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This review paper describes the development of the pre-hospital system in Singapore from the pre-war days. Every country's prehospital community needs a deep understanding of how they developed over the years, factors that played a part, and the aspirations their community and government have set for this. This can guide future evolution of the services to ensure that care provided is relevant, applicable and in keeping with the community's needs. Countries with similar contextual circumstances, but at a different stage of development of their PECs, may learn from these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines a patient with borderline mental capacity, where the healthcare team is conflicted about how to proceed. This case demonstrates the complicated intersection between undue influence and mental capacity, allowing us to explore how the law is applied in clinical practice. Patients have the right to decline or accept medical treatments offered to them. In Singapore, family members perceive a right to be involved in the decision-making process for sick and elderly patients. Elderly patients, dependent on mainly family members for care and support, sometimes submit to their overbearing influence resulting in decisions that fail to protect the patients' own best interests. However, the clinicians' own well-intentioned influence, driven by a desire for the best medical outcome can also be undue, and neither influence should seek to be a substitution for the patient's decision. Following Re BKR [2015] SGCA 26, we are now obliged to examine how mental capacity can be affected by undue influence. A lack of capacity can be found when a patient fails to appreciate the presence of undue influence or is susceptible to undue influence due to their mental impairment causing their will to be overborne. This then paves the way for the health care team to decide based on best interests, because the patient is determined to be lacking in mental capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Good People, by Singaporean playwright Haresh Sharma, unmasks racial and religious tensions between Singapore's increasingly diverse racial groups and the attendant ramifications on the healthcare ecosystem and the doctor-patient relationship. Drawing upon Michel Foucault's notion of heterotopia, this paper argues that, in Good People, Sharma employs theater as a site of resistance by calling into question state and medical authority. First, state authority is challenged through the play's scrutiny of the ideological principle of multiculturalism and its usefulness in fostering meaningful cross-cultural exchanges and acceptance of different cultural and religious beliefs in the clinic. Second, the play destabilizes medical authority by surfacing the complex relationship between the doctor's unconscious biases, racial and religious prejudice, and clinical judgment, thereby casting doubt on medicine's claims of objectivity. In doing so, this paper argues, the play resists simplistic binary categorizations of the behaviors and motivations of the characters into good/bad or right/wrong, instead raising questions about power, knowledge, and contesting truths within the confines of the cultural space of a hospice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we address the spectrum efficiency enhancement for Internet of Things (IoT) by introducing the graph-theory-based spectrum optimization reuse. During the spectrum reuse, how to ascertain the interference range and user's transmission status is critical. In this article, we model the interference range between IoT terminals by considering their interaction status which includes interaction frequency, duration and stability. The notion of interaction status is very similar to that of social distance among people in the context of pandemic control, which is a highly effective model for supporting contact tracing by analyzing the interaction frequency, duration and stability among people. Compared with other traditional dynamic spectrum optimization methods, introducing the concept of social distance can better evaluate the IoT user's interference and transmission status from a novel perspective, then enhancing the optimal spectrum allocation. By modeling the social distances among IoT terminals, we estimate the desirable interference range for IoT devices which serves as the basis for graph-theory-oriented spectrum optimization. Together with the actual physical distances between IoT devices, they form the basis for optimizing spectrum reuse patterns. Graph theory is further utilized to complete the final spectrum optimization. Furthermore, comparison simulation tests are conducted to evaluate the performances of our proposed solution in network benefits and system capacity.Kindly check and confirm the inserted city "Singapore" is correctly identified.CorrectPlease provide author biographys and photos.The biographys and photos are correct.Kindly check and confirm the corresponding affiliation processed is correctly identified.Corresponding author is both at Aff1 and Aff2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing pressure to cut carbon emissions and develop sustainability plans, companies need carbon credits to offset emissions that cannot be eliminated from their operations, new global carbon exchange to launch in Singapore by 2021 end, the high-quality credit can bridge this gap and play an important role in the overall climate change mitigation strategy. The purpose of this research is to use the production data (including carbon emissions) of paper-making companies in Taiwan to establish a circular economy mathematical programming model and the concept based on the activity cost method (ABC) to explore the impact of different carbon emissions costs (such carbon tax, carbon cap-and-trade, etc.) on the company's production structure and profitability impact. The research results show that different carbon emission cost models have different effects on the company's optimal product-mix and profitability. The managerial implication is to combine the extensive application of the carbon emission credit mechanism, which can offset the carbon emissions in the production process and have a significant impact on the company's sustainable competitiveness. In addition, this study can also enable decision makers to understand the impact of different carbon emission cost models on the profitability of the company's product mix, which can be used as a reference for production planning decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hospital at Home (HaH) programs have been shown to improve clinical outcomes, quality of care, and patient satisfaction. However, how Asian patients experience HaH remained underexplored. Objective: To explore the perceptions and experiences of patients and caregivers admitted to a hospital-at-home program in Singapore. Design: Descriptive qualitative study design. Participants: Purposive sampling was used to conduct 36 interviews with 13 patients, nine Legally Acceptable Representatives (LARs), and 14 caregivers until data saturation was achieved. Interventions: NUHS@Home is a HaH program providing care through a multi-disciplinary team, enabled by remote vital signs monitoring through a tablet and wireless blood pressure and oxygen meters. Approach: This study used in-depth semi-structured individual interviews. Interviews were transcribed and thematically analyzed using Braun and Clark's six-step inductive approach. Key Results: The overarching theme identified was "Enablers, difficulties, and improvements to the HaH experiences" which was supported by three key themes: (1) Perceived better care at home, (2) Importance of social support, and (3) Organizational structures required to support HaH. Participants described overall HaH experiences around factors contributing to their impeding engagement, overall satisfaction, and quality of care. Conclusions: Although HaH is unfamiliar to the Singapore population, most of the participants in this study had an overall positive experience. The key challenges found in this paper were the stress and inconvenience caused to caregivers. The enablers for positive HaH experiences were (1) consideration of patient's family members as key participants in the patients' therapeutic alliance; (2) the HaH care team must be accessible, approachable, and reassuring, and communicate frequently and timely with patients and their families; and (3) financing strategies to ensure HaH out-of-pockets costs remain affordable which are critical to keeping HaH as an option for patients and families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last two decades, we have seen a worldwide expansion of the concept and practice of cultural diplomacy, along with the emergence of a multipolar world. This raises the question of the way in which the notion is mobilized and understood beyond Europe and North America. This paper is based on comparative research carried out in Qatar and Singapore. Both countries have developed ambitious cultural diplomacy strategies, based on the establishment of world-class cultural and educational institutions, and on their integration into regional and global cultural networks. But many have highlighted contradictions between these ambitious strategies and the restrictions and pressures that both countries place on their civil societies. This paper discusses how curators, who have become key global gatekeepers, negotiate their role in their country's global cultural strategy and position themselves with regard to the official national narrative. With their multiple belonging, they shape narratives that make regional and local scenes and can put cities on the world art map. This symbolic power puts them in a strategic position to shape the nation-branding discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the associations between stress and fatigue and sexual spontaneity among heterosexual married couples in Singapore, a high-income society with high work performance expectations and long working hours. Data on self-reported menstrual dates, sexual activity within the marriage, and stress and fatigue levels were collected from 657 married women aged 25–34 years through biweekly online diaries over 14 weeks. Using a two-way fixed effects logistic model which controlled for time-invariant individual fixed effects and menstrual cycle fixed effects, the paper tests three hypotheses: (1) sexual activity is significantly lower on weekdays compared to weekends and public holidays, (2) sexual activity is significantly lower during periods when women reported higher stress and fatigue, and (3) stress and fatigue are more predictive of sexual activity during weekdays than during weekends. Frequencies of marital sexual intercourse during the diary keeping period were 3.69 and 2.55 per 30 days among women aged 25–29 and 30–34 years, respectively, much lower than ideal frequencies of 6.40 and 5.23. Consistent with all three hypotheses, there was a strong positive weekend effect and a weak but positive public holiday effect, and strong negative effects of both stress and fatigue, especially during weekdays. There was no evidence of compensatory sex on weekends to make up for hectic workweeks. Increased support for work-life balance can contribute to more spontaneous marital sex lives and may reduce underachievement of ideals for sexual intimacy and childbearing in Singapore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contracts often make provision for the remedies available upon breach, i.e., by providing for a sum or stipulation available to either party upon breach by the other (an 'agreed damages clause'). A persistent question is whether, and to what extent, such clauses are enforceable. In this paper, we analyse the convergences and divergences between Malaysia, Singapore, and England, in particular following decisions in the apex courts. These clauses are always enforceable under s 75 of the Malaysian Contracts Act 1950, albeit up to the point of 'reasonable compensation' only. Whereas, in Singapore and England, if the clause is found to be a 'penalty' it is liable to be unenforceable in toto. Malaysian law also differs in that a truncated assessment for 'reasonable compensation' is provided for in statute. We argue that the 'proportionality' and 'legitimate interest' elements in the Cavendish analysis, over the compensatory-centric analysis in Denka Advantech, may be a better fit with the concept of 'reasonable compensation' under Malaysian law, and may give content to the statutory interpretation of the phrase in future cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an analysis of a landmark case Lim Mey Lee Susan v Singapore Medical Council in Singapore where a doctor was professionally disciplined for over-charging a wealthy patient, a judgement upheld by the Singapore High Court, this paper will discuss the notion of an 'ethical price' (EP) and its determination with respect to the provision of healthcare services. It will first examine the limitations of a legal approach for setting an ethical limit to pricing. From there, it will argue that Confucian philosophy provides a useful ethical framework to explore EP, with focus on the context of Singapore. The following question is addressed: What is an ethical pricing standard for medical practice from a Confucian perspective? The strengths and limitations of a Confucian value base as regards the determination of an objective EP will be analysed through an examination of the shortcomings of the doctor's behaviour in the Susan Lim case as well as other case scenarios. The paper will conclude with some practical suggestions on how Confucian-based ideas can be applied to decision-making on pricing and the importance of this for medical professionalism and ethics teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper initiates a series of works dedicated to the rigorous study of the precise structure of gravitational radiation near infinity. We begin with a brief review of an argument due to Christodoulou (in: The Ninth Marcel Grossmann Meeting, World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore, 2002) stating that Penrose's proposal of smooth conformal compactification of spacetime (or smooth null infinity) fails to accurately capture the structure of gravitational radiation emitted by N infalling masses coming from past timelike infinity i - . Modelling gravitational radiation by scalar radiation, we then take a first step towards a dynamical understanding of the non-smoothness of null infinity by constructing solutions to the spherically symmetric Einstein–Scalar field equations that arise from polynomially decaying boundary data, r ϕ ∼ t - 1 as t → - ∞ , on a timelike hypersurface (to be thought of as the surface of a star) and the no incoming radiation condition, r ∂ v ϕ = 0 , on past null infinity. We show that if the initial Hawking mass at i - is nonzero, then, in accordance with the non-smoothness of I + , the asymptotic expansion of ∂ v (r ϕ) near I + reads ∂ v (r ϕ) = C r - 3 log r + O (r - 3) for some non-vanishing constant C. In fact, the same logarithmic terms appear already in the linear theory, i.e. when considering the spherically symmetric linear wave equation on a fixed Schwarzschild background. As a corollary, we can apply our results to the scattering problem on Schwarzschild: Putting compactly supported scattering data for the linear (or coupled) wave equation on I - and on H - , we find that the asymptotic expansion of ∂ v (r ϕ) near I + generically contains logarithmic terms at second order, i.e. at order r - 4 log r . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethical decision-making frameworks assist in identifying the issues at stake in a particular setting and thinking through, in a methodical manner, the ethical issues that require consideration as well as the values that need to be considered and promoted. Decisions made about the use, sharing, and re-use of big data are complex and laden with values. This paper sets out an Ethics Framework for Big Data in Health and Research developed by a working group convened by the Science, Health and Policy-relevant Ethics in Singapore (SHAPES) Initiative. It presents the aim and rationale for this framework supported by the underlying ethical concerns that relate to all health and research contexts. It also describes a set of substantive and procedural values that can be weighed up in addressing these concerns, and a step-by-step process for identifying, considering, and resolving the ethical issues arising from big data uses in health and research. This Framework is subsequently applied in the papers published in this Special Issue. These papers each address one of six domains where big data is currently employed: openness in big data and data repositories, precision medicine and big data, real-world data to generate evidence about healthcare interventions, AI-assisted decision-making in healthcare, public-private partnerships in healthcare and research, and cross-sectoral big data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First conceived as spaces stocked with D.I.Y. tools and materials for community members to join together in the activity of making, makerspaces have begun popping up in schools, libraries, universities and museums across the world. The maker mindset summarizes the ideology of the maker movement—a set of values predicated on making, sharing, learning and playing. Through a critical review of research and practices of makerspaces in the U.S., Singapore, China and Ghana, this paper explores the respective national discourses surrounding the maker movement and maker education. By revealing some of the ways that the values have been embraced, reinterpreted, remixed or rejected as the movement has gained global momentum, this paper intends to establish a greater appreciation for the diversity and complexity of the maker movement and maker education in the global context. Ultimately, this complex, multifaceted remixing reveals a deeper understanding of why the movement has been or may be embraced by diverse nations across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an investigating SARS-CoV-2 inactivation on surfaces with UV-C LED irradiation using our in-house-developed ray-tracing simulator. The results are benchmarked with experiments and Zemax OpticStudio commercial software simulation to demonstrate our simulator's easy accessibility and high reliability. The tool can input the radiant profile of the flexible LED source and accurately yield the irradiance distribution emitted from an LED-based system in 3D environments. The UV-C operating space can be divided into the safe, buffer, and germicidal zones for setting up a UV-C LED system. Based on the published measurement data, the level of SARS-CoV-2 inactivation has been defined as a function of UV-C irradiation. A realistic case of public space, i.e., a food court in Singapore, has been numerically investigated to demonstrate the relative impact of environmental UV-C attenuation on the SARS-CoV-2 inactivation. We optimise a specific UV-C LED germicidal system and its corresponding exposure time according to the simulation results. These ray-tracing-based simulations provide a useful guideline for safe deployment and efficient design for germicidal UV-C LED technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the shift towards incorporating multimodality in the curriculum, it is of interest and value to examine the extent to which multimodal literacy is assessed in national and international literacy tests. This is so as to surface any misalignment between the two and highlight gaps which curriculum planners and assessment designers can address. Given the significant influence that the nature of assessment has in shaping classroom practices and teaching priorities, it is imperative that assessment is aligned with curriculum goals. Our paper examines the assessment items in the visual text comprehension in Singapore’s national examinations, the Graduate Certificate of Education Ordinary Level (GCE O’ Level) and the Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE), for the English Language exam, as well as the literacy components of Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) reading items. We adopt the approach of an earlier study by Unsworth et al. (2019) and position our work as a replication study, extended to a new context. In adopting a common approach, we hope to offer an independent verification of the framework, analyses and findings from the earlier study and contribute towards consolidating and building up proven practices in the analysis of text-image relations within the field of multimodal studies. Our results similarly show an overall low proportion of test items that deal with images and image-language relations in the Singapore and international assessments. While the proportion of questions where the image is essential or supports answering the question is higher for the Singapore GCE O’ Level exams, the role of images in the PSLE and international assessments is limited, which suggests a greater focus on assessing multimodal literacy is required. As curriculum reforms to incorporate multimodality in education become more commonplace around the world, we argue that attention on assessment must be the next frontier of change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we put forward a new model to compute the loss distribution of an automobile insurance company's portfolio evolving by a bonus–malus system. We allow for a continuous evolution of the demographic-economic system based on a migration's rule which is refreshed in discrete time, i.e., at the monitoring times. Therefore, the migration's probabilities are discretely updated through a technique based on the combinatorial distributions of claims' arrival in the rating classes. This technique is hierarchical copula-based, a natural tool permitting us to represent the co-movement between claims' arrivals and distorted due to the formalization of an arrival policy of claims, that restricts the set of combinatorial distributions to those representing the most probable scenarios, therefore distorting the loss function. At every monitoring date, the copula-based model computes the migration's probabilities and the loss function which accommodates for a discrete-time dynamic of the claims' reserving and the capital requirements. An empirical application, the evaluation of the claims' reserving and the capital requirements for different kinds of hierarchies are analyzed, with real data originating with the General Insurance Association of Singapore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing is a paradigmatic example of a social determinant of health, as it influences and is influenced by structural determinants, such as social, macroeconomic, and public policies, politics, education, income, and ethnicity/race, all intersecting to shaping the health and well-being of populations. It can therefore be argued that housing policy is critically linked to health policy. However, the extent to which this linkage is understood and addressed in public policies is limited and highly diverse across and within countries. This analysis seeks to describe the linkages between housing policies and health and well-being using examples from three countries at different levels of the wealth spectrum: Singapore, the UK, and Kenya. We conducted a comparative policy analysis across three country contexts (Singapore, the UK, and Kenya) to document the extent to which housing policies address health and well-being, highlighting commonalities and differences among them. To guide our analysis, we used the United Nations (UN) definition of adequate housing as it offers a broad framework to analyze the impact of housing on health and well-being. The anatomy of housing policies has a strong correlation to the provision of adequate housing across Singapore, the UK, and Kenya, especially for vulnerable groups. The paper demonstrates that contextual factors including population composition (i.e., aging versus youthful), political ideologies, legal frameworks (i.e., welfare versus market-based provision of housing), and presence (or absence) of adequate, quality, timely, reliable, robust data systems for decision-making, which are taken up by stakeholders/state, have strong implications of the type of housing policies developed and implemented, in turn directly and indirectly impacting the overall health and well-being of populations. This analysis demonstrates the value of viewing housing policies as public health policies that could significantly impact the health and well-being of populations, especially vulnerable groups. Moreover, the findings highlight the importance of the Health in All Policies approach to facilitate integrated policy responses to address social determinants of health such as housing. This is more critical than ever, given the context of the global pandemic that has led to worsening overall health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of climate change adaptation plans for drainage infrastructure in a small country as that of Singapore, rainfall projections on the time scale of minutes and on the spatial scales of 1 km are deemed appropriate In this paper, we introduce an application of radar-based stochastic downscaling for rainfall projections at high temporal and spatial resolutions. The input for stochastic model is derived from a Regional Climate Model. The sub-hourly extreme rainfall intensity derived from stochastic model outputs was validated against observed rain-gauge data over the historical period. Considering the advantage in computational efficiency of the stochastic downscaling method, thousand scenarios of rainfall projections at very high temporal and spatial resolution were generated. The implication of this approach is that, from these stochastically downscaled time series of rainfall, it is possible to study future sub-hourly extreme rainfall intensities which would be useful to address issue of flash floods/drainage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments are investing in precision medicine (PM) with the aim of improving healthcare through the use of genomic analyses and data analytics to develop tailored treatment approaches for individual patients. The success of PM is contingent upon clear public communications that engender trust and secure the social licence to collect and share large population-wide data sets because specific consent for each data re-use is impractical. Variation in the terminology used by different programmes used to describe PM may hinder clear communication and threaten trust. Language is used to create common understanding and expectations regarding precision medicine between researchers, clinicians and the volunteers. There is a need to better understand public interpretations of PM-related terminology. This paper reports on a qualitative study involving 24 focus group participants in the multi-lingual context of Singapore. The study explored how Singaporeans interpret and understand the terms 'precision medicine' and 'personalised medicine', and which term they felt more aptly communicates the concept and goals of PM. Results suggest that participants were unable to readily link the terms with this area of medicine and initially displayed preferences for the more familiar term of 'personalised'. The use of visual aids to convey key concepts resonated with participants, some of whom then indicated preferences for the term 'precision' as being a more accurate description of PM research. These aids helped to facilitate dialogue around the ethical and social value, as well as the risks, of PM. Implications for programme developers and policy makers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have implemented a large-scale agent-based model to study the outbreak of coronavirus infectious diseases (COVID-19) in Singapore, taking into account complex human interaction pattern. In particular, the concept of multiplex network is utilized to differentiate between social interactions that happen in households and workplaces. In addition, weak interactions among crowds, transient interactions within social gatherings, and dense human contact between foreign workers in dormitories are also taken into consideration. Such a categorization in terms of a multiplex of social network connections together with the Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) epidemic model have enabled a more precise study of the feasibility and efficacy of control measures such as social distancing, work from home, and lockdown, at different moments and stages of the pandemics. Using this model, we study an epidemic outbreak that occurs within densely populated residential areas in Singapore. Our simulations show that residents in densely populated areas could be infected easily, even though they constitute a very small fraction of the whole population. Once infection begins in these areas, disease spreading is uncontrollable if appropriate control measures are not implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak poses a serious public health risk. To date, the disease has affected almost all countries in the world. The enormous scale of the outbreak and the relative lack of knowledge and information regarding a new virus, as well as the unpredictability of events, make it challenging for leadership teams to respond. This paper shares how we have reconfigured our radiology leadership team into a smaller disease outbreak task force (DOTF) to respond and coordinate all related efforts during this ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The DOTF format is modelled after the military with domain groups looking at manpower, intelligence, operations, and logistics matters on a daily basis so that timely decisions can be made and action plans executed promptly. In managing the DOTF, discipline, flexibility, and teamwork are key principles, and these are built upon a strong foundation of focus on infection prevention and control, and patient and staff safety as well as staff well-being. The DOTF has positioned us well to confront the many challenges to date. We believe it will also help us navigate the complex issues that will arise with future surges in cases and in formulating strategies to manage exit from the present and future lockdowns. KEY POINTS: • In a pandemic, regular and directed meetings by a smaller leadership core group are required, for prompt decision making and execution of action plans. • The military format, with domain groups to look at manpower, intelligence, operations, and logistics matters, is useful in managing a pandemic. • Discipline, flexibility, and teamwork with strong focus on infection prevention and control, and patient and staff safety as well as staff well-being are key principles for leadership teams managing a pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional mix proportion design of cement-solidified mud (CSM) used as fill material is usually based on the past experience in Japan. Nevertheless, the actual field curing temperature (T) of a new CSM project can be quite different from the Japan's case, particularly in a different climate zone. As a consequence, Japan's experience possibly leads to inappropriate design of mix proportion, because the strength gain of cementitious material is strongly influenced by T. This paper aims to provide an insight into this issue. First, 20 different mixes of CSM are prepared and cured under different temperatures varying from 5 to 40 °C, and the unconfined compressive strengths (qu) at various curing ages are measured for each mix cured under each temperature. It is found that for CSM a higher T constantly produces not only very much higher early-age qu but also substantially higher long-term qu, and this can be attributed to 2 aspects, i.e. the accelerated rate of chemical reactions and the larger extent of pozzolanic reactions. Second, a characterization model is developed to quantify the curing temperature effect on the strength gain of CSM, and its reasonability is well demonstrated by a large number of verification data series. Third, in conjunction with an actual project in Singapore, 2 companion sets of UCTs, namely on laboratory-prepared specimens and in situ cored samples, are conducted to identify the difference between field and laboratory strength developments. The value of field/laboratory strength ratio β, a key design parameter, obtained in Singapore's case is then compared against the Japanese recommendation. Results indicate that the value of β obtained in Singapore's case is significantly larger than the value recommended in Japan as there is an evident difference in the field curing temperature between these two countries. This suggests that the curing temperature affects the mix proportion design of CSM to a large extent. Finally, a novel procedure on how to approximately consider the curing temperature effect in the mix proportion design of mass CSM is proposed for the reference of practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an innovative just-in-time health humanities programme to educate and provide support to COVID-19 frontline doctors-in-training. The programme incorporates small-group screening of the Netflix documentary, The Next Pandemic from the Explained series, followed by a one-hour facilitated discussion to explore themes surrounding the current pandemic and its impact on frontline doctors in a tertiary paediatric hospital in Singapore. Themes derived from the film included preparedness, blame, and the impact on healthcare workers and public, which were further discussed to include concerns regarding current local readiness levels given global connectivity, the need for international cooperation, and the effects of blame such as racism and prejudice. The association with culture; the current impact on healthcare workers, physician-patient relationships, and the public including the role of social media, the government and associated public reactions were also explored. These rich discussions demonstrate the pivotal role health humanities has in times of uncertainty such as an emerging infectious disease outbreak by providing timely pandemic education and supporting reflective learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses autocalibration, object detection, and object tracking for unmanned surface vehicles. Input data are recorded with a wide-baseline stereo vision system providing accuracy for distance estimations. The paper reports about followed ways and novel contributions for ensuring a working system solution. Automatic self-calibration is used for the wide-baseline stereo vision system. Robust sea surface estimation and the detection of the horizon support the understanding of the given scene environment. Long-range (i.e. up to 500 m) object detection and tracking are supported by the used wide-baseline stereo system. The paper informs about the complete system design, informs about applied or designed methods, and also about experiments which verify that the system achieved an operational state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 disease outbreak that first surfaced in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, has taken the world by storm and ravaged almost every country in the world. Emergency departments (ED) in hospitals are on the frontlines, serving an essential function in identifying these patients, isolating them early whilst providing urgent medical care. This outbreak has reinforced the role of Emergency Medicine in public health. This paper documents the challenges faced and measures taken by a tertiary hospital's ED in Singapore, in response to the outbreak. Main body: The ED detected the first case of COVID-19 in Singapore on 22 January 2020 in a Chinese tourist and also the first case of locally transmitted COVID-19 on 3 February 2020. The patient journeys through the patient reception area in the ED and undergoes fever screening before being shunted to isolation areas within the ED. Management and disposition of suspect COVID-19 patients are guided by a close-knit collaboration between ED and department of infectious diseases. With increasing number of patients, back-up plans for expansion of space and staff augmentation have been enacted. Staff safety is also of utmost importance, with provision and guidelines for personal protective equipment and team segregation to ensure no cross-contamination across staff. These have been made possible with an early setup of an operational command and control structure within the ED, managing manpower, logistics, operations, communication and information management and liaison with other clinical departments. Conclusion: With the large numbers of undifferentiated patients managed by the ED to date, more than 820 patients with COVID-19 have been identified in the hospital. Not a single member of the staff of the SGH Emergency Department has come down with the illness. The various measures undertaken by the department have helped to ensure good staff morale and strict adherence to safety procedures. We share the lessons learnt so that others who manage EDs around the world can benefit from our experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we combine statistical modelling and climate models in order to develop a unified statistical framework for quantifying the Urban Heat Footprint (UHF) effect, thus quantifying the urban warming phenomenon. The UHF quantifies the urban warming at any location in the spatio-temporal domain due to different effects, such as anthropogenic effects and climatic effects. These effects can be controlled and configured by our modelling approach, thus allowing the evaluation of different scenarios of interest. We first provide a definition of UHF followed by definitions of the Anthropogenic Effects (AE) components. Then, based on those definitions, we define the fundamental quantity of UHF spatial-temporal stochastic (random) processes. Next, we propose several metrics for quantifying and summarising the UHF, which are statistical estimators. These provide insightful summaries of the population parameters of the UHF stochastic process, and can be easily calculated in practice. To illustrate how our framework can be used, we utilise a Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, and provide detailed examples of various UHF metrics, based on real data of Singapore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an overview of the results from the ongoing study on the materials and painting technique of the pioneering Singapore artist—Liu Kang. The paintings Zuo La Lu and Nude, which represent two of Liu Kang's early and distinct artistic phases—Paris and Shanghai—were investigated for the first time using a combination of non- and micro-invasive techniques. The aim of this study was to identify the main pigments used by the artist and to add to the existing research on the artist's painting methods. The results show that the majority of pigments used in both paintings are similar and include Prussian blue, ultramarine, viridian, strontium yellow, chrome yellow, cadmium yellow, iron oxides, lead, zinc and barium whites, bone black and organic red. Particularly interesting is the predominance of lead white in Zuo La Lu and zinc white in Nude. A comparison of the ground layers also indicates the presence of a lead white admixture in Zuo La Lu while its absence in Nude may point to a characteristic difference between two artistic phases, possibly determined by the availability of materials. The imaging methods revealed hidden compositions: the view of a canal house behind Zuo La Lu, and a mystery outdoor view behind Nude. Although these investigative methods permitted some visualisation of the discarded compositions, it remains difficult to determine their details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In tropical countries, the power demand from the air conditioning system of an electric vehicle can be up to 40 percent of the total power demand of the traction battery. It is therefore essential to investigate methods that improve the efficiency to reduce the capital and operational costs of the vehicle. In public transportation, the frequent opening and closing of doors at bus stops results in a large influx of warm, humid ambient air into the cabin that increases energy consumption. The use of an air curtain is a potential solution that can minimise the infiltration of ambient air into the vehicle. The feasibility of implementation of an air curtain is however dependent on various factors such as the frequency of consecutive bus stops, duration of dwell time at bus stops, efficiency of the air conditioning system and the power consumed by the air curtain device. This paper investigates and compares the reduction of the air conditioning power consumption and the associated battery and energy costs with the use of air curtain in a 6 m mini-bus driving on selected bus routes in Singapore. The use of air curtain in an urban mini-bus is found to be economically feasible as the air conditioning power consumption for the studied routes reduced in the range of 20 ∼ 28%. Subsequently, energy and battery lifecycle costs reduced by 6 ∼ 10% based on the route, the frequency and duration of door openings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coupled arrays of Chua's circuits have been studied for many years. The existence of traveling wave solutions for such system was shown numerically in Perez-Munuzuri et al. (Traveling wave front and its failure in a one-dimensional array of Chua's circuit. Chua's circuit : a paradigm for Chaos. World Scientific, Singapore, pp 336–350, 1993). The existence of periodic traveling wave solutions has been proved recently (Chow et al. in J Appl Anal Comput 3:213–237, 2013). The purpose of this paper is to prove the existence of chaotic traveling wave solutions for such system. Using the method of singular perturbations, we show that the ODE system for the traveling waves can have a heteroclinic loop consisting of two traveling waves moving at the same speed. Moreover, at the equilibrium points of the heteroclinic loop, the dominant eigenvalues of the system are a pair of complex numbers with negative real parts. By a generalization of Shilnikov's theorem of symbolic dynamics, the system can have chaotic behavior near the traveling heteroclinic orbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents observations of diurnal cycles of stratification and vertical mixing in Kranji Reservoir, a shallow tropical reservoir with an average depth of 6.7 m located in the northwest corner of Singapore, via field measurements, focusing on a series of three 24-h self-contained autonomous microprofiler (SCAMP) measurements. This data, representing one of the most complete data sets, shows vertical mixing parameters for a tropical shallow reservoir over a diurnal cycle. Responding to diurnal cycles, the observations indicate that the thermal and flow structures are delineated by two distinct thermoclines: a three-layer structure during the daytime and a two-layer structure during the night-time when the two thermoclines merged into one. The daytime structure consisted of a thin surface mixed layer (SML) above the diurnal thermocline, an intermediate hypolimnion layer with the two thermoclines as its boundaries, and an underflow layer below the secondary thermocline. This underflow is shown to primarily arise from a horizontal temperature gradient generated by the daytime wind and stratification, and maintained by night-time differential cooling. The nocturnal structure is comprised of a SML deepened by penetrative cooling and the underflow layer. Analysis of relevant dimensionless numbers, the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget, and FrT–ReT turbulent phase diagram provide a consistent picture of the different mixing mechanisms within each layer. This short time scale variability of vertical mixing as observed in Kranji Reservoir would be a factor in favouring primary production for such shallow tropical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro dry wire electrical discharge machining (μDWEDM) is a process where gas is used as the dielectric fluid instead of a liquid. In this process, certain modifications of wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) are needed during the machining operation to achieve stable machining. Smooth and stable machining operation in μDWEDM process remains as a critical issue. Thus, this paper presents the investigation of process parameters for a stable μDWEDM process. The investigation was performed on a stainless steel (SS304) with a tungsten wire as the electrode using integrated multi-process machine tool, DT 110 (Mikrotools Inc., Singapore). The experimentation method used in this phase was a conventional experimental method, one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT). Types of dielectric fluid, dielectric fluid pressure, polarity, threshold, wire tension, wire feed rate, wire speed, gap voltage, and capacitance were the controlled parameters. The machined microchannels were observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Stable and smooth machining operation of μDWEDM was found to be with compressed air as the dielectric fluid, workpiece positive polarity, 24% threshold, 0.0809 N wire tension, 0.2 μm/s wire feed rate, and 0.6 rpm wire speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the findings of two sequential cross-sectional studies of Singaporeans conducted in 2001 and 2011 with regard to the stability of values and their influence on life satisfaction. Using supporting literature, we propose several hypotheses on the relationships between values and Singaporeans' life satisfaction. We first report the means, importance ranks and changes in percentages for the values in the List of Values and the movements over the years. While values like security and sense of belonging have become more important, being well-respected has become less important over the decade. We then discuss the levels of life satisfaction, satisfaction with specific life domains and overall life satisfaction for Singaporeans, and the changes over 10 years. Using regression analyses and ANOVA, we examine the impact of shifting values and certain demographic variables on the life satisfaction of Singaporeans over the decade. Excitement and warm relationships with others were found to have a significant and positive influence on life satisfaction for both 2001 and 2011. The positive impact of self respect on life satisfaction was only significant in 2001, while security and sense of belonging had a significant negative and positive impact respectively on life satisfaction only in 2011. The effects of these values on life satisfaction were felt differently across age, gender, marital status, education, and income levels in 2001 and 2011. We conclude the paper with limitations and implications for policy making and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-negative matrix factorization has been used in many disciplines of research, where the number of factors plays a crucial role. However, a fully data-driven method for determining the number is yet not available in the literature. Based on the fact that the most appropriate number of factors should generate the best prediction, in this paper we propose a selection method using a two-step delete-one-out approach, called twice cross-validation. This method is easy to implement and is fully data-driven. It also works when constraints are imposed on the factorization including the sparsity. Intensive simulations and real data analyses suggest that the proposed method performs well in most cases and can select the number of factors correctly when the number of factors is much less than the dimension of variables and the sample size is reasonably large. As an important application, the proposed method is used for source apportionment of air pollution in Singapore, and provides physically reasonable source profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the integration of an internal state variable (ISV) model for polymers (Bouvard et al. in Acta Mech 213(1):77–96, 2010; Int J Plast 42:168–193, 2013) with damage evolution (Horstemeyer and Gokhale in Int J Solids Struct 36:5029–5055, 1999; Horstemeyer et al. in Theor Appl Fract Mech 33(1):31–47, 2000; Francis et al. in Int J Solids Struct 51:2765–2776, 2014) into a multiphase ISV framework (Rajagopal and Tao in Advances in mathematics for the applied sciences, World Scientific, Singapore, 1995; Bammann in Proceedings of 2nd international conference on quenching and the control of distortion, vols 4–7, 1996) that features a finite strain theoretical framework for fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites under various stress states, temperatures, strain rates, and history dependencies. In addition to the inelastic ISVs for the polymer matrix and interphase, new ISVs associated with the interaction between phases are introduced. A scalar damage variable is employed to capture the damage history of the FRP, which comprises three damage modes: matrix cracking, fiber breakage, and deterioration of the fiber–matrix interface. The constitutive model developed herein employs standard postulates of continuum mechanics with the kinematics, thermodynamics, and kinetics being internally consistent, whose ISVs can be either calculated from molecular dynamics simulations or calibrated through microstructural characterizations for specific FRPs. The developed elastothermoviscoplasticity and damage modeling framework is then employed to model the internal damage evolution of a glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 66 (Rolland et al. in Compos Part B Eng 90:65–377, 2016) in terms of above three damage mechanisms. A detailed description of the model parameter identification process is given by using the example of a unidirectional glass fiber-reinforced epoxy, and the mechanical behaviors and properties of the composites at varying temperature and fiber volume fraction are predicted by the model, which are in good agreement with the experimental result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liu Kang (1911–2004) was renowned Singapore artist trained in Shanghai and Paris, and known for his contributions to the Nanyang style—an art movement practised by migrant Chinese painters in Singapore between the late 1940s to the 1960s. The style depicts aspects of the tropical way of life, synthetising the artistic traditions of the School of Paris and Chinese ink painting with remarkable stylistic innovations. The aim of this study was to characterise Liu Kang's painting materials and technique by way of ten paintings from a significant period in his oeuvre, 1950–1958, during which his Nanyang style emerged. The selected artworks are from the National Gallery Singapore. A broad range of analytical techniques was employed to study the painting supports and paint layers. The results indicate the prevailing use of commercially prepared linen canvases with double-layered oil-based ground. Single- and triple-layered structures of the ground, as well as semi-absorbent ground, were used sporadically. The identified group of pigments partially overlaps with those already known from Liu Kang's earlier practice and also incorporates some noteworthy peculiarities like manganese, cerulean and phthalocyanine blues, phthalocyanine green, zinc yellow, and naphthol red AS-D. Some of these newly identified pigments made a distinctive appearance in the individual artworks, but ultimately Liu Kang was not convinced about increasing their role in his painting practice of the 1950s as presented in this research. This study highlights the significance of drawing and photography as integral elements of his artistic process. It also delves into the artist's different painting approaches and discusses their evolution, which culminated in the stylistic innovation that became Liu Kang's signature for decades to come. The obtained data may assist art historians and conservators in authenticity and attribution studies, evaluating the condition of artworks and designing conservation strategies. Moreover, this study contributes to the growing body of knowledge about twentieth-century artists' materials, which are characterised by the complex mixtures of inorganic and organic compounds. It also provides information about the availability of art materials in Singapore in the 1950s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hong Kong and Singapore were former British colonies, have a predominant Chinese population and value. They began to develop quickly in the late 1960s, become financial hubs of the world in the 21st century. This paper reviews the tertiary education development of the two cities, particularly on the perspective of university rankings. It first elaborates about the emergence of university rankings, and the reason why it becomes a growing exercise, and who would be the benefactors of these exercises. Then it examines the performance of universities of the two cities in the international university ranking systems, makes a general assessment about the relative merits of the higher education systems in both cities. The paper requests ranking comparisons on the detailed items rather than just the sums, and argues that universities in the two cities are on par. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses some research findings in Singapore that investigated if a relationships-based curriculum extended the active involvement of the infants, toddlers, and young children (up to the age of three) in their learning. Using a relationships-based curriculum, a study conducted over a year involved the use of a well-tested, traditional before-and-after methodology to find out if any change had occurred in the phenomenon under study between two points in time. A sample of 58 infants, toddlers and young children (up to the age of three) in an experimental cohort and 59 of comparable ages in a control cohort, were measured using the Laevers' Active Involvement scale before and after a curriculum intervention. The results showed that there was a statistically significant improvement in the active involvement of the children in the experimental cohort as compared to no improvement in the control cohort. It is proposed that the relationships-based approach has the potential to raise the quality of curriculum and could be considered for application in child care centres in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How and to what extent can China be more accurately understood? Is China best understood as it is or through theories that appear to reveal its nature? John Wong is an example of the former approach, a pursuer of economic realism in the discipline of economic analysis. This paper first describes John Wong's conceptual model of Chinese economic development, which consists of three major components: Singapore as the reference point; economic scale as the first adjusted variable; and economic development phase as the second variable. The paper further explores sources of his choice of methodology through the positionality of his research. He cannot be neatly categorized in any existing school of economic analysis of the Western academic tradition but pursues his accurate understanding of China through pragmatism; his institutionalized research position constitutes the methodological foundation for his research strategy and conceptual framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this paper is to examine the mutual relationship between school engagement of cross-border students (CBS) from Malaysia in Singapore and parental involvement in education. Focus-group interviews were conducted with school personnel, CBS and their non-local counterparts to provide a comprehensive understanding of the situation. The cross-border student group comprises diverse ethnicity and most of them are highly competitive and successful in engaging in the whole educational selection process from the beginning to their exit point. This paper argues that education for the CBS represents both a unique socio-cultural phenomenon in the two Asian societies and a manifestation of a widely shared pragmatic value of educational returns. The findings reveal that the nature of CBS engagement with schools is characterized by voluntary assimilation and is rewarded by the meritocratic system of Singapore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides an overview of the development of contemporary China studies in Singapore from the regional Cold War to the present. It argues that the waxing and waning of China studies in Singapore were intertwined with state interests at different points in time, defined in accordance with the state's self-professed 'pragmatism'. In particular, this paper suggests that the state's ostensible aversion to communist China during the regional Cold War, the decline of the Chinese language under its bilingual policy, and the state's active courting of China from the 1990s have profound and lasting influence on the state of China studies in Singapore. All in all, in the context of a rising China and the state's 'pragmatic' responses, it is likely that China studies in Singapore shall continue to gravitate toward policy research for many years to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disciplinary literacy is the specific ways of talking, reading, writing, and thinking valued and used by people in a discipline in order to successfully access and construct knowledge in that discipline. This paper reports on a case study of the classroom practices of two physics and two chemistry teachers in Singapore in order to better understand how disciplinary literacy is currently addressed in the teaching of secondary school science. The study found that disciplinary literacy in science teaching was limited to the language aspects of science terminologies and the literacy practice of constructing explanation. Even then, these disciplinary language aspects were only implicitly embedded within the predominant practice of teacher-led talk. Based on these findings, current realities and future possibilities of disciplinary literacy instruction building on science teachers’ current teaching practices are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort to improve preschool education, the Singapore government has embraced the need for change by identifying needed policies related to preschool education. These changes require teachers to rethink their approach to learning and teaching. A proposed tool suggested in this paper that may help facilitate curriculum change is the use of pedagogical documentation. This paper examines some impact, implications and challenges for adopting such a tool with the stakeholders in Singapore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the issues and challenges involved in the teaching of religious knowledge in Singapore schools, where it is taught in a historical, descriptive and non-evaluative fashion, adopting the phenomenological approach. The government in Singapore hopes that the teaching of religious knowledge will help to inculcate moral values and promote religious harmony in the students. This paper points out the problems associated with the phenomenological approach to the teaching of religious knowledge in Singapore schools. It argues that such an approach may not be effective in helping the government achieve its educational objectives. The discussion adds to the existing literature on the concerns and problems faced by governments in plural societies in their attempts to teach religious knowledge in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 7th Asian Symposium on Visualization (7ASV) was successfully held in Singapore from 3rd to 7th November 2003. This event was originally scheduled from 26th to 30th May 2003, but had to be postponed because of the outbreak of SAILS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) in some parts of the world. A total number of 122 participants attended the Symposium of which, 107 were foreign participants from 16 countries (excluding Singapore) worldwide. There were 104 papers covering broad range of topics presented at the Symposium which were delivered in 2× 7 long sessions, and 9 keynote papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1990, Singapore has sought to control motor vehicle ownership by means of an auction quota system, whereby prospective vehicle buyers need to obtain a quota license before they can make their purchase. This paper assesses the success of the vehicle quota system in meeting its objectives of stability in motor vehicle growth, flexibility in the motor vehicle mix, and equity among motor vehicle buyers. Two important implementation issues—quota subcategorization and license transferability—re highlighted, and policy lessons are drawn for the design of auction quotas in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peak-hour week-day traffic congestion is a common challenge in urban mobility. Promotion of commuter cycling can help in alleviating this problem in many cities. This paper takes a data analytics approach to propose policies for promoting commuter cycling in Singapore. It uses farecard data to assess the commuter cycling potential and develops a data-driven approach to policy making. A spatio-temporal analysis of farecard data helps in finding patterns in the potential demand for first-mile as well as end-to-end cycling. This analysis is used to suggest policies like cycling towns to promote first-mile cycling and cycling regions to enable end-to-end cycling by linking together the cycling towns. Furthermore, an optimization model is developed to make efficient choice of cycling towns and links for a given budget so as to maximize the potential number of commuter cyclists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Building Emotion and Affect Regulation (BEAR) program is a theory-based group intervention for enhancing resilience in children, with a focus on strengthening emotion regulation. The BEAR is a 6-session protocol for children aged 7-12 who have been subject to traumatic life events. Objective: This paper presents the guiding principles of the BEAR program, evaluates its feasibility and presents the preliminary evidence from an open trial among children in residential group homes in Singapore. Methods: Ten BEAR groups (N = 73, mean age = 10.52, SD = 1.53) were conducted and evaluated with questionnaires for children, facilitators and caregivers before and after the intervention. Results: The BEAR program was well received by children, caregivers and facilitators. The children reported high enjoyment of the program, learning positive coping strategies, and elevated help-seeking behavior. Facilitators indicated that the content of the program was well understood by the children, and that the children cooperated well and showed high levels of competence in performing the tasks. Additionally, there were minimal signs of distress during the sessions. The caregivers reported an increase in emotion regulation, ( p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.437) and positive coping ( p = 0.003, Cohen's d = 0.389), as well as a decrease in general distress among the participants ( p = 0.036, Cohen's d = 0.266). Conclusions: This study demonstrated the feasibility of the BEAR intervention in children's residential group homes in Singapore and provided promising preliminary evidence for positive outcomes. There is a need for randomized controlled studies and further evidence from implementation of the BEAR program in other cultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses findings from a survey of 440 Singaporeans on their views of the definitions and causes of poverty. Overall, sentiments towards poor people were sympathetic, which might be partially due to respondents' narrow definition of poverty. Controlled for demographic characteristics, (1) poverty 'sympathizers' and affiliates of opposition political parties had the most liberal views, and (2) social and health care professionals held the most similar views to poor respondents. Given current debates on poverty in Singapore, the findings suggest timeliness of more redistributive policies now. However, the differences in views by type of respondent also suggest that in advocacy efforts and policy choices, consideration of the social dynamics of poverty and attitudes is pivotal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glaucoma is an eye disease where a loss of vision occurs as a result of progressive optic nerve damage usually associates with high intraocular pressure. A subtype of glaucoma called primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) has been observed to be the result of one or more mechanisms such as Pupil block, Plateau iris, Peripheral iris roll, and Lens in the anterior segment of the eye. Reliable features in anterior segment images are important for determining the specific mechanisms involved in PACG. In this paper, first the discriminant features are selected by several feature selection algorithms in the context of PACG detection based on anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) images, and then a novel criteria is proposed to further select more reliable features. Our approach is based on selecting the top-ranked features in each algorithm and its rank combination for selection of the best features. Compared with the features selected by the individual feature selection methods, the features selected by our method achieves the best performance in terms of the accuracy of classification of the four PACG mechanisms by using AdaBoost classifier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]