Search

Developmental exposure to carbamates, organophosphates, and pyrethroids has been associated with impaired neurodevelopmental outcomes. Sex-specific differences following chronic insecticide exposure are rather common in vivo. Therefore, we assessed the chronic effects of in vitro exposure to different carbamates (carbaryl, methomyl and aldicarb), organophosphates [chlorpyrifos (CPF), chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPO), and 3,5,6,trichloropyridinol (TCP)], and pyrethroids [permethrin, alpha-cypermethrin and 3-phenoxy benzoic acid (3-PBA)] on neuronal network development in sex-separated rat primary cortical cultures using micro-electrode array (MEA) recordings. Our results indicate that exposure for 1 week to carbaryl inhibited neurodevelopment in male cultures, while a hyperexcitation was observed in female cultures. Methomyl and aldicarb evoked a hyperexcitation after 2 weeks of exposure, which was more pronounced in female cultures. In contrast to acute MEA results, exposure to ≥ 10 µM CPF caused hyperexcitation in both sexes after 10 days. Interestingly, exposure to 10 µM CPO induced a clear hyperexcitation after 10 days of exposure in male but not female cultures. Exposure to 100 µM CPO strongly inhibited neuronal development. Exposure to the type I pyrethroid permethrin resulted in a hyperexcitation at 10 µM and a decrease in neuronal development at 100 µM. In comparison, exposure to ≥ 10 µM of the type II pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin decreased neuronal development. In female but not in male cultures, exposure to 1 and 10 µM permethrin changed (network) burst patterns, with female cultures having shorter (network) bursts with fewer spikes per (network) burst. Together, these results show that MEA recordings are suitable for measuring sex-specific developmental neurotoxicity in vitro. Additionally, pyrethroid exposure induced effects on neuronal network development at human-relevant concentrations. Finally, chronic exposure has different effects on neuronal functioning compared to acute exposure, highlighting the value of both exposure paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrethroids are widely used insecticides with huge applications for household as well as agricultural purposes and contribute to improved product quality and higher yields. In recent decades, the demand for pyrethroids has increased significantly due to advantages such as broad-spectrum efficacy, high insecticidal potential, and lower pest resistance. However, several studies have suggested that human exposure to pyrethroids leads to reproductive problems. Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is an important hormone transport protein regulating the availability of steroids at their target site. The aim of our study was to investigate the structural interactions of commonly used pyrethroids, cypermethrin and deltamethrin, with ligand binding pocket of SHBG. Cypermethrin and deltamethrin were docked into the steroid binding pocket of SHBG using Schrodinger's induced fit docking (IFD) followed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies. The resultant SHBG-pyrethroid complexes from IFD experiments were subjected to structural analysis including the molecular interactions followed by binding energy estimation. The analysis revealed that both the ligands were tightly bound in the SHBG pocket with high percentage of commonality among the SHBG residues between the indicated pyrethroid ligands and the SHBG native ligand, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The estimated binding energy values for cypermethrin were less but close to the values calculated for the SHBG native ligand, DHT. However, the estimated binding energy values for deltamethrin were higher compared to the values calculated for SHBG native ligand, DHT. Furthermore, the MD simulation results also revealed the higher stability of SHBG-deltamethrin than SHBG-cypermethrin complex. To sum up, the results suggested that deltamethrin has a greater capability than cypermethrin to prevent sex steroid hormone from binding to SHBG, even though both pyrethroids have this ability. Consequently, this might hamper the circulatory transport of sex steroid hormones and their availability at the target site, subsequently interfering with reproductive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the pattern of resistance to widely applied synthetic pyrethroids, i.e., cypermethrin and deltamethrin, against larvae of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks sampled from Marathwada region in Maharashtra, India. The study also examined the role of α- and β-esterases and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in resistance development. All eight R. microplus isolates tested were resistant to deltamethrin (RL IV), having RR50 values from 6.88 to 131.26. LPT analysis exhibited the resistance level II deltamethrin resistance in Beed and Hingoli, III in Dharashiv, and IV in Sambhajinagar, Parbhani, Latur, Jalna, and Nanded isolates. The LIT analysis showed that Dharashiv field isolates had the lowest LC50 value of 229.09 ppm against cypermethrin, while Sambhajinagar field isolates had the highest at 489.78 ppm. The RR50 ranged from 1145.45 to 2448.9. Seven isolates were level I resistant to cypermethrin while the Jalna isolate was level II resistant. In larvae treated with deltamethrin and cypermethrin, the activity of α- and β-esterase enzymes increased significantly compared to control groups. The enzyme ratios in treated larvae ranged from 0.7533 to 1.7023 for α-esterase and 0.7434 to 3.2054 for β-esterase. The Hingoli isolate treated with cypermethrin exhibited the highest α-esterase activity (903.261), whereas Sambhajinagar isolate had the highest GST enzyme ratio (2.8224) after deltamethrin exposure. When exposed to cypermethrin, the Hingoli isolate showed the highest GST enzyme ratio, 2.0832. The present study provides the current resistance status in tick populations from Marathwada region indicating deltamethrin and cypermethrin to be ineffective for tick control. The results also suggest that SP compounds should be regulated in this region and alternative control strategies should be introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron is widely linked with the onset and development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Accumulation of iron induces free radical generation and promotes α-synuclein aggregation, oxidative stress, and autophagy impairment. Deferoxamine, an iron chelator, is shown to ameliorate iron dyshomeostasis in rodents and humans. However, the role of deferoxamine in cypermethrin-induced iron accumulation is not yet known. Although an iron accumulation and impaired chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) contribute to PD, a link between the two is not yet widely understood. Current study is undertaken to explore the possible association between an iron accumulation and CMA in cypermethrin model of PD in the presence of deferoxamine. Level of iron, iron transporter proteins, oxidative stress, and CMA proteins along with indicators of Parkinsonism were measured. Deferoxamine attenuated cypermethrin-induced iron accumulation and number of iron-positive cells and ameliorated the demise of dopaminergic cells and dopamine content. Deferoxamine significantly normalizes cypermethrin-induced changes in iron transporter proteins, α-synuclein, lysosome-associated membrane protein-2A, and oxidative stress. The results demonstrate that deferoxamine ameliorates cypermethrin-induced iron dyshomeostasis and impairment in CMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides are used to control agricultural and industrial pests, and even combat diseases such as malaria, posing a serious threat to public health and many aspects of life. Therefore, identification, extraction, and preconcentration play a crucial role in the determination and measurement of these compounds. The cooled-heated device headspace solid-phase microextraction technique provides preconcentration of volatile and semi-volatile compounds. The aim of this research is to design and fabricate a new device for the simultaneous cooling of the fiber and evaporated sample and extracting pesticides. The innovative technique was evaluated by the extraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry determination of chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, fenvalerate and cypermethrin in soil samples. Optimization of the effective extraction parameters was carried out by the simplex method. Under the optimized conditions (i.e., cold and heat temperature of –10 and 70°C, water addition of 20 µL, and extraction time of 15 min), relative standard deviations of 3.94 to 6.51% were obtained of the studied compounds in five replicated analyses. The prepared fiber was stable and could be used several times without any significant change in its efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polyphagous shot hole borer beetle (PSHB, Euwallacea fornicatus) is a pest of global significance. PSHB is an ambrosia beetle which, together with its mutualistic fungi (including Fusarium euwallaceae), can cause the death of more than 100 tree species in invaded ranges. Management of PSHB mostly relies on the removal of infested plant material. Chemical control options have been investigated only in the USA and Israel and only on a few tree species. This study evaluated four chemical treatments for the therapeutic control of PSHB on American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) in South Africa (1) bifenthrin + surfactant (alcohol ethoxylate), (2) cypermethrin + surfactant (vitamin E) + salicylic acid, (3) emamectin benzoate, and (4) propiconazole. Trees were inoculated with F. euwallaceae and mature PSHB females using a novel technique to document fungal lesion development and PSHB colony establishment success. The bifenthrin and cypermethrin treatments reduced additional PSHB colonisation attempts on treated trees by ca. 40%, while the other treatments had no effect. Colony establishment success was reduced in all treatments by between 20 and 40%. Fungal growth was inhibited only after the application of propiconazole by ca. 36%. Gallery length and the number of PSHB individuals in successful colonies were unaffected by any of the chemical treatments. These results indicate that chemical control of PSHB is only partially effective. Successful PSHB management will likely depend on a combination of chemical control options and other control strategies in an integrated pest management program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to monometallic nanoparticles, bimetallic nanoparticle synthesis and characterization have attracted more attention due to their superior environmental protection properties. In this study, we discuss the preparation and characterization of Cu–Zn bimetallic nanoparticles using Zinger extract, as well as their potential role in photocatalytic degradation of carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos, and cypermethrin. Surface properties were assessed with SEM and TEM, while UV–VIS, XRD, FTIR, and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to characterize the materials. It was observed that higher pH conditions were more conducive to the development of stable Cu–Zn BMNPs with diameters ranging from 60 to 100 nm. UV–VIS spectroscopy showed that the Cu–Zn bimetallic nanoparticles photodegraded 53–95% of the pesticides, monocrotophos, chlorpyrifos, and carbendazim during the 24–72-h incubation period. A number of pesticides may be photocatalytically degraded by primary reactive radicals produced by nanoparticles. We propose that the use of bimetallic nanoparticles could be one alternative strategy for pesticide mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides are substance that are used to manage pests, such as aquatic weeds, plant diseases and insects. It has been shown that these substances are highly hazardous to fish as well as other organisms that are part of the food chain. The presence of cypermethrin in food and groundwater has raised environmental concerns, there is a need to develop economical, rapid, and reliable techniques that can be used for field applications Many studies have shown that Cypermethrin (CYP) can cause toxic effect in various animals including fishes. But the molecular mechanism behind the toxicity mediated Cypermethrin (CYP) at genome levels and proteome levels is still need to be studied. However, there is a gap in emerging and undeveloped nations to begin to use these methods and several other recently developed approaches to inhibit the negative consequences and enhance health which may be profitable. The toxicological information currently available might be used to gain a clear understanding of the possibilities of these synthetic pyrethroid insecticides causing various health hazards to environmental and provides insight for future research evaluating the toxic effects of pyrethroid insecticides. This present review article is concerned with the toxicological effects of pesticides and a brief overview of sources, classification of pesticides with an emphasis on the effects of Cypermethrin (CYP) on fish as well mode of toxicity and the mechanism of action (CYP) and toxicity signs in several fish species have been illustrated. The primary controls and appropriate preventive measures that must be adopted are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cypermethrin impairs mitochondrial function, induces redox imbalance, and leads to Parkinsonism in experimental animals. Knockdown of deglycase-1 (DJ-1) gene, which encodes a redox-sensitive antioxidant protein, aggravates cypermethrin-mediated α-synuclein overexpression and oxidative alteration of proteins. DJ-1 is also reported to be essential for maintaining stability of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2), shielding cells against oxidative insult. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), another protein associated with Parkinson's disease, is also involved in regulating mitochondrial function. However, underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. The study intended to explore an interaction of DJ-1, LRRK2, and Nrf2 in the regulation of mitochondrial function in cypermethrin-induced Parkinsonism. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of DJ-1 and LRRK2 gene and pharmacological activation of Nrf2 were performed in rats and/or human neuroblastoma cells with or without cypermethrin. Indexes of oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, and Parkinsonism along with α-synuclein expression, post-translational modification, and aggregation were measured. DJ-1 gene knockdown exacerbated cypermethrin-induced increase in oxidative stress and intrinsic apoptosis and reduction in expression of mitochondrial antioxidant proteins via inhibiting nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Additionally, cypermethrin-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, and α-synuclein expression and aggregation were found to be suppressed by LRRK2 gene knockdown, by promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation and expression of mitochondrial antioxidant proteins. Furthermore, Nrf2 activator, sulforaphane, ameliorated cypermethrin-induced mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress and provided protection against dopaminergic neuronal death. The findings indicate that DJ-1 and LRRK2 independently alter Nrf2-mediated changes and a complex interplay among DJ-1, LRRK2, and Nrf2 exists in the regulation of mitochondrial function in cypermethrin-induced Parkinsonism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides are pollutants found in wastewater as a result of agricultural activities. The adsorption process is a cost-effective technique among the other treatment processes because of its simplicity in design, easy operation, and high adsorption capacity for the removal of pesticides from wastewater. Activated carbon (AC) is a widely used adsorbent but due to its high production cost, its use is limited. This limitation has necessitated a growing interest in alternative sources in the production of low-cost activated carbon from agricultural wastes and other waste materials. In the present study, activated carbon produced from tobacco stems via chemical activation using phosphoric acid was tested for the removal of cypermethrin from aqueous solution. Prior to its use, the prepared activated carbon was characterized by FTIR and SEM. Tobacco stem-activated carbon with an impregnation ratio of 1:3 produced at a temperature of 600 °C was used in bench studies on the removal of cypermethrin from aqueous solutions because of its high iodine number of 776.25 mg/g and fixed carbon content of 85.33%. Batch experiments were performed to determine the optimum adsorption conditions, and suitable kinetic for the adsorption of cypermethrin onto tobacco stems activated carbon (TAC). The influence of adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial cypermethrin concentration were studied. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used for the determination of cypermethrin concentration and a recovery percentage of up to 99.0% was obtained from a spiked concentration of 200 ppm. Equilibrium data were obtained by testing the adsorption data using the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The results obtained from the isotherm and kinetic study are best described using the Freundlich isotherms and pseudo-second-order kinetic adsorption models with the highest regression coefficients' of R2 = 0.9998 and 0.9937, respectively. Results showed that the maximum amount of cypermethrin adsorbed was 2.162 mg/g and this was achieved at 270 min of the contact time. A comparison of the prepared TAC and a commercial activated carbon (1105 m2/g, pore diameter of 1.67 nm, and micropore volume of 0.4004 cm3/g) demonstrated to have a remarkable potential for removing cypermethrin pesticide from aqueous solution. This facile route highlights the possibility of utilizing tobacco stems to produce low-cost, green, and effective activated carbon for the removal of cypermethrin from water, thus, converting the waste to a value-added product as well as providing some solutions to the many challenges faced with tobacco stem wastes disposal. The work not only offers an economic source for the production of activated carbon but also demonstrates that TAC is a promising adsorbent for the removal of cypermethrin and other organic pollutants from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, an invasive species to Africa, and the endemic R. (B.) decoloratus are of high economic importance in the cattle industry. Invasion of the alien species in South Africa has mostly been reported for traditional communal grazing areas where it seemed to be rapid and, in some cases, even replaced the native species. The alien species is also assumed to already be resistant to acaricides upon invasion. The presence of R. (B.) microplus on commercial farms was therefore investigated and resistance screening of both species to field concentrations of cypermethrin, amitraz, and chlorfenvinphos was determined by means of the larval immersion test. Results showed that only 3.7% (of 383) tick collections submitted were R. (B.) microplus populations. A further 1.6% (of 383) showed co-existence of the two species. Comparing the level of resistance to the acaricides between the two species indicated a mean phenotypic resistance of 66.2 and 26.5% of R. (B.) decoloratus populations to cypermethrin and amitraz, respectively. This was significantly lower for R. (B.) microplus, with 23.0 and 4.1% of its populations resistant to cypermethrin and amitraz, respectively. Closed commercial farming areas seemed to have a preventative advantage for the invasion of R. (B.) microplus and displacement of R. (B.) decoloratus by R. (B.) microplus. Regular monitoring of these two species may be of high importance to prevent unnecessary financial losses due to insufficient control and increased awareness of the threat of Asiatic babesiosis vectored by R. (B.) microplus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide treatment leads to a significant increase in wheat yield and enhances pest resistance. However, pesticides, particularly the insecticide cypermethrin, which is used for wheat Triticum aestivum L. field and grain storage treatment, are toxic xenobiotics. To reduce their toxicity, it is possible to pre-treat seeds with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which can enhance plant resistance to adverse environmental factors. In this study, we used a previously unused as PGPR representative of the genus Azospirillum, A. thiophilum BV-ST, isolated in Russia, which makes it interesting for agricultural use in the same climatic zone. We optimized the detection method of A. thiophilum using PCR. Then, we demonstrated that this bacterium successfully inoculates to wheat roots. We showed that cypermethrin treatment of one- and two-week-old wheat seedlings caused an increase in mtDNA damage, and in one-week-old seedlings, it induced a decrease in chlorophyll levels. However, three- and four-week-old seedlings were more resistant to damage, possibly due to their approximately 5-fold higher expression of NDOR-1 and GST genes, which play an important role in xenobiotic detoxification. Pre-treatment of wheat seeds with A. thiophilum contributed to the upregulation of NDOR-1 and GST gene expression in one- and two-week-old seedlings, resulting in the protection of mtDNA from cypermethrin-induced damage and prevented the decrease in chlorophyll levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uncontrolled utilization of pesticides poses a significant risk to the environment and human health, making its management essential. In this regard, a new arginine functionalized magnetic Mn-based metal–organic framework (Arg@m-Mn-MOF) was fabricated and assessed for the removal of cypermethrin (CYP) and chlorpyrifos (CHL) from aqueous system. The Arg@m-Mn-MOF was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. Various parameters were optimized in a series of batch experiments and the following conditions were found optimal: pH: 4 and 5, contact time: 20 min, adsorbent dosage: 0.6 and 0.8 g L−1 with initial concentration: 10 mg L−1 and temperature: 298 K for CYP and CHL, respectively. The composite attained a maximum removal capacity of 44.84 and 71.42 mg g−1 for CYP and CHL, respectively. The elucidated data was strongly fitted to the pseudo-second-order model of kinetics (R2 > 0.98) and Langmuir isotherm (R2 > 0.98). Based upon 350 experimental datasets obtained from batch studies and interpolated data, the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was elucidated with R2 > 0.97 (CHL) and > 0.91 (CYP). The adsorption energy (− 11.67 kcal mol−1) calculated by Gaussian software suggests a good interaction between arginine and CHL through H-bonding. The present study's findings suggested the prepared Arg@m-Mn-MOF as a promising adsorbent for the efficient removal of pesticides from agriculture runoff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans can be exposed to endocrine disruptors (EDs) in numerous ways. EDs can interfere with endogenous hormones at different levels, resulting in numerous adverse human health outcomes, including immunotoxicity. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate in vitro the possible effects of EDs on immune cells and possible gender differences. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy humans, both males and females, were exposed to 6 different EDs, namely atrazine (herbicide), cypermethrin (insecticide), diethyl phthalate (plasticizer), 17α-ethynylestradiol (contraceptive drug), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (persistent organic pollutant), and vinclozolin (fungicide). We evaluated the effect of EDs on RACK1 (receptor for activated C kinase 1) expression, considering it as a bridge between the endocrine and the immune system, and putatively used as screening tool of immunotoxic effects of EDs. The exposure to EDs resulted at different extent in alteration in RACK1 expression, pro-inflammatory activity, natural killer lytic ability, and lymphocyte differentiation, with sex-related differences. In particular, diethyl phthalate and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid resulted the most active EDs tested, with gender differences in terms of effects and magnitude. The results from our study evidenced the ability of EDs to directly affect immune cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the lethal, sublethal, and toxic of a commercial formulation of cypermethrin in the anuran species Physalaemus gracilis. In the acute test, concentrations of 100–800 μg L−1 were tested over 96 h. In the chronic test, cypermethrin concentrations recorded in nature (1, 3, 6, and 20 μg L−1) were tested for mortality and then used for the micronucleus test and erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities over a 7-days period. The LC50 determined for P. gracilis for the commercial cypermethrin formulation was 273.41 μg L−1. In the chronic test, a mortality of more than 50% was observed at the highest concentration (20 μg L−1), as it caused half of the tadpoles studied to die. The micronucleus test showed significant results at concentrations of 6 and 20 μg L−1 and recorded the presence of several nuclear abnormalities, indicating the genotoxic potential of the commercial cypermethrin formulation for P. gracilis. Cypermethrin presented a high risk to the species, indicating that it has the potential to cause several problems in the short and long term and to affect the dynamics of this ecosystem. Therefore, it can be concluded that the commercial formulation of cypermethrin had toxicological effects on P. gracilis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of cypermethrin in the environment and food poses a significant threat to human health. Lactic acid bacteria have shown promise as effective absorbents for xenobiotics and well behaved in wide range of applications. This study aimed to characterize the biosorption behavior of cypermethrin by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum RS60, focusing on cellular components, functional groups, kinetics, and isotherms. Results indicated that RS60 exopolysaccharides played a crucial role removing cypermethrin, with the cell wall and protoplast contributing 71.50% and 30.29% to the overall removal, respectively. Notably, peptidoglycans exhibited a high affinity for cypermethrin binding. The presence of various cellular surface groups including –OH, –NH, –CH3, –CH2, –CH, –P = O, and –CO was responsible for the efficient removal of pollutants. Additionally, the biosorption process demonstrated a good fit with pseudo-second-order and Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm. The biosorption of cypermethrin by L. plantarum RS60 involved complex chemical and physical interactions, as well as intraparticle diffusion and film diffusion. RS60 also effectively reduced cypermethrin residues in a fecal fermentation model, highlighting its potential in mitigating cypermethrin exposure in humans and animals. These findings provided valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying cypermethrin biosorption by lactic acid bacteria and supported the advancement of their application in environmental and health-related contexts. Key points: • Cypermethrin adsorption by L. plantarum was clarified. • Cell wall and protoplast showed cypermethrin binding ability. • L. plantarum can reduce cypermethrin in a fecal fermentation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cypermethrin (CYP) is a synthetic pyrethroid utilized as an insecticide in agriculture and various pest eradication programs. However, it induces numerous health hazards for animals and humans. Therefore, the current study used Panax ginseng root extract (ginseng) to reduce the hepatorenal damage caused by commercially used CYP. Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were distributed into control, ginseng (300 mg/kg B.W/day), CYP (4.67 mg/kg B.W.), and Ginseng+CYP (rats received both CYP and ginseng). All treatments were administered orally for 30 consecutive days. Cypermethrin induced harmful effects on hepatic and renal tissues through a substantial decline in body weight in addition to a considerable increase in liver enzymes, functional renal markers, and cholesterol. Also, CYP significantly decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)). Moreover, a marked increase in malondialdehyde level with a significant drop in reduced glutathione level and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities was reported in the CYP group in kidney and liver tissues. Additionally, CYP exhibited affinities to bind and inhibit AChE and antioxidant enzymes (T-SOD and CAT) in rats following the molecular docking modeling. The apparent hepatorenal oxidative damage was linked with obvious impairments in the liver and kidney histoarchitecture, immunohistochemical staining of B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and caspase-3 proteins. Ginseng reduced CYP's oxidative alterations by repairing the metabolic functional markers, improving antioxidant status, reducing the inflammatory response, and enhancing the molecular docking evaluation. It also ameliorated the intensity of the histopathological alterations and improved the immunohistochemical staining of Bcl-2 and caspase-3 proteins in the liver and kidney tissues. Finally, concomitant oral administration of ginseng mitigated CYP-prompted hepatorenal damage through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insecticide resistance in Egypt is a major barrier to the successful management of Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). One way to overcome insecticide resistance could be the formulation of insecticides with synergists that counteract metabolic resistance. Therefore, the effect of three synergists on the efficacy of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos was evaluated in three S. littoralis populations. The Marsa Matruh (MAR) and Damietta (DAM) populations were more susceptible to cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos than the Kafr El-Shaikh (KAF) population, which showed an increase in resistance levels (ranging from 48.49- to 170.86-fold). Resistance levels in all field populations decreased markedly when piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergized cypermethrin, with a synergism ratio (SR) of 2.47 and significantly suppressing 59% of resistance in the highly resistant population of S. littoralis collected from KAF. In addition, S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) suppressed chlorpyrifos resistance in the KAF population by 24% with an SR of 1.32-fold higher than chlorpyrifos alone. On the contrary, diethyl maleate (DEM) did not cause a statistically significant change in the toxicity of both cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in all field populations. From these findings, it is recommended to use synergists as a countermeasure to the problem of insecticide resistance in S. littoralis and to restore the efficacy of these insecticides in Egyptian fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work evaluated the efficacy of 10 commercial acaricides in different pHs (4.5, 5.5, and 6.5) in laboratory (adult immersion tests (AIT), pH evaluation over time) and field assays (tick counts and efficacy). In the AIT (n=70), higher efficacies were obtained when the acaricide emulsion had a more acidic pH (4.5), mainly for two combinations of pyrethroids + organophosphate (acaricide 3 and acaricide 9). For amidine, a higher pH (6.5) showed a higher efficacy. Over time, there was a trend in the pH of these emulsions increasing. When the efficacy of chlorpyrifos + cypermethrin + piperonyl butoxide (acaricide 3) at different pHs was evaluated over time (0, 6, 12, and 24h) by AIT, the less acidic pH (6.5) showed a strongly variation in the acaricide efficacy range. The mean pH of the water samples from different regions of Brazil was 6.5. In the field, the association of pyrethroid + organophosphates (acaricide 9) with pH of 4.5 and 5.5 were more effective in tick control than the emulsion prepared with this same spray formulation at pH 6.5. The pH of the acaricide emulsions is an important point of attention and is recommended that the veterinary industry start to develop/share information regarding how the pH can affect the acaricide efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrethroid as an agent of biocide resistance (BR) and environmental contamination has become a major threat for global health and biodiversity conservation. After eradication of malaria in Europe, uncontrolled mosquito elimination performed just to decrease their nuisance became a long-term practice. Pyrethroids, compounds used for chemical control of mosquitoes are not selective. The main goal of this paper was to study the pyrethroid resistance among mosquitoes of genus Culex and Aedes in Central Europe. Experiment was performed by collecting mosquitoes of Culex spp. and Aedes spp. in four locations: Suchohrad, Vysoká pri Morave, Bratislava, and Bratislava surroundings, where pyrethroids are commonly used as a form of chemical control of mosquito population. The biocide resistance was determined by the CDC bottle bioassay. The second aim was the determination of presence and longevity of cypermethrin in the surrounding environment in the village Vysoká pri Morave. Samples were collected 7 days after ultra-low volume (ULV) fogging treatment in June 2021 and analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LS/MS). According to the results of performed tests we may state that in all tested localities there is a considerable possibility of occurrence of resistance of tested mosquitoes to deltamethrin and cypermethrin. Based on the results obtained by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectroscopy from the collected vegetation samples we may conclude that the measured values of cypermethrin and deltamethrin exceeded the highest accepted measured residue levels (MRL) for food and animals products, and after the ULV treatment the population of mosquitoes increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is highly complex and is still indefinable. However, a number of studies have indicated the involvement of pesticides and transition metals. Copper, magnesium, iron, and zinc have emerged as important metal contributors. Exposure to pesticides causes an accumulation of transition metals in the substantia nigra (SN) region of the brain. The cypermethrin model of PD is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy impairment, oxidative stress, etc. However, the effect of cypermethrin on metal homeostasis is not yet explored. The study was designed to delineate the role of metals and their transporter proteins in cypermethrin-induced animal and cellular models of PD. The level of copper, magnesium, iron, and zinc was checked in the nigrostriatal tissue and serum by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Since cypermethrin consistently increased iron content in the nigrostriatal tissue and serum after 12 weeks of exposure, the level of iron transporter proteins, such as divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT-1), ceruloplasmin, transferrin, ferroportin, and hepcidin, and their in silico interaction with cypermethrin were checked. 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine-enhanced Perl's staining showed an elevated number of iron-positive cells in the SN of cypermethrin-treated rats. Molecular docking studies revealed a strong binding affinity between cypermethrin and iron transporter protein receptors of humans and rats. Furthermore, cypermethrin increased the expression of DMT-1 and hepcidin while reducing the expression of transferrin, ceruloplasmin, and ferroportin in the nigrostriatal tissue and human neuroblastoma cells. These observations suggest that cypermethrin alters the expression of iron transporter proteins leading to iron dyshomeostasis, which could contribute to dopaminergic neurotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of tick resistance to chemical control plays a major role in the increasing global economic impact of ticks on cattle farming. Reports on acaricide resistance of Rhipicephalus decoloratus, endemic to Africa and South Africa, are relatively few compared to the closely related and globally distributed Rhipicephalus microplus. In South Africa, ectoparasite control became the sole responsibility of each commercial producer when compulsory dipping was phased out from 1984. Different acaricidal management strategies resulted in the simultaneous development of resistance to various acaricide groups. The establishment of a Pesticide Resistance Testing Facility provided the opportunity to test Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) populations, submitted from all over South Africa, for resistance where failure of chemical control was experienced. The number of populations resistant to cypermethrin (CM) was significantly higher than those tested as resistant to amitraz (AM), or chlorfenvinphos (CFVP). No significant difference was found between the number of populations resistant to AM and CFVP. The evolution of R. decoloratus resistance at the end of a 12 year period indicated a stable but high prevalence of 90% overall resistance to CM. The same trend was seen for AM-resistant R. decoloratus populations but at a lower level of just over 40%. In contrast, CFVP resistant R. decoloratus populations showed a decreasing trend with near-total reversion to susceptibility. Multi-resistance was present in more than 50% of populations tested with the highest incidence in the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, and Western Cape provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In South Africa, acaricides are widely used for tick control but very few reports are available on resistance development of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus Koch to chemical control on commercial farming systems in Africa, south of the Sahara. Resistance to different acaricide classes reported over the years was mostly from localised communal farming systems. This report addresses the lack of available information on resistance development by reviewing results found during a National Tick Resistance Survey carried out from 1998 to 2001, laying the foundation for more recent research on resistance development, and the evolution of resistance over the years. One hundred and eighty R. decoloratus populations were randomly collected from commercial farming systems, covering most of the provinces of South Africa. Larval immersion tests were used to determine phenotypic resistance for each tick population and 6.6% of the populations tested were found to be resistant to amitraz, 35.5% to cypermethrin, and 36.1% to chlorfenvinphos. Multi-resistance to all three acaricides was found in 1.2% of populations and a further 25.8% of the populations were resistant to two acaricides. The detection of resistance of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) species to currently used or new acaricides is an essential tool in resistance management. The acaricides tested for the resistance of R. decoloratus during the survey are currently still in use in South Africa and these historical results, never published before, can be valuable and can act as reference data to determine the evolution of resistance development to acaricides in more recent studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil is the most widespread area for the co-occurrence of two or more numbers of contaminants. Therefore, toxicity assessments based on contaminants mixture are urgently required to assess their combined impacts on soil enzymes. In the present study, the median effect plot and the combination index isobologram were studied to evaluate the dose-response curve for individual and interactive impacts of chlorpyrifos (Chl), cypermethrin (Cyp), and arsenic (As) on soil dehydrogenase, a potential marker of soil health. Along with these methods, a two-way ANOVA was also tested and the results showed significant changes with respect to different treatments. The results also showed that the Dm value increases in the order of As0.25 fa level. However, Chl + Cyp unveiled a synergistic impact over soil dehydrogenase on day 30th. The overall impact of applied chemicals on dehydrogenase activity was contributed by bioavailability and the nature of toxicological interactions between them. This study would be one of the exclusive studies for the agricultural sector to predict the potential risk associated with the co-existence of these or similar contaminants in the terrestrial environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides (SPIs) are frequently detected in water bodies and sediments, and they show high toxicity to aquatic organisms, but their toxicity kinetics remain unknown. In this work, the kinetics of uptake and depuration of three SPIs, fenpropathrin (FP), cypermethrin (CM) and deltamethrin (DM) were evaluated in manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) for the first time through a bioconcentration-semi-static test. Clams were exposed to three SPIs of different concentrations (2 ng/mL and 20 ng/mL) for 4 days, followed by a 10-day depuration stage. The results indicated that adult manila clams could absorb SPIs rapidly, and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) values of SPIs were different at high and low concentrations of contaminants. The depuration rate constants (k2) of SPIs in adult manila clams ranged from 0.024 h-1 to 0.037 h-1. The bioaccumulation factors ranged from 319.41 to 574.38. And the half-lives (t1/2) were in the range of 18.49 to 29.22 h. These results showed that manila clams have a high bioconcentration capacity, and SPIs have a high cumulative risk for bivalves. Moreover, after 10 days of elimination, SPIs can still be detected in manila clams at all concentrations, indicating that the complete elimination of SPIs required a longer time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects and their gut bacteria can degrade insecticides separately, which is helpful for insecticide resistance development. However, there is little knowledge about insect and gut bacteria cooperation or their respective roles in an insecticide degradation complex. In this study, we investigated the activities of three enzymes related to pesticide degradation in a leaf beetle, Ambrostoma quadriimpressum Motschulsky. The activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (CarE), and catalase (CAT) were up-regulated in the holo-gut (including lumen) after 5 days of exposure to beta-cypermethrin. The roles of the beetle gut and its bacteria were partitioned via transcriptome sequencing and 16S rDNA sequencing. The results showed that the elevated activities of CarE were attributed to the beetle gut, whereas GST and CAT were attributed to its bacteria. Pathway enrichment analysis based on a reference database hybridized with the BioCyc and KEGG databases showed that the gluconeogenesis pathway plays an important role in the gut of the beetle to counter the insecticide. The guts may be injured by the insecticide, and the epithelial cells regenerated via the Hippo signaling pathway activated by glutamate. The results from PICRUSt 2 and LEfSe showed a possible community pathway degrading the insecticide in the gut, i.e., beta-cypermethrin was degraded into intermediates (e.g., protocatechuate and catechol) and subsequently degraded by gut bacteria via the ortho- or meta-cleavage pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetranychus urticae Koch. (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most important major pests that damage both agricultural production areas and many other commercially grown plants across the world. Agricultural producers generally prefer pesticides to control pests. However, the pesticides are sometimes used without consideration for their effects on non-target organisms. In addition, in some cases, the dose adjustment for the pesticides prior to application is incorrectly applied. In this case, the associated overdose or low dose may lead to changes in the biological parameters of the target and the non-target organisms. In this study, we investigated the effect of imidacloprid, thiacloprid, deltamethrin and cypermethrin on reproduction parameters and lifespan of T. urticae using their field recommended dose (FRD) and half of the field recommended dose (FRD/2). Insecticides and pure water (control) were applied to the larvae of the T. urticae found on the leaves on the wet cotton of the Petri dish by spray towers. Compared to the control, the developmental times for the larvae on test unit treated with deltamethrin and cypermethrin at FRD and FRD/2 were considerably longer. The developmental period of larvae treated with thiacloprid at the FRD, however, was significantly shorter than the control (P < 0.05). The duration of adults preoviposition from thiacloprid administered at the FRD/2 was significantly increased compared to the control (P < 0.05). The lifespan (4.89 days) and the duration of oviposition period (5.05 days) of adults obtained from larvae treated with imidacloprid at FRD was significantly shorter compared to the control (P < 0.05). Thus, thiacloprid at the FRD/2 significantly increased the preoviposition time (1.10 days) compared to the control (0.50 days) (P < 0.05). Deltamethrin at the FRD and FRD/2 significantly increased the preoviposition duration compared to control (P < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an important pest of cotton worldwide; causing significant economic loss to cotton growers. Its control under field condition is difficult, as it remains inside the boll and feeds internally. Therefore, under this study we have evaluated different insecticides viz., Quinalphos 25% EC, Profenofos 50% EC, Thiodicarb 75% WP, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, Spinosad 45% SC, Neem oil (0.3% W/W), Cypermethrin 25% EC, Triazophos 40% EC, Deltamethrin 2.8% EC and the combination of Profenofos 40% + Cypermethrin 4% EC and Deltamethrin 1% + Triazophos 35% EC for the management of P. gossypiella in cotton under rainfed conditions. The results revealed that combination of Profenofos 40% + Cypermethrin 4% EC showed most effective and offered lowest number of exit holes (0.3 to 0.5), mines on epicarp (2.0 to 7.0), larvae/plant (0.3 to 1.0) and per cent locule damage (1.3 to 7.3%) in green bolls as compared to individual formulations. Among individual formulations, Cypermethrin 25% EC effectively controlled pink bollworm larval damage (0.3 to 1.1 exit holes, 3.3 to 4.0 mines on epicarp, 0.9 to 1.7 larvae and 1.3 to 13.0% locule damage in green bolls after 10 days of spray) as compared to other treatments. Further, maximum seed cotton yield was recorded (11.6 to 12.04 q/ha) in Profenofos 40% + Cypermethrin 4% EC treated fields. The integration of these insecticide molecules proved to be effective in the management of pink bollworm under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carrion flies play a significant role in forensic entomotoxicology, where they are employed as alternative samples when traditional samples are unavailable. In situations of poisoned death, these toxins disrupt insect development and affect forensic entomology analyses. So, forensic entomotoxicologists must be aware of this impact. The present study aimed to determine the effects of aluminum phosphide (AlP) and cypermethrin (CP) on the biochemical parameters and antioxidant enzymes of the third instar of Chrysomya megacephala maggots. C. megacephala was reared on normal and poisoned rabbit carcasses with aluminum phosphide and cypermethrin. The third larval instar of C. megacephala was studied using by spectrophotometer for detection of total protein, (TP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione s-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The results indicated to significantly decrease of TP, TAC, SOD, GST and CAT and increase of AST, ALT and MDA in the maggots reared on the poisoned carcasses with AlP or CP compared with control group. In conclusion, the tested insecticides brought about a decrease antioxidant enzyme activity and increase of MDA could be involved in free radicals in C. megacephala larvae leading to oxidative stress by these insecticidal components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the massive application of cypermethrin (CYP) for pest control in China, the adverse effects on non-target organisms have aroused great attention. However, comparative studies between its different stereoisomers remain scarce, especially for metabolism perturbations. Herein, the rats were administered α-CYP, β-CYP, and θ-CYP by gavage at doses of 8.5, 29.2, and 25.0 mg/kg/day, respectively, for 28 consecutive days. By blood examination, significant changes in liver and renal function parameters were observed in rats exposed to all three CYPs. The stereoisomeric selectivity in metabolic disturbances was assessed based on a metabolomic strategy via multivariate analysis and pathway analysis. The results demonstrated that amino acid and glycolipid metabolism were disrupted in all CYP groups. Among them, the most significant changes in the metabolic phenotype were observed in the θ-CYP group, with 56 differential metabolites enriched in 9 differential metabolic pathways. At the same time, the endogenous metabolite trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), which is closely linked to the gut microbiota, was also significantly elevated in this group. Gender differences were found in α- and θ-CYP-exposed rats, with perturbations in amino acid and glucose metabolism of greater concern in females and lipid metabolism of greater concern in males. Overall, β-CYP exhibited a lower risk of metabolic perturbations than α-CYP or θ-CYP, which helps to screen suitable agrochemical products for green agricultural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium nanoparticles and pyrethroid pesticides are now being widely used in industrial, agriculture, and biomedical applications. In recent years, their health safety profiles have aroused concerns among health scientists. This study mainly explored the combined effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) and cypermethrin (CYP) on reproductive toxicity in male rats by gavage for 90 days. Thirty-two male Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to four groups: the control group, the TiO2NPs group, the CYP group, and the combined titanium dioxide nanoparticles with cypermethrin (TiO2NPs + CYP) group. The results of biochemical analysis on testicular tissue homogenate showed that TiO2NPs and CYP mixtures decreased the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) while increasing the activity of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Meanwhile, the results of two-way factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a significant effect on GSH-Px, CAT, LDH, testicular cell apoptosis, and sperm quality in rats after exposure. Furthermore, the combined exposure group exhibited apoptosis of testicular cells and DNA damage. The results indicated that exposure to a mixture of TiO2NPs and CYP had adverse effects on the reproductive status of male rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparison of the efficacy of permethrin- and cypermethrin-based textile against taiga ticks (Ixodes persulcatus) was carried out in a tick-borne viral encephalitis hotspot in the Irkutsk Region (Russia) using model samples of impregnated textiles. We demonstrated that permethrin- and cypermethrin-treated model samples have similar protective parameters in terms of maximum height reached by the tick when climbing up the treated textile (20.9–38.7 cm for cypermethrin, 27.6–39.3 cm for permethrin, depending on concentration) and knockdown time (i.e., the time until a female tick falls off the treated textile; 3.52–4.31 min for cypermethrin, 5.02–8.25 min for permethrin, depending on concentration). In contrast, when evaluating the 'biting speed' index (which is the ratio of the average attaching time of ticks contacting untreated textiles and ticks contacting treated textiles), it has been shown that permethrin-treated textiles accelerate biting. So, using permethrin-treated protective clothing against the taiga tick could be risky because it increases the likelihood of being bitten and thus getting infected. In contrast, cypermethrin-treated textiles appear to block the ability of ticks to attack warm-blooded animals and humans – after contact with cypermethrin-treated textiles none of the ticks attached to a rabbit. So cypermethrin-based textiles could be an alternative to permethrin for tick-bite protection clothing production if there is no toxic effect on humans of textile materials based on it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrethroid insecticides are ubiquitously detected in environmental media, food, and urine samples. Our previous epidemiological study reported a correlation between increased pyrethroid exposure and delayed pubertal development in Chinese girls. In this study, we further investigated the effects of perinatal exposure to low doses of cypermethrin (CP) on pubertal onset and hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in the female mice offspring. The treatment of CP with 60 μg/kg/day from gestation day 6 (GD6) to postnatal day 21 (PND21) significantly decreased the time to puberty in the female offspring. Exposure of CP increased the serum levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and the expression of GnRH genes in a dose-dependent manner in the female offspring. CP also induced the serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), as well as the expression of gonadotropin subunit genes [LHβ, FSHβ, and chorionic gonadotropin α (Cgα)]. Furthermore, CP induced serum estradiol (E2) levels and the expression of steroidogenesis-related genes [steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) and Cytochrome p 450, family 11, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP11A1)] in the ovary. In accordance with the in vivo tests, administration of CP (6.7, 20, and 60 μg/L) stimulated a dose-dependent increase in the synthesis and secretion of the puberty-related hormones in the explants of hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovary. The interference with calcium channels in the ovary may be responsible for CP-induced pubertal onset. Our study provided evidence that perinatal exposure to low doses of CP induced puberty-related hormones and decreased the time to puberty in the female offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to quantify the expression levels of Catalase (cat) and copper, zinc Superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-sod) genes involved in the antioxidant response in Caiman latirostris (broad-snouted caiman) blood, after embryonic exposure to the formulations cypermethrin (CYP), chlorpyrifos (CPF), glyphosate (GLY), and their binary and ternary mixtures. Experimental groups were: negative control (NC-distilled water), vehicle control (VC-ethanol), GLY-2%, CYP- 0.12%, CPF- 0.8%, a ternary mixture of them (TM), and three binary mixtures. The applications were made on the nest material in contact with the eggs at the beginning of the incubation period. After hatching, RNA was isolated from blood and expression levels analyzed through qPCR. The results showed downregulation in the expression of sod and cat genes in the three binary mixtures studied, compared to the controls. In addition, we found a possible antagonistic effect between different pesticides in the TM on the expression of both genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regular monitoring of status of acaricide resistance by various techniques build the backbone of tick control programmes. The one host tick, Rhipicephalus microplus is the most common cattle tick responsible for several health hazards (babesiosis and anaplasmosis) and economic losses to the organized livestock farms in India. The present manuscript aimed to determine the status of acaricide resistance against multiple chemical acaricides, which are commonly used by livestock owners. The rapid and simplified FAO recommended adult immersion test with discriminating dose (AIT-DD) bioassay has been used to encourage the continuus field level monitoring of status of acaricide resistance. Out of the 20 isolates collected from 8 districts belonging to arid and semi-arid zone of Haryana, resistance against deltamethrin (40–100%), cypermethrin (26.67–100%), coumaphos (6.67–26.67%), fipronil (3.33-40.0%) and amitraz (6.67-80%) were recorded in 90%,75%, 20%, 40% and 35% isolates, respectively. All the isolates showed complete susceptibility to the flumethrin treatment. Data generated revealed a notable variance of susceptibility to synthetic pyrethroid and formamidine drugs in the R. microplus population of arid and semi-arid zone of Haryana. This study records the first attempt to monitor the status of acaricide resistance in ticks against all the available acaricides. Data generated can be used as an indicator for the management of one host tick in the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate four strategies for application of acaricides to control the tick Rhipicephalus microplus among infested cattle, and to show which of these has the best cost–benefit ratio. Methods: For this, 72 cattle were selected and divided into four groups: Group 1 (G1): fipronil, pour-on; Group 2 (G2): fluazuron, pour-on; Group 3 (G3): moxidectin, injectable; and Group 4 (G4): chlorpyrifos 30 g, cypermethrin 15 g and fenthion 15 g, spraying (atomizing chamber). Every seven days, the numbers of semi-engorged females were counted and laboratory tests were conducted using different commercial technical-grade products for resistance monitoring. Results: G4 showed the best percentage reduction, with the highest rate on the seventh day post-treatment (DPT) (83.23%). G3 was the second best strategy, with a percentage of inverse reduction such that the best results were on the 28th DPT (82.85%), while G1 and G2 reached their best results on the 21st DPT (32.63% and 2.79%). Conclusion: It was noteworthy that the formulation used in G4 was the only one that was efficient for strategic control and that, based on the economic analysis, was shown to be economically viable over the medium term due to the need for investment. The presence of a multidrug-resistant strain in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul in vitro, for the chemical bases amitraz, cypermethrin and cypermethrin + DDVP, is reported here for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sensitive, selective, and simple spectrofluorimetric method for the detection and determination of cypermethrin (CYP) in various samples based on thioglycolic acid-caped Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots (TGA@Mn–ZnS–QDs) is reported. These quantum dots were synthesized using the Gonzalez method. The synthesized quantum dots were structurally characterized with the help of different spectroscopic techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques and fluorescence spectroscopy. The quantum dots were used for spectrofluorimetric detection and determination of CYP. The emission peak of these quantum dots at 632 nm showed a linear quenching with increasing the concentration of CYP, noticing an excellent linear relationship between F°/F values and CYP in the range of 0.5–12 µg mL−1 with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.992. The influence of different physiochemical parameters such as time, pH, the concentration of quantum dots, and other pesticides interference on the fluorescence quenching was investigated. The detection limit was calculated to be 0.132 µg mL−1. The developed method was successfully applied for the detection and determination of CYP in various spiked samples (tomato, okra, pea, spinach, soil, and water) using the spike and recovery methods. The percent recoveries of CYP from these samples were found to be 77 ± 0.05% to 95 ± 0.12% at various levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrethroid pesticides are of great environmental and health concern with regard to neurotoxicity and ubiquitous occurrence. Here, we reported a new bacterial strain identified as Bacillus cereus AKAD 3–1 that degraded 88.1% of 50 mg/l of cypermethrin in an aqueous medium. The biodegradation of cypermethrin was optimized by CCD (central composite design) and validated by ANN-GA (artificial neural network-genetic algorithm). Both the approaches proved to possess good performance in modeling and optimizing the growth conditions. Results indicated that the process variables have a significant (< 0.0001) impact on cypermethrin biodegradation. Moreover, the predicted CCD model had a "lack of fit p-value" of "0.9975." The optimum CCD and ANN model had an R2 value of 0.9703 and 0.9907, indicating that the two models' experimental and predicted values are closely fitted. The isolate successfully converted cypermethrin to CO2 and phenol without producing any toxic metabolite. Finally, a degradation pathway was proposed with the intermediate compounds identified by GC–MS. The present study highlights an important potential application of strain AKAD 3–1 for the in situ bioremediation of cypermethrin-contaminated environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanosizing antiparasitic formulation has tremendous potential to control parasite infection by rectifying drawbacks of conventional formulations. The present study investigates synthesis optimization of cypermethrin nanoemulsion using PEG diblock copolymers through a spontaneous emulsification technique. Synthesis parameters of nanoemulsion were optimized using response surface methodology with central composite design to get nanoemulsion (NEC-1) with lowest particle size (179.8 nm) and highest encapsulation efficiency (90.24%). TEM and DLS revealed the spherical morphology and negative zeta potential (− 42.4–57.2 mV) of the developed nanoemulsion formulations. Bioefficacy of the NEC-1 was studied against fish ectoparasite Argulus bengalensis at embryonic and adult stages. It was observed that treatment of nanoemulsion disrupted the natural developmental stage of A. bengalensis egg at a very low concentration (0.001 ppm). The calculated LC50 against the adult parasite and LC50 for prevention of 50% egg hatching was found to be 0.005 and 0.006 ppm, respectively. In the recent scenario of repetitive antiparasitic resistance, the developed nanoemulsion could come out as a potential solution; however, further study is required for its feasibility for use in actual field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information regarding the safety and environmental risks of pesticides intended for urban use remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of four common pesticides on the microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata: DIAZINON® 25% C. E., Roundup®, URBACIN® 20C. E., and VAPODEL® 20% C. E., which are commercial formulations of diazinon, glyphosate, dichlorvos, and cypermethrin, respectively. According to 96-h inhibition of population growth bioassays, the four pesticide toxicities exemplified the following order: DIAZINON® (diazinon) > Roundup® (glyphosate) > VAPODEL® (dichlorvos) > URBACIN® (cypermethrin). Increasing pesticide concentrations elicited alterations in the specific growth rates (µmax). The macromolecule contents and photosynthetic pigments increased in groups exposed to the highest concentrations of DIAZINON® 25%, Roundup®, and URBACIN® 20 compared to the control group, despite these treatments inducing lower population growth rates. VAPODEL® 20% induced higher growth rates and lower macromolecule content compared to the control. Since active ingredients were not quantified, certain comparisons may prove limiting, but it is important to assess the effects of the whole mixtures in the form that they enter the environment, especially for urban-intended applications or generic formulations with higher additive contents. Finally, this study demonstrated that commercial pesticide formulations designed for urban applications might pose a threat to freshwater microalgae due to their underestimated toxic potential, but further studies are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, molecular dynamics, full factorial experimental design and molecular docking were used to determine the toxic effects of pesticides on pests (Tetranychus telarius, Lygus lucorum and Helicoverpa armigera) and bees (North Chinese bee) in a cotton field, and an insecticide collocation scheme with the bi-directional selectivity was devised. Firstly, the main insecticides for three stages of cotton growth were identified under the lateral mixing condition. Insecticides for the first phase included abamectin (avermectin B1a and B1b), acetamiprid (N-(N-cyano-ethylimine)-N-methyl-2-chloropyridine-5-methylamine), dicofol (1,1-bis(p-Chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethanol) and cypermethrin ((RS)-α-cyano-3-phenoxyebenzyl(SR)-3-(2,2-dichloroyl)-2,2-dimethyl cyclopropane carboxylic acid ester); the insecticides available in the second phase included cypermethrin ((RS)-α-cyano-3-phenoxyebenzyl(SR)-3-(2,2-dichloroyl)-2,2-dimethyl cyclopropane carboxylic acid ester), phoxim (O,O-diethyl-O-α-cyanophenylbenzylamine thiophosphate ester), deltamethrin ((R,cis)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dibromovinylcyclopropane ester)-cyano-diphenyl ether) and abamectin (avermectin B1a and B1b). In third phase, cypermethrin ((RS)-α-cyano-3-phenoxyebenzyl(SR)-3-(2,2-dichloroyl)-2,2-dimethyl cyclopropane carboxylic acid ester), and deltamethrin ((R,cis)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,2-dibromovinylcyclopropane ester) -cyano-diphenyl ether) were included. Different insecticide application schemes were designed according to whether the application cycle and sequence were considered. The molecular dynamics simulation method was used to determine the effects of different insecticide application schemes on pests and bees. After the simulation, the simplified mixed-weighted model carried out each application scheme. In the case of lateral mixing, the combination of avermectin + acetamiprid + trichlorobacitol + cypermethrin + phoxim + deltamethrin was selected as the optimal application program, which reduced bee toxicity by 98.77% and increased insect toxicity by 55.84%. Whereas in the case of longitudinal residue, avermectin + cypermethrin + deltamethrin was selected. This combination reduced the harm to bees by 126.55% and increased the toxicity to target pests by 34.23%. Finally, by calculating the resultant force from different types of non-bonded forces, the mechanism of the effect of the optimal application scheme on bees and pests under two scenarios was analyzed. The optimally combined scheme prepared by screening could provide the bi-directional selectivity to bees and pests. This study provides an important reference for reducing the environmental problems caused by pesticide application in farmland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of methods for exclusion or reduction of the abundance of the target group in a field experiment is one of the important methodological tasks in studying the interactions of soil fungi and invertebrates. The possibility of using cypermethrin in order to reduce the abundance of invertebrates during the research of interaction with mycorrhizal fungi was studied in two model coniferous forests (in the reserves "Kivach" and the Central Forest State Reserve). A short-term (30 days) experiment showed a significant decrease in the abundance of soil invertebrates and no differences in the mycelium biomass of mycorrhizal fungi. In a longer experiment (90 days), the effect of soil defaunation was similar, but the production of mycelium of mycorrhizal fungi decreased compared to the control. The method of soil defaunation with cypermethrin is effective, but can be recommended for use only in short-term field experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The toxicity of carbaryl, tebufenpyrad, cypermethrin and permethrin was evaluated in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax during the embryonic and larval development using six different concentrations per chemical. The order of the toxicity effectiveness was carbaryl > tebufenpyrad > cypermethrin > permethrin. The larvae were more sensitive to all tested chemicals than embryos. The LC50 of carbaryl, tebufenpyrad, cypermethrin and permethrin was determined as 13.88, 43.96, 92 and 142 ppm and 9.27, 25.67, 48.4 and 72.7 ppm in embryo and larvae, respectively. Furthermore, the tested pesticides exhibited teratogenic effects on D. labrax embryo-larval stages. The observed malformations were coagulation, no spherical egg, unhatched egg, pericardial oedemata, yolk oedemata, lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis, no eye, cranial deformation and body atrophy. Malformations were induced with 0.5 ppm carbaryl, 10 ppm tebufenpyrad and 50 ppm cypermethrin and permethrin; the highest rates of malformation were noted with 16 ppm carbaryl, 160 ppm tebufenpyrad, 400 ppm cypermethrin and 400 ppm permethrin as 34.5%, 28%, 17.5% and 16%, respectively. A positive correlation between the incidence of malformation and the increase of pesticide concentration was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Insecticides play an essential role in preventing crop losses. However, there is growing concern over adverse effects associated with their widespread and long-term use. Cypermethrin (CYP) and lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) are type II pyrethroid insecticides that inhibit voltage-sensitive sodium channel function. Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is an avermectin class insecticide that stimulates γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor and glutamate-gated chloride channel. Methods: The L-929 cells were exposed to CYP, LCT, and EMB for 48 h to measure the cytotoxic effect by MTT assay. Then, Annexin V/PI was used to evaluate apoptosis. Finally, Comet assay was used to determine the genotoxicity and DNA damage. Results: We present the investigation results of potential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of LCT, CYP, and EMB insecticides on normal murine fibroblast cells (L-929). Our results indicated that cell viability decreased with increasing concentrations of insecticides during 48 h. Moreover, the apoptosis induction by EMB was more potent than LCT and CYP. The comet assay findings indicated that CYP causes more DNA damage than the other two insecticides. As a result, CYP may be considered a genotoxic insecticide. Conclusion: Our results may be included in future research to provide a more thorough assessment of the toxicity of these insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrethroid insecticides have been extensively used worldwide, but few studies explored the prospective association between pyrethroid exposure and incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). We conducted a nested case–control study of 2012 paired cases and controls, and measured eight pyrethroid insecticides in the baseline sera. We used conditional logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals, and constructed multiple-pollutant models to investigate the association of pyrethroid mixture with incident T2D risk. The median concentrations (detection rates) were 3.53 μg/L (92.45%), 0.52 μg/L (99.80%), 1.16 μg/L (90.61%) and 1.43 μg/L (99.95%) for permethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin, respectively. Compared to participants with serum fenvalerate levels in the first quartile, the multivariable-adjusted ORs of incident T2D were 1.20 (95% CI 0.86–1.67), 1.41 (0.97–2.05), and 2.29 (1.27–4.11) for the second, third and fourth quartile (P trend = 0.01). Spline analysis further confirmed the positive association between serum fenvalerate levels and incident T2D risk (P for overall association = 0.006). Furthermore, mixture models revealed a positive association of pyrethroid mixture with incident T2D risk, with serum fenvalerate ranked as the top contributor (proportion of relative contribution: > 70%). We found that high concentrations of serum pyrethroid insecticides were significantly associated with an increased risk of incident T2D. The elevated risk was largely explained by fenvalerate. Further investigations are urgently needed to confirm our findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms, given the widespread use of pyrethroids and the global pandemic of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insect pollinators, critical for both agricultural output and the ecosystem, are declining at an alarming levels partly due to human-made chemicals. Majority of environmental chemicals hamper the endocrine function and studies on the same in insects remain neglected. Here, we report a Drosophila-based ex vivo assay system that employs a reproductive tissue from transgenic males carrying a reporter gene (lacZ) downstream of ecdysone receptor response element (EcRE) and permits the evaluation of chemical-mediated activity modulation of all three isoforms of ecdysone receptor, which are critical for male fertility. We show agonistic [plasticizers, cypermethrin, atrazine, methyl parathion, imidacloprid, cadmium chloride, mercuric chloride or 3-(4-methylbenzylidene) camphor] or antagonistic (apigenin, tributyltin chloride) effects or lack of effect thereof (rutin hydrate, dichlorvos, lead acetate, parabens) for seven different classes of environmental chemicals on ecdysone receptor activity reflecting the specificity and sensitivity of the developed ex vivo assay. Exposure to a few of these chemicals in vivo hampers the fertility of Drosophila males, thus linking the observed endocrine disruption to a quantifiable reproductive phenotype. The developed ex vivo assay offers a quick Drosophila-based screening tool for throughput monitoring of environmental chemicals for their ability to hamper the endocrine function of insect pollinators and other invertebrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

German cockroach (Blattella germanica L. Blattodea: Ectobiidae), a common species in the genus Blattella, is known as a mechanical vector of many pathogens and parasites. Different classes of insecticides are used with synergistic substances to treat cockroach infestations. In this research, we examined the synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on the toxicity of two pyrethroids (alpha-cypermethrin and deltamethrin) which are insecticides recommended for in-home cockroach control, against four pyrethroid-resistant strains of B. germanica from Turkey. Cockroaches were exposed to both pyrethroids and their combinations with PBO (insecticide: synergistic ratio is 1:0.5). The results show that the PBO has a synergistic effect on the pyrethroid insecticides and the exposure of German cockroaches to PBO significantly suppressed (p ≤ 0.05) resistance to both insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, cypermethrin toxicity was investigated using physiological, biochemical and cytogenetic parameters, and more than one organ and cell type was preferred to determine these effects. In this multifaceted study, the genotoxicity mechanism of cypermethrin was elucidated by molecular docking. In addition, comet assay technique was applied to detect and quantify DNA damage at the cell level. For this aim, body and organ weights, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels, mitotic index (MI), DNA fragmentation, frequency of micronucleus (MN) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) were used as indicators of toxicity. Mice were divided into 4 groups. The control group was fed with tap water and the administration groups were orally exposed to 62.5, 125 and 250 mg/kg b.w cypermethrin for 28 days. Then, the mice were sacrificed and tissue samples were collected. Cypermethrin caused a decrease in body and organ weights, GSH levels and MI and an increase in AST, ALT, MDA, BUN, creatinine levels and the frequency of MN and CAs (break, ring, gap, acentric, etc.). Cypermethrin promoted MN formation in leukocyte, erythrocyte, buccal mucosa epithelial cells. CAs and MN formation promoted by cypermethrin have been associated with DNA-cypermethrin interactions. This interaction has been demonstrated by simulation with molecular docking method and experimentally by spectral measurements of DNA. As a result, all three doses of cypermethrin caused toxicity in different cell types. In other words, the effect of cypermethrin taken into the body was not limited to only one cell type or region. Therefore, cypermethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide that promotes multifaceted toxicity in non-target organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural ovicidal and repellent agents against Periplaneta americana L. are urgently needed, and plant essential oils (EOs) can assume this role quite readily. In this study, ovicidal and repellent activities against Periplaneta americana of EOs from Cymbopogon citratus (Stapf.), Cinnamomum verum (J. Presl.), Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.), Illicium verum (Hook.f.), and Zanthoxylum limonella (Alston) in soybean oil and in ethyl alcohol were determined by topical and dual-choice assays, as well as 10% cypermethrin and a combined formulation of 5% C. verum EO + 5% I. verum EO. Cypermethrin at 10% provided the highest toxicity (100% inhibition rate) against the eggs, but only slightly higher than that (99.3%) provided by the combined EO formulation, while the highest repellent activity against the adults was provided by the combined formulation (89.5% repelled cockroaches at 48 h after treatment). In addition, all EO formulations in soybean oil provided higher ovicidal and repellent activities than those in ethyl alcohol. To conclude, the combined EO formulation in soybean oil can replace cypermethrin because their efficacy was nearly equivalent, but the combination should be much safer to use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effectiveness of pyrethroid insecticides against pests including bark beetles (Dendroctonus spp.) is well known, but little is known about their (a) residuality and persistence in forests after application to control an outbreak and (b) ability to bioaccumulate in insects, which could cause adverse effects on the trophic chains. The 24 h lethal toxicity, bioaccumulation factors, and lethal body burdens of the pyrethroid insecticides bifenthrin, deltamethrin, and cypermethrin were evaluated in the bark beetle Dendroctonus mexicanus. The residuality and persistence of the insecticide bifenthrin in the forest ecosystem (soil, water, and sediment) was also monitored after its application in a region infested by bark beetles. We determined whether contamination of soil, water, and sediments occurred near the sanitation site. For D. mexicanus, the most toxic insecticide for adults was bifenthrin for topical application (LC50 = 0.94 mg/L) and cypermethrin for bark application (LC50 = 5.04 mg/L). The insecticide that bioaccumulated the most in the insect body was deltamethrin (622.41 μg g−1 dw) and the insecticide that bioaccumulated the least amount was cypermethrin (183.09 μg g−1 dw). However, cypermethrin was the active substance that presented the lowest body burdens, and therefore required a lower dose to cause death of D. mexicanus adults. Our results demonstrate that prolonged presence of bifenthrin in the forest ecosystem could lead to bioaccumulation in soil, sediment, and insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]