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This monograph is a comprehensive exploration of the thermochemical treatment of iron alloys, focusing specifically on quenching, carburising, and nitriding. The book introduces the importance of materials engineering in the context of contemporary societal needs and delves into the historical development of thermochemical treatment over the centuries. The global challenges facing thermochemical treatment are also outlined while the three primary development trends identified in the literature at the beginning of the 21st century: reducing thermal deformation in mass production, process modelling, and a multifactorial reduction of treatment costs are also reviewed. Finally, a detailed discussion on the significance of computational methods in advancing thermochemical treatment is included. The book provides a detailed examination of thermochemical treatment processes and their evolution and is a useful tool for graduates, researchers, and professionals working in the area of materials engineering.

The current state of understanding of emerging iron alloys and high-alloy ferrous systems, in comparison with some conventional steels, is compiled in this single volume to further their development. While most of the conventional steels are produced routinely today, many advanced high strength steels and iron-based alloys are still in the laboratory stage. The iron-based emerging alloys can yield high levels of mechanical and physical properties due to their new alloy concepts and novel microstructures leading to multiple benefits of their use in terms of sustainability and environmental impact. This book contains introductory chapters that present the requisite background knowledge on thermodynamics, phase diagrams, and processing routes used for the ferrous alloys to enable the readers a smooth understanding of the main chapters. Then, an overview of the conventional microalloyed steels and advanced high strength steels is given to present the benchmark of the existing steels and ferrous alloys manifesting their current state-of-the-art in terms of physical metallurgy and engineering applications. Subsequent chapters detail novel, emerging ferrous alloys and high-alloy ferrous systems. Summarizes the state-of-the-art of emerging iron-based alloys and the new processing and physical metallurgy-related developments of high-alloy iron systems;Explores new iron-based systems driven by the need for new properties, enhanced performance, sustainable processes and educed environmental impact;Compiles cutting-edge research on the progress of materials science of iron-based systems, from physical metallurgy to engineering applications, and possible avenues for future research.

This book covers the Resistivity Recovery (RR) technique, underlying its physical principles, performance and problematic. A concise review on the state of the art is provided, showing the advances in radiation modelling, linking both experimental and theoretical fields. The reader will find a data compilation and comparison of up-to-date results obtained from the European Fusion Development Agreement model alloys.

It is well known that corrosion products, i.e. rust, on iron and steel surfaces cannot be assigned a typical crystallographic structure with long-range order. In fact, the structure of rust is considered to be very complicated, and some forms of rust are assigned to the amorphous state for this reason. Accurate information about the atomic-scale structure of rust is important to shed light on corrosion mechanisms of metallic materials. And, since life of steel structures is often dominated by environmental degradation or corrosion of the surface, the structure of the rust formed on iron and steel surfaces during prolonged exposure to air is of great interest. This book describes the fundamental aspects of materials characterization for the ferric oxyhydroxides formed on steel surfaces. Selected examples, from both the basic science and the applied engineering points of view, are presented. Of special interest is the new structural information on ferric oxyhydroxides containing a small amount of alloying elements. The text relates this to their various states and their role in corrosion processes. This monograph will serve as a valuable guide and source of information for specialists and non-specialists alike.

This book provides an overview of the surface effects at the interface boundary of metal/sand moulds, and their influence on the surface quality, microstructure and mechanical and anticorrosive properties of high-quality cast iron. It explores utilitarian aspects of the production of high-quality cast iron castings, including thin-walled castings of high-quality cast iron alloys, and examines problems related to the determination of moulding sands and reclaim quality, and their influence on castings.Presenting new material, this book takes into account the influence of metal quality, pouring temperature, solidification time, the quality of moulding sand with the reclaim application, as well the binders of moulding sands, on the formation of the degenerated graphite near surface layers. It also employs the latest research methods, such as a wavelength-dispersive spectrometer (WDS) analysis and thermodynamic calculations, which were carried out on the reactions occurring in the study area.Providing a valuable resource to academics and researchers interested in materials science, metal casting and metallurgy, this book is also intended for metal industry professionals.

This handbook reports fundamentals, industrial practices and new aspects for the formation and control solution of non-metallic inclusions in different grades of steels. It summarizes the latest research achievements of thermodynamics and kinetics, such as deoxidation of real steels rather than pure iron, precise calcium treatment, prediction of the amount, size, composition and spatial distribution of inclusions in steel continuous casting semis which were rarely reported in other books in this field. It is a useful reference for researchers in steel industries for the control of non-metallic inclusions in steel, and the production of high-quality steels in industries such as automobiles, household electric appliances, bearings, electric transformers, high-speed trains, oil pipes and cutting wires.

This book focuses on understanding Earth's geology, its mineral resources, their exploration, and management of the environment. There are 3 parts and 12 chapters, and they provide an insight to the students of earth sciences. Part I, consisting of initial four chapters, provides snapshots on the Universe, the Earth, and its internal dynamics, and external geological processes. The mineral resources are covered in Part II with 5 chapters, featuring Earth's elements, metals, minerals, rocks, and the mineral resources. As they are non-renewable, the importance of their scientific exploration, evaluation, mining, beneficiation, optimum utilization, and adverse impact, safety management, and environment are covered in the last 3 chapters in Part III.

Protective coatings are the most efficient way to protect ship steel structures from corrosion. However, cathodic protection, often in conjunction with protective coatings, is also used to protect immersed parts of bare steel surfaces (including coating damaged areas) from corrosion. This includes the external hull surface and the internal surfaces of tanks, such as ballast tanks. Cathodic protection (CP) can be Impressed Current Cathodic Protection, Galvanic Anode Cathodic Protection, or a combination of both. Cathodic protection controls corrosion by supplying direct current to the immersed surface of the structure, thus making the structure a cathode of a cell. The external hull of a ship is exposed to different waters with differing chemistries, which have a profound influence on the cathodic protection. This short text on Cathodic Protection of Marine Vessels was developed to provide guidelines for ship cathodic protection design, installation, and maintenance given it is a common practice for a ship to have cathodic protection systems installed during its new construction.

The book covers the fundamental aspects of biomaterials, including their introduction, types, synthesis, and characterization. It delves into the field of neuro-compatible biomaterials, examining nervous tissue response and the role of biomaterials in neuroprotection. It discusses clinical trials and applications along with intellectual property rights in neuroprotective biomaterials. The book also explores the innovative neuro-targeted drug delivery system and its potential in improving treatment outcomes. Lastly, it explores biomaterials'impact on neurodegeneration and neuro diagnosis, providing valuable insights for researchers, academicians and doctoral students working in the field of Neuroscience, Neuroprotection, Biomaterial based Neurotherapeutics, Biomaterial based Neuro diagnosis and Biomaterial mediated drug delivery.

Cathodic protection, when used in conjunction with protective coatings, is a common method used to protect immersed parts of steel surfaces from corrosion. This text offers detailed recommendations on cathodic protection for offshore structures. Traditional seagoing vessels dock at regular intervals, but offshore structures such as Floating Production Storage and Offloading structures (FPSOs) are stationary and are in continuous operation for prolonged periods of time. Therefore, the design of the corrosion protection for a 15-year or longer service life of a floating offshore structure requires special consideration. Some Floating Production Installations (FPIs) have hull designs similar to oil tankers, especially those converted from oil tankers. Others are designed and built as floating production platforms. Cathodic protection systems are to consider the structure to be protected as a whole as well as individual components which are attached to the structure. The information presented in the text is intended solely to assist the reader in the methodologies and/or techniques discussed. This text does not and cannot replace the analysis and/or advice of a qualified professional. It is the responsibility of the reader to perform their own assessment and obtain professional advice. Information contained in this text is considered to be pertinent at the time of publication but may be invalidated as a result of subsequent legislation, regulations, standards, methods, and/or more updated information and the reader assumes full responsibility for compliance.

This book offers a comprehensive guide to iron-based biodegradable metals (BMs) for temporary implant applications, addressing the need for medical implants that can safely degrade within the human body, thereby eliminating the necessity for additional surgeries and reducing long-term complications. Beginning with an introductory overview of BMs, it explains their significance in modern medicine and outlines the essential requirements for these materials and a comparative analysis of magnesium, zinc, and iron-based alloys. This chapter lays the foundation for understanding BMs'role in advancing healthcare solutions. The second chapter focuses on the interaction between iron and the human body, detailing iron's degradation and mechanical characteristics in the physiological environment. It explains the potential degradation routes of iron both in vitro and in vivo, while discussing the advantages and limitations of iron as a BM for temporary implants, supported by references to relevant literature. The third Chapter looks at recent advancements in manufacturing techniques aimed at improving the effectiveness and safety of iron-based implants. It emphasizes material fabrication and explores various manufacturing routes, including powder metallurgy, casting, and additive manufacturing. The performance of components made through different methods in the physiological environment is also examined. In Chapter four, the book covers various metallurgical and surface modification techniques such as alloying, surface treatments, and composite fabrication. It highlights the importance of post-processing developed materials to enhance the properties of iron implants, ensuring controlled degradation and maintaining mechanical strength during the healing process. This chapter provides valuable insights into how to process and customize the characteristics of iron to meet specific medical needs, particularly in cardiovascular and orthopedic medicine. The fifth chapter explores the potential applications of iron-based BMs in various medical fields. It discusses possible uses in cardiovascular, orthopedic, and other medical applications, based on reported literature. The final chapter provide a Summary & Future Prospective of Fe based degradable implants. Overall, this book is targeted at individuals in the fields of biomedical engineering, materials science, and medical practice who are engaged in the development and utilization of medical implants. It aims to significantly advance ongoing efforts by shedding light on novel materials and manufacturing techniques in medical technology.

The Light Metals symposia at the TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition present the most recent developments, discoveries, and practices in primary aluminum science and technology. The annual Light Metals volume has become the definitive reference in the field of aluminum production and related light metal technologies. The 2025 collection includes contributions from the following symposia: Alumina & Bauxite Aluminum Alloys: Development and Manufacturing Aluminum Reduction Technology Decarbonization and Sustainability in Aluminum Primary Processing: Joint Session of Aluminum Reduction, Electrode Technology, and REWAS 2025 Electrode Technology for Aluminum Production Melt Processing, Casting and Recycling Recycling and Sustainability in Cast Shop Technology: Joint Session with REWAS 2025 Scandium Extraction and Use in Aluminum Alloys

This book describes the basics and historical aspects of thin film. The introductory chapter of this book contains various aspects about thin-film deposition methods, significance of nanomaterials in the fabrication of thin film, certain fundamental characteristics of thin films (electrical, optical, and morphological), some challenges (thickness uniformity, film adhesion issues, temperature-related challenges, film defects and quality control, preparation of the surface of the substrate before deposition, etc.) faced during the formation of thin film, significance, and different types of deposition techniques along with their basic introduction, working principle, construction, merits/demerits, and also application in specific fields. This book specifically works on the techniques of thin-film deposition and role of the thin film in the formation of these deposition methods.

Discover the captivating journey of the history of economic thought through the centuries with this comprehensive textbook. From the dawn of economic thought in ancient times to the emergence of modern economic theory in the twentieth century, this textbook reveals the evolution of ideas that have shaped our understanding of economics. Ideal for advanced bachelor's and master's students in economics and related social sciences, this engaging resource illuminates the historical context of economic thought and its impact on real-world developments. It examines influential schools of economic thought, addresses major theoretical challenges, and highlights fundamental innovations that have shaped the development of the discipline. The textbook explores a wide range of topics, including the economic philosophies of ancient civilizations and the Middle Ages, the influence of mercantilism and physiocracy, the profound contributions of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Karl Marx to classical political economy, the marginalist revolution and neoclassicism, German historical economics, the evolution of macroeconomics, the rise of Keynesianism, and the enduring relevance of institutional economics. This is a must-read for students and anyone curious about the history of economics and economic history.

These Proceedings represent the metallurgical engineering and materials science research presented at the 63rd Annual Conference of Metallurgists (COM 2024), held in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, from August 19 to 22, 2024.. The Annual Conference of Metallurgists is organized by the Metallurgy and Materials Society of the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (MetSoc of CIM). The collection themed ‘Clean Technologies for a Materials-Intensive Future'presents findings on a wide range of topics, including: Advanced Manufacturing and Materials VII Arsenic/Minor Element Controls in Metallurgical Plants Corrosion and Environmental Degradation of Materials Electrometallurgy for a Net Zero Economy Extractive Metallurgy from Conception to Operation: Experimentation, Simulation, Pilot and Ramp-up 25th International Biohydrometallurgy Symposium (IBS 2024) Joe Ferron Memorial Symposium – Processing of Critical Materials Light Metals for Transportation: Marine, Aviation, and Ground Applications WALSIM X: Water, Air, Land Sustainability Issues in Mining and Metal Extraction

This textbook presents a compilation of class-tested materials and the results of research on a range of topics in into one comprehensive volume for readers engaged in the materials science and engineering aspects of phase transformation in metals. Accordingly, this is a suitable textbook for undergraduate and graduate students in the fields of mechanical engineering, materials science, metallurgical engineering, and related disciplines. The book incorporates two-dimensional materials, crystal defects, mass transport, thermodynamics of phase, solidification heat transfer, solidification and phase diagrams related to nucleation particle phases and explains solid-state phase transformation, mechanical behaviour and fracture toughness, non-destructive methods, physical and optical properties of solids, and electrochemical corrosion. It also stands as an excellent reference treatise for practicing and consulting engineers. Moreover, the book is appropriate for graduate-level coursework, covering advanced subjects including quantum mechanics, two dimensional materials, fracture mechanics, non-destructive methods for evaluating structural integrity, and advanced analytical techniques in some appendices.

This book provides a deep knowledge of the specialized world of aerospace material joining, focusing on the methods, techniques, and strategies essential for creating resilient and high-performance structures in aeronautics and space applications. It uncovers the latest advancements and emerging technologies that define the future of aerospace manufacturing. From the precision demands of metallurgical joining methods to the innovative realm of mechanical joining techniques, this book provides a roadmap to mastering the intricacies of joining processes tailored for aerospace materials. Joining Operations for Aerospace Materials equips engineers, researchers, and technical staff with the expertise to navigate the challenges of working with cutting-edge materials in the most demanding environments.

This open access book covers novel techniques and materials for removing inclusions in metallic melts, resulting in significant improvements to the purity, quality, and materials properties of the cast metal product. It looks at an entirely new generation of intelligent filter materials and filter systems with functionalized surfaces for removing solid and liquid inclusions such as deoxidation products, sulfides, and nitrides carbide from metallic melts. This collection of contributed chapters addresses the overarching goal of the production of lightweight structures and high-demand construction materials within an overall substantially cleaner and more sustainable global supply chain. The chapters cover a diverse array of topics ranging in scope from the development of ceramic foam filters, to in-situ x-ray and optical characterization techniques, as well as advanced modelling of 3D-printed filter structures. Additionally, the book features a number of contributions directly transferable to industrial applications related to the clean metal casting technologies of aluminium and steel alloys.

This book provides the latest developments in functional and engineering materials for defence applications. It contains a total of 20 book chapters in 2 proposed volumes: Vol. 1. Defence Functional Materials and Vol. 2. Defence Engineering Materials. All the book chapters are authored by leading scientists from the premier institutes, such as DRDO laboratory, DMSRDE, Kanpur, India, and edited by Drs. N Eswara Prasad, RJH Wanhill, and DK Setua. Both the authors and the editors are well known internationally for their seminal works in the Functional and Engineering Materials R&D and S&T. The principal purpose of this two-volume book is to provide the salient features of materials selection, synthesis, development and qualification for many a classical applications encompassing aero, naval and ground-based defence systems. They would surely act as valuable vade mecums for both active researchers, defence experts, post-graduate students, and faculty members who like to work and contribute to defence forces through research in areas such as defence materials, products, prototypes, sub-systems and systems that need cutting edge technologies and the latest and best materials and materials solutions.

This book presents the current status and future prospects of rare earth elements with respect to a multitude of factors, including resource availability, production, and applications. Among the topics covered are the extraction of raw materials, alloying and compound production, applications, resource conservation through recycling, regulatory issues, and potential new resource streams. The chapters are authored by well-known technical experts in their fields, with decades of research, industrial, and governmental policy experience. The book is expected to serve as the first single source reference on rare earth minerals and metals aimed at students, scientists, technologists, government legislators, regulatory agencies, investors, and business leaders. It provides in-depth examination of the importance of rare earth elements to the global economy and their use in technological innovation, including energy, power, transportation, medicine, electronics, and chemical/petroleum industries.

This book provides in-depth information about the evolution of mechanical alloying over the past few decades. It explains how the technology has improved with time and the different types of mechanical alloying processes and their mechanisms to prepare powders. It presents factors affecting the mechanical alloying process followed by an overview and comparison of dry and wet milling. A comparative study of mechanical alloying and other conventional powder metallurgical methods to achieve maximum density for structure-property relationship is also presented. The book also provides information about modern methods used to characterize the ball milled powders and their consolidation by highly advanced sintering methods. It discusses the processing, properties, and applications of high entropy alloys, ODS stainless steel, shape memory alloys, cermets, iron, copper, zinc, tungsten, aluminum, titanium, magnesium, and ceramic-based alloys. Apart from these topics, the book covers important types of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys that are prepared by mechanical alloying, providing an insight as to why this method is popular and advantageous over other conventional powder metallurgical methods, and discussing the appropriate method for fabricating each type of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys.

This book covers the latest advancements and applications of nonlinear dynamics in various fields of science and engineering, presenting a curated selection of peer-reviewed contributions at the 2nd International Conference on Nonlinear Dynamics and Applications (ICNDA 2024) at Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology (SMIT). Organized by the Department of Mathematics, SMIT, SMU, this international conference provides a platform for scientists, researchers, and inventors to share their findings and exchange ideas in the ever-evolving field of nonlinear dynamics. This book comprises three volumes. Volume 2 focuses on chaos, complexity, and fractals in dynamical systems. It covers topics such as novel methods for solving population balance models; analysis of fractal structures and nonlinear partial differential equations; dynamics of disease therapy and cytokine interactions; stability and behavior of predator-prey and ecological systems; fluid dynamics and heat transfer in nanofluids; and numerical and analytical approaches to material and structural optimization

This encyclopedia volume comprehensively reflects the basic knowledge and latest research results in the field of mining and metallurgy technology, as well as the latest characteristics of the development in this field. In this reference book, the knowledge system, basic concepts, basic theories, as well as important figures, representative works and institutions of these two engineering categories are well organized in encyclopedic entries. Among them, the content on mining engineering mainly includes mining and mineral processing theory, mining and mineral processing methods, as well as the safety and environmental knowledge involved in mining and mineral processing. In the metallurgical engineering field, it mainly covers metallurgy and metallurgy industry, ferrous metallurgy, non-ferrous metallurgy, powder metallurgy, plastic working of metal, coking chemicals, refractories, energy for metallurgy, physical chemistry of metallurgical process, etc.This is thefirst volume of a series of encyclopedias co-published by Encyclopedia of China Publishing House (ECPH), Beijing and Springer Nature.

This book highlights the recent scientific and technological innovations of various optical and optoelectronic fibers based on different functional structures and materials. Advanced optical and optoelectronic fibers locate at the intersection of many disciplines ranging from optical waveguides, optoelectronics, material engineering, micro/nanofabrication, and neural interfaces to wearable devices. The book covers the major developments on fiber materials, such as semiconductors, metals, polymers, and soft glasses, as well as novel in-fiber structures. Different functionalities are also summarized, including sensing, light guidance, lasing, and material engineering toward full system integration. The book is a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and graduate students engaged in the study of optical and optoelectronic fibers.

This book presents the proceedings of the International Workshop on Engineering Methodologies for Medicine and Sports (EMMS), held in Rome, Italy on February 7-9, 2024. It includes peer-reviewed papers on emerging engineering methodologies applied to biomedicine and sports, discussing topics such as advanced biomaterials, biodegradable implants, additive manufacturing of prosthesis, surface design, fabrication of bioreactors, design of biomechanical devices, rehabilitation and prevention, AI applications to medicine, biosensors, medical signal analysis, medical sensors, detection and monitoring of substances dangerous for health, biomechanics, assessment of sport performance, sport activity as a diagnostic device. A valuable, up-to-date resource, it offers an essential overview of the subject for scientists and practitioners alike, and will inspire further investigations and research.

This book presents select papers from the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering (INCOM 2024), describing recent advances in materials, manufacturing, and design of mechanical components. Various topics covered in this book are additive manufacturing, automation in manufacturing system, CAM, CAD-CAM, CIM, composite materials, computational solid and structural mechanics, engineering system design, functionally graded composites and smart materials, laser material processing, mechanics of composite materials, mechatronics, control and robotics. The book is a valuable reference for researchers and professionals working in the field of materials, mechanical and design engineering.

This proceedings book covers the latest research and advancements in nanotechnology for environmental protection and clean energy production. It encompasses a wide range of topics, including physical-chemical nanomaterials science, nanoscale physics, nanocomposites and nanomaterials applications, solids and structures, renewable energy, nanoparticles, and metallic and polymer materials. While focusing on scientific advancements, this book highlights the practical applications of nanotechnology in environmental protection and clean energy production. It bridges the gap between theory and real-world implementation, making it a valuable resource for researchers, students, and professionals seeking practical insights and solutions.

The book provides a comprehensive overview of all relevant technical and environmental aspects relating to road vehicles with low-emission drive technology. The focus is on electric and hybrid vehicles, whose drive technology, energy storage (batteries, hydrogen) and charging systems are presented in detail. It also deals with overarching framework conditions such as climate protection, generation and distribution of electrical energy and hydrogen, raw materials, life cycle assessment and costs. The latest technical developments have been taken into account in this updated edition. The facts are made clear in many breakdown graphics. Examples deepen the material or provide a practical reference so that the content is more memorable for students. This book is aimed, among others, at students from the subjects of automotive technology, energy technology, electrical engineering, energy supply, energy economics, mechanical engineering and industrial engineering.

Advances in Manufacturing for Aerospace Alloys focuses on advanced manufacturing operations and processes related to aerospace alloys. It examines traditional manufacturing methods – often insufficient for shaping aerospace alloys – and the adoption of nonconventional manufacturing techniques for these materials, such as additive manufacturing, laser welding, electrical discharge machining, and vibration assisted machining. The combination of theoretical aspects with practical applications makes this book a critical reference on state-of-the-art techniques and an instructional resource for practicing researchers and engineers, offering straightforward descriptions of manufacturing processes coupled with industry examples and case studies.

This book offers various techniques for measurement of thermodynamic quantities of materials such as enthalpy, free energy, and entropy. Techniques described herein include calorimetry, chemical equilibria, vapour pressure, and electrochemical analysis. The book covers general and solution thermodynamics in Chapters 1 and 2, respectively, and highlights the significance of various thermodynamic quantities required for materials characterization and development in Chapter 3. The author goes on to discuss different thermodynamic measurement techniques in detail (Chapters 4-8) together with a set of more than fifty worked-out problems related to classical as well as solution thermodynamics and measurement techniques. (Chapter 9).Topics include but are not limited to the following:The significance of various thermodynamic data required for selection and characterization of materials.The physicochemical principles involved in various thermodynamic measurement and on the evaluation of thermodynamic data by phase diagram analyses. The unique combination of calorimetry and chemical equilibrium for simultaneous determination of partial molar enthalpy and partial molar free energy of hydrogen in metals and alloys.The special technique based on the combination of vapor pressure and electrical conductivity to study the effect of tellurium vapor pressure on the mode of conduction in polycrystalline cadmium telluride.

This book begins with the history and background of the subject and then describes key experimental methods. Subsequent chapters are devoted to individual topics of chemistry and materials, namely, synthesis of hard materials, ceramics at high pressure, shock-induced chemical operations, biomolecules, meteorites, and metals and molecules under extreme conditions. Lastly, it offers applications to earth and planetary science and ends with future perspectives. Shock waves dynamically produce high pressure and temperature conditions and offer interesting areas for studies on unique chemical reactions. This book introduces readers to modern shock-induced chemistry and its applications and provides an update of topics in that discipline. Readers can gain a comprehensive understanding of current shock-induced chemistry and its versatile applications.

This book presents select proceedings of International Conference on Mechanical Engineering: Researches and Evolutionary Challenges (ICMech-REC 23). It covers the latest research in the areas of mechanical engineering and materials applications. Various topics covered in this book are materials (composite, nano, advanced), design methodologies, industry 4.0, smart manufacturing, thermodynamics, mechatronics, robotics, soft computing and automation. The contents of this book are useful to the researchers and professionals working in the different areas of mechanical engineering.

This book focuses on tribology in manufacturing processes from the viewpoint of sliding friction fundamentals, the use of lubricants to control friction processes such as machining, drawing, rolling, extrusion, abrasive processes, and processing at micro and nanoscales. To study tribological behavior, it is essential to know the methods of measuring and describing the surface shape and roughness. The friction and wear, their corresponding coefficients, and their main mechanisms are described, including stick-slip effects, adhesion, and plowing. Adhesive, abrasive, erosive, and erosion-corrosion wear mechanisms. Friction–wear relationships are elaborated, and wear maps are presented. Surface interactions depend on the contacting materials and surface shape. It is a function of the production process and nature of parent materials that are found to be rough, where roughness is characterized by asperities of varying amplitudes and spacing. Surface interactions are dependent both on thecontacting materials and the shape of the surface. The distribution of the asperities is directional when the finishing process is direction-dependent, such as turning, milling, etc., and homogeneous for a non-directional finishing process like lapping, electro-polishing.

The collection focuses on the advancements of characterization of minerals, metals, and materials and the applications of characterization results on the processing of these materials. Advanced characterization methods, techniques, and new instruments are emphasized. Areas of interest include, but are not limited to:· Extraction and processing of various types of minerals, process-structure-property relationship of metal alloys, glasses, ceramics, polymers, composites, semiconductors, and carbon using functional and structural materials. · Novel methods and techniques for characterizing materials across a spectrum of systems and processes. · Characterization of mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical, dielectric, magnetic, physical, and other properties of materials. · Characterization of structural, morphological,and topographical natures of materials at micro- and nano- scales. · Characterization of extraction and processing including process development and analysis. · Advances in instrument developments for microstructure analysis and performance evaluation of materials, such as computer tomography (CT), X-ray and neutron diffraction, electron microscopy (SEM, FIB, TEM), and spectroscopy (EDS, WDS, EBSD) techniques. · 2D and 3D modelling for materials characterization.

This collection presents papers from a symposium on extraction of rare metals from primary and secondary materials and residues as well as rare extraction processing techniques used in metal production. The collection covers the extraction of less common or minor metals including elements such as antimony, bismuth, barium, beryllium, boron, calcium, chromium, gallium, germanium, hafnium, indium, manganese, molybdenum, platinum group metals, rare earth metals, rhenium, scandium, selenium, sodium, strontium, tantalum, tellurium, and tungsten. It also includes rare metals of low-tonnage sales compared to high-tonnage metals (iron, copper, nickel, lead, tin, zinc, or light metals such as aluminum, magnesium, or titanium and electronic metalloid silicon). Rare metal processing covers bio-metallurgy, hydro-metallurgy, and electro-metallurgy while novel high-temperature processes such as microwave heating, solar-thermal reaction synthesis, and cold crucible synthesis of rare metals are also addressed. Also included in this collection is the design of extraction equipment used in these processes from suppliers as well as laboratory and pilot plant studies.

This reference work describes comprehensively, compactly and precisely the history, properties, production and application of all elements of the periodic table. Particular attention is paid to the chemical compounds of the elements, which are also presented extensively. This book contains 23 chapters, each of which includes the elements in the form of subchapters of the eight main groups,the first and second as well as the fourth to tenth subgroups,the rare earth metals and the third subgroupas well as the actinides. Finally, there is an outlook on the as yet undiscovered elements of the eighth and ninth periods, on alternative, more environmentally friendly drives for motor vehicles such as batteries and fuel cells, as well as on semiconductor technology, i.e. areas that will continue to see increasing research activity in the future. Whenever possible, the author has always maintained the order of chalcogenides, halides, pnictogenides, and other compounds when presenting the chemical compounds of the elements.The introductory part, which illuminates the history of the respective element, often contains biographies of well-known researchers whose creative periods range from the near past to the Middle Ages. You will not only find portraits of chemists, but also of nuclear physicists, astronomers and medical doctors.

This Handbook covers a large number of Pipeline Engineering topics, ranging from the initial stages of designing, constructing, operating and managing the integrity of a pipeline to several of their fluid transportation applications such as oil, gas, derivatives, slurry, hydrogen and CO2. Traditional onshore and offshore pipelines are covered, as well as chapters on present and future interaction with modern society. This Handbook serves as a first reference resource for new readers entering the field, but also as a complement to those who are aware of the general principles encompassing areas of pipeline engineering. This Handbook has been developed in close cooperation with ABCM, the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering.

Sensors & Instrumentation and Aircraft/Aerospace Testing Techniques, Volume 8: Proceedings of the 42nd IMAC, A Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics, 2024, the eighth volume of ten from the Conference brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on fundamental and applied aspects of Shock & Vibration, Aircraft/Aerospace Testing Techniques including papers on: Alternative Sensing & Acquisition Active Controls Instrumentation

This book fills the gap in the field of anti-icing by providing a comprehensive introduction to anti-icing materials and their technology. Additionally, the contents are important guidance for researchers, engineers, and graduate and undergraduate students. Icing can cause malfunctions or serious performance degradation in outdoor facilities, such as transportation and energy equipment, resulting in significant economic losses and even loss of life. With the rapid development of the aviation and renewable energy industries, minimizing anti-icing has become an urgent scientific problem worldwide. Traditional thermal and mechanical de-icing methods are used to prevent or inhibit ice formation, but they consume a huge amount of energy. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new passive anti-icing technologies. In the last decade, icephobic materials have received increasing attention as commonly used passive anti-icing materials.

This book covers in silico clinical trials of cardiovascular disease using a finite element and machine learning approach. Part I describes the fundamentals as well as the latest developments in the field: finite element modeling, system biology modeling for drug optimization, artificial intelligence approach for medical image processing, as well as pharmacokinetic and AI modeling. Part II provides use cases to describe how in silico clinical trials of cardiovascular disease are applied to specific cardiovascular diseases: carotid artery plaque modeling, aorta stenosis modeling, stent biodegradation modeling, surrogate AI model for left ventricle modeling, and more.This book is geared toward upper-level undergraduate and graduate students as well as for researchers in the domains of bioengineering, biomechanics, biomedical engineering and medicine.

This book is a monograph dedicated to hydrogen metallurgy technology in iron ore reduction in the world (mainly in China), aiming to accelerate the development of hydrogen metallurgy research and promote the low-carbon process in the iron and steel industry. This book mainly introduces the frontier theory and process technology of hydrogen metallurgy, focusing on the behavior and role of hydrogen in reducing iron ore. The specific contents include hydrogen production and storage technology, hydrogen direct reduction of iron oxide technology, hydrogen smelting reduction of iron oxide technology, plasma hydrogen reduction of iron oxide theory, and the behavior of hydrogen in blast furnace iron-making and sintering processes. This book provides a comprehensive and detailed description of the theories and process technologies involved in hydrogen metallurgy at the levels of fundamental theory, feasibility analysis, experimental studies, and industrial applications. This book can be usedas a reference for metallurgical engineering, iron, and steel metallurgy majors, as well as teachers and students, researchers, engineers, and enterprise staff interested in hydrogen and low-carbon metallurgy-related fields.