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Named Data Networking (NDN) is one of the capable applicants for the future Internet architecture, where communications focus on content rather than providing content. NDN implements Information-Centric Networking (ICN) with its unique node structure and significant characteristics such as built-in mobility support, multicast support, and efficient content distribution to end-users. It has several key features, including inherent security, that protect the content rather than the communication channel. Despite the good features that NDN provides, it is nonetheless vulnerable to a variety of attacks, the most critical of them is the Content Poisoning Attack (CPA). In this survey, the existing solutions presented for the prevention of CPA in the NDN paradigm have been critically analyzed. Furthermore, we also compared the suggested schemes based on latency, communication overhead, and security. In addition, we have also shown the possibility of other possible NDN attacks on the suggested schemes. Finally, we adds some open research challanges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifth-generation (5G) communication technologies, such as millimeter wave communication, massive multiple-input-multiple-output and non-orthogonal-multiple-access (NOMA) are playing a pivotal role in promoting the modern applications of the Internet-of-Things. Using non-orthogonal resource allocation, NOMA can increase spectrum efficiency and achieve wide connectivity with low transmission delay and signaling cost. Despite the high potential of NOMA in 5G communications, NOMA is susceptible to a pilot contamination attack (PCA), in which an attacker resents the same pilot signals as authorized users. Currently, using the available detection methods in NOMA gives high false positive probability since the time-division-duplex or orthogonal resource block can be allocated by many authorized user. Since the pilot contamination attack changes the signal reception at the legitimate receiver, this work introduces a novel detection scheme for identifying Pilot Contamination attack (PCA) that statistically investigates the asymmetry in received signal power levels. The main idea of the proposed detection scheme is to use various statistical measurements for normal traffic attributes (CSI) as a reference profile. Then, compute the Mahalanobis distance between the reference profile and CSI for the incoming connection and use the probability of the uniform distribution to make the final detection decision. The performance of the proposed detection technique in terms of its detection rate and false positive probabilities has been evaluated through extensive simulation. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme succeeded in detecting the pilot contamination attack with a detection rate of up to 98% and a precision reached 97.88%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ultrawideband slant-polarized monopulse feed is designed and fabricated for microwave applications. The proposed configuration features four end-launched diagonal horns allowing for the production of sum and difference channels in two principal planes. The key advantage of this proposed monopulse antenna over traditional monopulse feeds is its ability to combine the benefits of ultrawideband performance with slant polarization while maintaining acceptable side lobe level. The design is validated by fabricating a prototype of the proposed feed antenna. Measurement results are in a reasonable agreement with the simulations. The measured ratio bandwidth is 2.5:1 from 8 to 18 GHz with a peak gain of 17.92 dBi. The null depth in the difference patterns is approximately − 32 dB. Given these characteristics, the proposed monopulse feed is a suitable choice for use in commercial tracking radar systems that require wide bandwidth and slant polarization, such as those found in satellite-based applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satellite-based quantum communication channels are important for ultra-long distances. Given the short duration of a satellite pass, it can be challenging to efficiently connect multiple users of a city-wide network while the satellite is passing over that area. We propose a network with dual-functionality: during a brief satellite pass, the ground network is configured as a multipoint-to-point topology where all ground nodes establish entanglement with a satellite receiver. During times when this satellite is not available, the satellite up-link is rerouted via a single optical switch to the ground nodes, and the network is configured as a pair-wise ground network. We numerically simulate a pulsed hyper-entangled photon source and study the performance of the proposed network configurations for quantum key distribution. We find favourable scaling in the case that the satellite receiver exploits time-multiplexing whereas the ground nodes utilize frequency-multiplexing. The scalability, simple reconfigurability, and easy integration with fibre networks make this architecture a promising candidate for quantum communication of many ground nodes and a satellite, an important step towards interconnection of ground nodes at a global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a multilayer monopulse antenna at Ku-Band with high efficiency, high power handling capability, high gain, 45° linear polarization and low sidelobe is presented. A new slot antenna is proposed as a radiating element based on a cavity-backed slot-coupled patch antenna. Using an enclosed cavity structure reduces coupling between antenna elements, thus increasing the antenna efficiency. The sub-array antenna has been designed to reduce the feed network complexity. A cavity power divider and feeding slots are inserted between the layers of the sub-array to compact it. An innovative feeding network has been designed with two-dimensional Chebyshev distribution. The simulated impedance bandwidth is 11%. The peak gain is 38.4 dBi and the sidelobe level of lower than 18 dB with a half-power beamwidth of approximately 2.4° for sum patterns at the center frequency and efficiency is more than 86% across the bandwidth. The maximum value of null depth for the difference patterns is − 38 dB. The radiation patterns have good symmetry in both E- and H-planes. The simulation results are compared with the results obtained from the built part of the antenna. the measurements results are in good agreement with the simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing novel microwave-absorbing materials is crucial for both military and civil applications. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) microwave-absorbing materials have gained attention due to their unique microstructure and exceptional microwave absorption properties. This work reviews the advancements in HEAs microwave-absorbing materials, covering electromagnetic microwave absorption principles and property evaluation methods. Then, the preparation methods are outlined, including mechanical alloying, vacuum gas atomization and etc. Additionally, key factors influencing the absorption property, such as microstructure, morphology and composition are summarized, and the advantages of HEAs as emerging microwave-absorbing materials are also highlighted. Based on the above, future research directions are proposed, emphasizing the microstructure-property relationships, optimizing preparation processes and designing multifunctional microwave-absorbing materials. This work aims to guide fundamental research and application of a new-generation of high-efficiency HEAs microwave-absorbing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents novel MIMO microstrip patch antennas with dimensions of 40 × 80 × 1.6 mm³ incorporating a decoupling and pattern correction structure (DPCS) designed to mitigate mutual coupling and radiation pattern distortion, operating within 3.6–3.7 GHz. Using characteristic mode analysis (CMA), two key modes affecting coupling and pattern degradation are identified, with the DPCS strategically positioned to address these issues. Unlike other decoupling techniques, the DPCS requires no additional space or structural complexity, making it suitable for 5G MIMO systems. The proposed design achieves isolation up to 90 dB and enhances the realized gain of Port 2 by 3 dB at boresight in simulations. Fabricated antennas were measured, achieving peak isolation of 80 dB in an anechoic chamber. Additionally, measurements in a noisy environment confirmed the robustness of the design under realistic conditions. Measured radiation patterns verified the DPCS's ability to correct the radiation pattern. Key MIMO performance metrics, including ECC (2 × 10⁻⁴), DG (≈ 10), CCL (< 0.2 bits/s/Hz), MEG (≈ -7 dB), and TARC (< -12 dB), affirmed the design's superior performance. The proposed structure can be applied to a variety of applications such as high-density urban wireless networks and IoT systems, where maintaining high isolation and reliable communication are critical requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a scalable reflective metasurface design optimized for 5G and beyond (B5G) wireless communications, featuring a unique combination of passive metasurface elements. The proposed design emphasizes a less complex structural configuration, facilitating easy scalability and cost-effective fabrication. By implementing a single-layer structure, the metasurface enables straightforward integration with existing B5G infrastructure and demonstrates compatibility with emerging intelligent surface technologies, such as Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS). The dual-polarization capabilities of the metasurface ensure angular stability in reflection, enhancing signal reliability and performance in diverse communication environments. Theoretical analyses, supported by experimental validation, showcase the metasurface's effectiveness in addressing the challenges of modern wireless communication systems, paving the way for its practical application in next-generation communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space division multiplexing (SDM) with Hermite Gaussian (HG) modes, for instance, can significantly boost the transmission link capacity. However, SDM is not suitable in existing single mode fiber networks, and in long-distance wireless, microwave, THz or optical links, the far-field beam distribution may present a problem. Recently it has been demonstrated, that time domain HG modes can be employed to enhance the link capacity. However, implementing this method in wireless or fiber-based transmission systems is impractical due to the need for highly complex setups involving specialized lasers, wave shapers and other advanced devices. We propose a simple and fully electrical time-domain mode-division-multiplexing (TD-MDM) method based on the recursive generation of Hermite–Gaussian (HG) modes. It utilizes Gaussian pulse sequences, sawtooth signals, RF multipliers, adders, amplifiers, and Mach–Zehnder modulators for efficient multiplexing and demultiplexing. We show the time and bandwidth performance of 4 multiplexed orthogonal modes in transmitting 8 Gbps communication data (4 × 2 Gbit/s), demonstrating the feasibility of the recursive generation and multiplexing technique for TD-MDM with HG modes. The data rates were restricted by our experimental capabilities. With state-of-the-art equipment the method can easily be scaled to the terabit per second range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous push for high-performance photonic switches is one of the most crucial premises for the sustainable scaling of programmable and reconfigurable photonic circuits for a wide spectrum of applications. Conventional optical switches rely on the perturbative mechanisms of mode coupling or mode interference, resulting in inherent bottlenecks in their switching performance concerning size, power consumption and bandwidth. Here we propose and realize a silicon photonic 2×2 elementary switch based on a split waveguide crossing (SWX) consisting of two halves. The propagation direction of the incident light is manipulated to implement the OFF/ON states by splitting/combining the two halves of the SWX, showing excellent performance with low excess loss and low crosstalk over an ultrawide bandwidth. Both elementary switch and a 64×64 switch array based on Benes topology are fabricated and characterized, demonstrating great potential for practical scenarios such as photonic interconnect/routing, Lidar and spectroscopy, photonic computing, as well as microwave photonics. This work proposes a unique mechanism of manipulating the mode propagation for photonic switching with a brand-new split waveguide crossing, demonstrating great potential for the applications in a wide spectrum of scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-band full-duplex communication has the potential to double the wireless channel capacity. However, how to efficiently transform the full-duplex gain at the physical layer into network throughput improvement is still a challenge, especially in dynamic communication environments. This paper presents a reinforcement learning-based full-duplex (RLFD) medium access control (MAC) protocol for wireless local-area networks (WLANs) with full-duplex access points. To solve the channel contention problem and fully utilize the full-duplex transmission opportunities, we first design a two-way handshake transmission mechanism and make an investigation on the effects of transmission scheduling in full-duplex transmission. Then the transmission scheduling problem is theoretically formulated as a non-stationary multi-armed bandit problem in which our objective is to maximize the network throughput. Thus, we develop a Window-Constraint Bayesian (WCB) algorithm to generate optimized scheduling policies online. And full-duplex opportunities are fully utilized by transmitting packets according to the optimized scheduling policies. Besides, an analytical model is developed to characterize the performance of RLFD. The performance of RLFD is evaluated by simulation. And the results show that RLFD can improve the network throughput by 80% compared with the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function with Request-To-Send/Clear-To-Send. Moreover, with the proposed WCB algorithm, the network throughput can remain steady as the communication environment dynamically changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article an 8-port annular ring-shaped MIMO antenna for 5G and 5G advanced applications is presented. An annular ring on the radiating plane and novel isolator structure on the ground plane are etched over a Rogers RT/Duorid (5870 tm) substrate to achieve high performance antenna for mm wave applications. A systematic study is performed, and an optimized single port antenna (Design-4) is selected among Designs (1-4). The intended 8-port MIMO antenna resonates at 36.4 GHz and exhibits 6.1 GHz (34.2-40.3 GHz) wide bandwidth and 40 dB high isolation level. The proposed antenna covers a complete band of 5G NR-n260 which supports time division duplexing (TDD) mode. Moreover, a unique design of suggested antenna attains a high-level gain of 8.3 dB at 39 GHz and more than 85.2 % radiation efficiency. MIMO characteristics such as ECC, TARC, MEG and CCL are studied and found them in acceptable limit. Additionally, an approach toward massive antenna with 16-port for mmWave applications is also demonstrated. The proposed 16-port massive antenna with more than 22 dB isolation exhibits two bands: first band in 30-33 GHz for ports P9-P16 and second band in 33.5-40.9 GHz for ports P1-P8. A prototype of suggested 8-port antenna is fabricated, tested and validated and found it in close agreement of simulated results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millimeter-wave and terahertz integrated circuits and chips are expected to serve as the backbone for future wireless networks and high resolution sensing. However, design of these integrated circuits and chips can be quite complex, requiring years of human expertise, careful tailoring of hand crafted circuit topologies and co-design with parameterized and pre-selected templates of electromagnetic structures. These structures (radiative and non-radiative, single-port and multi-ports) are subsequently optimized through ad-hoc methods and parameter sweeps. Such bottom-up approaches with pre-selected regular topologies also fundamentally limit the design space. Here, we demonstrate a universal inverse design approach for arbitrary-shaped complex multi-port electromagnetic structures with designer radiative and scattering properties, co-designed with active circuits. To allow such universalization, we employ deep learning based models, and demonstrate synthesis with several examples of complex mm-Wave passive structures and end-to-end integrated mm-Wave broadband circuits. The presented inverse design methodology, that produces the designs in minutes, can be transformative in opening up a new, previously inaccessible design space. Authors report an AI enabled design method for the synthesis of radio-frequency and millimetre-wave integrated circuits. It can discover architectures beyond human intuition and synthesizes these circuits with given specifications within minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present an innovative approach to enhance multiband communication systems by enabling the antenna subsystems to simultaneously transmit and receive across multiple independent in-band full-duplex (IBFD) channels, i.e. multiband-IBFD (MIBFD). This capability is powered by fractal antenna arrays, specifically using hexagonal star array (HSA) geometry. The approach provides a unique self-interference cancellation (SIC) capability across multiple bands (MB-SIC), achieved through translation or rotational transformations of self-similar or self-affine array structures. Simulation results demonstrate significantly enhanced SIC bandwidth for three signals at sub-frequencies near 5 GHz, with the integration of subbands' SIC bandwidths achieving 1.4 GHz across these subbands. Further enhancements include combining this method with a technique involving the elevation of the central receiving element, significantly broadening the SIC bandwidth compared to traditional methods. Additionally, the multiband functionality is validated with pilot signals at 2.68 and 5.2 GHz, showing effective SIC in these narrow bands. This research presents a promising path for optimising radio resources in multiband communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) stand at the forefront of advancing vehicular and infrastructural communication, ushering in a new era of connectivity on the move. As VANETs become increasingly saturated with varied applications, the demand for multicast routing protocols that ensure reliable and scalable communication to designated groups of vehicles intensifies. Multicast communication emerges as the preferred method in vast vehicular networks, optimizing computational resources and achieving desired quality of service levels. Yet, the dynamic nature of VANETs, characterized by high mobility and swift changes in network topology, presents significant hurdles in group management, path creation, and maintenance for multicast routing. This paper offers an in-depth examination of multicast routing methodologies developed expressly for VANETs, starting with an analysis of VANET-specific attributes and challenges. It proceeds to critique the latest multicast routing protocols, evaluating their advantages and drawbacks, and spotlighting progressive trends and prospective avenues for research. Through a meticulous review of the extant literature, this survey aspires to furnish critical insights into the formulation, execution, and refinement of multicast routing protocols within the VANET landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure reliable, low-latency packet delivery required by real-time applications (RTAs), such as industrial applications, it is planned to introduce the preemptive channel access method in a new amendment to the Wi-Fi 8 standard. This access method is novel for Wi-Fi networks, so the actual task is to tune its parameters to fulfill the requirements for the quality of service of RTA traffic and increase the network throughput. In order to solve this problem, we have developed a model of a Wi-Fi 8 network, which helps to find how the RTA frame delay quantile and the efficiency of channel utilization by the network access point depend on the RTA traffic intensity and parameters of the method. We explicitly find the parameters of the method that provide the required delay and reliability of RTA traffic delivery while maximizing the channel utilization efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of wireless communication technology, the number of wireless network terminals has exploded, and various new business scenarios have emerged. The 6G mobile communication technology not only surpasses 5G standards in terms of transmission rate, delay, power and other performances, but also extends the communication range to multiple fields such as air, ground, ocean, etc., which greatly promotes Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) communication technology research and development. Compared to terrestrial networks, UAV communication has advantages such as high flexibility and easy deployment. However, there are still many problems and challenges in practical applications. In this paper, we will first introduce the functions and application scenarios of UAV communication, then discuss the current challenges and related technical research, and finally look forward to the future development prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A broadband millimeter wave absorber is designed using multilayered ultra-thin ε-GaδFe2−δO3 nanomagnets in the V-band, where δ is the doping level of the gallium into the host ε-Fe2O3 material. Four different doping levels are considered to build four kinds of ε-GaδFe2−δO3 nanomagnets, which are further stacked as a four-layer broadband absorber. Its absorption properties are theoretically studied using the lossy transmission line theory. Results show that the four-layer nanomagnets can absorb over 90% of perpendicularly incident power from 50.7 to 74.9 GHz in the V-band. The proposed multilayered absorber is ultra-thin with the total thickness of 351 μm. It is only 0.059λL, where λL is the wavelength at the lowest frequency 50.7 GHz. The robustness of the absorbing performance is also studied by slightly varying the four-layer nanomagnets' doping levels and layer thickness from the default setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a hybrid relay-reflecting intelligent surface (HR-RIS)-assisted cell-free (CF) massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) network to achieve consistent spectral efficiency (SE). The HR-RIS technique manipulates the propagation environment by reflecting and enhancing radio signals in desired locations, providing a symbiotic integration with CF mMIMO for future wireless communication systems. We first model uplink and downlink channels, obtaining minimum-mean-square-error estimations for efficient transmission paths. We then analyze the SE performance of the proposed system. To enhance sum spectral efficiency in downlink multi-antenna, multi-user, and millimeter-wave massive MIMO networks, we introduce a low-complexity hybrid precoding approach. The optimal analog equalizer is determined by converting the analog precoding matrix dimensions into square matrices and selecting a few discrete Fourier transforms to maximize the amplitude of corresponding wideband channel matrices. We employ the equal gain transmission technique to combine channel gains efficiently and ensure spectral efficiency. To mitigate inter-user interference, we propose an enhanced block diagonalization method for designing the digital precoder and combiner. Our study demonstrates that the proposed HR-RIS-assisted CF mMIMO system offers significant improvements in SE performance, paving the way for advanced wireless communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and Internet of Things assisted networks have entered almost all domains of human life in the recent years, and as a result of their wide variety of uses, they are still a popular focus of research. A key problem in the development of WSNs is energy efficiency. A useful technique to preserve energy in a WSN is clustering. However, it has an issue of hot spots. The hot-spot concern can be handled by using unequal clustering, wherein clusters of different sizes are created depending on distance from the sink/base station. In this article, a brief of the recent unequal clustering methods and trends in WSNs is presented. The classification of uneven clustering techniques in WSNs is presented, and future research directions in the field are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play a significant role in today's world and are used at every point of daily life. It is one of the widely used networking techniques for Internet of Things (IoT). The continued growth of IoT suffers from power efficiency and stability restrictions. One of the best options is an effective method of routing. An effective, cluster-based, threshold-sensitive routing methodology for IoT-based heterogeneous wireless sensor networks forms the basis of presented Shortest Distance On-demand Stable Election Protocol (SDOSEP). Data transfer among nodes with multiple paths, in principle, is very expensive and impacts network performance. Thus, this approach selects the cluster head based on total energy in the network along with a shortest weighted path to perform data transmission. The approach presented here provides better performance in terms of network lifetime, stability, instability, and throughput over the proposed baseline procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maritime wireless sensor network (MWSN) plays a crucial role in current communication networks and has aroused great concern. However, its connectivity faces instability due to the susceptibility of the network topology to environmental factors, and obstacles such as sea surface reefs can hinder network connection repairs. To address this issue, we propose an obstacle-avoiding MWSN connectivity repair algorithm. The algorithm focuses on minimizing energy consumption by transforming the problem into a minimum-energy solution model, thereby facilitating connection repair with minimal energy expenditure. Initially, the algorithm determines the optimal deployment path according to the visual communication conditions among nodes and the distribution characteristics of obstacles. Subsequently, it identifies the optimal deployment position by setting the optimal deployment distance as the radius and the deployment position as the center of the circle. Finally, it chooses the optimal mobile node sequence by considering the moving distance index based on the optimal deployment position. This process enables the corresponding mobile nodes to move to the deployment position, successfully restoring network connectivity while ensuring minimal energy consumption. The simulation experiments indicate that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the energy consumption of mobile nodes and maximize the life cycle of wireless sensor networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-A*- Lattices in which there is another associative binary operation that is compatible with the Pre-A*- lattice operations are identified as lattice ordered semigroups. This manuscript deals with the notion of lattice ordered semigroups in Pre-A*_Algebras and their characterizations are attained. Lattice theory and Lattice reduction math tools and their extensive and adaptive properties and methods are widely used in wireless systems like Wi-Fi, IoT etc. Automation or logical reasoning plays a crucial role in real world applications like machines (washing machine, television, refrigerator etc.), technology (wireless, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth etc.) and Robots etc. From an analytical point of view reasoning includes Boolean logic and its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems integrated with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) hold promise for achieving high spectral efficiency but encounter challenges stemming from increased Multi-Access Interference (MAI), particularly notable for users located at cell edges. This paper presents a novel MIMO-NOMA framework designed to effectively mitigate MAI, specifically tailored to address the complexities faced by cell-edge users. Our proposed framework overcomes the limitations of conventional MIMO-NOMA systems by introducing a solution that minimizes the requisite power level escalation for ensuring reliable communication, a particularly crucial consideration as user populations expand. Comparative analysis reveals that our approach yields substantial improvements in spectral efficiency and system capacity when contrasted with traditional MIMO-NOMA configurations. Moreover, our framework facilitates the accommodation of a larger number of users within a single channel, thereby optimizing network resource utilization. To further enhance interference mitigation while upholding user Quality of Service, we introduce a novel user grouping strategy termed Triangle-NOMA, leveraging network interference analysis to efficiently group users, with a specific emphasis on alleviating interference for cell-edge users. The proposed framework integrates comprehensive analysis, precoding techniques, and an efficient detector to optimize user performance. Simulation results validate the efficacy of our approach, demonstrating significant system-wide enhancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data aggregation with the aid of mobile sink in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a promising solution to the recent hot-spot or sink-hole issues induced by multi-hop routing employing the static sink. Despite everything, most of the baseline models concentrate on energy-efficient data aggregation issues but struggle to maintain a tradeoff between energy energy-efficient and load-balanced data collection. In this research, we propose a novel Dynamic Levy Flight-enabled PSO (Dynamic LFPSO) optimization algorithm for addressing the load-balanced data aggregation problem with mobile sinks in WSNs. The Dynamic LFPSO algorithm incorporates a structured tree path for efficient data collection, where mobile sinks traverse the network following an optimized path. The algorithm leverages the benefits of the PSO algorithm combined with Levy Flight and dynamic inertia weight to achieve energy-efficient and load-balanced data collection while minimizing data collection delay. The comprehensive simulations are conducted using an NS-3 network simulator which demonstrates that the Dynamic LFPSO algorithm achieves a lower data collection delay of 55.4 ms, a higher network lifetime of 461 rounds, an improved Packet delivery ratio of 97.2%, and a better throughput of 50 kbps. Overall, the Dynamic LFPSO algorithm leads to better usage of network resources and prolonged network lifetime and also offers a practical solution to the challenges in WSNs, providing a foundation for further research and advancements in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of wireless communication principles and scenarios in the field of intelligent logistics has triggered innovation and patent output in the wireless communication domain. This study analyses the patent network of wireless communication collaborative innovation in the logistics field, covering the period from 2000 to 2020, and identifies the main innovation entities and changes in the network structure. The number of patent holders increased from 14 individuals in 2000–2006 to 525 individuals in 2014–2020, with universities taking the lead followed by enterprises and research institutions. The node degree grew 150 times, from 6 to 1500. However, the network density decreased from 0.0659 to 0.0109, indicating that despite the increase in the number of innovation entities, the collaboration among them is not close. The overall network centrality is relatively low, but some central nodes emerged in the later stage of the study, including universities, research institutions, and state-owned enterprises. The study suggests the need to strengthen collaborative innovation activities and knowledge sharing as the network continues to expand. In terms of the distribution of underlying technologies, "wireless communication in logistics" primarily focuses on technologies such as NEW RADIO (NR), NEW CORE (NC), and LTE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Switching-mode power amplifiers have provided unprecedented opportunities for modern wireless communication technology. However, its single-ended structure suffers from significant harmonic interferences on signal transmission; in some cases, higher return loss caused by the impedance mismatch may damage or even destroy the device directly. Here it shows, analytically and experimentally, a broadband push–pull parallel-circuit (PC) Class-E power amplifier (PA) which can present high efficiency and flatness gain over a wide frequency range. Based on the broadband capability of the proposed structure, a highly-efficient push–pull PC Class-E PA combining single reactance compensation technique and Chebyshev low-pass impedance matching network (MN) is designed and fabricated. Experimental results demonstrated that a drain efficiency of 93.71–94.62% operating from 7.0 to 9.4 MHz, as well as output power (Pout) of 42.1–44.57 dBm and power gain of 14.1–16.57 dB are obtained. The measurement results show good agreements with the simulation results, which may be a potential candidate for electronic article surveillance (EAS) applications operating in the high-frequency band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study a most recent mechanism for reserving channel resources to deliver high-priority traffic in Wi-Fi networks, Restricted Target Wake Time (R-TWT). We develop an analytical model of a Wi-Fi network using the R-TWT mechanism, which allows us to estimate the throughput of users transmitting low-priority traffic, depending on the R-TWT reservation period, restrictions on the size of transmitted frames and modulation and coding schemes used. The model shows that the dependence of the user throughput on the R-TWT period is not monotonic, and a slight increase in the R-TWT period can lead to both an increase and a significant drop in the user throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The joint utilization of the Fifth Generation Communications Technology (5G) and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) serves as a promising solution to address the challenges associated with insufficient visible satellites and lower observation quality in urban environments. 5G allows for the angle and distance measurements, augmenting the performance of Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning. To quantify the improvement of 5G observations on RTK positioning, this paper proposes a float solution gain factor and the Ambiguity Dilution of Precision (ADOP) gain factor. Based on these gain factors, the theoretical analysis and simulation are performed. This study designs an extended Kalman filter for 5G-assisted BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) RTK positioning, employing both the Full Ambiguity Resolution (FAR) and Partial Ambiguity Resolution (PAR) modes. Our experiment verified the effectiveness of 5G-assisted BDS RTK positioning in mitigating outlier occurrences and improving the ambiguity fixing rate as well as the positioning accuracy. In the FAR and PAR modes, the Three-Dimensional (3D) spatial accuracy increased by 48% and 18.8%, respectively, and the results are consistent with theoretical analysis based on gain factors. The fixing rate of RTK increased from 11.11% to 13.93%, while it increased from 32.58% to 44.43% for the PAR mode. The assistance of 5G observations reduced the median error for the FAR mode from over 1.3m to 0.9 m, and the third quartile from 2.1m to 1.05 m. For the PAR mode, the median error decreased from 0.5m to 0.12 m, and the third and fourth quartiles decreased from 0.65m to 0.38 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of wireless communication technology, Ultra-Wideband (UWB) has become an important solution for indoor positioning. In complex indoor environments, the influence of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) factors leads to increased positioning errors. To improve the positioning accuracy, fuzzy iterative self-organizing data analysis clustering algorithm (ISODATA) is introduced to process a large amount of UWB data to reduce the influence of NLOS factors, and to stabilize positioning error within 2 cm, enhances the accuracy of the positioning system. To further improve the running efficiency of the algorithm, FPGA is used to accelerate the key computational part of the algorithm, compared with running on the MATLAB platform, which improves the speed about 100 times, enhances the algorithm's computational speed dramatically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of wireless technology and Mobile communication technology worldwide, Mobile Learning represents a new learning trend in the field of higher education, and has gradually become the development trend and research hotspot of independent learning and lifelong learning. Based on modern wireless network mobile communication terminal technology, this paper proposes a Granott model-driven mobile learning system. Firstly, the Granott model is studied and analyzed, and the ubiquitous computing with physical integration and spontaneous interoperation is used to control the Android mobile terminal, which greatly improves the interactivity of M-Learning. Then JSON is selected to optimize the data transmission format in Ajax, and j Query is used to parse JSON data. Ajax + JSON + j Query can shield the complexity of DOM parsing XML files, greatly shorten the data transmission time and improve the efficiency of Granott model. Finally, the Fast kernel density estimation (Fast KDE) algorithm is introduced to compress the data transmitted by Ajax + JSON + j Query, so as to obtain a reasonable number of training samples. Through experiments and relevant data analysis, the proposed mobile learning system based on modern wireless network mobile communication terminal technology, optimized by JSON and Fast KDE algorithm, driven by Granott model, can efficiently complete the learning task, and improve the ubiquity, interactivity, timeliness of mobile learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the non-orthogonal multiple access network (NOMA) network has already been used in 5G in wireless communication, it still needs to be supplied with large enough energy, especially for the amplify-and-forward (AF) process. Reconfigurable intelligence surface (RIS)-aided NOMA answers this weakness because it can relay without an AF process so that it could reduce the energy required for NOMA. This is conducted by vigorously relaying communication signals via transmitted signal reflection. In addition, the decode-and-forward process is dispatched to increase the signal coverage performance. It is thus expected that the RIS-aided NOMA will substantially ensure the obtainment of a lower outage probability towards the signal to noise ratio, relative channel estimation error, and distance between a base station and near users. Despite its potential, RIS might encounter a challenge to being effectively incorporated with communication networks regarding channel estimation error. This study evaluates the RIS-aided NOMA to address the issues mentioned above, and carefully derives the closest-form expressions of outage probability for a pair of users by applying perfect channel statistic information over Nakagami-m fading channel. The performance of cooperative relaying scenarios during outages is thoroughly analyzed. According to the simulation results, RIS-aided NOMA has a lower outage probability than conventional NOMA. Additionally, the optimal location for user relaying in RIS-aided NOMA and conventional NOMA networks should be closest to the base station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residential large urban developments are the dominant mode of housing development in many cities around the world. They introduce new technologies to the residential setting that reshape the dwelling experience. Using digital ethnography and in-depth interviews with residents of three residential large urban developments at the center of Israel, this paper portrays how the digital dimension is embedded in and reshapes the performance and experience of the housing environment. We argue the centrality of the digital dimension to the emergence of a distinctly different dwelling experience and the transformation of residential power relations in the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of the sixth-generation (6G) wireless communication technology brings forth immense opportunities for enhancing Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). We investigate the potential of 6G in revolutionizing transportation systems by analyzing the standards, technologies, and challenges associated with its implementation. Building upon the advancements of 5G, 6G introduces unprecedented capabilities, including ultra-high data rates, ultra-low latency, massive connectivity, and intelligent network orchestration. Leveraging these capabilities, 6G can facilitate seamless connectivity among vehicles, infrastructure, and pedestrians, enabling novel applications such as autonomous driving, smart traffic management, and cooperative collision avoidance. However, realizing the full potential of 6G for ITS entails addressing several challenges, including spectrum allocation, network security, resource management, and interoperability with existing infrastructures. We present a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in 6G standards and technologies, including mmWave communications, terahertz spectrum, visible light communication, Artificial Intelligence, and edge computing, emphasizing their relevance to ITS. We also describe these technologies in the context of ITS. Furthermore, we explore the potential benefits and impacts of 6G on transportation systems, highlighting the opportunities for improved safety, efficiency, and sustainability. Finally, we conclude by discussing the key challenges and research directions that must be addressed to effectively deploy 6G for ITS, thereby paving the way for the next generation of intelligent and connected transportation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein chromium selenide (n-CrSe) nanosheets are deposited onto amorphous indium selenide (n-InSe) thin films by the thermal evaporation technique under a vacuum pressure of 10−5 mbar. The formed InSe/CrSe heterojunctions are structurally, optically and electrically investigated. InSe/CrSe heterojunctions exhibited a band structure discontinuities at the InSe/CrSe interfaces presented by a conduction and valence band offsets of 0.50 eV and 0.65 eV, respectively. The isotype InSe/CrSe heterojunctions exhibited resistive switching property under a forward and reverse biasing voltages of 1.5 V and 0.3 V, respectively. In addition computer assisted fittings which were carried out on the current–voltage characteristics of the InSe/CrSe devices have shown the existence of large barrier height of 1.75 eV at the InSe/CrSe interfaces. Moreover, low amplitude ac signal analyses have shown that the device under study performed as negative conductance sources with increased negative conductance values with increasing signal frequency. The negative conductance effect resulted from the deficiency of selenium atoms in InSe and CrSe as confirmed by the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Furthermore combination of the analysis of the picofarad level- capacitance with the conductance allowed determining the cutoff limits of the InSe/CrSe devices when treated as signal filters. The cutoff frequency of the InSe/CrSe devices varied in the range of 10M-1.1 THz assuring the suitability of the devices for megahertz/gigahertz/terahertz technology applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, macroseismic data are mostly obtained through online questionnaires posted on the websites of regional and international seismological agencies. Generally, strong earthquakes lead to a large number of users attempting to access the sites, which often leads to server overloads, the disruption of normal access to seismological sites, and, as a result, a sharp decrease in the efficiency of collecting macroseismic data through online questionnaires. In such cases, the only way to make up for the lack of macroseismic data is to directly ask residents to share their observations and fill out an online questionnaire. The use of instant messaging apps seems to be the best way, because they provide wide coverage and high speeds. The efficiency of this method has been confirmed during two relatively strong earthquakes in the Baikal region (September 21, 2020, Mw = 5.6, and June 8, 2022, Mw = 5.2), which were accompanied by the website crashing. Sending requests to earthquake eyewitnesses via the Viber instant messaging app made it possible to increase the number of responses by 5–8 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental degradation is an urgent global concern. While previous studies acknowledge the substantial effects of both democracy and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on environmental quality, their joint effects remain underexplored. Addressing this gap, our research investigates the individual and synergistic effects of democracy and ICT infrastructure on environmental quality. Utilizing the system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator, we assess a panel dataset from 152 countries between 2003 and 2019. Our results indicate that both democracy and ICT infrastructure advancements substantially improve environmental quality. Furthermore, an enhanced ICT infrastructure augments the positive effects of democratic practices on the environment and vice versa. However, when ICT infrastructure is insufficient, the positive influence of democratic systems on the environment becomes negligible, and similarly, without a solid democratic foundation, the benefits of ICT infrastructure on environmental quality are diminished. This underscores a synergistic relationship between democracy and ICT in fostering sustainable environmental progress. Consequently, our study offers significant insights into the multifaceted interplay between democracy, ICT infrastructure, and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, researchers and politicians have become concerned about the ever-increasing energy consumption of ICT gadgets. Any effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions should take the ICT industry's carbon emissions into account, given the widespread usage of ICT products across all economic sectors. Employing Driscoll-Kraay Panel Corrected Estimators for E7 economies from 2000 to 2020, we examine the direct impacts of ICT on ecology as well as the indirect implications through connections with the availability of clean fuel and technology for cooking and trade while also adjusting for population and renewable energy. From the empirical findings, it was observed that the two proxies of ICT services (i.e., internet-penetration and mobile-subscriptions) were negatively significantly connected with E7's (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, and Turkey) carbon emissions. Similarly, access to clean fuel and technologies for cooking and renewable energy decreases emission levels within the E7 economies, while trade openness and population growth increase emission levels within the said economies. Moreover, the method of moment quantile regression used as a robustness check affirms the baseline technique. According to the findings, the E7 economies can safely boost internet usage and associated technologies to lower emissions. They may lessen their negative impact on the ecosystem by increasing the utilization of renewable energy and expanding access to clean fuel and cooking technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, LaGe2 thin films with thickness of 150 nm are grown on thin layers of indium by the thermal evaporation technique under a vacuum pressure of 10−5 mbar. The films are structurally, morphologically, compositionally and electrically characterized. It is observed that thin films of LaGe2 are polycrystalline in nature, comprising slightly excess germanium in their structure. To establish their applicability in communication technology, two In/LaGe2/Ag and In/LaGe2/C electrical channels are formed. Both of the channels performed as negative resistance and capacitance sources. The channels exhibited microwave cutoff frequency exceeding 200 GHz. The resonance in the In/LaGe2/Ag and In/LaGe2/C channels dominates at driving frequencies of 1.21 GHz and 1.42 GHz, respectively. The measured impedance, magnitude of reflection coefficient ( S 11 parameter), return loss and voltage standing wave ratio spectra confirmed the suitability of the LaGe2 thin films for wireless 6G communication technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At a time when agri-food biotechnologies are receiving a surge of investment, innovation, and public interest in the United States, it is common to hear both supporters and critics call for open and inclusive dialogue on the topic. Social scientists have a potentially important role to play in these discursive engagements, but the legacy of the intractable genetically modified (GM) food debate calls for some reflection regarding the best ways to shape the norms of that conversation. This commentary argues that agri-food scholars interested in promoting a more constructive agri-food biotechnology discussion could do so by blending key insights, as well as guarding against key shortcomings, from the fields of science communication and science and technology studies (STS). Science communication's collaborative and translational approach to the public understanding of science has proven pragmatically valuable to scientists in academia, government, and private industry, but it has too often remained wedded to deficit model approaches and struggled to explore deeper questions of public values and corporate power. STS's critical approach has highlighted the need for multi-stakeholder power-sharing and the integration of diverse knowledge systems into public engagement, but it has done little to grapple with the prevalence of misinformation in movements against GM foods and other agri-food biotechnologies. Ultimately, a better agri-food biotechnology conversation will require a strong foundation in scientific literacy as well as conceptual grounding in the social studies of science. The paper concludes by describing how, with attention to the structure, content, and style of public engagement in the agri-food biotechnology debates, social scientists can play a productive conversational role across a variety of academic, institutional, community-level, and mediated contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in communication technologies have fueled growth in digital data transfer. Images are one of the most often conveyed types of digital information. Crytographic techniques help create cipher but also lure attackers as it indicates secret communication. To overcome, a method for encrypting a secret image and hiding it in audio data is proposed. The Ikeda map is used to create the encrypted image, which is then hidden in the audio's lifting wavelet transform. Various statistical experiments show that the proposed approach conceals the encrypted image while causing minimal changes to the audio. The proposed algorithm shows robustness towards noise addition or random audio crop attack by retrieving a visually perceivable image after the attack. The suggested approach outperforms the current algorithms in terms of imperceptibility and embedding capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the Diffusion of Innovation Theory, this study explores how emerging digital communication technologies (EDCT) affected SMEs' resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. We employed an inductive and qualitative approach to investigate 42 SME operators in a weak institutional developing country—Nigeria. Our findings show that EDCT played a critical role in activating SMEs' resilience during the crisis through four drivers: facilitating connections and bonding with staff, clients, and suppliers; enabling collaborations; activating process diversification; and enhancing supply chain flexibility. Furthermore, we highlight the distinct ability of Nigerian SMEs to buffer themselves against misinformation arising from the use of EDCT. This study sheds light on an EDCT Diffusion Model for resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Security of digital data is one of the prime concerns of advanced data communication technologies. Images possess a major share of the overall data communication. Image data contains several sensitive pieces of information that are to be protected during transmission, storage, and other stages. There are several algorithms that exist in the literature that addresses this issue. The ever-increasing need for image communication demands sophisticated and robust image encryption approaches that can be effectively applied in real-life scenarios. In this work, a local binary pattern is used to produce the binary image, and the electromagnetism-like optimization approach is used to maximize the transition of 0 and 1 and generate the shuffled image. The shuffled image is decomposed into the constituting bitplanes using any one of three bitplane decomposition techniques. Chaos theory is used to generate some synthetic bitplanes for substitution purposes where the electromagnetism-like optimization process optimizes the uniformity in the histogram. This approach is further secured using a final layer scrambling approach. The proposed approach is tested using both qualitative and quantitative metrics. Moreover, the proposed approach is tested against different types of attacks that prove the practical applicability and robustness of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the gradual popularization of automobiles, it has become a very important means of transportation for people, bringing a lot of convenience to people's travel. In the field of driving, with the development of intelligent communication technology, intelligent driving vehicles "drive into" people's field of vision. In contemporary society, intelligence is integrated into all aspects of life and is more and more inseparable from intelligence. In order to research multi-vehicle coordination-enhanced intelligent driving framework based on human–machine hybrid intelligence, from the perspective of human–machine hybrid intelligence, this paper takes multi-vehicle coordination as the starting point, introduces the fish swarm effect and builds a multi-vehicle coordinated, intelligent driving system with strong self-adaptability and scalability, so that it can adapt to more complex and real road environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microservice architecture is a programming method that decomposes a single application into various smaller services and then executes them. However, this approach introduces new challenges in communication between services because of the different data structures and technology types among the multiple services. Therefore, interprocess communication (IPC) between services has become one of the important challenges facing microservice architecture. Additionally, the choice of IPC technology is an important decision that can affect the nonfunctional requirements of the entire architecture. To address this problem, this study proposes a microservice communication technology based on remote procedure calls (RPC) called RPCX to improve the communication performance between services. The RPCX communication mechanism based on RPC uses the nonblocking IO communication model and Protobuf data serialization standard method. It identifies RPC communication at the client and server ends using dynamic proxy and annotation configuration technology. We use RPCX and two traditional service communication technologies to conduct performance stress benchmarking and evaluate the performance of RPCX through the time consumed to process the requests and transactions per second (TPS) performance stress indicators. The results show that the performance of RPCX is better than that of the other two technologies under different threads and requests. In this study, we show that RPCX has overall better performance than the other two service communication techniques under different threads and requests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless power transfer in millimeter wave (mmWave) communications technology has a potential scope in wireless communication network. This research article is an extensive simulation based analysis, that discusses the design and scope of development of a mmWave based wireless powered communication network system model in an urban microcell scenario. The performance parameters are derived using the novel NYUSIM channel simulator, i.e., NYUSIM Version 2.01. The variation in received power with respect to frequency and number of antennas is obtained at both receiver and transmitter. An optimal antenna configuration capable of receiving an optimal power at the user equipment is obtained graphically. The effectiveness of the proposed work is justified through the comparison of the proposed work with existing related work. Some important technical challenges and future research scopes are also discussed effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Signal processing techniques play an important role in seismic data analysis. Variational mode decomposition (VMD), as a powerful signal processing method, has been extensively applied in seismic signal processing. A large number of papers on the application of VMD in seismic data analysis have appeared in various journals, conference proceedings, and technical communications. The paper aims to investigate and summarize the recent advancements of VMD and its application in seismic data analysis and give a comprehensive reference for scholars that may be interested in this topic so that researchers can select a more in-depth research direction. Firstly, the VMD principle is briefly introduced, and the advantage and limitations of this approach are illustrated in detail. Secondly, recent applications of the VMD in seismic data analysis are summarized in terms of specific scenarios, such as seismic time–frequency analysis (TFA), seismic denoising, and other applications. Finally, the key problems of VMD in seismic data analysis are discussed, and the potential research directions are listed. It is expected that the review would be constructive to the basic understanding of the VMD concept for beginners and insightful exploration of VMD's applications in seismic data analysis for advanced researchers. Article Highlights: Seismic data analysis plays an important role in extracting valuable information from seismic records This paper surveys the VMD and its applications in the field of seismic data analysis in a comprehensive way Promising research prospects of VMD in seismic data analysis are proposed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud computing and artificial intelligence are now widely used for classroom teaching in higher learning institutes. The digital teaching supported to ICT technologies in colleges serves as a central point for the advancement of modern education; and has become as a mode of instruction and an approach to teaching. Digital teaching has emerged as a major driving force in the advancement of digital economy and digitization of education in colleges. In this paper, we investigate the movable information management system utilized in the digital teaching using edge computing and 5G wireless communication technology. Furthermore, we explain the idea of a mobile data scheme and presents a teaching platform based on the edge computing and 5G-enabled wireless communication technology. The main objective of this work is to develop a digital teaching framework for college students that, in fact, enables digital teaching, the collection, and incorporation of teaching information, the provision of modern education, and sharing of resources. Cutting-edge technology advancements in the educational platform have the potential to improve 5G communication. To implement the cutting-edge technology, all types of technological devices, smart devices, and gadgets from the Internet of Things (IoT) platform are used. We evaluated the proposed system through reasonable assumptions and numerical simulations. The experimental results reveal that the suggested system has significantly improved the teaching efficiency with which digital teaching management is managed in colleges. Moreover, the edge and 5G technology can significantly improve the system performance, in terms of response time, that can be as high as 11.45% when compared to non-cloud based approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prominent platforms based on thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) are superior integrated-photonics platforms for efficient optical parametric amplification (OPA), however, previously few studies have been systematically reported the gain-boosting performance of TFLN waveguides compared to bulk LN waveguides. Here, we optimize two TFLN waveguides with dispersion engineering for high-efficiency and ultra-broadband gain of OPA, then report comparative results about the efficient ultra-broadband OPA of TFLN waveguides in the case of low loss, optimized waveguide length and pump power. Note that the efficient ultra-broadband OPA of TFLN waveguides is represented by the peak gain (71.5 dB) covering a wavelength range of more than 160 nm. And the OPA characteristics of optimized TFLN waveguides are investigated, such as power gain coefficient of dB/cm, length gain coefficient of dB/W, and gain bandwidth. Potential of TFLN integrated-photonics platforms with efficient ultra-broadband OPA show no boundary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein PbSe thin films are coated onto glass and semitransparent platinum substrates. The films which are treated as optoelectronic signal receivers are deposited by the thermal evaporation technique under a vacuum pressure of 10−5 mbar. The structural investigations have shown that (glass, Pt)/PbSe films are of polycrystalline nature. Optically, Pt substrates increased the transparency and reflectivity of PbSe films. The energy band gap of PbSe is also increased by 0.12 eV when films are coated onto Pt substrates. In addition the dielectric constant also increased as a result of strong interaction between Pt plasmonic particles and lead selenide. On the other hand, fitting of the imaginary part of the dielectric constant using Drude–Lorentz model has shown that coating of PbSe onto semitransparent Pt substrates increased the drift mobility of lead selenide by four times. Pt substrates resulted in a decrease in the density of free charge carriers and increases the scattering time constant at femtosecond levels. (Glass, Pt)/PbSe optoelectronic receivers displayed plasmon frequencies up to ~ 13 GHz and showed terahertz cutoff frequency of ~ 1.0 THz. In addition, allowing the propagation of an ac signal of low amplitude in the Pt/PbSe/Pt receivers has shown that the devices exhibit wide range of resistance tunability. The microwave cutoff frequency also reached 14 GHz. Both of the optical and electrical measurements proved the suitability of the Pt/PbSe devices for 6G and terahertz communication technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]