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The book delves into various aspects of the hair care industry, providing a comprehensive understanding of hair throughout history, its anatomy and physiology, genetics and molecular mechanisms of hair color, and the raw materials used in the industry. It explores the diverse range of hair care products, including oils, dyes, lotions, and serums, and emphasizes the importance of global regulatory approaches to ensure consumer health and safety, particularly in relation to nano-formulations and synthetic hair care products. The book also addresses the safety and efficacy of herbal care products from a global regulatory perspective. Furthermore, it examines the impact of the microbiome on hair care products, highlighting the opportunities and challenges in complying with global regulations. The evaluation of hair care product safety is discussed within a global context, exploring different models and methods. The book also focuses on the journey of hair care products from laboratory testing to market, emphasizing clinical and preclinical assessments in compliance with global regulations. It highlights the role of ex-vivo hair follicle models in ensuring the safety and effectiveness of hair care products while providing a global regulatory framework. Additionally, the book explores the potential of artificial intelligence in predicting hair product toxicity, taking a global perspective. It delves into omics approaches for hair toxicity assessment, discussing current advances and future directions in this field. The next generation of hair products is also explored, with a focus on innovations that prioritize safe and healthy consumer choices. Finally, the book provides an overview of global regulatory frameworks for the hair care industry, including key agencies and guidelines. It serves as a valuable resource for professionals and researchers in the field, offering insights into the historical, scientific, and regulatory aspects of hair care products and their impact on consumer health and safety.

Efforts are being made by research organizations and cosmetic industries worldwide to develop more precise and targeted 3D models that mimic humans for testing cosmetic and personal health care product ingredients, following a complete ban on animal testing. This book includes several subtopics dedicated to the progress made, challenges faced, roadblocks encountered, and future prospects in the development and validation of 3D models for testing these products. The book consist of an editorial and 14 themed chapters that will showcase the significant progress made so far, challenges encountered, and future prospects in the development of 3D reconstruct models.

Practical Pharmaceutics contains essential knowledge on the preparation, quality control, logistics, dispensing and use of medicines. It features chapters written by experienced pharmacists and scientists working in hospitals, academia and industry throughout Europe, including practical examples as well as information on current GMP and GMP-based guidelines and EU-legislation. In this second edition all chapters have been updated with numerous new as well as didactically revised illustrations and tables. A completely new chapter about therapeutic proteins and Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products was added. From prescription to production, from usage instructions to procurement and the impact of medicines on the environment, the book provides step-by-step coverage that will help a wide range of readers, students as well as professionals. It offers product knowledge for all pharmacists working directly with patients and it will enable them to make the required medicine available, to store medicines properly, to adapt medicines if necessary and to dispense medicines with the appropriate information for patients as well as caregivers about product care and how to maintain the quality of the product. The basic knowledge presented in the book will also be valuable for industrial pharmacists to remind and focus them on the application of the medicines manufactured. The basic and practical knowledge on the design, preparation and quality management of medicines can directly be applied by the pharmacists whose main duty is production in community and hospital pharmacies and in industry. Undergraduate as well as graduate pharmacy students will find knowledge presented in a coherent way and fully supported with relevant examples. Practical Pharmaceutics has become a reliable and recognised source for the acquisition of pharmaceutical-technological knowledge. The book is used in the curriculum of a number of international universities and schools of Pharmacy.

This 2nd edition of the Handbook'Regulatory Toxicology'was written and updated by experts for professionals, scientists and all those involved in toxicological data generation and decision-making. It includes a number of new chapters that cover recent developments, such as regulation of nanoparticles, illicit designer drugs or tattoos.The Handbook deals comprehensively with the safety-ensuring methods and concepts employed for acute and chronic toxicity by regulatory agencies, industry and academics.

This book provides latest findings in organotypic models in drug development and provides the scientific resonance needed in an emerging field of research in disciplines, such as molecular medicine, physiology, and pathophysiology. Today the research on human-based test systems has gained major interest and funding in the EU and the US has increased over the last years. Moreover, so-called 3R (reduce, replace, refine animal experiments) centres have been established worldwide.

The sixth edition of Contact Dermatitis covers in detail every conceivable aspect of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis and its modern-day management. The 1st edition of this book was published in 1992 and has served as the main reference book of contact dermatitis. In this new edition special emphasis is given to immunological mechanisms, molecular aspects of sensitizers, atypical clinical forms, patch test methodology, reactions to medicaments, and occupational and environmental factors. In order to optimize the diagnostic approach, a wide range of information is provided, including a dictionary of contact allergens and detailed information on exposure assessment. Retained chapters from the previous edition have been thoroughly revised to reflect the latest knowledge. Furthermore, completely new chapters have been added on a variety of topics, including contact allergy to medical implants, relevant allergens in gloves and immediate reactions to occupational materials. The editors and authors are all leading practitioners in the field. The comprehensive but approachable text is supplemented by a large number of full colour illustrations and tables. Core messages highlight the most important information and will help the reader to gain a better understanding of the subject and greater competence in everyday practice.

This book covers the latest information related to understanding immune responses to engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Many ENMs used in both the consumer and biomedical fields have been reported to elicit adverse immune responses ranging from innate immune responses such as complement activation to changes in adaptive immunity that influence pathogen responses and promote disease states such as asthma. Interaction of Nanomaterials with the Immune System covers the most up to date information on our understanding of immune responses to ENMs across a wide range of topics including innate immunity, allergic immune responses, adaptive provides the reader with (1) up to date understanding of immune responses to ENMs; (2) current testing methods; and (3) appropriate models including alternative testing strategies for evaluating immunotoxicity of ENMs.

This book provides a comprehensive review of both traditional and cutting-edge methodologies that are currently used in computational toxicology and specifically features its application in regulatory decision making. The authors from various government agencies such as FDA, NCATS and NIEHS industry, and academic institutes share their real-world experience and discuss most current practices in computational toxicology and potential applications in regulatory science. Among the topics covered are molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations, machine learning methods for toxicity analysis, network-based approaches for the assessment of drug toxicity and toxicogenomic analyses. Offering a valuable reference guide to computational toxicology and potential applications in regulatory science, this book will appeal to chemists, toxicologists, drug discovery and development researchers as well as to regulatory scientists, government reviewers and graduate students interested in thisfield.

This book closes a current gap by providing the scientific basis for consumer exposure assessment in the context of regulatory risk assessment. Risk is defined as the likelihood of an event occurring and the severity of its effects. The margin between the dose that leads to toxic effects and the actual dose of a chemical is identified by estimating population exposure. The objective of this book is to provide an introduction into the scientific principles of consumer exposure assessment, and to describe the methods used to estimate doses of chemicals, the statistics applied and computer tools needed. This is presented through the backgrounds of the special fields in exposure analysis, such as exposure via food and by the use of consumer products, toys, clothing and other items. As a general concept, human exposure is also understood to include exposure via the environment and from the work setting. In this context, the specific features of consumer exposure are pointed out and put into the context of regulation, in particular food safety, chemicals safety (REACh) and consumer product safety. The book is structured into three parts: The first part deals with the general concepts of consumer exposure as part of the overall risk analysis framework of risk characterization, risk assessment and risk communication. It describes the three basic features of exposure assessment (i) the exposure scenario (ii) the exposure model and (iii) the exposure parameters, addressing external and internal exposure. Also, the statistical presentation of data to characterize populations, in connection with variability, uncertainty and quality of information and the presentation of exposure evaluation results is described. The second part deals with the specific issues of exposure assessment, exposure via food consumption, exposure from use of consumer products, household products, toys, cosmetic products, textiles, pesticides and others. This part also covers methods for acquisition of data for exposure estimations, including the relevant information from regulations needed to perform an accurate exposure assessment. The third part portrays a prospect for further needs in the development and improvement of consumer exposure assessment, as well as international activities and descriptions of the work of institutions that are involved in exposure assessment on the regulatory and scientific level. And conversely, it creates the rationale for the exposure assessment details necessary to satisfy regulatory needs such as derivation of upper limits and risk management issues.

This open access book presents recent advances in the pure sciences that are of significance in the quest for alternatives to the use of animals in research and describes a variety of practical applications of the three key guiding principles for the more ethical use of animals in experiments – replacement, reduction, and refinement, collectively known as the 3Rs. Important examples from across the world of implementation of the 3Rs in the testing of cosmetics, chemicals, pesticides, and biologics, including vaccines, are described, with additional information on relevant regulations. The coverage also encompasses emerging approaches to alternative tests and the 3Rs. The book is based on the most informative contributions delivered at the Asian Congress 2016 on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences. It will be of value for those working in R&D, for graduate students, and for educators in various fields, including the pharmaceutical and cosmetic sciences, pharmacology, toxicology, and animal welfare. The free, open access distribution of Alternatives to Animal Testing is enabled by the Creative Commons Attribution license in International version 4: CC BY 4.0.

​​This book is a rich source of information on skin disorders due to toxicants in the environment. State of the art knowledge is summarized concerning the molecular basis of skin damage caused by well-appreciated environmental noxae. The book also provides a uniquely comprehensive overview of the detrimental dermatological effects of exposure to air pollution and global climate change. A special focus is contact allergy, which, beyond representing a major problem in dermatotoxicology, serves as a prime example for the development of toxicological approaches to risk assessment. A further chapter is devoted to contact urticaria, a condition that can progress to life-threatening anaphylactic reactions. The novel information offered in this book will enable the reader to go beyond the traditional thinking of dermatotoxicology and achieve a modern appreciation of the highly complex interplay between skin and environment.

Social pressure to minimize the use of animal testing, the ever-increasing concern on animal welfare, and the need for more human-relevant and more predictive toxicity tests are some of the drivers for new approaches to chemical screening. This book focuses on The Adverse Outcome Pathway, an analytical construct that describes a sequential chain of causally linked events at different levels of biological organization that lead to an adverse health or ecotoxicological effect. While past efforts have focused on toxicological pathway-based vision for human and ecological health assessment relying on in vitro systems and predictive models, The Adverse Outcome Pathway framework provides a simplified and structured way to organize toxicological information. Within the book, a systems biology approach supplies the tools to infer, link, and quantify the molecular initiating events and the key events and key event relationships leading to adverse outcomes. The advancement of these tools is crucial for the successful implementation of AOPs for regulatory purposes.

This book provides comprehensive information on the alternative (non-animal) dermal toxicity test methods currently available for industrial, regulatory, and academic use and also explores potential future developments. It encompasses all areas of dermal toxicity, including skin irritation, skin corrosion, skin sensitization, UV-induced effects, and skin genotoxicity. An individual chapter is devoted to each test method, with coverage of the scientific basis, validation status and regulatory acceptance, applications and limitations, available protocols, and potential role within testing strategies. In addition, perspectives from the test developer are presented, for example regarding critical steps in the protocol. The closing section addresses areas that may be of relevance for the future of dermal toxicity safety testing, including the validation and regulatory acceptance of integrated testing strategies, novel complex skin models, and high-throughput screening techniques.

This book describes the state of the art and future prospects of the most important bio-medicolegal subdisciplines in the post-genomic framework of personalized medicine. Focusing on the three main themes Innovation, Unitariness and Evidence, the book addresses a wide range of topics, including: Bio-Medicolegal and Criminological Sciences, Forensic Pathology and Anthropology, Clinical and Forensic Medicine in Living Persons (from Interpersonal Violence to Personal Injury and Damage, Malpractice, Personal Identification and Age Estimation), Forensic Genetics and Genomics, and Toxicology and Imaging.The unitariness of the “Bio-Medicolegal Sciences”, historically founded on the accuracy and rigor of the methods of ascertainment and criteria of evaluation, should be re-established on the basis of molecular evidence, and used to promote Personalized Justice. Taken together, the book's conclusions and future perspectives outline a vision of transdisciplinary innovation and future evidence in the framework of personalized justice.

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications.

This book contains essential knowledge on the preparation, control, logistics, dispensing and use of medicines. It features chapters written by experienced pharmacists working in hospitals and academia throughout Europe, complete with practical examples as well as information on current EU-legislation.From prescription to production, from usage instructions to procurement and the impact of medicines on the environment, the book provides step-by-step coverage that will help a wide range of readers. It offers product knowledge for all pharmacists working directly with patients and it will enable them to make the appropriate medicine available, to store medicines properly, to adapt medicines if necessary and to dispense medicines with the appropriate information to inform patients and caregivers about product care and how to maintain their quality. This basic knowledge will also be of help to industrial pharmacists to remind and focus them on the application of the medicines manufactured.The basic and practical knowledge on the design, preparation and quality management of medicines can directly be applied by the pharmacists whose main duty is production in community and hospital pharmacies and industries. Undergraduate as well as graduate pharmacy students will find knowledge and backgrounds in a fully coherent way and fully supported with examples.

This authoritative volume explores advances in the techniques used to measure percutaneous penetration of drugs and chemicals to assess bioavailability and bioequivalence and discusses how they have been used in clinical and scientific investigations. Seven comprehensive sections examine topics including in vitro drug release, topical drugs products, clinical studies, and guidelines and workshop reports, among others. The book also describes how targeted transdermal drug delivery and more sophisticated mathematical modelling can aid in understanding the bioavailability of transdermal drugs. The first edition of this book was an important reference guide for researchers working to define the effectiveness and safety of drugs and chemicals that penetrated the skin. This second edition contains cutting-edge advances in the field and is a key resource to those seeking to define the bioavailability and bioequivalence of percutaneously active compounds to improve scientific and clinical investigation and regulation.

This updated volume provides a “user-friendly” reference for dermatologists, dermatology residents and students, as well as for health care workers in related fields to better understand immune-mediated skin diseases and their therapies.The focus is on what is needed by the physician/resident or student for betting understanding the pathophysiology of the disease as well as the mechanisms of action of the therapies. The reader can easily read about groups of related diseases as well as groups of related therapies.The level of complexity of the book is such that it has practical applications on a daily basis but can also be used by the resident as a teaching tool and as a handy source of review for the boards. In addition, it can be used the practicing dermatologist to study for recertification.The scope of the book is immunology, immunogenetics, immunopathology and immunopharmacology as they relate to clinical dermatology.