusion along with technological innovations and, at the same time, integrate economic globalization with the climate change policies to achieve sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid economic growth has created many environmental problems. These problems include global warming and natural resource depletion. South Asian countries are rich in NAT, and these countries are moving toward ECG. Despite the availability of rich literature, very few studies have investigated the associations of NAT, ECG, and CO2 emissions in South Asian nations. Therefore, this research probes this association in the presence of urbanization and trade. For this purpose, yearly data from 1980 to 2019 are investigated with the help of second-generation methodologies like cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL). CS-ARDL results show that ECG and economic growth are improving air quality in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. Urbanization, NAT, and trade are contaminating the environmental quality. In light of these findings, some important policy recommendations are provided to grasp sustainable development in South Asian nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we use a time-varying parameter vector autoregression (TVP-VAR) in conjunction with the extended joint connectedness approach to examine the influences of the economic globalization measured by foreign direct investment (FDI) as well as trade openness (TO), on renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, by characterizing the connectedness of these variables, from 1987 to 2020 in Vietnam. Our results demonstrate that abolishing the state monopoly in foreign trade influences the system-wide dynamic connectedness of trade openness, which peaked in 1989. Net total directional connectedness of FDI and energy consumption suggests that both the consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy consistently act as net contagion shock receivers, and FDI is a critical net transmitter the whole time. Trade openness behaves consistently as a critical net shock transmitter in 1989 but turned into an essential net receiver from 1990 to 2020. In a system with trade openness, the consumption of non-renewable energy consistently acts as a net contagion shock receiver, and renewable energy consumption is a critical net transmitter in the whole sample. Pairwise connectedness reveals that FDI consistently appears as a shock transmitter to renewable and non-renewable energy consumption. Trade openness could be either a transmitter or a receiver of shock from non-renewable energy, depending on the period, and is a net receiver of shocks from renewable energy consumption during our sample. The findings of this paper are critical for Vietnam's government to make a greater contribution to the expansion of global commerce and a sustainable environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well established that nighttime light brightness value, which is measured from satellites, correlates with economic prosperity across the globe. Researchers have diverged over whether economic factors cluster in coastal areas or move to interior areas. By using nighttime light data and applying the random forest algorithm to measure the proportion of global "near regions" GDP, it was seen that global GDP decreased from 67.25% in 2000 to 63.02% in 2018. This research reveals that under the continuous promotion of economic globalization, there is still a spatial imbalance of economic development between global "near regions" and "far regions"; however, economic factors are gradually shifting to interior areas and forming a "coastal remoteness" evolution pattern. Within the intercontinental range, there are obvious differences in the evolution patterns and spatial structure of economic development between the sub-regions. The reduction of overseas transportation costs and diseconomies of scale are the primary reasons for the evolution of "coastal remoteness" in global economic development. Our findings can facilitate future policymaking and the management of global coastal and interior areas, as well as establish new horizons for relevant research topics within the context of land and marine-coordinated development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The betterment of environmental conditions is widely recognized as a significant priority for India, which is a critical aspect of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). As an emerging economy, pursuing economic expansion is paramount, requiring significant amount of energy and a degree of openness to other nations. Meanwhile, the nation's energy demands are heavily met by the usage of biomass and coal energy sources. Furthermore, the nation is part of the top consumer of biomass and coal energy globally. However, over the last 50 years, the level of ecological footprint in India has surged by about 82%, despite the country's commitment to achieving environmental sustainability, which tends to raise concerns such as: What is the role of India's major energy sources, biomass, and coal energy, towards ecological sustainability? Does economic globalization promote and hinder India's environmental sustainability goals? As a result, this current study offers answers to these concerns by investigating the effect of economic globalization, coal energy, and biomass energy on the ecological footprint in India while controlling economic growth. Using the dynamic ARDL to analyze the dataset from 1970 to 2018, the result suggests that biomass energy and economic globalization improve ecological quality. However, economic growth and coal energy impede ecological quality in India. Furthermore, we adopted the time-varying causality test solely to understand the causality analysis, which established that economic globalization, biomass energy, economic growth, and coal energy could forecast the future direction of the ecological footprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We investigate the relationship between economic globalization and CO2 emissions for the OECD economies from 1970 to 2015. We use three definitions of economic globalization: classic, reconstructed and revisited economic globalization. The relationship between economic globalization and CO2 emissions is established along with real GDP, population and foreign direct investment. We use the stochastic impact of regression on population, affluence, and technology (STRIPAT model) to explain the effects of technology and growth on economic globalization and CO2 emissions interlink. Econometric models such as Newey & West (Newey and West, International Economic Review 28:777–787, 1987) and Driscoll & Kraay (Driscoll and Kraay, Review of Economics and Statistics 80:549–560, 1998), Panel Correlated Standard Error and Feasible Generalized Least Squares are employed to explain our hypotheses. Our empirical estimates suggest that the growth effect and population are essential factors positively influencing environmental quality while technological effects improve environmental quality. We also employ Eberhardt (Eberhardt, The Stata Journal 12:61–71, 2012) Augmented Mean Group, Pesaran (Pesaran, Econometrica 74:967–1012, 2006) Common Correlated Effects Mean Group estimator and Kernel-based regularized least squares to explain the long-run relationship between variables. Our results are consistent with the earlier estimates. Technology improvement and economic globalization are essential factors in driving the environmental quality for the OECD economies. Hence, international and national policies must improve technological efforts and economic globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of human capital and globalization on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for a sample of 78 developing countries, from Asia, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean, over the period from 1990 to 2016. As opposed to the existing studies in the literature, this study considers three types of globalization namely economic, social, and political globalization. The econometric analysis involves the use of the two-stage least squares-generalized method of moment method to account for endogeneity issues. The findings, overall, indicate that human capital development decreases CO2 emissions in developing countries across all regions. In contrast, social globalization increases CO2 emissions in all developing countries. Moreover, the empirical results also reveal that political globalization boosts CO2 emissions in the Latin American and Caribbean region, but helps to curb CO2 emissions in Asia, Africa, and in overall panel. Additionally, economic globalization significantly reduces CO2 emissions in the Latin American and Caribbean region but increases CO2 emissions in Asia, Africa, and in overall panel countries. Furthermore, human capital and globalization (in all three forms) jointly boost CO2 emissions. Hence, in line with this major finding, we recommend that the globalization policies should also incorporate the human capital development agenda of the developing countries in order to comprehensively tackle the aggravation of CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the growth and globalization of the whole world economy since the First Industrial Revolution, the production and use of fossil fuels have led to increased CO2 emissions and, ultimately, significant environmental degradation. The impact of globalization, economic growth, and renewable energy sources on CO2 may show trends with different turning points in developing countries, and estimations may need to follow Fourier-type functions to capture the frequency domain. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the effects of renewable energy production, economic globalization, and economic growth on CO2 emissions for Turkey in the period 1971–2006 with Fourier autoregressive distribution lag (ADL) cointegration, DOLS, and Fourier-Granger causality tests. The originality of this study is the estimation of a model of CO2 emissions with a Fourier-type function for the first time. The findings indicate a negative relationship between renewable energy production and CO2 emissions and a positive relationship between economic globalization and economic growth and CO2 emissions. In addition, according to the empirical results, there exists a one-way causality relationship between economic globalization to CO2 and economic globalization to renewable energy production, and there is evidence of a bidirectional causality relationship between economic globalization and economic growth in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two decades, environmental degradation has been a topic of concern. The rising level of CO2 emissions (CO2E) has adversely affected life in the E7 countries, which comprise of Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, and Turkey. The increased in CO2E is the cause of rising sea levels in the E7 countries. Visibly, E7 nations which are considered as the largest emitters of CO2 are facing the most severe environmental challenges. This study investigates the impact of eco-innovation, economic growth (EG), renewable energy consumption (REC), economic risk (ERI), and globalization on the CO2E, using the Feasible Generalized Lease Squares (FGLS) and Panel Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) techniques for the period 1995 to 2018. The results indicate an inverted N-shaped relationship between eco-innovation and CO2E. Also, eco-innovation, REC, and economic risk are observed to be significant factors in abating CO2 emissions. On the contrary, globalization and GDP are responsible for rising CO2E in E7 countries. According to empirical estimates, eco-innovation improves the efficiency of carbon emissions, which lowers CO2E. In addition, because they are immune to changes in the price of oil and gas and disruptions brought about by geopolitical events, renewable energy sources can offer countries a more secure energy source than fossil fuels. Alternative energy sources can reasonably cut CO2E while offering a more reliable and secure energy source. Therefore, it is crucial that policies be put in place to cut CO2E by giving priority to environmental innovative policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unsustainable development and rising environmental degradation are major challenges for emerging nations that tend to promote human welfare by expanding economic development. Green energy transition (GETR) can help these nations to continue their development, reduce fossil fuel utilization, and achieve environmental sustainability. However, previous literature overlooks the importance of green technologies, government stability, and economic globalization in the GETR process. Accordingly, this research takes a step forward and assesses the impacts of green technologies (GT), government stability (GOV), and economic globalization (EGL) on green energy transition including population density (POP) and economic growth (GDP) in emerging seven (E-7) countries from 1992 to 2020. The research applied the "continuously updated fully modified (CuP-FM)" methodology to acquire the long-run findings robust to endogeneity stationary regressors, autocorrelation, and cross-sectional dependence (CD). The results highlighted that green technologies can be enhanced to accelerate the energy transition process since GETR and green technologies are positively connected. Also, government stability and economic globalization support the green energy transition. However, both population density and economic growth obstruct the energy transition process. The Emirmahmutoğlu and Kose test unveiled that green technologies, economic globalization, and government stability Granger cause the green energy transition. Based on these findings, policies are directed to promote the GETR by enhancing green technologies, economic globalization, and government stability for achieving ecological sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population aging, economic globalization, and economic growth simultaneously cause changes in environmental quality, but so far no studies have integrated these key factors into the same environmental policy framework. Thus, this study uses the more robust Westerlund cointegration test and the augmented mean group (AMG) estimator (robust to cross-sectional dependence (CD), heterogeneity, and endogeneity) to estimate the long-term relationship between population aging, economic globalization, economic growth, and per capita carbon emissions in East Asian countries during the period 1975–2018. The analysis results reflect that population aging significantly reduces the long-term per capita carbon emissions of specific East Asian countries. However, energy generation and economic globalization make significant contributions to long-run per capita carbon emissions. Moreover, the impact of economic growth on long-term per capita carbon emissions is significantly positive, while the impact of square of economic growth on long-run per capita carbon emissions is significantly negative, thus validating the inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for specific East Asian countries. The results of the causality test indicated a two-way causality between energy generation and per capita carbon dioxide emission, supporting the feedback hypothesis. There is also a two-way causal relationship between aging population and per capita carbon dioxide emission. Policy recommendations are discussed in response to the empirical findings of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the support of enterprise intelligence system, an intelligent modeling method based on synthesizing various data sources and complex metabolic networks is adopted to provide technical support for the practical application of complex large-scale dynamic models. Academic research on international trade networks relies to a large extent on network models based on macro-national data and static analysis of international trade patterns, which are usually based on charts for trade flows and economic globalization. This paper presents an improved neural network algorithm for analyzing the complex dynamic meta-network model of international trade. By using a BP neural network to adjust the weighted values of the best neural network model, the need for continuous adjustment of neural network values is reduced, which may be an effective means to improve the efficiency of intrusion testing applications. The simulation results demonstrate that the model has good explanatory power. The globalization of enterprise markets, as the main driver of international business activities, has a significant impact on the establishment and development of national or regional international trade networks. Therefore, there is a need to study international trade networks using data at the micro level. This paper suggests an interdisciplinary approach to the study of international trade networks and a micro-level study of international trade networks. The model based on complex meta-network dynamic model elements, introduce the dynamic network representation, and use temporary labels to define the network boundary characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study explores the linkages between three categories of globalization to socio-economic indicators, which include poverty, inequality, unemployment and Human Development Index (HDI) using the sample of 129 countries over the period 1990 to 2019. The results show presence of co-integration among socio-economic variables and three categories of globalization. The findings indicate that economic, political and social globalization is positively related to each other. It is worth mentioning that all the three types of globalization decreases poverty but the role of economic dimension is appeared to be insignificant. Some negative effect of globalization on inequality and unemployment is also reported by this study. The traditional link between inequality, poverty and unemployment in the presence of globalization show that these three variables are closely related to one another, deterioration in any one variable has adverse effect on other two variables. Furthermore, results of Vector Error Correction Mechanism (VECM) show that socio-economic variables not only cause each other but they also improve human welfare that is measured by HDI. Long run causality indicates that all variables cause each other as error correction term is significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite decades of research, there is no consensus as to the core correlates of national-level voter turnout. We argue that this is, in part, due to the lack of comprehensive, systematic empirical analysis. This paper conducts such an analysis. We identify 44 articles on turnout from 1986 to 2017. These articles include over 127 potential predictors of voter turnout, and we collect data on seventy of these variables. Using extreme bounds analysis, we run over 15 million regressions to determine which of these 70 variables are robustly associated with voter turnout in 579 elections in 80 democracies from 1945 to 2014. Overall, 22 variables are robustly associated with voter turnout, including compulsory voting, concurrent elections, competitive elections, inflation, previous turnout, and economic globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human well-being is the top priority of all nations in the twenty-first century. However, depletion of natural resources and financial risk can negatively impact human well-being, which in turn can make it difficult to realize human well-being. Also, green innovation and economic globalization may play a significant role in human well-being. In this context, this study assesses the impacts of natural resources, financial risk, green innovation, and economic globalization on human well-being in emerging countries from 1990 to 2018. The empirical results from the Common Correlated Effects Mean Group estimator unveiled that natural resources and financial risk negatively affect the human well-being of emerging nations. Furthermore, the results show that green innovation and economic globalization positively contribute to human well-being. These findings are also verified using alternative methods. In addition, natural resources, financial risk, and economic globalization Granger cause human well-being but not the other way round. Furthermore, bidirectional causality exists between green innovation and human well-being. Considering these novel findings, sustainable utilization of natural resources and controlling financial risk are necessary strategies for realizing human well-being. More resources should be allocated for green innovation, and government should encourage economic globalization to attain sustainable development in emerging countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current world is seeking balance between achieving economic and financial growth and shielding earth's environment. The 13th goal (climate action) among 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is an outcome of the same concern. The ample body of the literature tries to analyse the inter-linkages among financial development, economic growth, globalisation and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but their results do not reach a consensus. The BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) nations have emerged as a dominant force in recent years, but their growth stories are tainted with the increased environmental issues. The present study tries to analyse the same nexus from 1991 to 2020 using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach for BRICS nations. The empirical findings suggest strong long-run and short-run positive implications of financial development, and negative implications of economic growth and globalisation on GHG emissions in all four nations except China. The study is distinct as it extensively analyses the interdependence between GHG emissions and financial development using 9 different sub-indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the relationships between remittance and financial development (financial institutions and markets) in India and China on the availability of annual data from 1984 to 2018. Human capital formation is considered as a channel of remittances in financial development functions. Institutional quality, Economic globalization, foreign direct investment, economic growth, and government investment are included as a set of control variables in the financial development function. The results of the ARDL bounds test model indicate that remittance can positively impact financial development dynamics in both countries. While considering the human capital formation, higher levels of skilled human capital (secondary and tertiary enrolments) enhance financial development, but low-level human capital (primary enrolments) fails to do so. One contradiction found from the result is that remittance is negatively but significantly affecting financial institutions in India, and also detrimental to China's financial market. Oppositely, remittance positively impacts India's financial market and China's financial institutions. We find the varying impacts of control variables on financial development. The outcome of this paper stresses the necessity of a higher level of skilled human capital and improved institutional quality in both countries, which provides better utilization of remittances and other foreign and domestic financial flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the causal linkage between foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and economic globalization (considering de facto and de jure indexes) for 7 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries for 1985–2018. Our sample consists of Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Empirically, we propose the panel bootstrap causality test based on wavelet decomposition to find a causal link between the series in different time scales. The main advantages of the methodology can be listed as follows; (a) testing the unit root behavior of the series, or existence of a cointegration relationship between the series are not pre-requisites, (b) one can test the causal relationship between the series in different time scales. Also, we employ the panel bootstrap causality test of Kónya (Econ Modell 23:978–992, 2006) to compare our results with the panel bootstrap causality test based on wavelet decomposition. In addition to the causality analyses, this study utilizes the panel bootstrap cointegration test of Westerlund-Edgerton (2007) to find long-run relationship between variables. The proposed method's results exhibit that ASEAN countries' FDI inflows and types of economic globalization levels have mutually affected each other, especially in the long-run. The empirical findings offer some significant implications for policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This current study examines the impact of renewable energy consumption, agriculture, and globalization on carbon emissions in India over the period from 1980 to 2018. For long-run estimates, we apply Gregory-Hansen's co-integration test, bootstrap ARDL approaches, fully modified ordinary least squares, and dynamic OLS. The empirical results of long-run estimates indicate that a 1% increase in renewable energy consumption, agriculture, and economic globalization will increase carbon emissions by 0.764%, 1.675%, and 0.517%, respectively. Moreover, this study confirms the detrimental effect of these variables on carbon dioxide emissions. Economic globalization coefficients indicate that the scale effect is valid in India. The 2002 economic crisis slowed down the country's growth rate, which reduced the ecological pollution. Several policy recommendations are derived from the empirical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is only possible to achieve the aims of reversing the impacts of the resource constraint and attaining sustainable growth if there is a rise in tourism organizational efficacy and tourism and a decrease in political instability. This is because these factors can influence the demand for energy by causing changes in the amount of power consumed. These factors may affect energy demand via changes in energy transitions. In light of this, the objective of this study is to investigate the impact that critical measures of institutional efficiency, tourism, and policy instability have on the utilization of renewable energy sources in a dataset consisting of 32 countries that are members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development between the years 1997 and 2019. The article uses descriptive statistics and correlation models (cross-section dependency test and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model) using panel data from 32 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) nations from 1997 to 2019. Insight into the matter aids in our selection of appropriate econometric methods. The following methods are briefly explained. Evidence shows that as a society's average wealth and standard of life grow, so does its utilization of renewable energy sources. In addition, the economic globalization process and the danger it entails are adversely associated with a long-term reliance on renewable energy sources. Policymakers in countries that are members of the OECD should investigate the role that institutional effectiveness and policy instability play in the demand function for renewable energy to ensure a cleaner natural environment over the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving sustainable environmental growth and preventing further environmental degradation are challenging goals for policymakers. This study looks at environmental laws and green finance's role in fostering a more sustainable environment. The literature still needs to empirically or theoretically investigate how environmental laws and green financing affect carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, particularly when combined with moderating factors such as social and economic globalization. As a result, this study investigates how environmental laws and green funding can help the N-11 nations cut their CO2 emissions. Our research uses empirical data from a group of the N-11 nations that span the years 2000 to 2019. To handle issues with panel data analysis, such as cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity, we use advanced panel approaches (CIPS and CADF unit root and cointegration test and cross-sectional augmented ARDL). This research demonstrates that green financing (GFI) and environmental laws (ENV) have a negative but significant effect on CO2 emissions. While social globalization moderates the causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP while negatively and significantly causing GFI and ENV with CO2 emissions among the N-11 countries, economic growth has had a positive and significant effect on CO2 emissions in the N-11 countries. According to our research, nations could achieve the SDG-7 and SDG-13 goals if they adopted green financial and environmental policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impacts of different dimensions of globalization on environmental quality for a global sample of 128 countries and territories over the period 2001–2014. For this purpose, this study considers four dimensions of globalization (overall, economic, social, and political aspects) and six indexes for environmental degradation (one composite index, in addition to CO2 emissions, N2O emissions, CH4 emissions, loss of forested land, and average loss in suitable habitat for species). Panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE) are employed as the main estimation technique, while Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) are employed as a robustness check. The results indicate that the effects of international integration vary across components of the ecosystem and income groups. The findings emphasize the importance of an integrated approach in designing consensus policies and treaties to address the conflict of interests between nations in order to tackle environmental challenges in this age of escalating globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates conditional demand models to examine the impact of immigration and different measures of offshoring on the labour demand and demand elasticities of native workers in four different types of occupational groups: managers/professionals, clerical workers, craft (skilled) workers and manual workers. The analysis is conducted for the period 2008–2017 for four economies Austria, Belgium, France and Spain. Our results point to important and occupation-specific direct and indirect effects: both offshoring – particularly services offshoring – and immigration have negative direct employment effects on all occupations, but native clerks and manual workers are affected the most, and native managers/professionals the least. Our results also identify an important elasticity-channel of immigration and offshoring and show that some groups of native workers can also gain from globalisation through an improvement in their wage-bargaining position. Overall, our results indicate a deterioration in the bargaining power of native manual workers arising from both immigration and offshoring and an improvement in the bargaining position of native craft workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has caused disruptions in international trade and highlighted the dependency of small open economies in Europe on imports, especially of energy. These events may have changed Europeans' attitude towards globalization. We study two waves of representative population surveys conducted in Austria, one right before the Russian invasion and the other two months later. Our unique dataset allows us to assess changes in the Austrian public's attitudes towards globalization and import dependency as a short-term reaction to economic turbulences and geopolitical upheaval at the onset of war in Europe. We show that two months after the invasion, anti-globalization sentiment in general has not spread, but that people have become more concerned about strategic external dependencies, especially in energy imports, suggesting that citizens' attitudes regarding globalization are differentiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, Mexico has been one of the major illegal opium poppy cultivation countries in the world. In 2017-2018 the price of the opium gum dropped abruptly to a historical low, causing a sudden collapse of production. We analyze the dynamics of rural land systems amid this price collapse through a multi-site approach in three neighboring municipalities in the Southern Highlands of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. We use medium-scale spatial resolution satellite imagery for a quantitative assessment in a five-year period (2016-2020), complemented by secondary data and structured/semi-structured interviews with poppy growers and other key informants. Findings show that all three municipalities experienced pronounced declines in the areas of overall cultivated agricultural land immediately after the poppy price collapsed (2017-2018). However, there is a clear contrast among municipalities in how these areas recovered the following years (2019-2020). We identify three differentiating factors that explain this contrast in land-system trajectories: different levels of extreme poverty, livelihood diversification, and geographic isolation associated to (trans)national migration networks. These findings contribute to the analysis of the dynamic relationships among rural land systems, local resource management (including agrobiodiversity), and economic globalization involving illegal crop-commodity cultivation and migration, particularly in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aggravation of climatic damage, the rise in pollution, and global warming have prompted investigation of factors leading to the increase in human demand on natural resources. Numerous studies have dealt with the connections linking human action with the environmental impact, but this research field remains insufficiently documented. Human resources constitute the center of decision to reduce the ecological footprint, but studies on the impact of human capital and the social and human dimension of globalization on environmental sustainability have been insufficiently analyzed. Therefore, the aim of this study is to verify the capacity of human capital and the social dimension of globalization in addition to its political and economic ones to mitigate environmental degradation. The study referred to the FMOLS, DOLS, and PMG-ARDL methods applied to 13 fossil fuel-rich countries spanning the period 1992–2017 and applied a set of robustness tests based on the cross-section dependence test, unit root tests, and Johansen combined test. The findings, based on FMOLS and DOLS techniques, demonstrate that human capital exerts positive long-term influence upon ecological footprint in the case of fossil fuel-rich countries. Globalization does not significantly impact ecological footprint: only political globalization is able to decrease deterioration in the environment, and neither economic nor social globalizations have an effect. When applying the PMG-ARDL approach, the results supported those derived from FMOLS and DOLS methods and revealed that human capital positively affects ecological footprint in the long term but without significant short-term effects. Our results also showed that globalization is beneficial for high-income countries and harmful for middle-income countries in terms of mitigating environmental degradation. So, the reduction of the ecological footprint in the fossil fuel-rich economies remains dependent on the actions taken by political decision-makers at the international level and on the awareness of human capital of the urgency of mitigating environmental degradation. A set of recommendations in favor of environmental sustainability, in particular those relating to human action and which can serve decision-makers, were formulated in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]