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Deep supervised hashing has turned up to unravel many large-scale image retrieval challenges. Although deep supervised hashing accomplishes good results for image retrieval process, requisite for further improving the retrieval accuracy always remains the primal focus of interest. In Deep hashing methods, feature representation happens at the outset of the fully connected (FC) layers, causing shortage of spatial information owing to its global nature, whereas deeper pooling layers preserve semantically similar information by retaining the images spatial information, which can result in uplifting the retrieval performance. Hereby, for enhancing the image retrieval accuracy through exploring spatial information, a novel way of deep supervised hashing based on Pooled Feature map (DSHPoolF) is proposed to generate compact hash codes that explore the spatial information by weighing the informative Feature maps from the last pooling layer. This is achieved, firstly, by weighing the last pooling layers Feature map in two ways, namely average–max-based pooling and probability-based pooling strategies. Secondly, informative Feature maps are selected with the help of the weights. In addition to this, the informative Feature maps play a key role in optimizing quantization error together with the loss function and classification errors in a single-step, point-wise ranking manner. This proposed DSHPoolF method is assessed using three datasets (CIFAR-10, MNIST and ImageNet) that unveils primitive outcome in comparison with other existing prominent hash-based methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plenty of data are available due to the growth of digital technology that creates a high expectation in retrieving the relevant images, accurately and efficiently for a given query image. For searching the relevant images efficiently for the Large Scale dataset, the searching algorithm should have fast access capability. The existing Exact Nearest Neighbor search performs in linear time and so it takes more time as both the dataset and data dimension increases. As a remedy to provide sub-linear/logarithmic time complexity, usage of Approximate Nearest Neighbor (ANN) algorithms is emerging at a rapid rate. This paper discusses about the importance of ANN and their general classification; the different categories involved in Learning to Hash has been analyzed with their pros and cons; different bit assignment types and methods to minimize the Quantization Errors have been reviewed along with its merits and demerits. Therefore, it serves to increase the efficiency of the Image Retrieval process in Large Scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, pristine and silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO and Ag-ZnO NPs) were synthesized via a simple, eco-friendly method using a Plectranthus barbatus leaf aqueous extract as an NP-generating facilitator. The NPs obtained were characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and UV–Vis. FTIR confirmed chemical structure, XRD emphasizes retained hexagonal crystallite structure, SEM revealed a nanosheet morphology, and optical analysis indicated bandgap improvement from 2.55 to 2.51 and 2.04 eV for pristine, 0.02, and 0.06 Ag-doped ZnO NPs. Antibacterial test, performed on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, representing Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, using the disk diffusion method in reference to azithromycin standard drug, noticeably revealed selective action for S. aureus with negligible activity against E. coli. The activity against S. aureus was found to be concentration- and doping-dependent, and as they increased, the activity increased as well. Such improvement in ZnO properties, as a result of certain morphology enhancement, makes it one suitable nominee for applications in various fields, such as solar cells, photocatalysis, and antibacterial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multimodal retrieval has gained much attention lately due to its effectiveness over uni-modal retrieval. For instance, visual features often under-constrain the description of an image in content-based retrieval; however, another modality, such as collateral text, can be introduced to abridge the semantic gap and make the retrieval process more efficient. This article proposes the application of cross-modal fusion and retrieval on real in vivo gastrointestinal images and linguistic cues, as the visual features alone are insufficient for image description and to assist gastroenterologists. So, a cross-modal information retrieval approach has been proposed to retrieve related images given text and vice versa while handling the heterogeneity gap issue among the modalities. The technique comprises two stages: (1) individual modality feature learning; and (2) fusion of two trained networks. In the first stage, two self-organizing maps (SOMs) are trained separately using images and texts, which are clustered in the respective SOMs based on their similarity. In the second (fusion) stage, the trained SOMs are integrated using an associative network to enable cross-modal retrieval. The underlying learning techniques of the associative network include Hebbian learning and Oja learning (Improved Hebbian learning). The introduced framework can annotate images with keywords and illustrate keywords with images, and it can also be extended to incorporate more diverse modalities. Extensive experimentation has been performed on real gastrointestinal images obtained from a known gastroenterologist that have collateral keywords with each image. The obtained results proved the efficacy of the algorithm and its significance in aiding gastroenterologists in quick and pertinent decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was to examine the antibacterial and anticancer potential of titanium dioxide mediated (TiO2) nanoparticles using Hypsizygus ulmarius. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV, XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, HR-TEM, PSA, and zeta potential. The UV–visible spectroscopy results exhibited a sharp absorbance peak range at 264 nm. The X-ray diffraction analysis reflected the presence of diffraction major peak range at (101), (103), (004), (200), (112), (200), (105), (211), (213), (314), (602), and (215) planes of face centered cubic TiO2NPs. The HR-TEM absorption was expressed the presence of spherical structure particles with a normal size of 80 nm. The EDX results of mycosynthesized TiO2NPs recorded the strong major intense signal which confirms the presence of pure Ti (85%). Mycosynthesized TiO2NPs have a zeta potential value of − 18.4 mV, it shows that they are stable in water. For antibacterial assay, the mycosynthesized TiO2NPs have broad spectrum of growth inhibition against tested human pathogenic bacteria viz., S. aureus (8.4 ± 0.3), B. cereus (7.1 ± 0.5), E. coli (6.2 ± 0.3), and K. pneumoniae (4.0 ± 0.1 mm). The anticancer activity results of green synthesized TiO2NPs proved as highly toxic for the HepG2 cell line and show a reduced cell viability (85%) and L50 value of 83.3 µg/ml after 24 h treatment. Finally, outcome of the present investigation shows that the mycosynthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles using mushroom extract served as an alternative and eco-friendly nano drugs in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we have investigated and compared biocompatible calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO-NPs) with different surface chemistries for biological properties. In the study, green synthesis is achieved using an aqueous extract of Potentilla bifurca while chemical synthesized polyethylene glycol (PEG) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-coated CaO-NPs are prepared using a facile coprecipitation approach. The nanoparticles are characterized using different techniques including, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Moreover, yield and pH-responsive dispersion studies are also carried out. After comprehensive characterization, the NPs are explored for potential biological properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, antileshmanial, antioxidant, and biocompatibility. Our study reveals that green synthesis results in CaO-NPs with high antioxidant and dispersion properties while chemical synthesis in particular CTAB-coated CaO-NPs exhibits remarkably high antibacterial, antifungal, and leishmancidal properties. For instance, the NPs resulted in 25 ± 1.4 mm and 16 ± 0.4 mm zone of inhibition (ZOI) against Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus flavus,, respectively, while 81.10% and 79.34% inhibition against the promastigote and amastigote forms of the leishmania tropica. However, none of the NPs displayed hemolytic behavior, affirming the biocompatible nature of all the NPs. Our study thus concludes that surface characteristics play a vital role in defining the biological properties of CaO-NPs and the NPs could be tailored to harness the required biological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4-NPs) and cobalt sulfide nanoparticles (Co9S8-NPs) have shown extensive potential in electrochemical sensing, catalysis, specific drug targeting, and resonance imaging. However, Co9S8-NPs have been rarely explored for biomedical applications as compared to their oxide counterparts. Thus, in the current study, biocompatible PEGylated Co9S8-NPs and Co3O4-NPs are explored and compared for biological and photocatalytic properties. PEGylation of both the NPs is achieved using a simple chemical co-precipitation method followed by characterization using UV visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and pH-responsive dispersion study. After thorough characterization, the NPs are evaluated and compared for various biological applications including antibacterial, antifungal, antileishmanial, antioxidant, and biocompatibility as well as photo-catalytic dye degradation studies. Both the NPs have shown excellent biological applications; however, Co9S8-NPs exhibit comparatively better antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties except antileishmanial potential where Co3O4-NPs show slight superiority. Furthermore, Co3O4-NPs indicate a higher degradation potential of methylene blue (MB) up to 46.93%. In comparison, Co9S8-NPs have a degradation ability of up to 42%, at 20 mg/ml within 3 h, which indicates considerable remediation potential of the NPs. Interestingly, both the NPs exhibit non-hemolytic behavior, thus demonstrating a compatible and bio-safe nature of both the NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plant extracts include a multitude of chemical compounds. Therefore, there is a need for suitable analytical methods for their identification and standardization. The aim of the present study was to extract, isolate, and identify rutin from Capparis zeylanica (CZ) leaves and determine its content in the stems, leaves, roots, and flowers of CZ plant by a simple, sensitive, precise, accurate, and specific high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the first time. The HPTLC method used silica gel 60 F254 for the stationary phase, ethyl acetate‒glacial acetic acid‒formic acid–water (10:1.1:1.1:2.6, V/V) as the mobile phase, and scanning under ultraviolet (UV) 264 nm light, by using deuterium lamp, without chemical reagents. The calibration curves for rutin were found to be linear in the range between 400 and 1400 ng per spot with R2 = 0.9953 ± 0.0004. This method showed good peak symmetry for rutin (RF: 0.418 ± 0.004) with limit of detection and limit of quantification of 14.10 and 42.73 ng/spot, respectively. The precision, accuracy, robustness, and specificity studies for CZ extracts and rutin are within the limits as per the International Council for Harmonisation guidelines. This study confirms the presence of rutin with content (% w/w) of 3.16 ± 0.01 in leaves, 5.92 ± 0.04 in stems, and 2.23 ± 0.02 in flowers, on dry weight basis of CZ extracts. However, it is not found at detectable levels in the roots of CZ plant. In conclusion, the proposed method is simple, reliable, and specific for the quantification of rutin. The results also show that CZ could be an important nutritional source of rutin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation explores the antibacterial potential of novel ZnO-NPs synthesized from Acacia nilotica pods extract and immobilized onto sodium alginate beads to control bacterial pollution in wastewater. Phenolics and flavonoids were major phytoconstituents acting as capping, reducing, and stabilizing agents. UV–Vis analysis showed strong absorption band at 340 nm. XRD and TEM revealed hexagonal crystalline structure for zincite of average particles diameter 33.87 and 32.74 nm, respectively. FTIR demonstrated several bands with functional groups (O–H, C-H, C = O, C = C, and C–O–C) involved in ZnO-NPs synthesis. SEM images showed NPs surface completely colonized by E.coli, while EDX spectrum showed signals for zinc (52.94%) and oxygen (26.58%) confirming NPs purity. Adhesion capacity studies revealed ZnO-NPs potential (0.5 g) to remove E.coli after 120 min. Kinetic and isotherm studies indicated that pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich isotherm were best fit describing adhesion mechanism. Electrostatic attraction between negatively charged E.coli and positively charged ZnO-NPs was followed by generation of H2O2 leading to cell apoptosis. Adhesion optimization using Box–Behnken design under response surface methodology was 99.8% at disinfectant dose 30 g/L, contact time 6 h, and E.coli concentration 150 × 107 cfu/mL. For application, real wastewater was treated with removal 98.2%, 97.2%, and 96.5% for total coliform, fecal coliform, and E.coli, respectively, after 6 h. ZnO-NPs showed sustainable efficiency during four consecutive cycles of treatment. The study concluded the efficiency, eco-friendly and cost-effectiveness of phytofabricated ZnO-NPs as disinfectants for wastewater and recommended future studies on large scale for possible wastewater reuse in safe unrestricted irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecofriendly and cost effective biosynthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) make them excellent material for application in various fields. The current study investigate the phytogenic synthesis of ZnO NPs from the aqueous extract of Evolvulus alsinoides plant as a novel resource which shows reducing as well as stabilizing agents. The biogenic approach applied for green synthesis of ZnO NPs characterized by Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) observing a peak at 264 nm. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The data obtained from SEM and TEM techniques showed spherical shaped nanoparticles and size range in 100 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary challenge for farmers at present is providing for an ever-increasing population while having little available land that is severely polluted. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit interesting properties and potential for applications in various disciplines, especially as nanomaterials in agriculture. In this study, to improve the quality of green gram (Vigna radiata) seeds and the first-time cultivation of green gram pods, ZnO NPs were synthesized using seaweed (Codium decorticatum) extract. Several investigations show that the synthesis procedure of ZnO NPs determines the physicochemical properties of ZnO NPs. The antimicrobial efficacy of plant pathogenic organisms such as Xanthomonas phaseoli, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Cercospora canescens, Rhizoctonia bataticola, and Ascochyta phaseolorum was examined using the agar well technique. X-ray diffraction, UV spectrum, and field emission scanning electron microscopy analyses were used to investigate the structural, optical, and morphological characteristics of the thus-synthesized NPs, respectively. These analyses demonstrated the crystal structure and the spherical shape of the NPs and showed that they ranged in size from 25 to 35 nm. The purity of the NPs and the functional moieties contributing to their efficient manufacturing and stability were investigated using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Green gram seeds were subjected to foliar treatments of various concentrations of the synthesized ZnO nano-fertilizer. Among these concentrations, the 20 mg/L ZnO nano-fertilizer resulted in the highest level of biochemical content and improvements in different growth metrics in plants. These results show that the biosynthesis of ZnO NPs was safe, effective, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly. Furthermore, the thus-synthesized ZnO NPs showed strong antibacterial activity in plants. In addition, they were found to be efficient in improving the cultivation and production of green grams. Hence, these ZnO NPs show outstanding antibacterial activities and could be recommended as nano-fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea-cake content-based image retrieval (CBIR) is an essential issue in tea-cake traceability. Popular CBIR methods work on medical and social networking, whereas tea-cake images have intensive and parallel representations among classes. While facing tea-cake CBIR, low inter-class and high intra-class distances increase retrieval difficulties using traditional CBIR methods. Thus, this paper proposes a tea-cake CBIR approach based on deep neural networks to retrieve tea-cakes. In the model, we establish a feature extraction model with designed dense blocks, where a cross-entropy loss function is explored to train the model and catch detailed features. Furthermore, to decrease intra-class and expand inter-class interval, a masked autoregressive discriminative normalization flow (MADNF) is presented to map the gained features in high dimensions to corresponding representations in Gaussian spaces. Particularly, a maximum likelihood function is developed to train MADNF for avoiding non-convergence. Extensive experiments on the tea-cake dataset show our method has significant performance compared with current competitors. Furthermore, experiments on the bird species dataset further demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with the traditional hashing methods, deep hashing methods generate hash codes with rich semantic information and greatly improve the performances in the image retrieval field. However, it is unsatisfied for current deep hashing methods to predict the similarity of hard example pairs. There exist two main factors affecting the ability of learning these pairs, which are weak key features extraction and the shortage of hard example pairs. In this paper, we give a novel end-to-end model to extract the key feature and obtain hash code with the accurate semantic information. In addition, we redesign an indicator to assess the hard degree of pairs and update penalty weights of them in the proposed hard pair-wise loss. It effectively alleviates the shortage problem. Experimental results on CIFAR-10 and NUS–WIDE demonstrate that our model outperformances the mainstream hashing-based image retrieval methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, rapid, sensitive, precise, accurate, robust, and specific high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)‒densitometric method has been developed for the quantification of stigmasterol in leaves, flowers, stems, seeds, and roots of Hygrophila schulli (HS) plant. The laboratory-isolated and identified (by UV, FTIR, 1H- and 13C-NMR, and MS) stigmasterol from the HS roots was used as a marker compound, and chloroform extracts of different parts of HS plant were used to develop the proposed method. Separation was performed on aluminum-backed HPTLC plates precoated with silica gel 60 F254 (20 cm × 10 cm) with toluene‒methanol (9:1, V/V) as the optimized mobile phase followed by post-chromatographic derivatization with anisaldehyde‒H2SO4 reagent, at 105 °C for 4‒5 min in an oven. The densitometric scanning of the derivatized plate was performed at 520 nm using CAMAG TLC Scanner 3 equipped with winCATS software. The proposed method was found to develop compact bands for stigmasterol (RF: 0.47 ± 0.02). Further, the method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), robustness, and specificity. The calibration plot was linear in the range of 100‒500 ng band‒1 of stigmasterol with a linear regression equation of y = 10.873x + 35.143 and a correlation coefficient (0.998) indicating good linear dependence of peak area on concentration. Stigmasterol was found to be stable in chloroform at room temperature for 24 h (%RSD = 0.64). The average percentage recovery of stigmasterol from the chloroform extracts of HS leaves, flowers, stems, roots, and seeds was 99.18 ± 0.69, 98.95 ± 0.60, 99.22 ± 0.24, 98.97 ± 0.56, and 98.86 ± 0.36, respectively, with % w/w content of 1.94 ± 0.16, 2.42 ± 0.02, 2.87 ± 0.22, 1.65 ± 0.07, and 0.59 ± 0.03, respectively. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 6.87 ng and 20.82 ng, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most common malignancies diagnosed and the leading cause of death for cancer-stricken women globally is breast cancer. The molecular subtype affects therapy options because it is a complex disorder with multiple subtypes. By concentrating on receptor activation, mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) can be employed as a therapeutic target. The goal of this work was to screen a number of inhibitors produced from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis for possible target to inhibit the mTOR and to determine which has the greatest affinity for the receptor. Primarily, the ionization states of the chosen compounds were predicted using the ChemAxon web platform, and their pKa values were estimated. Given the significance of interactions between proteins in the development of drugs, structure-based virtual screening was done using AutoDock Vina. Approximately 120 Hibiscus components and ten approved anti-cancer drugs, including the mTOR inhibitor everolimus, were used in the comparative analysis. By using Lipinski's rule of five to the chosen compounds, the ADMET profile and drug-likeness characteristics were further examined to assess the anti-breast cancer activity. The compounds with the highest ranked binding poses were loaded using the SeeSAR tool and the HYDE scoring to give interactive, desolvation, and visual ΔG estimation for ligand binding affinity assessment. Following, the prospective candidates underwent three replicas of 100 ns long molecular dynamics simulations, preceded with MM-GBSA binding free energy calculation. The stability of the protein–ligand complex was determined using root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), and protein–ligand interactions. The results demonstrated that the best mTOR binding affinities were found for stigmastadienol (107), lupeol (66), and taraxasterol acetate (111), which all performed well in comparison to the control compounds. Thus, bioactive compounds isolated from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis could serve as lead molecules for the creation of potent and effective mTOR inhibitors for the breast cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most prevalent bacterial infections worldwide, with 11% of the global population getting infected every year. These infections are largely attributed to quorum sensing (QS)-dependent ability of pathogens to form biofilms in the urinary tract. Antimicrobial resistance is increasing, and the use of antimicrobial medicines in the future is yet uncertain. The desert medicinal plants have great potential to treat several diseases as per the available ethnobotanical database. Some of these plants have been used in folklore medicines to treat urinary tract infections also. There are many bioactive compounds derived from these desert medicinal plants that have been documented to possess antimicrobial as well as antibiofilm activity against uropathogens. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of these plant extracts have been reported in the range of 31.5–250 μg/mL. The rising prevalence of drug-resistant diseases necessitates standardised modern analytical technologies to detect and isolate novel bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. This review seeks to combine the studies of desert plants with antimicrobial and anti-quorum sensing properties, supporting their sustainable use in treatment of urinary tract infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As per the World health organization (WHO), cancer is a prominent cause of death globally before age 70. There is an unmet need for effective cancer therapeutics. Although conventional anti-cancer modalities apply to several types of cancer, there are still multiple drawbacks, such as poor bioavailability, toxic effects, and lack of selectivity in targeting cancer cells. Multiple studies have highlighted the importance of metallic nanoparticles as an anti-cancer modality due to their optical properties, biocompatibility, and ease of surface functionalization. Recently, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have gained momentum in exploring anti-cancer properties. Green technology-assisted ZnONPs have been recognized as therapeutic agents with enhanced anti-cancer properties, an extended half-life, and lesser immunogenic properties. Hence, biosynthesized ZnONPs are currently the focus of extensive studies and evaluations for the early detection and management of cancers. However, their performance in clinical studies is yet to be determined. The current study offers a thorough overview of recent scholarly investigations pertaining to the biosynthesis of ZnONPs. This review encompasses mechanistic insights into the biological machinery involved in NP production and the most up-to-date findings on bio-templates used for biosynthesis. In addition, it provides a comprehensive idea of the in vitro and in vivo models for evaluating the anti-cancer properties of biogenic ZnONPs and the plausible mechanism of actions of the biosynthesized ZnONPs. The anti-cancer properties of biosynthesized ZnONPs may vary based on the chemical constituents of the biological source used in their synthesis. Further research is warranted to find a suitable bio-template for biosynthesizing nanoparticles with potent anti-cancer activity and their clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latest changes in nanotechnology have given a lot of attention to eco-friendly procedures that promote economic sustainability using conservative interaction settings and non-toxic precursors. As a reducing and stabilizing agent, an aqueous extract of heneicosane was used in the current work to create bio-augmented silver nanoparticles utilizing an easy, creative, and reasonably priced green approach. The produced Ag NPs were analyzed using a variety of techniques, including UV–Vis, XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM with EDAX, and TEM. An agar well technique was used to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of bio-mediated Ag NPs against pathogenic organisms. To test the anti-proliferative activity, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT assay) and neutral red absorption (NRU) assays, which can detect hydrogen peroxide and photocatalytic analysis of methylene red dye, were performed. The Ag NPs showed powerful antimicrobial activity against a variety of microbial pathogens and substantial anticancer activity in human lung cancer cells (A549). Interestingly, the highest methylene red degradation percentage obtained was 96.2 after 55 min. As a result, the selected nanoparticles mixture enhanced antibacterial, anticancer, sensing, and photocatalytic capabilities. The combination might be a beneficial tool for eliminating dye pollution from wastewater and, ideally, for fighting lung cancer in the pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green ZnO NPs were employed to fabricate Citrus aurantium fruit peel extract in this study. Several optical spectroscopic and electron microscopic methods were used to confirm their formation. The fabricated ZnO NPs had a spherical form with a good crystallinity and average size is 25 nm. The optimal concentrations of ZnO NPs for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedling emergence and germination were investigated at different NPs doses (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 100, and 200 mg/L). Among the doses tested, 20 mg/L showed significant biochemical content as well as an increase in a variety of growth indices. As a result, green fabricated ZnO NP's potential as a nano-based nutrition source for agricultural applications has been identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today aggressive agricultural efforts to increase crop productivity have sparked new research formulations for innovative fertilizers and natural insecticides, particularly those incorporating nanomaterials. For the first time, bioengineered ZnO NPs (nanoparticles) were done employing peel waste of vegetable extruent as a major mediator to boost the value of cluster beans (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) seeds as well as the higher yield of cluster beans pods. The findings of several phytochemical property investigations show the creation of ZnO NPs. The agar well method was used to explore the antagonistic efficiency of plant pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata. For, cluster beans foliar sprays of bioengineering based ZnO nano-fertilizer at varied doses were applied. Among the various concentrations tested, the plant obtained 20 mg/L had the utmost bioactive contents in comparison to the control. Growth characters such as germination of seeds (95%), total plant length (37 cm), shoot length (20 cm), root length(8.2 cm), gross wet weight (25 gm), shoot wet weight (18 gm), root wet weight (1.92 gm), gross dry weight (6.68 gm), shoot dry weight (5.81 gm), root dry weight (0.49 gm), branch numbers (11), leaf expanse (8.9 cm), pod numbers (15), length of the pod (19.6 cm) and weight of the pod (0.126 gm) this sort of seed was recognized as being superior to hydro-primed seeds. From this investigation,we resolved that the bioengineered ZnO NPs has been effectively realized and is a biocompatible,less-toxic, ecologically friendly substance. ZnO NPs thereby synthesized proved to have exceptional antimicrobial potential against pathogens in plants as well as remarkable results in improving the growth and yield of cluster beans. Therefore, a bioengineering-based ZnO nano fertilizer can be recommended for agricultural applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hygrophila schulli (HS) plant has been used in traditional systems of medicine to cure several ailments. According to the World Health Organization, development of phytochemical reference standard (PRS) is essential to standardize the medicinal plants. An attempt was, therefore, made to develop betulin as a PRS for the analysis of HS plant by a validated high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method. The laboratory-isolated and -identified betulin from the HS roots was used to develop and validate the proposed method with respect to linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, precision, and robustness. The mobile phase containing toluene‒methanol (8:1, V/V) and an HPTLC aluminum plate, pre-coated with silica gel 60 F254, were used. The post-chromatographic derivatization using Liebermann‒Burchard reagent was performed to enable the quantification of betulin in the test samples at 366 nm in fluorescent mode. Data for the calibration plots of betulin showed good linearity with y = 4.475x + 546.73 (r2 = 0.9953) regression equation in the concentration range of 200–1000 ng band−1 (RF = 0.494 ± 0.016). The slope and intercept (mean ± SD) values were 4.475 ± 0.0045 and 546.73 ± 45.58, respectively. The LOD and LOQ for betulin were found to be 33.62 and 101.88 ng band−1, respectively. The stability study suggested that betulin is stable in the chloroform solution during 24 h at room temperature. The proposed method showed good precision and robustness. The recovery values of betulin from the chloroform extracts of HS stems and roots were 97.95 ± 0.46% and 99.21 ± 0.69%, respectively, with % w/w contents 0.56 ± 0.01 and 1.14 ± 0.01 on dry weight basis of the extracts. The proposed method can be employed to standardize HS plant using betulin as a PRS for its quality control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experimental study involves a convective heat transfer performance analysis of the fully developed laminar flow of TiN nanofluid through a uniformly heated U pipe with and without twisted tape (H/D = 5) combination. The TiN nanofluid, with its enormous thermophysical properties, opens up a new dimension in solar thermal applications. TiN nanofluid pretends to have photoabsorption properties (localized surface plasmon resonance). The preparation of stable, efficient, low-cost TiN nanofluid and its application is an emerging area of research. Titanium nitride (TiN) nanoparticles with sizes of 40–50 nm were used to make distilled water-based nanofluid at concentrations of 0%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.075%, and 0.1%. The two-step preparation method is preferred to prepare a stable nanofluid. The thermophysical properties are evaluated experimentally over a wide temperature range. The experiments were performed at flow rate (0.25–1.25 LPM), volume concentration (0–0.1%), inclination angle (35 degree), and heat flux (1000 W/m2). The nusselt number, convective heat transfer coefficient, and friction factor were evaluated at a bulk mean temperature. The convective heat transfer performance increases with volume concentration and Reynolds number. The friction factor decreases with a rise in volume concentration and Reynolds number. The nusselt number of the entire test section increased by 30.04% for a 0.1% volume concentration of TiN nanofluid and 42.8% for 0.1% of TiN nanofluid with twisted tape (H/D = 5) combination. The convective heat transfer performance enhancement is obtained at a cost of 2% pressure drop. The correlation has been developed to estimate the nusselt number and friction factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct usage of original biometric features/templates definitely leads to serious privacy leakage. In biometric cryptosystems, a biometric key is generated and then strictly protected with a one-way function. However, it is highly difficult to balance the template size and accuracy. Palmprint has many remarkable strengths, so it is considered as a promising biometric modality. In our previous work, deep hashing network (DHN) was leveraged to extract discriminative deep hashing code (DHC) of palmprint. In this paper, a palmprint fuzzy commitment (FC) is proposed based on DHC. A palmprint FC is proposed based on DHC. The DHC has high accuracy, small size, strong robustness, and is free from shift-matching for dislocation problems, so the proposed palmprint FC can satisfactorily balance the accuracy, storage cost and computational complexity. In addition, the DHCs of multi-spectral palmprints are concatenated and the bits are selected according to discrimination power analysis, so the accuracy is further improved. The sufficient experimental results show that, when B, N and R spectrums are fused and only 292 bits are selected, EER can be 0.0001%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the rapid increase in the resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics has produced major health issues. Novel applications for these compounds have been developed by integrating modern technologies such as nanotechnology and material science with the innate antibacterial activity of metals. The current study demonstrated the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from Momordica charantia and Curcuma zedoaria plant extracts, as well as their antibacterial properties. The synthesis of ZnO NPs was confirmed via UV-visible spectroscopy, showing clear peaks at 375 and 350 nm for M. charantia and C. zedoaria, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed crystals of irregular shapes for the majority of the nanoparticles synthesized from both plants. The existence of ZnO NPs was confirmed using X-ray diffraction while the particle size was calculated using Scherrer's equation, which was 19.65 for C. zedoaria and 17.02 for M. charantia. Different functional groups were detected through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The antibacterial activity of the ZnO NPs at three different concentrations (250, 500, and 1000 µg/ml) was assessed against three different bacterial strains, i.e., Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), using disc diffusion methods. The ZnO nanoparticles showed promising antibacterial activity against bacterial strains. For C. zedoaria, the highest growth inhibition was observed at a concentration of 1000 µg/ml, which was 18, 19, and 18 mm as compared to antibiotics (15, 11, and 15.6 mm) against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus, respectively. Similarly, at 1000 µg/ml of NPs, M. charantia showed the highest growth inhibition (18, 15, and 17 mm) as compared to antibiotics (15, 11, and 14.6 mm) against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus, respectively. In conclusion, compared to pure plant extract and antibiotics, ZnO NPs at a higher concentration (1000 µg/ml) exhibited a significant difference in zone of inhibition against all the bacterial strains. Different concentrations of ZnO using M. charantia and C. zedoaria caused increments in the scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). The nanoparticles extracted using C. zedoaria exhibited higher antioxidant activity than M. charantia. Greenly synthesized ZnO nanoparticles have remarkable antibacterial properties and antioxidant activity, making them a promising contender for future pharmaceutical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coalescence of traditional medicine Ayurveda and in silico technology is a rigor for supplementary development of future-ready effective traditional medicine. Ayurveda is a popular traditional medicine in South Asia, emanating worldwide for the treatment of metabolic disorders and chronic illness. Techniques of in silico biology are not much explored for the investigation of a variety of bioactive phytochemicals of Ayurvedic herbs. Drug repurposing, reverse pharmacology, and polypharmacology in Ayurveda are areas in silico explorations that are needed to understand the rich repertoire of herbs, minerals, herbo-minerals, and assorted Ayurvedic formulations. This review emphasizes exploring the concept of Ayurveda with in silico approaches and the need for Ayurinformatics studies. It also provides an overview of in silico studies done on phytoconstituents of some important Ayurvedic plants, the utility of in silico studies in Ayurvedic phytoconstituents/formulations, limitations/challenges, and prospects of in silico studies in Ayurveda. This article discusses the convergence of in silico work, especially in the least explored field of Ayurveda. The focused coalesce of these two domains could present a predictive combinatorial platform to enhance translational research magnitude. In nutshell, it could provide new insight into an Ayurvedic drug discovery involving an in silico approach that could not only alleviate the process of traditional medicine research but also enhance its effectiveness in addressing health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have received considerable attention due to their fascinating and promising biological, energy, environmental, and catalytic applications. Different strategies such as physical, chemical, and biological approaches are used to synthesize the nanoparticles into the desired shape, size, and high surface area. However, the physical and chemical approaches have doubts in terms of energy, cost, safety, and environmental concerns. The use of the green approach is now considered simple, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and renewable using plant and microbe extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents. Phytochemicals in plant extracts and enzymes, coenzymes, proteins, etc. of microorganisms are responsible for the transformation of metal ions into nanoparticles. Therefore, the present review highlights the green synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, plausible reaction mechanisms, and the role of the biomolecules in the synthesis. Challenges associated with green synthesis methods are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the manufacture of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) was completed via the sol–gel method with Trigonella foenum-graecum L extract for the first time to function as the stabilizing and reducing agent. The obtained product was investigated by various analyzing procedures such as TGA/DTG, FT-IR, UV–Vis, XRD, and EDX/FESEM. The calcination of our product was conducted at temperatures of 400, 500, and 600 °C. In conformity to the XRD pattern, heightening the temperature of calcination caused an enlargement in the size of nanoparticles. The photocatalytic performance of ZnO-NPs was evaluated to degrade methylene blue and Eriochrome black T (EBT) dyes under UV light, which resulted in a degradation percentage of about 96% and 94%, after 90 min, respectively. There has been some evidence suggesting that the green synthesis of ZnO-NPs has increased their use in medicine. The outcomes of examining the cytotoxicity effect of this product against the Huh-7 cell line by the performance of the MTT assay were indicative of an IC50 of around 62.5 µg/mL. Finally, according to the results of the broth microdilution method, which was performed to assess the antibacterial activity of ZnO-NPs towards gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, the value of MIC was in the range of 31 to 125 µg/mL. The obtained results from biological studies confirm the antibacterial and anticancer properties of ZnO-NPs, which are promising for applying NPs in medical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capparis zeylanica L. is a climbing shrub distributed in Indian subcontinent and Mediterranean region. Almost all parts of the plant are used in folk medicine and traditional practices to treat several human ailments. The present study was aimed to investigate the role of C. zeylanica L. root extract in preventing cancerous cells growth and proliferation, as well as promoting apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Methanolic extract of C. zeylanica L. (MECz) was prepared and characterized by LC–ESI–MS/MS analysis. In vitro cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative activity of MECz was evaluated by MTT assay, while cell viability, apoptosis and cell cycle progression by Muse Cell analyzer. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein expressions of EMT markers were assessed using qRT-PCR and western blotting techniques, respectively. The MECz was found to be rich in phenolic compounds including chlorogenic acid, 6-gingerol, and certain triterpenes like ursolic acid etc. The apparent anti-metastasis activity of MECz was evident from IC50 value of 19.12 and 24.22 μg/mL, respectively, on MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells in MTT assay. An absolute decrease in cell viability (78.1–53.4% and 89.9–49.0%), augmented apoptosis (90.98–48.25% and 88.25–47.70%) and S phase, G2/M phase cell cycle arrest was found by MECz treatment on MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. The gene expression studies revealed that MECz could significantly (p < 0.001) regulate the expression of EMT markers such as snail, slug, zeb-1, twist-1, fibronectin, vimentin and E-cadherin at molecular level. These findings demonstrate that C. zeylanica L. root extract inhibits breast cancer cells growth and proliferation through regulating the expression of key EMT marker genes and proteins. Thus, MECz may be suggested as a potential anti-metastasis agent in the treatment of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical and chemical methods for production of nanoparticles (NPs) are not only harmful for environment but also toxic for living organism. The present study attempts to synthesize ZnO NPs using the natural plant extract of Fagonia cretica. The phytochemical screening of F. cretica water extract was performed to check the presence of biologically active compounds like alkaloids, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, and steroids. Well-prepared ZnO NPs given sharp absorption peak at 362 were confirmed by UV–visible. XRD analysis showed the ZnO NPs having wurtzite hexagonal structure with crystalline form. TEM analysis endorses flower-shaped ZnO nanoparticles ~ 100–1000 nm. FTIR spectrum suggested the involvement of phenolic groups and amino acids and amide linkages in protein performs as the stabilizing agent in the synthesis of ZnO NPs. The ZnO NPs showed strong antibacterial behavior against two bacterial strains Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. In addition, ZnO NPs exhibited strong antioxidant activity of 79%:85.6%:89.9% at 5 μg/mL:10 μg/mL:5 μg/mL concentration of ZnO NPs respectively. This work indicates that Fagonia is considered to be appropriate and promising candidate for extending the innovative applications in the field of medicine and industry and also helpful and useful to the scientific communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In materials science, the method of green synthesis is rapid, reproducible, sustainable and ecologically sound in the environment. It has broad range of nanomaterials which includes metal, metal oxide, hybrid and biomaterials. In the present study, the silver–zinc oxide nanocomposite (NCs) using fresh leaf extract Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is synthesized by co-precipitation method. From XRD analysis, the crystalline size of Ag–ZnO NCs is increased from 13.02 to 15.15 nm. The functional groups and chemical bonds of ZnO and Ag–ZnO NCs via the leaf extract Nyctanthes arbor-tristis are investigated using FTIR spectral analysis. Absorbance spectra demonstrate significant shift to larger wavelength (red shift) on increasing Ag due to strong interaction between oxides of zinc and silver. The surface morphology of ZnO and Ag–ZnO NCs is determined by scanning electron microscopy. The elemental composition of ZnO and Ag–ZnO NCs is confirmed by EDX analysis. The zone of inhibition against gram positive and gram negative bacteria is determined by antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method and outcome of the result is error limit in the inhibition zone for increasing the concentration of silver. The Ag–ZnO NCs shows moderate cell viability against HT-29 cell line using Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to meet the growing demand for new technologies, new materials with improved electrical, electronic, and electrochemical properties are needed. In the present work, the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles was carried out with the aid of Tilia extract, varying the amount of extract used to obtain unique properties. The amounts of extract used were 1, 2, and 4% (volume ratio of water/weight of Tilia). The nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR, TEM, XRD, UV–Vis, and EIS. The analyses revealed that the nanoparticle composition includes organic material components from the Tilia extract. The average sizes shown by the nanoparticles were 41.8, 38.5, and 33.2 nm. XRD analyses determined that the nanoparticles have a hexagonal structure with a Wurtzite phase and crystallite sizes of 30.97 nm for 1%, 28.62 nm for 2%, and 14.52 nm for 4%. For the optical properties, the band gap values of the samples were 2.80, 2.64, and 2.47 eV for 1, 2, and 4%, respectively. Due to these characteristics, the obtained nanoparticles presented outstanding electrochemical properties that could benefit optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prime challenge faced by agriculture today is to serve a large population with limited land availability and massive pollution. TiO2 nanoparticles are one of the most commonly used nanomaterials in today's world due to their captivating properties and diverse applications that can mitigate many of the challenges in agriculture. Green nanoparticle synthesis is often used to ensure an environmentally safe pathway and as a possible agent through their relevance. Green synthesis was favored in this study due to the responsive implications of TiO2 nanoparticles in disease resistance and yield enhancement in crop farming. Fruit peel extract of Citrus medica L. was used as a reducer and capping medium. UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the optical, structural, and morphological properties of the synthesized nanoparticles, which exposed their crystalline structure and spherical nature with 20–30 nm dimensions. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to classify functional moieties involved in the efficient production and steadiness of nanoparticles, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to determine the purity of synthesized nanoparticles. In nature, nanoparticles were discovered to maintain purity, dispersion, and utility. Furthermore, TiO2 nanoparticles were found to be effective in improving Capsicum annuum seed germination and other growth parameters. As a result, green synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles made from C. medica L fruit peel extract can be used as a nutrient and catalyzing agent in agro-food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The irrelevant background information in the personalized image is easy to be quantified into the same word as the main target, and the quantization process will inevitably cause the loss of a lot of visual information. This phenomenon will seriously reduce the quality of the generated theme when the personalized image content is complex. This paper proposes a Multi-Source Big Data Fusion Annotation (MSBDFA) model. The model obtains similar personalized images by analyzing the relevant multi-source information of the personalized images, and uses the annotations of the similar personalized images to label the personalized images. For the personalized images with complex background visual information, the personalized image retrieval based on complete information modeling uses the high-dimensional Gaussian distribution to directly model the continuous visual features of the personalized images, and uses the two-level spectral clustering algorithm to distribute the regional topics, so as to embed the complete local information contained in the visual features into the global features of the personalized image. Therefore, this method can completely retain visual information during the modeling process, so that the targets buried in the complex background can be better classified. The experimental results on the standard database show that the method proposed in this paper can generate high-quality personalized image subjects in complex scenes and has good retrieval performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, large band gap zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were prepared by a facile, cost-effective, and eco-friendly co-precipitation method in aqueous solutions. Trisodium citrate was employed as a green and bio-safe complexing agent for zinc ions without using ammonia and/or any organic solution. The annealing effect on crystal structure, morphology, particle size, composition, UV absorption, and fluorescence (FL) properties of the synthesized ZnO-NPs was evaluated using various techniques. The UV–Visible absorption spectra of the ZnO-NPs showed a strong absorption peak in the UV-C region with a wide band gap energy of 4.2–4.4 eV. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images demonstrated fine spherical particles with approximate diameters of 20–50 nm. The average hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential values of the as-prepared and the annealed ZnO-NPs in deionized water were 28.2 nm, − 32.4 mV, 38.9 nm, and − 16.1 mV, respectively. The FL and UV–Visible results illustrated that the annealing could considerably influence the emission and absorption spectra of the samples in the UV region. The FL and EDX results revealed that the annealing affects the composition, defect points, and states population in the crystal structure of the ZnO-NPs. Practical experiments of exposing the samples to UV radiation and the FL measurements indicated that the ZnO-NPs were sensitive to the excitation wavelengths, therefore, they have potential application in fabricating various types of UV sensors and filters (blockers), as well as photocatalytic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are significant in terms of their use in various medical, photo-catalytic, semiconducting devices and many more promising industrial applications. AM-ZnO NP was sustainably synthesized from Atalantia monophylla aqueous leaf extract to avoid the pros and cons of the chemical synthesis of metallic nanoparticles under the theme of green chemistry. Opto-structural properties of AM-ZnO NP have been characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometer, FTIR spectral band, and Photoluminescence to optimize the optical properties while XRD, SEM, HR-TEM, and EDX have been used to optimize structural properties. Temperature dependant stability of AM-ZnO NP was evaluated through Thermal analysis (TGA, DSC and DTG). However, average hydrodynamic diameter (192 nm), poly-dispersity index (0.150) and Zeta potential values (− 8.66 mV) confirmed the stability of nanoparticles in double-distilled water as well. The successful application of AM-ZnO NP was proved by the formation of an active zone of inhibition around the disc where the diffusion method was used against both gram-positive and gram-negative strains at 200 µg/ml. Significant antioxidant activity by AM-ZnO NP has been noticed using the in-vitro DPPH (IC50—78.49 µg/ml) and ABTS (IC50—88.46 µg/ml) assay compared to antioxidant activity shown by A. monophylla leaf extract and Gallic acid standard. AM-ZnO NP presented biocompatible properties with normal (immortal) HEK 293 cells (IC50—63.29 µg/ml) but demonstrated active inhibitory ion properties against HeLa cell lines (IC50—51.93 µg/ml). Green synthesis of AM-ZnO NP using bio-resource as template offers a better option in biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is one of the most fatal diseases causing deaths of millions of people worldwide. Since actual cancer treatments are rarely efficient and often toxic, there is a demand for innocuous and more effective anticancer drugs. For instance, metal/metal oxide nanoparticles allow controlled drug release and drug delivery to specific targets. In particular, medicinal plant-based metal nanoparticles appear as safer and more effective. Here, we present the synthesis of metal nanoparticles using medicinal plant extracts, and the toxicity of these nanoparticles for cancerous cells. The anticancer effect is explained by several possible mechanisms such as generation of reactive oxygen species, cell cycle arrest, antioxidant property, apoptosis and autophagy. We present plant compounds that induce cytotoxicity against cancerous cells, and assays for the measurement of cell toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Security is an essential task while focusing on confidential level of patient information during medical data transmission. The image encryption algorithms that considered bit-level permutation can provide better security by changing the position of the pixels concurrently. But these encryption algorithms consume more power and area while implementing it on FPGA for securing the mammographic images based on irreversible logic or conventional gate circuits. Instead, the reversible logic gates can save the power and increase the speed of computation. This work proposed a new bit level image encryption and decryption circuit using reversible logic gates (RL-BLED). The proposed encryption module contains key generation unit, diffusion unit and confusion unit. It used reversible logic (RL) gates for diffusing the binary sequences and permuting the bitplanes in the confusion phase based on the key generated using reversible chaotic sequence generator module. Each unit of the proposed RL-BLED depends on numerous reversible sub-modules including adders, rotators, multipliers, modulo operators, dividers and so on. Here, the quantum cost, garbage outputs, delay and power of each sub-modules are analysed for demonstrating the effectiveness of the RL-BLED structure. The simulation results illustrate that the suggested RL-BLED overtakes the existing models in terms of LUTs, slices, flip flops and frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Sonneratia alba (S. alba) leaf extract (LE) in the aqueous medium. The as-synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis spectroscopy (UV–Visible), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential and N2adsorption-desorption isotherm. The XRD pattern verifies the formation of the crystalline wurtzite structure of ZnO NPs. Further, the bandgap of ZnO NPs was calculated using Tauc's plot and observed to be 3.2 eV. SEM analysis reveals the formation of spherical shape ZnO NPs. The as-synthesized ZnO NPs show excellent photocatalytic activity against Ethidium bromide (EtBr) and Brilliant green (BG) dye. Kinetic study shows degradation efficiency towards EtBr (97.07%) and BG (95.01%) with rate constant of 0.018 min−1 (EtBr, R2 = 0.98472) and 0.033 min−1 (BG, R2 = 0.9813), respectively. Moreover, the synthesized material shows excellent antibacterial activity against gram-positive and negative bacteria with excellent antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A critical investigation on the fabrication of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as ZnO, SnO2, and CeO2 NPs synthesized from green and phytogenic method using plants and various plant parts have been compiled. In this review, different plant extraction methods, synthesis methods, characterization techniques, effects of plant extract on the physical, chemical, and optical properties of green synthesized ZnO, SnO2, and CeO2 NPs also have been compiled and discussed. Effect of several parameters on the size, morphology, and optical band gap energy of metal oxide have been explored. Moreover, the role of solvents has been found important and discussed. Extract composition i.e. phytochemicals also found to affect the morphology and size of the synthesized ZnO, SnO2, and CeO2 NPs. It was found that, there is no universal extraction method that is ideal and extraction techniques is unique to the plant type, plant parts, and solvent used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is one of the rapid spreading diseases resulting in the death of younger age group of women. Unfortunately, as the detection of cancer is at later stage, the lifetime of the patient is decreased. If the detection is at early stage, then their lifetime could have been improved. Hence, the proposal aims at predicting the presence of breast cancer at early stage through deep learning. To identify suitable model for deep learning, initially machine learning algorithm with Logistic Regression, K Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machine (linear), Support Vector Machine, Gaussian, Decision Tree and Random Forest along with ensemble learning algorithms such as Bagged Trees, Subspace discriminant and RUSBoosted Trees are implemented with 30 attributes. Comparison of performance metrices indicates that random forest performs better. Then, feature selection of 14 attributes is attained through heat map. With minimal features, the above set of algorithms is implemented and their corresponding performance indices such as accuracy, misclassification cost, prediction speed, training time, predicted class, true class, positive predict value, sensitivity, specificity, precision, F1 score, Area Under the Curve and Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve are obtained. In this, random forest performs better and in addition, the performance of 14 attributes is almost exhibiting closer performance as that of 30. However, feature selection is mandate and can be eliminated if the algorithm is implemented through deep learning model. The model consists of many hidden layers which performs binary classification on the given dataset to predict whether a person is malignant or benign. The performance indices of the proposed model are validated and the results exhibit its supremacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the mechanism of melon resistance to Alternaria alternata (A. alternata) infection in Jiashi and 86-1 melons. Melons were inoculated with A.alternata and the change in lesion diameter was measured. The changes in cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase (C4H), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and 4-coumaric acid coenzyme A ligase (4CL) activity and gene expression were studied in the pericarp tissues of Jiashi and 86-1 melons. The lesion diameter was smaller in Jiashi melon than in 86-1 melon, and the pericarp lesions were smaller than pulp lesions, indicating that Jiashi melon can resist A. alternata infection better than 86-1 melon. After inoculation with A. alternata, the C4H, PAL, and 4CL activities of Jiashi and 86-1 melons peaked in the middle and late storage period, and the peak was higher in Jiashi melons. The gene expression changes were consistent with the enzyme activity. The C4H, PAL, and 4CL gene expression was significantly higher in Jiashi melon pericarp than in 86-1 melon, and the C4H, PAL, and 4CL activities in Jiashi melon were positively correlated with their gene expression, confirming the role of phenylpropanoid metabolism enzymes in resistance to A. alternata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant pathogens resistant to the commercially available fungicides and bactericides even at higher concentrations are the biggest challenge for the farmers to control the losses due to plant diseases. The antibacterial and antifungal potential of nanomaterials makes them a suitable candidate for the control of plant diseases. Thus, the present study reports the phytofabricated zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO Np's) using aqueous plant leaf extract of Terminalia bellerica (Baheda). Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles was done by ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) studies, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infra-red (FT–IR) analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The presence of pure hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure of ZnO nanoparticles was confirmed by XRD analysis. The TEM images revealed the spherical to hexagonal shaped ZnO nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 20 to 30 nm. The stabilization of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles through the interactions of terpenoids, steroids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and enzymes present in the leaf extract was suggested by FTIR analysis. The mechanism of the formation of ZnO nanoparticles using Terminalia bellerica (Baheda) (Tb-ZnO Np's) as a bioactive compound is proposed. These phytofabricated ZnO nanoparticles (Tb-ZnO Np's) have shown significant antifungal potential against Alternaria brassicae the causal agent of Alternaria blight disease/leaf spot disease in Brassica species. The microscopic results confirm the changes in mycelium morphology and reduction in the number of spore germination at 0.2 mg/mL concentration Tb-ZnO Np's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical and chemical properties of Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) have attracted the attention of many and in this regard, this study was performed to produce NiO-NPs by the means of Salvia hispanica L. (chia) seeds extract as the capping agent. Physical and morphological features of the obtained NiO-NPs were examined through the application of TGA, FTIR, UV–Vis, XRD, FESEM/EDAX/PSA, and VSM procedures. According to the FESEM/PSA images, the biosynthesized NiO-NPs contained a spherical shape and a size of about 30 nm, while the results of the EDAX study approved the existence of oxygen and nickel elements in the structure of this product. Furthermore, certain corresponding peaks to the crystal structure of NiO-NPs were observed throughout the XRD pattern. Next to the superparamagnetic behavior that was detected in the results of VSM analysis, the cytotoxicity effect of NiO-NPs was not reported to be dependent on concentration. Considering the high photocatalytic capacity along with the low cytotoxic effects of NiO-NPs, we can suggest the applicability of this product for various applications such as disease control and removal of residual toxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are considered as very significant and essential material due to its multifunctional properties, stability, low cost and wide usage. Many green and biogenic approaches for ZnO NPs synthesis have been reported using various sources such as plants and microorganisms. Plants contain biomolecules that can act as capping, oxidizing and reducing agents that increase the rate of reaction and stabilizes the NPs. This review emphasizes and compiles different types of plants and parts of plant used for the synthesis of ZnO and its potential applications at one place. The influence of biogenic and phytogenic synthesized ZnO on its properties and possible mechanisms for its fabrication has been discussed. This review also highlights the potential applications and future prospects of phytogenic synthesized ZnO in the field of energy production and storage, sun light harvesting, environmental remediation, and biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of different plant materials for the green synthesis of metal oxides is considered as an environmentally friendly method, since it does not involve the use of toxic chemicals and harsh conditions. In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) particles were synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Synthesized ZnO particles were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Antioxidant activities of the as-prepared ZnO were evaluated using 2-2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·) assay, with varying ZnO concentration. The synthesized ZnO was found to effectively scavenge DPPH·. Antibacterial studies using agar disc diffusion method showed that the synthesized ZnO particles with concentration of 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/mL showed antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, whereas no antibacterial activities were observed against Escherichia coli. Hence, phytogenically synthesized ZnO could be a potential candidate for different biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]