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In the development of physical theories, thought experiments play a crucial role. Research on this topic began in 1976 and has continued to the present. This study aims to provide a more complete picture of the progress of thought experiments over the past two decades. To achieve this, this study employs bibliometric mapping methods. A total of 679 published papers were analyzed, including articles (504), conference papers (92), and book chapters (83). This data was retrieved from the Scopus database. The study's findings reveal that research and publications on thought experiments are highly valued and have received significant attention over the past eight years. According to the findings, 90% of the top 20 source titles contributing to thought experiments are from journals in the first and second quartiles (Q1 and Q2). This quartile ranking shows the quality and significant influence of a journal. The geographical distribution indicates that the United States contributes the most to thought experiments research, with 213 documents, 2592 citations, and 47 links. We also identified several prospective keywords that could be the focus of future research, including artificial intelligence, physics education, fiction, God, theology, productive imagination, technology, speculative design, and critical design. Therefore, this study provides a thorough picture of thought experiment research trends and future directions of potential topics that can be the focus of future researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Double pervoskite BiHoZnCeO6 (BHZCO) has been synthesized by the cost-effective solid state reaction method. It is characterized by a combination of techniques including powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), dielectric, thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fundamental structural symmetry and the cell parameter refinement for the BHZCO is investigated by analyzing the PXRD data with the help of widely used "MAUD" software. As per the PXRD-analysis, the Fig. 1a and b of the published paper Applied Physics A (2020) 126:655, clearly shows that it crystallizes with an orthorhombic crystal lattice with space group of Pca21, whose profile resembles with another bismuth-based double pervoskite Bi2WO6; crystallography open database (COD) ID: 2,108,252. However, in the CP paper, the author claims that BHZCO should have the cubic Fm-3m crystal structure, surprisingly claims that the phase is CeO2:Bi,Ho,Zn with unknown amount of dopants. Hence, in the present communication attempts have been made to compare both the cell structures for the BHZCO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments reveal that human skin is most reliably cut by specific thicknesses of paper, including the kind used to print certain high-profile journals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

My comments concern the error in the lattice parameters and chemical composition of BiHoZnCeO6 perovskite published in the commented paper. The most probable composition of the studied sample is CeO2:Bi,Ho,Zn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

My comments concern some errors in the crystallographic part of the commented paper. The diffraction patterns are erroneously analysed and the final data on the structure (symmetry and unit cell parameters) are different than those supposed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We admit, however, that fracture mechanical principles and rock physics elements behind rock fracturing and fault activation may be similar, and that the joint discussion of fracturing and faulting, therefore, has a long tradition in the rock mechanics and rock engineering community. 1 Participants of the '13th EURO-Conference on Rock Physics and Geomechanics - The Guéguen Conference' during the social event at the Winzerberg Potsdam This special issue consists of 19 scientific papers which are based on these conference contributions and all of which address different important aspects relevant to the variety of industrial applications outlined above. This special issue is dedicated to our dear colleague and friend Prof. Ove Stephansson, who was not only one of Sweden's most influential geologists, but also an enthusiastic supporter of the 13th EURO-Conference on Rock Physics and Geomechanics. Special Issue on Rock Fracturing and Fault Activation: Experiments and Models: Selected Papers Presented at the 13th EURO-Conference on Rock Physics and Geomechanics - The Guéguen Conference Held on 2-6 September 2019 in Potsdam, Germany. [Extracted from the article]

In the early 1930's, Fermi wrote two papers in which he introduced the concepts of "scattering length" and "pseudopotential." Since that time, these terms have become universally associated with low energy scattering phenomena. Even though the two papers are very different—one in atomic physics, the other in neutron physics—a simple figure underlies both. The figure appears many times in Fermi's work. We review how the two papers came about and briefly discuss modern developments of the work that Fermi initiated with these two remarkable papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the “Matthew effect” in the citation process which leads to reallocation (or misallocation) of the citations received by scientific papers within the same journals. The case when such reallocation correlates with a country where an author works is investigated. Russian papers in chemistry and physics published abroad were examined. We found that in both disciplines in about 60% of journals Russian papers are cited less than average ones. However, if we consider each discipline as a whole, citedness of a Russian paper in physics will be on the average level, while chemistry publications receive about 16% citations less than one may expect from the citedness of the journals where they appear. Moreover, Russian chemistry papers mostly become undercited in the leading journals of the field. Characteristics of a “Matthew index” indicator and its significance for scientometric studies are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper–paraffin composites were prepared by an interfacial polymerisation reaction on the paper surface and its function of thermal energy storage was studied. Filter paper impregnated with O/W emulsion, which was composed of ethylenediamine, NaOH and paraffin microcapsules prepared by methyl methacrylate polymer (PMMA), was left in a beaker containing a cyclohexane solution of terephthaloyl chloride. The paraffin could fix on the treated paper surface and the encapsulation of the paraffin before the interfacial polymerisation reaction on the paper surface was effective in the preparation of paper with the function of heat storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates, at the journal as well as the article level, if there is a difference in citations between English-language and non-English publications. The Web of Knowledge is used as data source. The investigation focuses on the fields of physics and chemistry. Using a precise definition of a 'non-English journal', we filter out nine physics and thirty-four chemistry non-English journals, scattered over six physics and seven chemistry subfields. Average received citations per paper (CpP) of the non-English journal(s) are compared with the CpP of pure English journals, and this in the same subfield. We clearly observe that non-English journals are inferior-in number of citations received-to pure English journals and this in all physics and chemistry subfields studied. Further, twelve physics journals and ten chemistry journals were chosen as sample journals to compare the CpP of non-English papers with that of English language papers in the same journal. The result of this comparison is that for the majority of these journals and for most of the publication years the CpP of non-English papers is lower than that of the English language papers. Finally, analyzing linguistic characteristics of the citing literature confirms the own-language preference in non-English physics and chemistry journals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification or LAMP has been identified to be an efficient technology for point-of-care diagnostics. Paper-based LAMP technique has tremendous potential in replacing the existing tube-based technology as the manufacturing cost of a paper-based device is comparatively lower and easy-to-use. LAMP-based paper diagnostic device for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) detection is of extreme importance as it will help in early and rapid diagnosis of the affected patients. The fabrication of these devices requires assessment of design parameters on the extent of LAMP amplification reaction. Hence, CFD studies would be extremely beneficial from the design perspective. The current work presents an insight into the CFD simulations for LAMP amplification reaction on a porous paper membrane (nitrocellulose membrane). The convection-diffusion-reaction model is solved on a COMSOL Multiphysics 5.0 platform. Studies on effect of pore size, aspect ratio and initial DNA concentration on the extent of DNA amplification reaction have been carried out. The current paper-based technique is effective in detecting a minimum of 5 copies of DNA contrasting the previous semi-quantitative technique which demonstrated the detection of minimum 98 copies. Overall, the simulation results displayed almost 96% enhancement in the DNA amplification rate on paper membrane. Graphical abstract Graphical abstract for the computational study of DNA amplification reaction via LAMP technique on a porous paper membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mounting evidence suggests that science and engineering fields suffer from gender biases. In this paper, we study the physics community, a discipline where women are still under-represented and gender disparities persist. To reveal such inequalities, we perform a paper matching analysis using a robust statistical similarity metric. Our analyses indicate that women's papers tend to have lower visibility in the global citation network, a phenomenon significantly influenced by the temporal aspects of scientific production. Within pairs of similar papers, the authors that publish first tend to obtain more citations. From the group perspective, men have cumulative historical advantages due to women joining the field later and at a slower rate. Altogether, these results indicate that the first-mover advantage plays a crucial role in the emergence of gender disparities in citations of women-authored papers in the physics community. Many ways of assessing gender gap in citations have been proposed, and many explanations for such gap advanced. Here the authors analyze the gender difference in citations in physics, and claim that timing is one of the main driving forces of the gender difference in citations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many years after Bohr's response to the EPR argument, Bohr was considered to have provided an authoritative rebuttal of the ideas of the paper, and more generally of Einstein's stance on quantum theory. More recently, however, there has been great difficulty even in achieving general agreement on Bohr's meaning. Two recent papers, by Dickson, and by Clifton and Halvorson, have sought to establish the structure of Bohr's argument. In the present paper, the papers of EPR and Bohr are re-assessed in the light of these recent papers, and also in light of the development and presentation of quantum information theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A continuous time model for multiagent systems governed by reinforcement learning with scale-free memory is developed. The agents are assumed to act independently of one another in optimizing their choice of possible actions via trial-and-error search. To gain awareness about the action value the agents accumulate in their memory the rewards obtained from taking a specific action at each moment of time. The contribution of the rewards in the past to the agent current perception of action value is described by an integral operator with a power-law kernel. Finally a fractional differential equation governing the system dynamics is obtained. The agents are considered to interact with one another implicitly via the reward of one agent depending on the choice of the other agents. The pairwise interaction model is adopted to describe this effect. As a specific example of systems with non-transitive interactions, a two agent and three agent systems of the rock-paper-scissors type are analyzed in detail, including the stability analysis and numerical simulation. Scale-free memory is demonstrated to cause complex dynamics of the systems at hand. In particular, it is shown that there can be simultaneously two modes of the system instability undergoing subcritical and supercritical bifurcation, with the latter one exhibiting anomalous oscillations with the amplitude and period growing with time. Besides, the instability onset via this supercritical mode may be regarded as “altruism self-organization”. For the three agent system the instability dynamics is found to be rather irregular and can be composed of alternate fragments of oscillations different in their properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents papers of the "Czech-Taiwanese Workshop on the Intermediate- and High-Energy Physics," that was held in Prague, Czech Republic from March 3-5, 2003, organized by Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, National Science Council of Taiwan, Czech Physical Society (Section of the Union of Czech Mathematicians and Physicists) and Physical Society of the Republic of China (Taiwan).

Studies involving hundreds, even thousands, of scientists are on the rise, but how do such large groups coordinate their work? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many important biochemical processes occur on the time-scales of nanoseconds and microseconds. The introduction of the laser temperature-jump (T-jump) to biophysics more than a decade ago opened these previously inaccessible time regimes up to direct experimental observation. Since then, laser T-jump methodology has evolved into one of the most versatile and generally applicable methods for studying fast biomolecular kinetics. This perspective is a review of the principles and applications of the laser T-jump technique in biophysics. A brief overview of the T-jump relaxation kinetics and the historical development of laser T-jump methodology is presented. The physical principles and practical experimental considerations that are important for the design of the laser T-jump experiments are summarized. These include the Raman conversion for generating heating pulses, considerations of size, duration and uniformity of the temperature jump, as well as potential adverse effects due to photo-acoustic waves, cavitation and thermal lensing, and their elimination. The laser T-jump apparatus developed at the NIH Laboratory of Chemical Physics is described in detail along with a brief survey of other laser T-jump designs in use today. Finally, applications of the laser T-jump in biophysics are reviewed, with an emphasis on the broad range of problems where the laser T-jump methodology has provided important new results and insights into the dynamics of the biomolecular processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of a “peeling front” or an elastic line is studied under creep (constant load) conditions. Our experiments show in most cases an exponential dependence of the creep velocity on the inverse force (mass) applied. In particular, the dynamical correlations of the avalanche activity are discussed here. We compare various avalanche statistics to those of a line with non-local elasticity, and study various measures of the experimental avalanche-avalanche and temporal correlations such as the autocorrelation function of the released energy and aftershock activity. From all these we conclude, that internal avalanche dynamics seems to follow “line depinning”-like behavior, in rough agreement with the depinning model. Meanwhile, the correlations reveal subtle complications not implied by depinning theory. Moreover, we also show how these results can be understood from a geophysical point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It began with concerns about the orbits used to explain the motion of electrons in atoms — but quantum theory ended up upending reality itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In series of papers [2, 7], Fomin introduced and discussed the so-called robust phases in a system with frozen orientational disorder (with application to superfluid 3He in aerogel). We show that his consideration is based on the erroneous overestimation of the fluctuation energy, which comes from the interaction of the Goldstone modes with the frozen disorder. This interaction leads to the Imry–Ma effect, which destroys the orientational order but is unable to destroy the local structure of 3He-A. There is no ground for the robust phases. © 2005 Pleiades Publishing, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research articles in all branches of modern science are crowded with the abbreviated technical terms known as acronyms, a phenomenon that was essentially unknown before World War II. Apart from an introduction to the notion of acronyms and its short history, the paper discusses from a historical perspective the connections between acronyms and eponyms in science. Moreover, it charts how acronyms and abbreviations became so common in physics and astronomy that the excessive use of them came to be considered a symptom of a contagious disease. While many science acronyms are exotic and little used, and some downright bizarre, others have become household words that in some cases are not even recognized to be acronymic constructions. The paper briefly examines the naming histories of some of these successful acronyms in physics and astronomy, among them radar, sonar, maser, laser, and pulsar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The confidential 124-page report from the University of Rochester, disclosed in a lawsuit, details the extent of Ranga Dias’s scientific misconduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research fields related to learning (e.g., educational technology and learning sciences) have historically focused on what questions using traditional methods (e.g., comparing different learning tools and methods). New methodologies that are grounded in learning, engagement, and motivational theories are needed to additionally address the how questions. Methodologies that use learners' process data shed more light on how learners learn and if the learning tools are effective, compared to methodologies that use just outcome data. In this paper, we discuss stealth assessment—an evidence-based methodology that can be used in technology-rich environments (e.g., games) to assess and support hard-to-measure constructs (e.g., creativity) as well as knowledge acquisition (e.g., physics). We also discuss evidence-centered design (ECD), and present specific steps to design, embed in a digital learning environment, and evaluate a stealth assessment. Additionally, we provide two examples of stealth assessment studies in the context of an educational game called Physics Playground: Study 1 illustrates a stealth assessment of creativity and Study 2 describes a stealth assessment of physics understanding and how we used it to make the game adaptive. The purpose of this paper is to provide sufficient detail about stealth assessment to help researchers in the field of educational technology and related fields to adopt this method to assess, foster, and investigate learning processes in various technology-rich environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While gender disparities in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines are widely noted, the citation gap is still understudied and awareness remains low. Here, we address citation inequity in physics and describe individual and collective mitigation initiatives, including the citation diversity statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this scoping review is to describe how the literature has discussed and studied disability in undergraduate-level STEM courses in the United States. A Critical Disability Studies lens informed our inclusion criteria. Results: We considered extensive lists of disability types and diagnoses and concluded that "disability" as a search term best captured educational experiences rather than medical approaches. After screening nearly 9000 abstracts, we identified a final set of 409 dissertations, articles, conference papers, commentaries, briefs and news items. Sources appeared in discipline-based education research (DBER), STEM disciplinary and education journals as well as DBER conferences. Under 10% of sources included 2-year college settings. The largest groups of sources focused on disability writ large (39%, vs. specific categories) and across STEM (38%, vs. specific disciplines). Students were the main research participants (80%). Instructors were the main target of recommendations (84%). In terms of solutions, the largest group (n = 111) advocated for Universal Design, followed by accommodations (n = 94), and technology developed or tested with persons with disabilities (n = 90). Sources which the authors framed as empirical studies less frequently disclosed positionality as a person with a disability (16%) than non-empirical sources (21%). Quantitative (n = 125), qualitative (n = 99), and mixed methods (n = 64) approaches were well-represented. The most common data collection methods were surveys, assessments or task completions (n = 161 sources), followed by interviews (n = 109), observations (n = 44), document analyses (n = 18), and institutional student records (n = 14). Conclusions: More research is needed that centers the experiences of students with disabilities, focuses on specific disability types, employs critical quantitative and qualitative methodologies, and otherwise avoids implicit deficit views of disabled students. Citations to the qualifying sources are available in a public Zotero library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a claim for transdisciplinary in economics is put forward, pleading for a change of paradigm in economics and the introduction of a new area of study, physiconomics. William Stanley Jevons is presented as a forerunner of this transdisciplinary view. He introduced an emphasis on the importance of the relationship between economics and other social sciences. However, the article is not a historical re-evaluation but an intellectual discussion encouraging the emancipation of economics from engineering in favour of physics, sociology, law and psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneous scalarization in Einstein-scalar-Gauss–Bonnet theory admits both vacuum-general relativity (GR) and scalarized hairy black holes as valid solutions, which provides a distinctive signature of new physics in strong gravity regime. In this paper, we shall examine the optical features of Gauss–Bonnet black holes with spontaneous scalarization, which is governed by the coupling parameter λ . We find that the photon sphere, critical impact parameter and innermost stable circular orbit all decrease as the increasing of λ . Using observable data from Event Horizon Telescope, we establish the upper limit for λ . Then we construct the optical appearances of the scalarized black holes illuminated by various thin accretions. Our findings reveal that the scalarized black holes consistently exhibit smaller shadow sizes and reduced brightness compared to Schwarzschild black holes. Notably, in the case of thin spherical accretion, the shadow of the scalarized black hole is smaller, but the surrounding bright ring is more pronounced. Our results highlight the observable features of the scalarized black holes, providing a distinguishable probe from their counterpart in GR in strong gravity regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a world-leading scintillation light yield among inorganic crystals measured from a 0.5 kg pure-CsI detector operated at 77 Kelvin. Scintillation photons were detected by two 2-inch Hamamatsu SiPM arrays equipped with cryogenic front-end electronics. Benefiting the light yield enhancement of pure-CsI at low temperatures and the high photon detection efficiency of SiPM, a light yield of 30.1 photoelectrons per keV energy deposit was obtained for X-rays and γ -rays with energies from 5.9 to 59.6 keV. Instrumental and physical effects in the light yield measurement are carefully analyzed. This is the first stable cryogenic operation of kg-scale pure-CsI crystal readout by SiPM arrays at liquid nitrogen temperatures for several days. The world-leading light yield opens a door for the usage of pure-CsI crystal in several fields, particularly in detecting the coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering of reactor neutrinos. The potential of using pure-CsI crystals in neutrino physics is discussed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polarized bolometer may become an essential tool to study the scattering of neutrinos because these particles are intrinsically polarized in their direction of propagation. Polarized solid targets were widely used in nuclear and high-energy physics during the sixties. Later on, many studies were conducted with gases (Xe139 and He3) for NMR medical purposes. In their paper, Tarso Franarin and Malcolm Fairbairn (Phys. Rev D 94: 053004) show that a polarized target, in fact gaseous He3, can change the interaction strength between the neutrino and the target, in the best case to suppress it leaving the possibility to search for dark matter, even with the floor of solar neutrinos. We take advantage of the polarization to modify the interaction, changing the part coming from the axial interaction. In this paper, we recall an old but well-known procedure to polarize nuclei embedded in a dielectric solid and indicate interesting paths for different nuclei which appear as promising targets for neutrino scattering and therefore for neutrino physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on publications indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded ( SCIE) of Thomson Reuters, we explored China-Germany collaboration in physics from perspectives including publication profiles, collaboration effect, as well as active institutions and active fields. We found that German researchers are more capable of publishing higher-quality papers than Chinese counterparts. Both China and Germany get benefit from collaboration in raising publication productivity. The collaboration helps improve Chinese researchers' citation impact and capability of publishing in higher-quality journals. Research capacities of German institutions are more evenly distributed than Chinese counterparts. Chinese institutions that are most active in collaborating with German counterparts are mainly those in leading positions in China, whereas those in disadvantageous situation are still isolated from the international community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Letter to the Editor [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new technique: a conformable derivative for the inverse problem of a Sturm-Liouville problem with restrained constant delay. Solutions to the Sturm-Liouville problem often involve eigenfunctions and eigenvalues, which have important applications in physics, engineering, and other fields. The presence of a constant delay introduces unique challenges in formulating and solving this problem. In this case, we derived the asymptotic formulas for the eigenvalues with their corresponding eigenfunctions and demonstrated the existence of the solution. Additionally, we identified the nodal points used to generate the problem's potential function. Finally, we applied the Lipschitz stability approach and demonstrated the stability of the solution to the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent measurements of the Lamb shift of muonic helium-4 ions were used to infer the alpha particle charge radius. The value found is compatible with the radius extracted from the analysis of the electron-helium scattering. Thus, the new spectroscopic data put additional empirical bounds on some free parameters of certain physics theories beyond the Standard Model. In this paper, we analyze the new data in the context of large extra-dimensional theories. Specifically, we calculate the influence of the radion, the scalar degree of freedom of the higher-dimensional gravity, on the energy difference between the 2S and 2P levels of this exotic atom. The radion field is related to fluctuations of the volume of the supplementary space. It should be treated as a phenomenologically independent quantity in relation to the tensorial degrees of freedom of the metric within the braneworld scenario. Based on the spectroscopic data of muonic helium, we find constraints for the effective energy scale of the radion as a function of the alpha particle radius. Then, we discuss the implications of these new constraints on the proton radius puzzle. We also establish a new empirical bound for the radion by examining its influence on the isotopic shift in the 2P-2S transition of muonic hydrogen and muonic deuteron. In connection with this discussion, we study the impact of the radion on the tension observed in measurements of the difference between the squared radii of the helion and alpha particle as extracted from muonic and electronic helium isotopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expanding upon our ongoing investigation of Vector-Like Quark (VLQ) phenomenology within a 2-Higgs Doublet Model (2HDM) framework, in this paper, we complement a previous one dedicated to Vector-Like Top-quarks (VLTs) by studying Vector-Like Bottom-quarks (VLBs), specifically focusing on their behavior in the alignment limit of a Type-II Yukawa structure. We examine the potential for detecting VLBs at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and analyze their decay signatures, encompassing both Standard Model (SM) processes and exotic decays. The objective is to differentiate among singlet, doublet, and triplet configurations of VLBs by identifying distinct decay patterns, thereby providing insights into the structure of Beyond the SM (BSM) physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aggregative moral theories face a series of devastating problems when we apply them in a physically realistic setting. According to current physics, our universe is likely infinitely large, and will contain infinitely many morally valuable events. But standard aggregative theories are ill-equipped to compare outcomes containing infinite total value. So, applied in a realistic setting, they cannot compare any outcomes a real-world agent must ever choose between. This problem has been discussed extensively, and non-standard aggregative theories proposed to overcome it. This paper addresses a further problem of similar severity. Physics tells us that, in our universe, how remotely in time an event occurs is relative. But our most promising aggregative theories, designed to compare outcomes containing infinitely many valuable events, are sensitive to how remote in time those events are. As I show, the evaluations of those theories are then relative too. But this is absurd; evaluations of outcomes must be absolute! So we must reject such theories. Is this objection fatal for all aggregative theories, at least in a relativistic universe like ours? I demonstrate here that, by further modifying these theories to fit with the physics, we can overcome it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is prepared for a special memorial issue of J. Low Temp. Phys. dedicated to the Memory of Alexander Andreev. I discuss his ideas devoted to the fundamental problem in modern physics—the origin and validity of the superselection rule, which forbids the superposition of a fermion and a boson state. Andreev suggested extra spin degrees of freedom, due to which the 2 π rotation does not change the sign of the fermionic wave function, and as a result the fermion-boson transmutation becomes possible. Although his approach looks somewhat contradictory from the point of view of the present physics, in principle his ideas can be realized on the more fundamental trans-Planckian level leading to new physics. Different scenarios of the extension of the internal spinor space are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]