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This book presents the state of art of the several advanced approaches to beneficiation of coal. The influence of recent technology attains the advantages of processing coal, purification studies, rheological behavior, and the mineral beneficiation. The experts collected in this volume have contributed significantly to the enrichment in the in depth knowledge not only in context of working knowledge, but also future prospects of clean coal technology.

This monograph surveys the present state of Monte Carlo methods. we have dallied with certain topics that have interested us Although personally, we hope that our coverage of the subject is reasonably complete; at least we believe that this book and the references in it come near to exhausting the present range of the subject. On the other hand, there are many loose ends; for example we mention various ideas for variance reduction that have never been seriously appli(:d in practice. This is inevitable, and typical of a subject that has remained in its infancy for twenty years or more. We are convinced Qf:ver­ theless that Monte Carlo methods will one day reach an impressive maturity. The main theoretical content of this book is in Chapter 5; some readers may like to begin with this chapter, referring back to Chapters 2 and 3 when necessary. Chapters 7 to 12 deal with applications of the Monte Carlo method in various fields, and can be read in any order. For the sake of completeness, we cast a very brief glance in Chapter 4 at the direct simulation used in industrial and operational research, where the very simplest Monte Carlo techniques are usually sufficient. We assume that the reader has what might roughly be described as a'graduate'knowledge of mathematics. The actual mathematical techniques are, with few exceptions, quite elementary, but we have freely used vectors, matrices, and similar mathematical language for the sake of conciseness.

th The technology of froth flotation, invented in the early 20 century was first used for the concentration of sulfide minerals. Since then it has been applied for the processing of many nonsulfide ores as weIl, including oxides, carbonates, silicates, soluble minerals like halite and sylvite and energy minerals like coal and bitumen. In recent years it has been used for several nonrnineral applications, such as waste water treatment, deinking of paper for recycling and resource recovery from industrial wastes he technology continues to grow with new applications reported every year. Flotation is based on chemical phenomena occurring at the interfaces, solid/water and air/water. Surface Chemistry principles have played a significant role in the development of flotation technology. Knowledge of aqueous solution chemistry and electrochemistry has added to our understanding of the reactions in flotation systems. Professor Jan Leja's book has weIl served researchers and students as they tried to understand the chemistry of flotation, and it is a significant contribution to the advancement of knowledge. However, since the book was first published, new research techniques and ever growing information have made an update necessary. The revised edition compiled by Dr. S. R. Rao has brought together fundamental aspects of the chemistry of flotation and how they apply to practical systems. It should serve all who are working in the area of flotation and interested in exploring new applications of flotation technology.

From the reviews:'Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts has appeared in semi-annual volumes since 1969 and it has already become one of the fundamental publications in the fields of astronomy, astrophysics and neighbouring sciences. It is the most important English-language abstracting journal in the mentioned branches....The abstracts are classified under more than a hundred subject categories, thus permitting a quick survey of the whole extended material. The AAA is a valuable and important publication for all students and scientists working in the fields of astronomy and related sciences. As such it represents a necessary ingredient of any astronomical library all over the world.'Space Science Reviews#1'Dividing the whole field plus related subjects into 108 categories, each work is numbered and most are accompanied by brief abstracts. Fairly comprehensive cross-referencing links relevant papers to more than one category, and exhaustive author and subject indices are to be found at the back, making the catalogues easy to use. The series appears to be so complete in its coverage and always less than a year out of date that I shall certainly have to make a little more space on those shelves for future volumes.'The Observatory Magazine#2

Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts aims to present a comprehensive documen­ tation of the literature concerning all aspects of astronomy, astrophysics, and their border fields. It is devoted to the recording, summarizing, and indexing of the relevant publications throughout the world. Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts is prepared by a special department of the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut under the auspices of the International Astronomical Union. Volume 39 records literature published in 1985 and received before August 15, 1985. Some older documents which we received late and which are not surveyed in earlier volumes are included too. We acknowledge with thanks contributions of our colleagues all over the world. We also express our gratitude to all organiza­ tions, observatories, and publishers which provide us with complimentary copies of their publications. On account of the introduction of an object index the scope of index information will be considerably enlarged beginning with this volume. In connection with the subject index an additional source to satisfy the needs of retrieval is opened up. Starting with Volume 33, all the recording, correction, and data processing work was done by means of computers. The recording was done by our technical staff members Ms. Helga Ballmann, Ms. Mona El-Choura, Ms. Monika Kohl, Ms. Sylvia Matyssek. Ms. Karin Burkhardt, Ms. Susanne Schlotelburg, and Mr. Stefan Wagner supported our task by careful proofreading. It is a pleasure to thank them all for their encouragement. Heidelberg, September 1985 The Editors Contents Introduction............

D. B. LONGMORE The concept ofthe meeting on which this book is based is unique. There has never be fore been a multi-disciplinary meeting based entirely on the concept of making a major branch of surgery safer. Hopefully, this meeting will be archetypal and will set a precedent for similar attempts in other disciplines as well as future efforts to make cardiac surgery safer. Cardiac surgery is still a rapidly growing discipline even after a quarter of a century of experience. Like any new area of science, or medicine, initially there is an exponential growth ofwork, publications, meetings, options of available equipment and all the ancillary and peripheral disciplines associated with it. The ideas of the handful of original surgical pioneers, some of whom have contributed to this book, formed the basis of a still rapidly growing young branch of surgery with a whole new medical discipline of total extracorporeal circulation involving biochemical and haemodynamic control of a patient.

An Advanced Study Institute on Ultrasonics in Medical Diagnosis was held in Milan, Italy, from 10 to 15 June 1974. This ASI was of a short five-day duration and limited to cardiac diagnosis by ultra­ sound only. Since that time, the field of diagnostic imaging in medicine has literally exploded with new and improved means of medical diagnosis such as computed tomography, microwaves, nuclear magnetic resonance and other sophisticated techniques. These developments have enabled medical practitioners to make diagnoses with a minimum of danger to the patient, and a maximum of accuracy never before possible, and represent a multi-quantum advance over the early state-of-the-art presented at the 1974 ASI. Since then, several meetings have taken place on these individual topics to bring together experts who presented their latest research results, but none have discussed the entire field of diagnostic imaging in medicine in one meeting nor have they had the teaching character of an Advanced Study Institute. The art and science of medicine have been altered repeatedly during the eight year interval since the last ASI. Today's clinician must be part technologist and must be enough of an investigator to understand and appreciate the scientific method. The current complex advances in instrumentation and pharmacology have had a marked effect on how medicine is practiced. There was, therefore, an urgent need to bring the entire field of imaging in medicine to one teaching podium where the many advances of the last six or seven years could be reviewed.

The process of froth flotation is an outstanding example of applied surface chemistry. It is extensively used in the mining, mineral, metallurgical, and chemical industries for separation and selective concentration of individual minerals and other solids. Substances so concentrated serve as raw materials for producing appropriate metals and chemicals. The importance of flotation in technology is chiefly due to the ease with which it can be made selective and versatile and to the economy of the process. The objective of this book is to review the fundamentals of surface chemistry together with the relevant aspects of organic and inorganic chemistry that-in the opinion of the author-are important ~ control of the froth flotation process. The review updates the information that had been available in books by Sutherland and Wark (1955), Gaudin (1957), Klassen and Mokrousov (1963), and GIembotsky et al. (1963). It emphasizes mainly the surface chemical aspects of the process, leaving other relevant topics such as hydrodynamics, mechanical and electrical technology, cir­ cuit design and engineering, operations research, instrumentation tech­ nology, modeling, etc., to appropriate specialized treatments.

Teach us to live that we may dread Unnecessary time in bed Get people up and we may save Our patients from an early grave. A most revealing paraphrase by Asher• of a verse by Bishop Thomas Ken more than adequately summarizes the plight of the immobilized patient, who often lies dormant and de­ pressed for years on end. In this volume, Dr. Steinberg has offered the reader a unique opportunity to share his many years of experience in caring for the immobilized patient. His careful attempt to explore the pathophysiologic effects of immobilization on a number of organ systems, combined with a host of practical aspects with regard to patient care, is unique and refreshing. This text should command the re­ spect of any physician faced with the vicissitudes and frus­ trations of caring for the immobilized. The final chapter de­ tailing'The Psychological Aspects of Immobilization,'by Hammer and Kenan, offers the reader considerable insight into the essentials and value of occupational and physical therapy. It should prove most valuable to physicians as well'Asher, R. A. ]. Dangers of going to bed. Br. Med. J. 2:907, 1947. v vi FOREWORD as social workers, paramedical personnel, and the many physical therapists who come into daily contact with the nonambulatory patient. L. V. Avioli St. Louis Preface It may be a paradox that the importance of disability and immobilization has been enhanced by the very progress of medical science.

Ever since the first volume appeared in 1969, this series has received good reviews in a variety of periodicals published in different corners of the world. It would seem that the work has fulfilled its purpose as outlined in the Preface to Volume 1. The rapidly increasing interest in surface and colloid science by people engaged in industrial research and development, and in environmental, ecological, medical, pharmaceutical, and other areas, justifies the continuation of such an effort. The Surface and Colloid Science series originated with John Wiley and Sons and has been continued with Plenum Press. This volume is the third with the present publisher, and is the best assurance of our mutual interest to proceed with this work. Some books in the series, as was the case with Volume 11, may appear under the editorship of other workers in the field. For reasons of continuity, a sequential numbering system will be maintained. This editor hopes to provide the scientific and technical community with high-quality contributions in surface and colloid science in the future. He invites specialists to submit definitive chapters on any topic within the broad area of our discipline for inclusion in this series.

With recent developments in the polymer, ceramic, sensor, and fuel cell technology, a range of novel materials have been manufactured for advanced, compact, and electronic industry. Polymers, silicon, energy materials have received much attention in recent years.'Advanced Functional Materials'gives the most recent research results on polymer, fine ceramics, sensor, and green fuel cells. The content of this book, mainly based on the authors'recent research results, covers a broad spectrum including: the advanced inorganic-organic-hybrid polymeric materials, high functional sensor, and microbial fuel cells. The book is suitable for the researchers working in the areas of polymer, nanotechnology, ceramic engineering, engineering thermoplastic, energy and power engineering, chemical engineering and materials, etc. Hee-Gweon Woo is a professor at the Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, the Republic of Korea. Hong Li is a professor at the Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, China.

While it is tempting to label computational materials modeling as an emerging field of research, the truth is that both in nature and foundation, it is just as much an established field as the concepts and techniques that define it. It is the recent enormous growth in computing power and communications that has brought the activity to the forefi-ont, turning it into a possible com­ ponent of any modem materials research program. Together with its increased role and visibility, there is also a dynamic change in the way computational modeling is perceived in such a vast field as materials science with its wide range of length and time scales. As the pace of materials research accelerates and the need for often inaccessible information continues to grow, the de­ mands and expectations on existing modeling techniques have progressed that much faster. Primarily because there is no one technique that can provide all the answers at every length and time scale in materials science, excessive expectations of computational materials modeling should be avoided if pos­ sible. While it is apparent that computational modeling is the most efficient method for dealing with complex systems, it should not be seen as an alter­ native to traditional experimentation. Instead there is another option, which is perhaps the one that is most likely to become the defining characteristic of computational materials modeling.

The 1999 international conference on Information Processing in Medical Imaging (IPMI'99) was the sixteenth in the series of biennial meetings and followed the successful meeting in Poultney, Vermont, in 1997. This year, for the rst time, the conference was held in central Europe, in the historical Hungarian town of Visegr ad, one of the most beautiful spots not only on the Danube Bend but in all Hungary. The place has many historical connections, both national and international. The castle was once a royal palace of King Matthias. In the middle ages, the Hungarian, Czech, and Polish kings met here. Recently, after the summit meeting of reestablished democracies in the area, it became a symbol for the cooperation between central European countries as they approached the European Union. It was thus also symbolic to bring IPMI, in the year of the 30th anniversary of its foundation, to this place, and organize the meeting with the close cooperation of local and traditional western organizers. It also provided a good opportunity to summarize brie?y a history of IPMI for those who were new to the IPMI conference. This year we received 82 full paper submissions from all over the world. Of these, 24 were accepted as oral presentations. These were divided into 6 sessions. In spite of our e orts, it was found to be impossible to make these sessions fully balanced and homogeneous.