Search

Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality and morbidity around the world. While significant progress has been made in treating a major sub-category of cardiac disease and arrhythmias, significant unmet needs remain. Every day, thousands of patients die due to arrhythmias in the U.S. alone, and atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia that affects millions of Americans at any given time. Therefore, there is an urgent public need to continue to develop new and better therapies for arrhythmias. This book reviews key research methods and protocols in cardiac electrophysiology with a focus on advantages and pitfalls. It will discuss new developments as well as traditional treatments and methods. Chapters will focus on practical implementation and collaborative cross-functional research methods. The book will contain contributions from scientists and clinicians from various academic and industrial research institutions. The inclusion of industrial experts expands the scope and potential audience of this book, and provides important perspective beyond basic science. Contributors will include researchers and clinicians from academic institutions such as the University of Minnesota, Harvard, Washington University, Case Western, Indiana University, and Manchester University. Methods and Models in Cardiac Electrophysiology will be a must-have resource for clinical academic scientists, engineers from industry (Biotech, Pharma, and Medical Device), undergraduate and graduate students, physicians, biomedical engineers, and high school and college teachers interested in studying cardiac electrophysiology and cardiac function. The book may also be of interest to students in the fields of physiology, molecular biology, cellular biology, biomedical engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and related areas.

This reference work aims to be the primary resource in the field of heart disease in children and adult congenital heart disease. It contains nearly 100 chapters covering all aspects of heart disease in three populations: fetus with acquired and congenital heart diseases, children with acquired and congenital heart diseases, and adults with congenital heart diseases. Divided into five main sections, the book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date, and continuously revised overview of what is known in the field as well as resources for practical use such as normal values, medication information, and review of published guidelines. The first section of the book includes historical background on congenital heart disease and the evolution of medical, surgical, and catheter therapeutics. The fetal heart disease section comes next and covers cardiovascular embryogenesis, etiological mechanisms, diagnostic tools, presentation and management, cardiomyopathies, arrhythmias, perinatal management, and emergencies. The bulk of the book lies in the third section on pediatric cardiology, which examines not only basic science, assessment, and therapies but also a wide variety of specific acquired and congenital diseases such as valvular lesions, arterial diseases, cyanotic heart diseases, cardiomyopathies, cardiac tumors, and pulmonary hypertension. This is followed by the section on adult congenital heart diseases, discussing echocardiography, electrophysiology, neurodevelopment, and a variety of unique aspects of congenital heart disease in the adult years. The final section of the book focuses on pharmacology with chapters on inotropes, vasopressors, diuretics, and more. Pediatric Cardiology: Fetal and Pediatric Heart Diseases & Adult Congenital Heart Diseases is an essential reference for physicians, residents, fellows, medical students, nurse-practitioners, and allied health professionals in cardiology, pediatrics, cardiac surgery, and imaging/radiology.

This 2nd edition has been extensively updated and provides comprehensive and current insight into congenital heart diseases, from embryonic development through to clinical features, including human genetics and our current knowledge of the underlying molecular pathways.The book is divided into three parts: an introduction to the development of the heart and its vessels, an overview of the molecular pathways affecting the development of various cardiovascular structures, and a main section focusing on the different types of structural and nonstructural congenital heart diseases, including their clinical features, underlying genetic alterations and insights from animal models and pathways. All chapters have been updated and new chapters added on state-of-the-art approaches including stem cells and organoids, cardiac metabolism, single cell transcriptomics and 3D reconstruction of human heart development. The clinical chapters have been extended and include new sections on diagnostic imaging techniques. Taken together, the book, written by and for clinicians and researchers, provides an integrated and up-to-date resource for all those who want to learn more about both the clinical aspects and the genetic and molecular basis of congenital heart disease.

The coronaries are the first branches of the ascending aorta. They arise from their respective sinuses of Valsalva, and gradually branch distally to the myocardium. Abnormalities of the coronary arteries, either congenital or acquired, can be characterized as a lack of origin, abnormal origin, anomalous course, lack of patency, abnormal connections, and/or abnormal drainage of the coronary vessels. Interruptions to or lack of flow can cause significant morbidity and mortality due to ischemia, infarction and fistulous connections, which can lead to cardiac failure, endocarditis and ischemia. Coronary artery anomalies are rare in general populations. Although they can be benign and asymptomatic, they can also be malignant due to their origin and course and can cause sudden cardiac death. As such, an understanding of how to analyze, diagnose and treat them is vital. This book presents the latest advances in congenital anomalies of coronary arteries. It offers a comprehensive overview of the field, including illustrative angiograms and diagrams that demonstrate all possible anomalies and clarify what is abnormal, and also provides practical insights to guide practitioners in their everyday practice.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the physiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, medical and surgical management, and future therapies for tricuspid valve disease. It is divided into two sections. The first section covers the basics of the tricuspid valve, including anatomy, epidemiology, and clinical diagnosis with individual chapters focused on hemodynamics, echocardiography, MRI, and CT assessment. The second section examines current treatments for tricuspid valve disease including both surgical and medical management. It discusses special clinical scenarios of tricuspid valve pathology such as tricuspid regurgitation in patients with ICD and pacemaker implants and the role of tricuspid valve disease in patients with heart failure and LVAD therapy. Tricuspid Valve Disease: A Comprehensive Guide to Evaluation and Management is an essential resource for general cardiologists, interventional cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, and innovators in the field of structural heart disease.

One of the most intriguing and compelling issues to impact contemporary biology to date is the concept that cell death is genetically regulated. Observations by Kerr and Wyllie, made more than 30 years ago on the basis of distinct morphological criteria, markedly distinguished apoptosis from classical cell death by necrosis. Apoptosis is a highly regulated, evolutionary conserved, genetic program of cell death essential for normal development and tissue homeostasis. The discovery of apoptosis as a regulated event and potentially amenable to therapeutic interventions has generated considerable excitement because it meant that disease entities resulting from either too much, or too little, apoptosis could be potentially cured with new therapies that target apoptosis.While there is little doubt that necrosis induced by massive cellular trauma is likely an unregulated event, several lines of investigation have challenged the dogma that necrotic cell death ismerely unregulated. Emerging data has shifted the paradigm in our thinking about necrosis as a regulated event.Autophagy is another cellular process that has received considerable attention over the past two decades and its remarkable involvement in the processes of cell survival, death and tumorigenesis. Macro autophagy is a catabolic process that involves the selective and targeted removal of oxidized proteins, macromolecular structures and organelles through an elaborate cellular process involving a lysosome mediated pathway. Other forms of autophagy involving adapter proteins, commonly referred to as chaperone mediated autophagy, involves the selective removal of cellular cargo by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.The book will serve as a reference guide for basic and clinical scientists who are interested in understanding how these critical cellular processes impact the pathogenesis of human disease.

In this Edited Volume, a diverse group of exercise metabolism experts, assembled a multi-facetted collection of fascinating contributions. The chapters focus on metabolism during exercise, including anaerobic and aerobic metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism (separate chapters on muscle glycogen and blood glucose), fat metabolism (separate chapters on muscle and adipose tissue) and protein metabolism. Readers will find discussion on various tissues in addition to skeletal muscle, such as liver, heart and brain metabolism during exercise. In addition, the book includes chapters on other perspectives such as thermodynamic and bioenergetic aspects of exercise and a dive into history. Another focal point is on the effects of exercise in relation to training, age, sex, fatigue and the circadian rhythm. This contemporary collection will be an essential resource for Physiologists, Sports Scientists, Coaches, Athletes and students alike.

This book describes the relationship of the skin with cardiovascular disease. It details the variety of genetic, autoimmune, metabolic and endocrine factors that link the two disciplines. Recognition of one sign or symptom in dermatology can lead to the investigation and discovery of an important related cardiac condition, the recognition of which is important to prevent cardiovascular complications. Similarly, a cardiac condition may be related to an underlying skin condition that requires treatment.Genetic examples of such instances included within the book include: pseudoxanthoma elasticum, epidermolysis bullosa with desmosome defects and plectin defects; Marfan syndrome; Autoimmune conditions include vasculitis, sarcoidosis, lupus; metabolic conditions include insulin resistance, eruptive xanthomas with hypertriglyceridemias and elevated cholesterol; endocrine disorders include thyroid acropachy with atrial fibrillation; insulin resistance with coronary artery disease and psoriasis or hidradenitis suppurativa.Skin and the Heart reviews the effects of genetic, autoimmune and endocrine diseases with connections between skin and heart. It is therefore a key reference for all practitioners and researchers working in both disciplines.

This book provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art overview of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). The text is structured to effectively present a broad yet concise overview of bile duct cancer, its relevant definitions, classification schemata, clinical management tenets, translational (including molecular and cellular) facets, and future directions. The book features numerous high-yield illustrations and is authored by an eclectic range of renowned experts in various areas of CCA, reflecting the multidisciplinary nature of the field.Filling a critical gap in the field, Diagnosis and Management of Cholangiocarcinoma: A Multidisciplinary Approach is a valuable resource for clinicians and practitioners who treat patients with bile duct cancer.

This book provides a comprehensive review of the basic science of the mitral valve needed to begin to comprehend both normal and the failing valve. This knowledge is infrequently discussed in the clinical arena, with a rush towards definition of lesions based on limited analysis. It provides a ready single source of the most important basic science subjects pertaining to the valve, and the pathologies found therein, and thus a more complete understanding of the factors that result in dysfunction may be appreciated. Mitral Valve Disease: Basic Sciences and Current Approaches to Management includes chapters on embryology and anatomy, including details of structural, comparative and functional features. Since the valve is completely influenced by genetics and molecular biology, subjects rarely if ever addressed in the clinical arena, these topics receive in-depth attention. Coverage concludes with lengthy discussions of the importance of multi-disciplinary work, along with the importance of the electrophysiological disturbances encountered in some groups of these patients. It therefore is an essential and up-to-date resource for the practicing and trainee cardiac surgeon and any researcher working within this topic.

This thoroughly revised textbook provides a practically applicable guide to three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE). Background is provided on the evolution of the technology and physics that support the implementation of both transthoracic and transesophageal approaches to 3DE. The incremental value of 3DE to assess cardiac chambers is also described. Moreover, a range of cardiac valvular diseases including the mitral, aortic, and tricuspid valve have been portrayed and illustrated in depth.These include congenital abnormalities, regurgitation and stenosis. Emphasis is also placed on technical aspects of the technique and where it can provide added value, including post-surgery assessments and evaluation of cardiac masses.Textbook of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography enables readers to develop a deep understanding of how to use this imaging modality. It provides a valuable resource for the echocardiography trainee looking to develop their knowledge and for the experienced practitioner seeking a comprehensive up-to-date reference.

This book spans topics in both congenital and acquired right heart disease providing readers with detailed information on the physiology, anatomy and myocardial mechanics of the right ventricle (RV), while describing the use of echo and MRI imaging to diagnose, and new developments in surgery and cardiac catheterization to treat. Right Ventricular Physiology, Adaptation and Failure in Congenital and Acquired Heart Disease includes extensive discussion of RV-pulmonary interactions, pulmonary hypertension and ventricular-ventricular interactions, including specific topics in embryology, fetal RV function, RV mechanics, pathophysiology of RV adaptation/ failure, molecular aspects of RV dysfunction, congenital heart disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary valve replacement, stem cell and future therapies.​ It is thus important reading for all cardiovascular medicine professionals, but especially pediatric cardiologists and surgeons, those who manage these patients in the cardiac care unit and investigators studying the RV.

This updated textbook provides an essential evidence-based approach to echocardiography and includes practical case-based instruction illustrating a wide variety of clinical scenarios in which echocardiography is a vital diagnostic option for physicians. It reflects how echocardiography has evolved into a complex multimodality method for evaluating and quantifying cardiovascular lesions, and explains the use of hemodynamic assessment of the heart using echocardiography, transesophageal and three-dimensional echocardiography, deformation imaging and assessment of myocardial perfusion, which have added a new dimension to real-time noninvasive evaluation of patients. Echocardiography highlights the clinical utility of these evolving modalities that are now crucial to the renaissance of echocardiography, and it provides a thorough clinical review of this most revealing and adaptable methods of imaging a patient. The Editors and their world-class group of contributors have created an essential reference for those in training or who already use echocardiography in their practice.

​There is an evident practice gap in education of general adult cardiologists on long-term management of congenital heart disease (CHD). The goal of this book is to help general cardiologists, but also pediatricians and related care providers in the management and diagnosis of adult CHD.Adult Congenital Heart Disease in Clinical Practice provides clear, practical advice on adult CHD for the busy fellow, resident and practicing clinician. It includes training and revision material to assist learning and is formatted in such a way as to provide short, concise content designed for easy recall of salient facts.

This book reviews the management of right heart diseases, incorporating etiology, physiopathology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment. The frequency of this pathology has increased in recent years, while techniques for its treatment have evolved. This book therefore represents a complete, detailed and updated presentation of this pathology, reviewing the expanded treatment options while considering the management of patients in detail.Right Heart Pathology: From Mechanism to Management provides a comprehensive insight into right heart pathology, current diagnostic methods, treatments and postsurgical management. Written by experienced cardiologists and cardiovascular surgeons who have addressed significant issues in this topic area, it represents the essential reference in this specialty.

This first multi-authored work exclusively dedicated to breast lesions in core needle biopsy samples, A Comprehensive Guide to Core Needle Biopsies of the Breast is an all-inclusive textbook that provides an overview of the fundamentals of a breast core needle biopsy program, instructive topics on diagnostic approaches to breast core biopsies including a pattern-based strategy, and in-depth coverage of all entities commonly seen in the core biopsy setting. In addition, chapters detailing special scenarios or topics including the role of molecular profiling in small breast samples and personalized medicine; metastasis to the breast and dermatologic mimickers of breast lesions arising in the breast skin, subcutis or axilla complete the impressive scope of this authoritative book. The book features over 900 high-quality images, charts, and diagrams. Written by leaders in the field and edited by expert breast pathologist, Dr. Sandra J. Shin, A Comprehensive Guide to Core Needle Biopsies of the Breast is the definitive reference on breast core needle biopsies for practicing pathologists, pathology trainees, and clinicians of patients with breast disease.

This volume focuses on the etiology and morphogenesis of congenital heart diseases. It reviews in detail the early development and differentiation of the heart, and later morphologic events of the cardiovascular system, covering a wide range of topics such as gene functions, growth factors, transcription factors and cellular interactions that are implicated in cardiac morphogenesis and congenital heart disease. This book also presents recent advances in stem cell and cell sheet tissue engineering technologies which have the potential to provide novel in vitro disease models and to generate regenerative paradigms for cardiac repair and regeneration. This is the ideal resource for physician scientists and investigators looking for updates on recent investigations on the origins of congenital heart disease and potential future therapies.

This book is an ideal, up-to-date guide to the application of fetal interventions and hybrid procedures, in which the surgeon and the interventional cardiologist work together, for the treatment of congenital heart diseases at a very early stage when disease outcome may be altered. State of the art data and clear instruction are offered on techniques such as fetal pulmonary and aortic valve dilatation, fetal interatrial septum stenting, hybrid defect closure, hybrid stent implantation, and hypoplastic left heart syndrome therapy. Recognized experts describe the benefits of such early interventions, particularly evident in the case of valve disease, and explain how the hybrid strategy, by combining advantages and tools from each approach, can reduce invasiveness and risks and improve results. The book also looks ahead to the likely impact of new technologies, including nanotechnology, that will soon be available. Fetal and Hybrid Procedures in Congenital Heart Diseases will be a rich source of knowledge, step-by-step guidance, and practical tips and tricks for obstetricians/gynecologists, fetal cardiologists, pediatric cardiologists, interventional cardiologists, congenital cardiac surgeons, anesthesiologists, and intensivists.

This book provides comprehensive insights into congenital heart disease from embryonic development through to clinical features, including human genetics and our current knowledge of the underlying molecular pathways. It is divided into three parts: an introduction to the development of the heart and its vessels, an overview of the molecular pathways affecting the development of various cardiovascular structures, and a main section focusing on the different types of structural and nonstructural congenital heart diseases, including their clinical features, underlying genetic alterations and related animal models and pathways. Taken together these chapters, which were written by and for clinicians and researchers, provide an integrated and cutting-edge resource for all those who want to learn more about both the clinical aspects and the genetic and molecular basis of congenital heart disease.

This book focuses on the practical aspects of clinical electrophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias in the young. It represents a compilation of the clinical course, electrophysiologic studies, pharmacological management, and transcatheter ablation therapy in patients from infancy through young adulthood. Topics include the mechanism, ECG characteristics, electrophysiologic findings, treatment, and prognosis of tachyarrhythmias and bradyarrhythmias; specialized subjects including syncope, cardiac pacemakers, and implantable cardiac defibrillators; pharmacology of antiarrhythmic agents; and the roles of allied healthcare professionals in the management of arrhythmias in the young. This revised edition includes new or expanded chapters on the molecular biology mechanisms that underlie the structure and function of the cardiac conduction system; new navigation technologies for detecting cardiac arrhythmias while minimizing radiation exposure; genetic disorders of the cardiac impulse; andsudden cardiac death in the young, particularly athletes. Featuring contributions from practicing clinical cardiac electrophysiologists affiliated with the Michigan Congenital Heart Center at the University of Michigan, Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology in the Young, Second Edition, is a premier reference for cardiologists, residents, and medical students.

This book offers readers a comprehensive biomaterials-based approach to achieving clinically successful, functionally integrated vasculogenesis and myogenesis in the heart. Coverage is multidisciplinary, including the role of extracellular matrices in cardiac development, whole-heart tissue engineering, imaging the mechanisms and effects of biomaterial-based cardiac regeneration, and autologous bioengineered heart valves. Bringing current knowledge together into a single volume, this book provides a compendium to students and new researchers in the field and constitutes a platform to allow for future developments and collaborative approaches in biomaterials-based regenerative medicine, even beyond cardiac applications.

This book covers all the major aspects associated with pathophysiological development of cardiac arrhythmias (covering enhanced or suppressed automaticity, triggered activity, or re-entry), from basic concepts through disease association, limitations of current pharmacotherapy and implant therapies and on-going trials and analysis of new biomarkers based on current knowledge of cellular interaction and signalling. The book describes novel and state-of-the-art methods for differentiating between the major types of arrhythmia, structural abnormalities and current practice guidelines and determination of risk stratification associated with sudden cardiac death. A particular focus is on arrhythmias associated with atrial fibrillation and includes details of associations with cardiac disease, current detection, analysis and imaging and future perspectives.​

In the United States, there are approximately 1 million adults with congenital heart disease, with 20,000 new patients reaching adolescence each year. With early pediatric diagnosis, improved medical, surgical and post operative care, it is now expected that 90% of patients born with congenital heart disease (CHD) will survive to adulthood. Therefore, the number of adult CHD (ACHD) patients will continue to rise. In fact, it is now estimated that for the first time in history, there are more adults living with CHD than children. The cardiologist who deals with these patients must therefore be familiar with congenital heart lesions in their uncomplicated state and know appropriate testing and follow-up methods. Also the inherent complexity of this type of cardiovascular disease really needs a comprehensive, multimedia included, practical and case base approach and assessment.The aim of this book is to provide a case base approach to adult patients with congenital heart disease including all diagnostic and treatment methods focus on physical exam, ECG, chest X-Ray, heart sounds, advanced echocardiography including of TTE & TEE, cardiac CT, CMR, catheterization, interventional procedures, surgery and also anesthesia highlights in these patients.

​This heart anatomy book describes the cardiac development and cardiac anatomy in the development of the adult heart, and is illustrated by numerous images and examples. It contains 550 images of dissected embryo and adult hearts, obtained through the dissection and photography of 235 hearts. It has been designed to allow the rapid understanding of the key concepts and that everything should be clearly and graphically explained in one book. This is an atlas of cardiac development and anatomy of the human heart which distinguishes itself with the use of 550 images of embryonic, fetal and adult hearts and using text that is logical and concise. All the mentioned anatomical structures are shown with the use of suggestive dissection images to emphasize the details and the overall location. All the images have detailed comments, while clinical implications are suggested. The dissections of different hearts exemplify the variability of the cardiac structures. The electron and optical microscopy images are sharp and provide great fidelity. The arterial molds obtained using methyl methacrylate are illustrative and the pictures use suggestive angles. The dissections were made on human normal and pathological hearts of different ages, increasing the clinical utility of the material contained within.​

This book is devoted solely to the tricuspid valve and its role in congenital heart disease. Tricuspid valve anomalies are part of the pathological spectrum in various congenital heart diseases, including Ebstein anomaly and tricuspid valve dysplasia, with different pathophysiology and clinical implications. This book covers all relevant aspects of such anomalies, including diagnosis, therapy and follow-up. Further topics addressed include the way in which the tricuspid valve may become the “systemic” valve in some congenital diseases, with important consequences and the involvement of the tricuspid valve in the right-sided heart complications often seen in adults with congenital heart disease. All of the chapters are written by internationally recognized experts and are designed to deliver state of the art knowledge of practical value. This book will be an important addition to the library for surgeons, cardiologists and other practitioners involved in the management of patients with congenital heart disease.

With the advent of transgenic technology, which allows the identification of specific gene activities in developing mammalian organisms, the house mouse has once again taken a very important place in experimental research as one of the genetically best understood mammals. More than ever, molecular biologists are in need of a detailed, standardized description of the anatomy of the developing mouse embryo. In this classic compendium, now brought up to date and corrected, the author presents each stage of mouse development in photographs and micrographs using hybrids of two inbred strains as a standard. Organ systems are systematically reconstructed from fertilization until after birth. Molecular biologists tracing the effects of genetic manipulations, as well as students and researchers of developmental biology, will appreciate the renewed availability of this standard reference work for its unparalleled accuracy, its attention to anatomical detail, and the extent of its documentation.

The Update compiles the most recent, widespread developments of experimental and clinical research and practice in one comprehensive reference book. The chapters are written by well recognized experts in the field of intensive care and emergency medicine. It is addressed to everyone involved in internal medicine, anesthesia, surgery, pediatrics, intensive care and emergency medicine.

The book will be written by the experts in the disease including imaging, interventional cardiology and surgical valve expertise. The book has five main sections: Aortic Valve Disease Mitral Valve Disease Tricuspid Valve Disease Pulmonic Valve Disease Multimodality Imaging The main objectives of the book are: 1- to provide the main guidelines to clinicians on how to identify and diagnose valvular heart disease 2- to provide an overview of what the near future will bring in the diagnosis, prevention and risk stratification of patients to catheter versus surgical approaches 3- to outline the possible implications for medical therapies in slowing progression of calcific aortic valve disease and myxomatous mitral valve disease

This book summarizes present knowledge of different mechanisms involved in the development of positive and negative consequences of cardiac adaptation. Particular attention is paid to the still underestimated adaptive cardiac responses during development, to adaptation to the frequently occurring pressure and volume overload as well as to cardiac changes, induced by enduring exercise and chronic hypoxia. Cardiac Adaptations will be of great value to cardiovascular investigators, who will find this book highly useful in their cardiovascular studies for finding solutions in diverse pathological conditions; it will also appeal to students, fellows, scientists, and clinicians interested in cardiovascular abnormalities.

Every three years early Spring witnesses the convening of a small group of neuroscientists from many parts of the world. They are devoted to the study of acetylcholine, the oldest of the known neurotransmitters. To assess the level of knowledge, to take stock of the still unsolved problems, to evaluate the practical meaning of their findings, the cholinologists first met in 1969 in the eerie atmosphere of a snow-covered Swedish forest, the second in the Swiss Alps, the third facing the surf and foam of the Paci­ fic waves. Finally in March 1980 Florence, her trees burgeoning in the mild rain of March, confronted them with the temptation of her monuments and museums. But the cholinologists bravely dismis­ sed the temptations and went on with the presentations and discus­ sions of the many papers which form the present book. The papers describe the most recent development of investiga­ tions on acetylcholine. They open with an extensive coverage of the developmental and phylogenetic aspects of the cholinergic neurons. The regulation of acetylcholine synthesis, release, post­ synaptic, electrical and trophic effects in the peripheral chol­ inergic synapses including ganglia, neuromuscular junction, myen­ theric plexus and heart is then covered. Special emphasis is given to the cholinergic mechanisms in the eye.

lar aging, to which this model contributes, has grown. Apart from reports on work in this almost'classical'diploid cell system, the symposium presents studies using different biological systems with results that have been rewarding as information is obtained on patterns of change that are common to more than one experimental system. Indeed, in recent years much more has been learned about the fate of all different types of intermitotic and postmitotic cells in situ. The symposium has also presented contributions dealing, not directly with aging but with early ontogeny; such information on early developmental changes should certainly shed light on some of the mechanisms involved in aging. We are cognizant of the fact that environmental influences resulting from the complexities of modern civilization may have results that only occur much later, and profoundly affect the lifespan of the organism. There remain, of course, many unanswered questions. Whether there is'physiological'as opposed to'pathological'aging; whether'old'cultures living in unchanged, although not exhausted, medium, are degenerating, not aging; what is involved when'old'fragment cultures regenerate after excision by filling the wound with'young'cells; why some tumor cells in vivo as well as in vitro die while others live; all are questions~eserving of our attention.

The heart is invested with a complex, intertwining network of blood and lymphatic vessels which, respectively, provide the cardiac tissue with oxygen and nutrients and eliminate excess fluid from the interstitium. The coronary blood vessels have been the focus of much investigation in the past few decades. On the other hand, the literature regarding the cardiac lymphatic vessels remains sparse, despite their important role in maintaining normal heart function. With this in mind, a better understanding of the cardiac lymphatic network and its ability to regulate fluid homeostasis within the heart could give us insight into developing therapies for the alleviation of several cardiac pathological conditions.

Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. The high metabolism and oxygen demand of the cardiac myocardium depends on both a high blood flow and a rich capillary density. For this reason, the growth of the coronary vasculature is vital, not only in early development, but also in the adult faced with various stresses. Novel technologies have enabled the discovery of the molecular mechanisms underlying the growth and assembly coronary vessels, and this volume covers the hierarchy of the coronary vasculature from its embryonic origins through its postnatal growth, adulthood, and senescence. Chapters address normal coronary development, coronary anomalies and their possible underlying developmental errors, coronary vessel adaptations to exercise training, aging, hypoxia, myocardial ischemia, and cardiac hypertrophy.This comprehensive overview of current research in coronary vessels and myocardial perfusion was written by Dr. Robert J. Tomanek, Emeritus Professor of Anatomy and Cell Biology at the University of Iowa. The book reviews, discusses, and integrates findings from various areas of coronary vasculature research, and as a result, will be a valuable reference source for cardiovascular scientists and physicians for many years to come.

Motility is a fundamental property of living systems, from the cytoplasmic streaming of unicellular organisms to the most highly differentiated and de­ veloped contractile system of higher organisms, striated muscle. Although of motility have a long and in­ scientific investigations into the mechanisms teresting history, the knowledge of molecular processes, especially in the area of regulation of control of motility, has been developing at an ever more rapid pace with the utilization of multidisciplinary approaches from physiology, cell biology, genetics, biochemistry, pharmacology, and biophysics. In Volume 3, Cell and Muscle Motility continues the same philosophy as that of the preceding volumes. The essays are meant to focus on topics of current interest, to be critical rather than exhaustive, and to indicate the current trends of research efforts. The series is intended to foster an in­ terchange of concepts among various workers in a variety of disciplines and to serve as a reference for students and workers who wish to familiarize them­ selves with the most current progress in motility. Robert M. Dowben Jerry W. Shay Dallas vii Contents Chapter 1 Intermediate Filaments in Striated Muscle: A Review of Structural Studies in Embryonic and Adult Skelttal and Cardiac Muscle Maureen C. Price and Joseph W. Sanger 1. Introduction.................................................

This book is concerned with basic molecular biology and how research in this field relates to our understanding of molecular and cellular aspects of cardiac development and growth. The authors point out that molecular biology has provided a wealth of new approaches for investigating cellular processes at the molecular level and is now making a significant contribution to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac development and providing insight into the molecular events underlying cardiac malformation and disease. This volume combines basic information on molecular biology with current thinking in cardiac development. It is the only book to specifically do this.

Improving our insights into the genetic predisposition to cardiovascular disease is one of the most important challenges in our field in the next millennium, not only to unravel the cause of disease but also to improve the selection of patients for particular treatments. Nowadays, for example, subjects with a cholesterol above a particular plasma level are exposed to a cholesterol lowering regime based upon the beneficial outcome of epidemiological studies which include subjects not prone to the disease, despite a plasma cholesterol above the accepted level. Identification of the patients who are genetically predisposed to the consequences of this disorder will reduce the number of subjects unnecessarily treated and, hence, the costs of health care. Because in most cardiovascular diseases the genetic component is a consequence of more than one gene defect, only limited progress has as yet been made in identifying subjects genetically at risk. For example, in hypertension only in less than 10% of the patients the genetic defect has been identified. It has been known for quite some time that in heart and blood vessels fetal genes are as high blood pressure and upregulated or induced when they are exposed to such disorders ischemia. Little is known about the function of these genes in the cardiac and vascular adaptation to these disorders; only guesses can be made.

could go on for several pages. Thus the book edited This book emphasizes the fundamental, functional aspects of cardiology. Within the last thirty years, by Sperelakis IS a potent reminder of the almost for­ the rift between clinical and investigative cardiology gotten fact that cardiology has twO sites, inextrica­ has widened, because of the overwhelming devel­ bly related. opment of new clinical procedures, both diagnostic The book deals with subjects in which Dr. Sper­ and therapeutic. Almost forgotten is the fact that elakis has pioneered: ultrastructure of heart muscle, we owe most of the clinical advances to theoretical electrophysiology, cardiac contractility, and ion ex­ and experimental observations. I need not remind change. An extension of these subjects is the chapter the reader of the work of Carrel, who performed the dealing with fundamental topics of the coronary cir­ first experimental coronary bypass in 1902, or the culation. work of the brothers Curie in 1880, both physicists, This book is indeed a timely reminder of the im­ who discovered piezoelectricity, the keystone in ech­ portance of the fundamental aspects of cardiology. ogradiography; of the works of Langley, who intro­ Emphasis on clinical aspects of cardiology alone will duced the receptors concept; of Ahlquist in 1946, result in a sterile and unproductive future for a field who first differentiated between alpha and beta re­ that has made such stunning advances during the ceptors; of Fleckenstein, a physiologist who pi­ last thirty years to the benefit of millions of people.

Die Pathologie des Herzens wird in drei aufeinanderfolgenden Bänden umfassend behandelt. In diesem Band (22/I) stehen die angeborenen Herzfehler im Mittelpunkt. Um deren komplizierte Morphologie verständlich zu machen, wurden Phylogenie des Blutkreislaufs und vergleichende Anatomie des Wirbeltierherzens, normale Entwicklungsgeschichte und Prinzipien der Anatomie, Ultrastruktur des Herzmuskels und - erstmals auch - Strukturdynamik im architektonischen Verband abgehandelt. Die Pathologie der connatalen Vitien wird durch Bemerkungen zu den klinischen Äquivalentbildern belebt. Ein besonderer Abschnitt ist der Humangenetik, den Hauptformen klassischer Herzmißbildungen, gewidmet. Schließlich wird der Versuch gewagt, aus den Gegebenheiten sog. Heterochronie der Gestaltwerdung essentieller Bausteineinheiten des Herzmuskels Strukturschwächen zu erkennen und aus diesen die Pathoklise großer Herzkrankheiten verständlich zu machen.

I see a man's life is a tedious one. Cymbeline, Act III, Sc. 6. It is well known that the best way to learn a subject is to teach it! Along the same lines one might also say that a pleasant way of learning a subject and at the same time getting to know quite a few of the workers active in it, is to arrange and to attend an Advanced Study Institute (ASI) or a workshop lasting about two weeks. This was and is the wisdom behind the NA TO-ASI programme and much as people fear that a fortnight may be too long, before it is over everyone feels that it was too short, especially if the weather had cooperated. Organising this ASI which resulted in this volume has been a very good learning experience. I started my career in research with invertebrates and retained an interest in them over the years due to my teaching a course and working sporadically on various aspects of photoreception in Polychaetes, Crustaceans and Insects. Thus, the thought of organising an ASI on photoreception and vision in invertebrates had been brewing in my mind for the past half a dozen years or so. It was felt that it will be desirable to do a bit of stock taking and discuss possible new approaches to the study of this matter.

In modern scientific investigation the fields of biochemistry, molecular biology, and morphology comprise an indivisible area of study. The present book results from the cooperation of a bioehernist and morphologists: the revision and unified treatment of available data is the primary object of our work. A comprehensive review of all the available literature is therefore beyond the scope of this volume. lt is intended to be a manual to be used in the laboratory, with convenient guidelines for practical work. Plant microbodies have been treated by B. GERHARDT in Volume 5 of this series. The discovery of fatty acid ß-oxidation in animal peroxisomes has proved once more that plant and animal microbodies are members of the same family of organelles. lt provided new insights into the physiological meaning of these particles; our understanding of these'classical'cell organelies is undergoing continual alteration and development. PETER BöcK Vienna, July 1980 ROBERT KRAMAR MARGIT PAVELKA Acknowledgements We wish to express our gratitude to Prof. Dr. D. H. FAHIMI and Dr. P. KALMBACH (Heidelberg) for kindly providing Figure 14, to Prof. Dr. KARIN GoRGAS (Heidelberg) for allowing the reproduction of Figure 43, to Profs. Dr. L. STOCKINGER and Dr. E. KAISER for helpful criticism, and to all our colleagues in our respective institutes. W e are especially grateful to Drs. H. GoLDENBERG and M. HüTTINGER for continuous discussion, to Mrs. JuTTA SELBMANN for typing the references, and to Mr. P. KAMPFER and Mr. H. WAGNER for carefully drawing some of the figures.

This comprehensive treatise on the reticuloendothelial system is a project jointly shared by individual members of the Reticuloendothelial (RE) Society and bio­ medical scientists in general who are interested in the intricate system of cells and molecular moieties derived from these cells which constitute the RES. It may now be more fashionable in some quarters to consider these cells as part of what is called the mononuclear phagocytic system or the lymphoreticular system. Nevertheless, because of historical developments and current interest in the subject by investigators from many diverse areas, it seems advantageous to present in one comprehensive treatise current information and knowledge con­ cerning basic aspects of the RES, such as morphology, biochemistry, phylogeny and ontogeny, physiology, and pharmacology as well as clinical areas including immunopathology, cancer, infectious diseases, allergy, and hypersensitivity. It is anticipated that by presenting information concerning these apparently heterogeneous topics under the unifying umbrella of the RES attention will be focused on the similarities as well as interactions among the cell types constitut­ ing the RES from the viewpoint of various disciplines. The treatise editors and their editorial board, consisting predominantly of the editors of individual vol­ umes, are extremely grateful for the enthusiastic cooperation and enormous task undertaken by members of the biomedical community in general and especially by members of the American as well as European and Japanese Reticuloendothe­ lial Societies.

One would rarely have the opportunity to augment his medical library with a more exhaustive examination of the subject matter than is contained herein. Would only that all areas of one's professional responsibilities be available in such a complete, didactic, written form. Having a decided interest in the subject of head and neck paragangliomas for the past decade, I have had the opportunity to explore the subject through published medical literature and personal investi­ gation, and feel qualified to commend Doctors Zak and Lawson on their dedica­ tion, accuracy, and thoroughness in this presentation. One seeking any particular aspect of knowledge from historical to an up-to-date concept on the subject of paragangliomas will find his answer here. Vincent J. Hyams CAPT MC USN Chairman, Otolaryngic Pathology Department Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Washington, D.C. Preface One of us (F.G.Z.) initially became interested in the paraganglionic system when as a resident in pathology at The Mount Sinai Hospital, he performed an autopsy on an elderly woman with an intracranial tumor of the posterior fossa, which extended through the jugular foramen into the neck in a dumbbell fashion.