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The book presents guides to the diagnosis and management of Oral Submucous Fibrosis, and includes a concise update on the recent evidence on aetiology and aetiopathogenesis to educate the reader on the prevention of the disease. Oral Submucous Fibrosis is a potentially malignant disorder that leads to the development of oral cancer. The first part of the book is dedicated to the epidemiology, the clinical features and the classification of Oral Submucous Fibrosis and associated conditions. The aetiology of Oral Submucous Fibrosis including lifestyle and genetic factors is discussed in the second part of the book followed by two chapters on the etiopathogenesis of the disease. Readers will find clear guidance on investigative techniques and the management of Oral Submucous Fibrosis. The last part of the book considers the connection between Areca nut and the disease and outlines methods of supporting areca nut chewers on habit cessation. The book is designed to serve as a comprehensive resource and reference in the oral health domain for learners at all levels, researchers, clinicians, and public health professionals. It will be of great value for students and trainees on any graduate program in dentistry.

This volume is the first on the market to address and discuss the emerging field of cancer neuroscience. Edited by pioneers in the field with contributions from top researchers, the volume serves as a comprehensive overview of the role of nerves in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Chapters will address how the innervation of tumors can serve as both prognostic and predictive biomarkers as well as actionable therapeutic targets. Authors will describe current research efforts, and future directions for study and translation to the clinic. It is becoming increasingly apparent that certain treatments will need to consider interactions between the nervous system and cancer, and the novel concepts presented in the book address related accumulating evidence regarding therapeutic strategies. This unique volume will be useful for cancer researchers, neuroscientists, cancer biologists, oncologists, and others looking to gain a greater understanding of this emerging field.

This book intends to report new concept of onco-spheres in cancer ecosystem. Onco-spheres are defined as where cancer cells (living organisms) dynamically interact with nontumor cellular (other living organisms) and noncellular components (non-living environmental factors) in the ‘host'internal environment (habitat) to construct a self-sustainable cancer ecosystem, which can be scoped at three different levels: primary/regional, distal and systemic onco-spheres. Cancer cells should be conceived as ‘living organisms', interacting with cellular or noncellular components in the host internal environment, not only with the local tumor microenvironment (TME) but also constantly communicating with a distant organ niche as well interacting with the host's nervous, endocrine and immune systems, to construct a self-sustainable ‘biosphere', as we termed the tumor ecosystem. By looking at theinteraction of cancer and host as a unique ecosystem, we will use ecology principles to further delineate the features of the dynamics of the tumor ecosystem. As the pioneer in proposing this concept, we feel that this full-scale overview of the tumor ecosystem is able to inform the readers about this concept, and to pave the way for designing novel therapeutic strategies on actionable targets within tumor ecosystem. The book is likely to be of interest to immunologist, biologist, medical students, researchers and general public who wish to learn more on this new concept of tumor ecosystem, and how this could be applied in many fields of research.

Precision medicine holds great promise for the treatment of cancer and represents a unique opportunity for accelerated development and application of novel and repurposed therapeutic approaches. Current studies and clinical trials demonstrate the benefits of genomic profiling for patients whose cancer is driven by specific, targetable alterations. However, precision oncologists continue to be challenged by the widespread heterogeneity of cancer genomes and drug responses in designing personalized treatments. Chapters provide a comprehensive overview of the computational approaches, methods, and tools that enable precision oncology, as well as related biological concepts. Covered topics include genome sequencing, the architecture of a precision oncology workflow, and introduces cutting-edge research topics in the field of precision oncology. This book is intended for computational biologists, bioinformaticians, biostatisticians and computational pathologists working in precision oncology and related fields, including cancer genomics, systems biology, and immuno-oncology.

Revealing essential roles of the tumor microenvironment components in cancer progression, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research on the tumor microenvironment in several organs, including brain, neck, tongue, larynges, esophagus, carotid body, breast, prostate, ovary, endometrium, liver, pancreas, bladder, penis, seminal vesicle, retina, and pituitary, pineal and sweat glands, and more.Taken alongside its companion volumes, Tumor Microenvironments in Organs: From the Brain to the Skin – Part B updates us on what we know about the different aspects of the tumor microenvironments in distinct organs as well as future directions. This book is essential reading for advanced cell biology and cancer biology students as well as researchers seeking an update on research in the tumor microenvironment.

This comprehensive multidisciplinary book examines all aspects of cancers of the mouth and oropharynx with the aim of equipping advanced students and practitioners in the early stages of specialist training with an up-to-date guide and reference. A multinational team of authors – all experts in the field of oral oncology – provide illuminating contributions on the full range of relevant topics: epidemiology, risk factors, clinical features, staging and prognostic factors, pathology, diagnostic techniques, disease prevention, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Molecular biology, molecular targeted therapies for advanced cases, and future diagnostic and prognostic applications of new technologies also receive careful attention. In providing a wealth of essential information and guidance in a practical format, the book will be a superb asset for senior graduate students in dentistry and specialist trainees in head and neck oncology. It will also be of high value for the many physicians, surgeons, pathologists, dentists, and specialists involved in the prevention, diagnosis, and management of squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx.

This thoroughly revised second edition is an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of Notch and Notch signaling in embryology and cancer. It summarizes the newest achievements on this topic from Notch's flag-ship function in the development of the embryo and for various inherited diseases to the Notch signaling pathway's role in the development of leukemia and in a number of cancers, including skin cancer, intestinal cancer and others. Additionally, the emerging new role of the Notch signaling pathway as a promising target for prevention and therapy of various diseases, including cancer, is discussed. In the years since the previous edition, there have been numerous developments and insights within this rapidly moving field, making this new edition urgently needed. This volume also features discussions of current insights on Notch's role for embryologic tissue patterning, for stem cells, in senescence, and on the regulation of Notch signaling by epigenetic and other factors including microRNAs, long non-codingRNAs, and more. Taken as a whole, with its companion books – Notch Signaling in Embryology and Notch Signaling in Cancer – this is a definitive discussion of the topic, presented by internationally-recognized contributors. Presented in a coherent and accessible structure, this revised and updated second edition is an essential and up-to-date guide for oncologists, embryologists, researchers and advanced students.

This monograph equips clinicians with the knowledge required to detect oral cancer at the earliest possible stage while simultaneously inspiring researchers to work on novel methods of detection. All the methods employed in the oral cancer context are considered, from simple ones like oral screening to more complex emerging optical methods and biomarker identification strategies. Individual chapters focus on conventional oral screening and application of vital stains, optical methods like white light based fluorescence-reflectance imaging, narrow band imaging, direct-oral-microscopy, and more advanced methods like optical coherence tomography, an in-vivo optical biopsy technique, and photo-acoustic imaging that allows visualization of deeper tissue changes. Novel electrical methods like bio-impedance assessment, occult biophysical methods like crystallization test, and the most promising salivary biomarkers and point-of-care opportunities are covered. Helpful information is also provided on essential topics including, oral potentially malignant disorders, biological aspects and molecular mechanisms underlying oral cancer progression, global epidemiology, concept of diagnostic delays, traditional imaging, and classic histopathology and microscopic features. The newer techniques are currently of active research interest, and can soon become powerful chair-side tools with potential to reduce diagnostic delays and improve survival.

This book reviews different aspects of the cancer microenvironment, and its regulation and importance for tumor progression. Methodological advancements and practical applications, in terms of how biomarkers are studied and increasingly included in clinical trials and therapy protocols, are described and discussed. Biomarkers of the Tumor Microenvironment is an educational resource for students and members of the cancer research community as a whole, especially for those using morphology analysis techniques and models focusing on the cross-talk between different cell types in tumors. The textbook provides a comprehensive overview of the microenvironment in various contexts from the perspectives of experienced and accomplished cancer researchers and clinicians.

This is the first of four volumes that together offer an authoritative, in-depth reference guide covering all aspects of the management of oral cancer from a multidisciplinary perspective and on the basis of a strong scientific foundation. This volume, on tumor biology, epidemiology, etiology, emerging role of cancer stem cells and prevention of oral cancer, opens by discussing oral carcinogenesis in general and the role of particular carcinogens and human papillomavirus. Global epidemiology and changes in disease prevalence are then addressed. Up-to-date information is provided on emerging cancer biomarkers, and the biologic basis of personalized therapy is explained. Histopathological features of malignant and premalignant neoplasms and their relevance to management are described. Further chapters focus on the current status of chemoprevention, the management of oral submucous fibrosis, and the value of various diagnostic adjuncts. The volume concludes by critically evaluating theefficacy of oral screening methods.Volume 1: Biology, Epidemiology, Etiology, and PreventionVolume 2: Diagnosis and ManagementVolume 3: Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive SurgeryVolume 4: Rehabilitation and Supportive Care

This book provides research-oriented care providers with up-to-date information on the oral cancer patient population, the ways in which we are treating them, and the scientific approaches being pursued in order to improve survival and reduce treatment-related morbidity. The text is organized into three sections covering epidemiology and management, cancer development and biomarkers, and breaking developments and novel approaches for drug discovery. The first section includes discussion of the emerging role of HPV in oral cancer and explains the surgical, chemotherapy and radiation approaches to treatment. Aspects such as molecular progression, the role of cancer stem cells in tumor development, and the value of various biomarkers are then examined. The final section is devoted to the latest advances and covers, among other topics, current clinical trials, emerging drug targets, and targeting of the unfolded protein response and of mediators of coagulation.

This book explores epigenetic strategies, bridging fundamental cancer epigenetics, different paradigms in tumor genetics and translational understanding for both the clinic and improved lifestyles. The work provides target-based insights for treating different types of cancers and presents research on evolutionary epigenetics, introducing ‘Medical Epi- Anthropology'and ‘Cancer Epi-Anthropology'. Translating multi-disciplinary research into therapeutic design is at the core of this book. Readers may explore how cancer management involves unmasking the involved networks and the interactive status of different genes to achieve the appropriate methylome based therapy. Early chapters explore fundamental aspects and brain tumours, whilst later chapters investigate breast cancer and various other cancers, and the final chapter presents an evolutionary insight in cancer epigenetics, considering that the epigene is beyond DNA methylation, RNA interference and histone modification in cancer development. This book will be of interest to researchers in different medical and scientific fields, including clinical management (diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, prevention, and guidelines), genetic education, nutrition and nutrigenomics, industrial chemistry, and drug innovation. Because of the unique bridging between science and medicine this book will also be useful as an educational and translational research package.

The objective of this book is to catalyze the application of genomics to the diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases by comprehensively presenting focused discussions on the current state of knowledge. The first section book provides basic information about genetics, genomics and personalized medicine and the informatical methods available to apply and organize genetic data so that it has clinical relevance. Recognizing the genetic robustness of the oral cavity, the introductory section includes chapters on the oral micro biome and host genomics and response to infectious agents. The next two sections contain chapters which describe the genomics of specific oral diseases and conditions, including the genetic basis for mechanism and risk of treatment toxicities associated with cancer therapy and bisphosphonates. Four chapters focus on gene-based therapies and the pharmacogenomics applied to oral disease. The final chapter presents a provocative summary which describes a comprehensive vision of the melding of genomics to personalized medicine and the potential actionable outcomes that will likely affect clinical practice in the upcoming years.

This book provides an overview of the oral health care environment as the transition is made to a system increasingly focusing on disease prevention, early intervention to minimize disease progression, and a personalized approach that meets each individual's needs. Descriptions are provided of an array of technologies based on rapid advances in genomic medicine and omics technology that are already entering clinical practice and promise to have a huge impact on risk assessment, diagnosis, and therapy. Detailed consideration is also paid to personalized health insurance in the new environment, the impact of personalized health care on the economics of health care, and the consequences for the global diagnostic market place and improved access to care. The changes in dental education required to produce dentists better equipped to participate in the new health care environment are examined, and the book concludes by considering key opportunities and challenges.

This volume thoroughly explores of the functional role of microRNAs in cancer. It not only expertly describes the molecular mechanisms underlying the malignant transformation process but also compiles cutting-edge research on microRNAs in several forms of cancer, including colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, leukemia/lymphoma, prostate cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, and bone cancer. Distinguished experts, currently working in prestigious institutions, elegantly discuss these fundamental themes. The text, which opens with a foreword by the renowned Dr. Carlo M. Croce, is enhanced by abundant color photographs, schemes, diagrams, and tables that fully support and complement the content.microRNA: Cancer is an ideal companion to both microRNA: Basic Science andmicroRNA: Medical Evidence. Taken together, these three books provide a state-of-the-art overview of this rapidly-expanding and fascinating field, from the molecular level to clinical practice. It will be invaluable to medical students, physicians, and researchers, as a complete and unique guide in the exploration of microRNA in basic science, cancer and clinical practice.

Volume 11 in this series discusses therapeutic applications of stem cells in disease and tissue injury. Coverage includes pluripotent stem cells, which can give rise to the endodermal, ectodermal, and mesodermal lineages; multipotent stem cells, which can generate all cells in a particular lineage and unipotent stem cells, which can give rise to only one cell type. This volume also examines cancer stem cells, tumor-initiating cells which possesses the capacity of self-renewal and can give rise to the heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells that comprise the tumor. Coverage extends to molecular mechanisms underlying the derivation and expansion of human embryonic stem cells, the role of specific proteins in the maintenance and inhibition of extraembryonic differentiation of these cells and the role of signaling responsible for the self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells. Nine chapters discuss the clinical importance of cancer stem cells, encompassing glioma, leukemia, ovarian cancer, pediatric sarcomas and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The role of cancer stem cells is also elucidated in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in spreading head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The book goes on to survey therapeutic application of stem cells of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origin for regeneration of bones, including in osteoporotic bone disease; to illuminate the application of hematopoietic stem cells in bone regeneration and to discuss their use as a biomarker to facilitate determination of a treatment. The contributors review cells as biomarkers for pediatric solid tumors, and weigh the advantages and limitations of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Also included are details of neural stem cell engraftment in the injured spinal cord; the regenerative potential of neural stem/progenitor cells of newborns and cancer gene therapy potential using neural stem cells. Like the preceding volumes in the series, this book is distinguished for itscomprehensive approach, its distinguished roster of 58 contributors representing 10 different countries and its thorough review of leading-edge technology and methods.

Aberrant expression and function of microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancer have added a new layer of complexity to the understanding of development and progression of the disease state. It has been demonstrated that miRNAs have a crucial function in oncogenesis by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. The expression signatures of miRNAs provide exciting opportunities in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of cancer. Since miRNAs can function as either oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes in oncogenesis, the potential of using these small RNAs as therapeutic targets opens up new opportunities for cancer therapy by either inhibiting or augmenting their activity.