Search

Abstract At 24 weeks gestational age, a term female infant was diagnosed with complex congenital heart disease. The antenatal cardiac diagnosis was uncertain and included univentricular heart. Following delivery, the [...]

While there are many studies of self-regulation, they have not yet systematically analyzed the very process by which rules are developed and implemented. This article treats self-regulation as a process with sufficient autonomy and functional coherence to display identifiable stages, each of which deserves independent attention in turn. It draws from the literature on the stages of public policy processes and uses this as a template to identify and analyze the unique properties of private rule-making, while acknowledging the criticisms that have been made of excessive determinism and simplicity in some applications of the general idea of stages. The article shows that our understanding of self-regulation is significantly advanced by examining it as a process with stages but it emphasizes that the different stages of the self-regulatory policy process (agenda-setting, problem identification, decision, implementation and evaluation) are crisscrossed in numerous and interesting ways. It also shows that private rule-making often seeks to solve societal problems in domestic and international settings and is an important alternative to public regulation but self-regulation is rarely completely de-coupled from public authority. Instead, public authority is activated to solidify self-regulatory arrangements across the different stages of the policy process.

Background Morbidity and mortality with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remains a significant challenge. Acute kidney injury (AKI) has been shown to worsen survival in critically ill neonates. To our knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate the prevalence of AKI and its impact on outcomes in neonatal NEC. Methods We carried out a single-center retrospective chart review of all neonates treated for NEC between 2003 and 2015 (N = 181). AKI is defined as a rise in serum creatinine (SCr) from a previous trough according to neonatal modified KDIGO criteria (stage 1 = SCr rise 0.3 mg/dL or SCr 150 < 200%, stage 2 = SCr rise 200 < 300%, stage 3 = SCr rise [greater than or equal to]300%, SCr 2.5 mg/dL or dialysis). Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality and secondary outcomes were hospital length of stay (LOS) and need for and type of surgery. Results Acute kidney injury occurred in 98 neonates (54%), with 39 stage 1 (22%), 31 stage 2 (18%), and 28 stage 3 (16%), including 5 requiring dialysis. Non-AKI and AKI groups were not statistically different in age, weight, Bell's NEC criteria, and medication exposure (vasopressors, vancomycin, gentamicin, or diuretic). Neonates with AKI had higher mortality (44% vs 25.6%, p = 0.008) and a higher chance of death (HR 2.4, CI 1.2-4.8, p = 0.009), but the effect on LOS on survivors did not reach statistical significance (79 days, interquartile range [IQR] 30-104 vs 54 days, IQR 30-92, p = 0.09). Overall, 48 (27.9%) patients required surgical intervention. Conclusions This study shows that AKI not only occurs in over half of patients with NEC, but that it is also associated with more than a two-fold higher mortality, highlighting the importance of early recognition and potentially early intervention for AKI., Author(s): Cory N. Criss [sup.1] , David T. Selewski [sup.2] , Bipin Sunkara [sup.1] , Joshua S. Gish [sup.1] , Lily Hsieh [sup.1] , Jennifer S. Mcleod [sup.1] , Jason [...]

Objectives This qualitative research aimed to explore how health information sources inform decision-making among Hispanic mothers during their children's first 1000 days of life (conception-age 24 months), and to generate appropriate health information sources and communication strategies for future interventions. Methods We conducted seven focus groups with 49 Hispanic women who were pregnant or had children Results Trusted health information sources included health care providers, female and male family members, BabyCenter.com and other Internet sources, selected social media, and television. Some immigrant women reported preferring the Internet citing less established local support networks. Women highlighted the importance of validating health information through checking multiple sources for consistency and resolving contradictory information. Mothers expressed interest in receiving reliable website links from healthcare professionals and outreach to extended family. Conclusions for Practice Cultural factors, including immigration status, are important in understanding the use of health information sources and their role in decision-making about pregnancy and child health among Hispanic mothers. Healthcare providers and public health professionals should consider Hispanic mothers health information environment and provide culturally-relevant communication strategies and interventions during this high information-seeking time period., Author(s): Shaniece Criss[sup.1] , Jennifer A. Woo Baidal[sup.2] [sup.3] , Roberta E. Goldman[sup.1] [sup.4] , Meghan Perkins[sup.3] , Courtney Cunningham[sup.3] , Elsie M. Taveras[sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) Department of Social [...]

This study examined relations among neighborhood disadvantage, parent-child conflict, deviant peer involvement in the neighborhood, and early-starting antisocial trajectories. Antisocial group patterns were identified in 218 low-income boys followed from ages 5 to 11, and neighborhood and family variables were evaluated as predictors in early and middle childhood. Four trajectory groups emerged: one increasing pattern that corresponded with developmental theories of early-starting antisocial behavior; one with initially high and decreasing problems over time; and two low antisocial groups. Parent-child conflict and neighborhood disadvantage were significantly associated with trajectory patterns, with youth in the 2 higher antisocial behavior groups characterized by more neighborhood problems and parent-child conflict than other groups. The results suggest that in early childhood, neighborhood disadvantage and family conflict place children at risk for early-starting trajectories, and that involvement with deviant peers in the neighborhood takes on an increasingly important role in patterns of antisocial behavior over middle childhood. KEY WORDS: neighborhood; peers; antisocial behavior; community disadvantage.

What is the source of interference on a memory test following study of a list containing different types of pairs? Many current models predict that pairs and singles of all types will jointly interfere and therefore harm memory. Such list length effects have often been observed for lists of a single-item type (e.g., a list of words). Here, we examine interference for lists containing multiple types of pairs (e.g., word-word, face-face, word-face). In three experiments, we manipulate the number of each type on the study fist. In associative recognition, discrimination fell as the number of pairs of the same type rose, but the number of pairs of other types had little effect. That is, we found a list length effect within, but not between, classes of stimuli. We highlight the importance of representation and propose alternatives to current model representations that can predict such findings.

The SPoARC (Spatial Positional Association of Response Codes) effect refers to spatialization of information in working memory. Among the potential factors that could influence how order is mapped onto a mental space during the recognition process, we selected the following two factors: i) the type of stimuli, in particular their verbal vs. visual aspects and ii) the number of probes. In this study, 137 participants memorized sequences of either words or pictures and subsequently performed a recognition test for which they responded using lateralized keys. For half of the participants, only one probe was presented after each sequence, whereas the other half was administered several probes. A significantly greater number of participants presented a SPoARC using a single probe. We discuss that spatialization is best detected when the sequence is scanned only once. Results also showed no difference between the two types of stimuli (i.e., verbal vs. visual). This finding raises the question of the respective roles of verbalization and visualization in the SPoARC., (© 2023. The Psychonomic Society, Inc.)

A coupled initial-boundary value problem of thermoelastoplastic deformation of flexible reinforced plates is formulated. The possibility of weak resistance of structures of this kind to transverse shear is taken into account within the framework of the Ambartsumyan theory. The geometric nonlinearity is taken into account in the von Karman approximation. The temperature over the thickness of the plates is approximated by polynomials of different orders. The solution to the two-dimensional problem is constructed using an explicit numerical scheme. We investigate the dynamic thermoelastoplastic behavior of plane criss-cross and spatially reinforced fiberglass and metal-composite plates bending under the action of an air blast wave. It is shown that, in order to adequately determine temperature in these structures, it should be approximated by polynomials of the 6-7th orders over the thickness of the plates. It is demonstrated that relatively thin composite plates are heated to a greater extent than relatively thick plates for the same maximum values of the intensity of deformations in the binder. The level of heating of reinforced structures is insignificant: for fiberglass plates, the temperature increment is 2-18[degrees]C, while for metal-composite structures, it is equal to 30[degrees]C. Therefore, the dynamic calculations of fiberglass plates under the action of loads, such as air blast waves, can be carried out without taking into account the thermal effect in the absence of additional heat sources of nonmechanical nature. In calculating the metal-composite plates, it is necessary to take into account the thermal effect but their thermal sensitivity can be ignored. Keywords: flexible plates, plane reinforcement, spatial reinforcement, dynamic bending, Ambartsumyan's theory, thermoelastoplastic deformation, explosive-type load, explicit numerical scheme., The present paper continues the study originated in [24], where a numerical-analytic structural model of thermoelastoplastic deformation of a fiber-reinforced material was developed by using the constitutive equations of the [...]

Multinomial processing tree (MPT) models are a broad class of statistical models used to test sophisticated psychological theories. The research questions derived from these theories often go beyond simple condition effects on parameters and involve ordinal expectations (e.g., the same-direction effect on the memory parameter is stronger in one experimental condition than another) or disordinal expectations (e.g., the effect reverses in one experimental condition). Here, we argue that by refining common modeling practices, Bayesian hierarchical models are well suited to estimate and test these expectations. Concretely, we show that the default priors proposed in the literature lead to nonsensical predictions for individuals and the population distribution, leading to problems not only in model comparison but also in parameter estimation. Rather than relying on these priors, we argue that MPT modelers should determine priors that are consistent with their theoretical knowledge. In addition, we demonstrate how Bayesian model comparison may be used to test ordinal and disordinal interactions by means of Bayes factors. We apply the techniques discussed to empirical data from Bell et al. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41, 456-472 (2015)., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Adaptive design optimization (ADO) is a state-of-the-art technique for experimental design (Cavagnaro et al., 2010). ADO dynamically identifies stimuli that, in expectation, yield the most information about a hypothetical construct of interest (e.g., parameters of a cognitive model). To calculate this expectation, ADO leverages the modeler's existing knowledge, specified in the form of a prior distribution. Informative priors align with the distribution of the focal construct in the participant population. This alignment is assumed by ADO's internal assessment of expected information gain. If the prior is instead misinformative, i.e., does not align with the participant population, ADO's estimates of expected information gain could be inaccurate. In many cases, the true distribution that characterizes the participant population is unknown, and experimenters rely on heuristics in their choice of prior and without an understanding of how this choice affects ADO's behavior. Our work introduces a mathematical framework that facilitates investigation of the consequences of the choice of prior distribution on the efficiency of experiments designed using ADO. Through theoretical and empirical results, we show that, in the context of prior misinformation, measures of expected information gain are distinct from the correctness of the corresponding inference. Through a series of simulation experiments, we show that, in the case of parameter estimation, ADO nevertheless outperforms other design methods. Conversely, in the case of model selection, misinformative priors can lead inference to favor the wrong model, and rather than mitigating this pitfall, ADO exacerbates it., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

We present motivation and practical steps necessary to find parameter estimates of joint models of behavior and neural electrophysiological data. This tutorial is written for researchers wishing to build joint models of human behavior and scalp and intracranial electroencephalographic (EEG) or magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data, and more specifically those researchers who seek to understand human cognition. Although these techniques could easily be applied to animal models, the focus of this tutorial is on human participants. Joint modeling of M/EEG and behavior requires some knowledge of existing computational and cognitive theories, M/EEG artifact correction, M/EEG analysis techniques, cognitive modeling, and programming for statistical modeling implementation. This paper seeks to give an introduction to these techniques as they apply to estimating parameters from neurocognitive models of M/EEG and human behavior, and to evaluate model results and compare models. Due to our research and knowledge on the subject matter, our examples in this paper will focus on testing specific hypotheses in human decision-making theory. However, most of the motivation and discussion of this paper applies across many modeling procedures and applications. We provide Python (and linked R) code examples in the tutorial and appendix. Readers are encouraged to try the exercises at the end of the document., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Shiffrin and Steyvers (1997) introduced a model of recognition memory called retrieving effectively from memory (REM) and successfully applied it to a number of basic memory phenomena. REM incorporates differentiation, wherein item repetitions are accumulated in a single mnemonic trace rather than separate traces. This allows REM to account for several benchmark findings, including the null list-strength effect in recognition (Ratcliff, Clark, & Shiffrin, 1990). The original REM treated massed and spaced repetitions identically, which prevents it from predicting a mnemonic advantage for spaced over massed repetitions (i.e., the spacing effect). However, Shiffrin and Steyvers discussed the possibility that repetitions might be represented in a single trace only if the subject identifies that the repeated item was previously studied. It is quite plausible that subjects would notice repetitions more for massed than for spaced items. Here we show that incorporating this idea allows REM to predict three important findings in the recognition memory literature: (1) the spacing effect, (2) the finding of slightly positive list-strength effects with spaced repetitions, as opposed to massed repetitions or increased study time, and (3) list-strength effects that have been observed using very large strong-to-weak ratios (see Norman, 2002).

Attention and memory are fundamental cognitive processes that closely interact. In the attentional boost effect (ABE), the stimuli that co-occur with targets are remembered better than those that co-occur with distractors in target detection tasks performed during memory encoding. In target detection tasks performed during retrieval, the stimuli that co-occur with targets are recognized as 'old' more easily than the stimuli that co-occur with distractors. This study mainly explored the internal mechanism of the effect of target detection on recognition. In Experiment 1, the full attention (FA; where participants performed only the memory task) condition was used to compare with divided attention (DA; where participants performed target detection while performing memory retrieval) condition to explore the impact of target detection and distraction inhibition on recognition. In Experiment 2, the proportion of old and new words in the retrieval stage was adjusted to 1:1 to eliminate the possible reaction tendency caused by the high proportion of old words. In Experiment 3, the presentation time of words was extended to 1.5 s and 3 s to eliminate the possible impact of rapid processing. The results indicated that the effect of target detection on recognition was attributed to both target detection and distraction rejection and is not affected by the ratio of old and new words and the word presentation time. The effect of target detection on recognition may be owing to temporal yoking of the dual tasks, which is different from the effect of target detection on memory encoding., (© 2024. The Psychonomic Society, Inc.)

pyWitness is a python toolkit for recognition memory experiments, with a focus on eyewitness identification (ID) data analysis and model fitting. The current practice is for researchers to use different statistical packages to analyze a single dataset. pyWitness streamlines the process. In addition to conducting key data analyses (e.g., receiver operating characteristic analysis, confidence accuracy characteristic analysis), statistical comparisons, signal-detection-based model fits, simulated data generation, and power analyses are also possible. We describe the package implementation and provide detailed instructions and tutorials with datasets so that users can follow. There is also an online manual that is regularly updated. We developed pyWitness to be user-friendly, reduce human interaction with pre-processing and processing of data and model fits, and produce publication-ready plots. All pyWitness features align with open science practices, such that the algorithms, fits, and methods are reproducible and documented. While pyWitness is a python toolkit, it can also be used from R for users more accustomed to this environment., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Signal detection theory (SDT) was developed to provide a measure of the discriminability of a signal against background noise, independently of response bias. However, equal discriminability over a range of bias is only achieved by the traditional signal detection measure d[Formula: see text] under a narrow set of conditions - i.e., binormal noise and signal distributions of equal variance and base rates. In response to observed departures from these conditions, more robust alternative measures of d[Formula: see text] have been developed, including d a and, more recently, d[Formula: see text]. Each of these alternatives addresses some, but not all, of the difficulties that arise when the assumptions of SDT are violated. Moreover, none of these measures directly follow from a central idea of discriminability by an observer that adopts a minimize error count (MEC) strategy. I propose a new d[Formula: see text] alternative, d[Formula: see text], that is robust to violations of the standard signal detection assumptions, remains consistent with varying bias, and is grounded in the principle of discriminability following a MEC strategy. Simulations illustrate how d[Formula: see text] is similar to the recently developed d[Formula: see text] when the observer optimizes their criterion placement to minimize the number of errors but, unlike d[Formula: see text], remains consistent irrespective of the observer's criterion placement Moreover, unlike d a , d[Formula: see text] reflects changes in discriminability related to base rates of signal vs. noise presentations. The use of d[Formula: see text] also has implications for the interpretation of bias metrics, such as β and c, which are examined at the optimal criterion under a variety of conditions., (© 2022. The Psychonomic Society, Inc.)

Working memory performance depends on reactivating memory traces, by rapidly switching between refreshing item representations and performing concurrent cognitive processing (time-based resource sharing (TBRS) account). Prior research has suggested that variation in the effectiveness of this process could be a plausible source of developmental changes in working memory capacity. This could conceivably extend to adults, potentially bridging the barrier between developmental and adult experimental research and providing a possible functional role for attention control and processing speed in working memory tasks. The present work was designed to replicate the finding of developmental differences in reactivation in children, and to test whether the same process could be related to individual differences in adults. Experiment 1 confirmed the finding of more effective reactivation for 14-year-old children than for 8-year-old children. Experiment 2 using the same task in adults manipulated the feasibility of reactivation within an experimental-correlational approach, and failed to find more effective reactivation for individuals with high working memory capacity, contrary to our predictions. Overall, our results support the role of reactivation as defined by the TBRS model as an important process in working memory tasks, and as a possible source of developmental increase in working memory capacity; however, they rule out the possibility that adult individual differences in the effectiveness of this process are a major cause of variability in working memory capacity, suggesting that differences between adults are of a different nature., (© 2023. The Psychonomic Society, Inc.)

Recall testing is a common assessment to gauge memory retrieval. Responses from these tests can be analyzed in several ways; however, the output generated from a recall study typically requires manual coding that can be time intensive and error-prone before analyses can be conducted. To address this issue, this article introduces lrd (Lexical Response Data), a set of open-source tools for quickly and accurately processing lexical response data that can be used either from the R command line or through an R Shiny graphical user interface. First, we provide an overview of this package and include a step-by-step user guide for processing both cued- and free-recall responses. For validation of lrd, we used lrd to recode output from cued, free, and sentence-recall studies with large samples and examined whether the results replicated using lrd-scored data. We then assessed the inter-rater reliability and sensitivity and specificity of the scoring algorithm relative to human-coded data. Overall, lrd is highly reliable and shows excellent sensitivity and specificity, indicating that recall data processed using this package are remarkably consistent with data processed by a human coder., (© 2021. The Psychonomic Society, Inc.)

Although there have been major strides toward uncovering the neurobehavioral mechanisms involved in cognitive functions like memory and decision making, methods for measuring behavior and accessing latent processes through computational means remain limited. To this end, we have created SUPREME (Sensing to Understanding and Prediction Realized via an Experiment and Modeling Ecosystem): a toolbox for comprehensive cognitive assessment, provided by a combination of construct-targeted tasks and corresponding computational models. SUPREME includes four tasks, each developed symbiotically with a mechanistic model, which together provide quantified assessments of perception, cognitive control, declarative memory, reward valuation, and frustrative nonreward. In this study, we provide validation analyses for each task using two sessions of data from a cohort of cognitively normal participants (N = 65). Measures of test-retest reliability (r: 0.58-0.75), stability of individual differences (ρ: 0.56-0.70), and internal consistency (α: 0.80-0.86) support the validity of our tasks. After fitting the models to data from individual subjects, we demonstrate each model's ability to capture observed patterns of behavioral results across task conditions. Our computational approaches allow us to decompose behavior into cognitively interpretable subprocesses, which we can compare both within and between participants. We discuss potential future applications of SUPREME, including clinical assessments, longitudinal tracking of cognitive functions, and insight into compensatory mechanisms., (© 2021. The Psychonomic Society, Inc.)

2,3-Butanediol dehydrogenase (BDH), also known as acetoin/diacetyl reductase, is a pivotal enzyme for the formation of 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD), a chiral compound with potential roles in the virulence of certain pathogens. Here, a NAD(H)-dependent (2R,3R)-BDH from Neisseria gonorrhoeae FA1090 (NgBDH), the causative agent of gonorrhoea, was functionally characterized. Sequence analysis indicated that it belongs to zinc-containing medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family. The recombinant NgBDH migrated as a single band with a size of around 45 kDa on SDS-PAGE and could be confirmed by Western blotting and mass spectrometry. For the oxidation of either (2R,3R)-2,3-BD or meso-2,3-BD, the enzyme exhibited a broad pH optimum between pH 9.5 to 11.5. For the reduction of (3R/3S)-acetoin, the pH optimum was around 6.5. The enzyme could catalyze the stereospecific oxidation of (2R,3R)-2,3-BD (K m  = 0.16 mM, k cat /K m  = 673 s -1 · mM -1 ) and meso-BD (K m  = 0.72 mM, k cat /K m  = 165 s -1 · mM -1 ). Moreover, it could also reduce (3R/3S)-acetoin with a K m of 0.14 mM and a k cat /K m of 885 s -1 · mM -1 . The results presented here contribute to understand the 2,3-BD metabolism in N. gonorrhoeae and pave the way for studying the influence of 2,3-BD metabolism on the virulence of this pathogen in the future.

The mechanism of bacterial-derived bioluminescence in the apogonid species Siphamia permutata and S. cephalotes presents some special structures, particularly the existence of two sites harboring bioluminescent bacteria, and not only one as previously described. One site, is the familiar disc-like, bacteria-harboring 'gland' and paired ventral 'bioluminescent reflectors', typical for this genus, that merge and end at the level of the hypobranchial region. The second and more anteriorly situated site of luminescence features two sacs that originate in the gular region and protrude into the oral cavity, via the free space left by the laterally notched tongue. The apical parts of these luminous sacs harbor the bacteria whose light diffuses within the oral cavity. The tongue surface in the studied species is unique in character among the cardinal fishes, being criss-crossed anteriorly by protruding dermal ridges, rich in taste buds and mucus-producing cells. It would appear that at night when feeding, the luminous mouth cavity of these fish acts as a lure to attract the small prey, while the ridged structure of the tongue's surface facilitates their collection and aggregation before they are swallowed.

Investigating cognitive processes by analyzing mouse movements has become a popular method in many psychological disciplines. When creating mouse-tracking experiments, researchers face many design choices-for example, whether participants indicate responses by clicking a button or just by entering the button area. Hitherto, numerous different settings have been employed, but little is known about how these methodological differences affect mouse-tracking data. We systematically investigated the influences of three central design factors, using a classic mouse-tracking paradigm in which participants classified typical and atypical exemplars. In separate experiments, we manipulated the response indication, mouse sensitivity, and starting procedure. The core finding that mouse movements deviate more toward the nonchosen option for atypical exemplars was replicated in all conditions. However, the size of this effect varied. Specifically, it was larger when participants indicated responses via click and when they were instructed to initialize the movement early. Trajectory shapes also differed between setups. For example, a dynamic start led to mostly curved trajectories, responses via click led to a mix of straight and "change-of-mind" trajectories, and responses via touch led to mostly straight trajectories. Moreover, the distribution of curvature indices was classified as bimodal in some setups and as unimodal in others. Because trajectory curvature and shape are frequently used to make inferences about psychological theories, such as differentiating between dynamic and dual-system models, this study shows that the specific design must be carefully considered when drawing theoretical inferences. All methodological designs and analyses were implemented using open-source software and are available from https://osf.io/xdp7a/.

Studies show that mothers with depression are more likely to engage in unsupportive emotion-related socialization behaviors, and mothers&apos; negative emotion socialization can interfere with the development of emotion regulation in children. However, insufficient studies examine the relationship between mothers&apos; depressive symptoms, emotion socialization, and children&apos;s emotion regulation. The present study used short-term longitudinal data to investigate the mediating role of maternal emotion socialization on the effect of maternal depressive symptoms on children&apos;s emotion regulation. Participants included 180 mothers of six-to-12-year-old children. First, we measured maternal depressive symptoms and mothers&apos; reactions to their children&apos;s negative emotions, operationalizing emotion socialization. Then we collected data about the children&apos;s emotion regulation reported by mothers six months later. A structured equation modeling analysis indicated that maternal emotion socialization completely mediated the impact of mothers&apos; depressive symptoms on children&apos;s emotion regulation with a significant indirect effect. The present study used short-term longitudinal data and highlighted the significant impact of mothers&apos; depressive symptoms on children&apos;s emotion regulation mediated by maternal emotion socialization. The results suggest a need for early detection and appropriate intervention of mothers&apos; depressive symptoms. Even for mothers with depression, efforts to recognize and improve their emotion-related parenting behavior could be helpful for their children., Author(s): Ji Young Choi [sup.1] , Yookyung Eoh [sup.2] , Ji Hyeon Kang [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/01easw929, grid.202119.9, 0000 0001 2364 8385, Department of Child Studies, Inha University, , [...]

Author(s): Erin S. M. Matsuba [sup.1] , Beth A. Prieve [sup.2] , Emily Cary [sup.1] , Devon Pacheco [sup.2] , Angela Madrid [sup.2] , Elizabeth McKernan [sup.1] , Elizabeth Kaplan-Kahn [...], This study characterizes the subcortical auditory brainstem response (speech-ABR) and cortical auditory processing (P1 and Mismatch Negativity; MMN) to speech sounds and their relationship to autistic traits and sensory features within the same group of autistic children (n = 10) matched on age and non-verbal IQ to their typically developing (TD) peers (n = 21). No speech-ABR differences were noted, but autistic individuals had larger P1 and faster MMN responses. Correlations revealed that larger P1 amplitudes and MMN responses were associated with greater autistic traits and more sensory features. These findings highlight the complexity of the auditory system and its relationships to behaviours in autism, while also emphasizing the importance of measurement and developmental matching.

Black young adults use social media frequently and they are especially active on Twitter. Black young adults are exposed to both racially-affirming positive content and also racially-discriminatory negative content on Twitter. Correlational investigations have suggested that exposure to such content has psychological consequences, yet our understanding of acute responses to race-related Twitter messages remains hampered by the lack of a social media stimuli set that can be employed in an experimental setting. Therefore, we developed and tested an initial stimuli set of Tweets with different valences (i.e., positive, negative) and content (i.e., race-related, non-race-related) that can be used for testing experimental hypotheses about physiological, emotional, and behavioral changes associated with exposure to Twitter content in subsequent research. In two studies with Black college-attending young adult Twitter users (N = 43; M.sub.age = 19.26) and a national sample of Black young adult Twitter users (N = 290, M.sub.age = 25.85), we developed and tested the internal consistency, construct, convergent, ecological, and criterion-related validity of the stimuli set. The final Tweet Stimuli Set for Content about Black People (TSS-CBP) includes 16 stimuli grouped into four conditions (positive non-race-related, positive race-related, negative non-race-related, and negative race-related)., Author(s): Vanessa V. Volpe [sup.1] , G. Perusi Benson [sup.1] , Brian TaeHyuk Keum [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/04tj63d06, grid.40803.3f, 0000 0001 2173 6074, Department of Psychology, North Carolina State [...]

This study examined parents&apos; versus adolescents&apos; reports of parental meta-emotion philosophy (PMEP) and compared the predictive power of parent-perceived versus adolescent-perceived PMEP on adolescents&apos; positive mental health (i.e., mental health, life satisfaction, and resilience). Two hundred and nineteen Chinese parent-adolescent dyads responded to our survey. Results indicated a significant parent-adolescent discrepancy in perceptions of emotion coaching (one dimension of PMEP). The parents showed more optimism about their coaching practices than did the adolescents, as seen in the significantly higher mean score in parents&apos; reports. In addition, adolescent-reported emotion coaching generally explained more variance in their mental health, life satisfaction, and resilience than parent-reported PMEP. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of PMEP in affecting adolescent positive mental health and highlight that adolescent-perceived PMEP is a critical factor when examining adolescents&apos; mental health., Author(s): Yajun Zhang [sup.1] , Mingming Zhou [sup.1] , Xiaotian Zhang [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/01r4q9n85, grid.437123.0, 0000 0004 1794 8068, Faculty of Education, University of Macau, , Taipa, Macau [...]

Studies examining the link between parents' emotion socialization practices and children's emotional competence generally consider mothers as primary caregivers and thus ignore fathers' roles in this process. However, especially in the recent years there is an increase in the father's involvement in the child rearing practices. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the interactive roles of maternal and paternal socialization practices in the development of emotion regulation skills of preschool children. For this purpose, data were gathered from 149 mother-father dyads who have children between 30 and 84 months of age, through self-report measures of parental emotion socialization practices as well as children's emotion regulation skills. Results of the moderation analyses indicated that higher maternal support reported by mothers was associated with significant increases in children's emotion regulation only in the children whose fathers show low support. In contrast, when paternal support was high, the role of mothers' supportive emotion socialization practices on children's emotion regulation was non-significant. The results emphasized the importance of the supportive emotion socialization practices of at least one parent for the children's emotional development., Author(s): Emine Kaya-Bican [sup.1] , Ayse Altan-Atalay [sup.2] , Dilek Saritas-Atalar [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/014weej12, grid.6935.9, 0000 0001 1881 7391, Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, , Ankara, [...]

The role of childhood parental practices in long-term mental health problems is well-documented. However, recent developmental perspectives suggest that parenting strategies exerted during adolescence play a crucial role in shaping adolescents' emotion regulation (ER), a role which may hold the key to our understanding on how parenting relates to adolescent psychopathology. This study set out to investigate specific links between perceived parenting practices (emotional warmth, rejection, and control), adolescents' use of cognitive ER strategies when encountering negative situations, and adolescence-related symptomatology (internalizing, externalizing symptoms, social interaction disturbances) in a sample of 16- to 18-year-olds (N = 197). Findings showed that: (1) parental emotional warmth was directly linked to adolescents' lower symptomatology across all indices of psychopathology, (2) heightened control was indirectly linked to higher levels of adolescent internalizing symptoms, through its positive relationship to greater use of cognitive maladaptive ER strategies, (3) parental rejection was indirectly linked to adolescents': (a) social interaction disturbances through both its negative relationship to greater use of adaptive ER, and its positive association with maladaptive ER strategies, (b) externalizing problems, via its positive relation with adolescents' use of maladaptive cognitive ER strategies. Thus, findings suggest that while parental emotional warmth appears to be a substantial protective factor in adolescent mental health, by engaging in dysfunctional (harsh, invalidating, or controlling) rearing practices, parents may maladaptively shape adolescents' cognitive response to negative information which, in turn, may increase their susceptibility to internalizing, externalizing, and social interaction issues. Implications for intervention and mental health policy makers are discussed., Author(s): Eva Kallay [sup.1] , Lavinia Cheie [sup.2] [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/02rmd1t30, grid.7399.4, 0000 0004 1937 1397, Department of Psychology, Babeò-Bolyai University, , Republicii Street, no. 37, 400015, Cluj-Napoca, [...]

As the primary agent of socialization for their children, parents are expected to educate their children about healthy, safe behavior and about obeying the law. But what if the parents themselves occasionally use drugs? This study examines the differences between the attitudes of parents who do not use drugs and those who use cannabis or other drugs toward drug use by their children, and the parents' tendency to encourage or prevent it. The study was conducted using a quantitative research questionnaire completed by 626 parents in Israel, and found that parents' attitudes toward their children's drug use mediate the effect of their use on their tendency to encourage or prevent their children from using drugs. The findings corroborate theories that examine the relationship between attitudes and behavior and contribute to understanding the processes of conveying messages that encourage or reduce drug use. They can also guide the design of intervention programs for parents, at a time when there is an increasing perception of substance use as normative., Author(s): Vered Ne'eman-Haviv [sup.1] , Yael Wilchek-Aviad [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/03nz8qe97, grid.411434.7, 0000 0000 9824 6981, The Department of Criminology, Ariel University, , Ariel, 40700, Israel Introduction The professional [...]

The present study examined how temperament and parenting stress relate to social competence in early childhood, and more specifically how parenting stress moderates the relationship between temperament and social competence. Participants included 134 preschool children (76 boys), their parents, and their teachers. All participating children were enrolled in a public preschool and their ages ranged from 38 to 78 months (M = 62.52, SD = 8.58). They were mostly from households of low socioeconomic status. The mothers evaluated the temperamental characteristics of their children and parenting stress, while data on the social competence of the children were obtained from their teachers. According to the results of hierarchical regression analysis, reactive temperament was negatively correlated with children's social competence. Parenting stress and social competence were also negatively correlated. Furthermore, parenting stress moderated the link between reactivity and children's social competence. Accordingly, children with higher temperamental reactivity had lower scores for social competence when they were exposed to average or high levels of parenting stress. The findings were discussed within the context of the existing literature. Implications and suggestions were provided for practice and future research., Author(s): Mefharet Veziroglu-Celik [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/037jwzz50, grid.411781.a, 0000 0004 0471 9346, Department of Early Childhood Education, Faculty of Education, Istanbul Medipol University, , Guney Kampus A Blok 4. [...]

Numerous studies have shown that childhood emotional neglect experiences are an important risk factor for later physical and mental health problems. However, previous studies have not fully clarified the underlying mechanisms between childhood emotional neglect and depression, especially for adolescents in vocational schools. In the present study, we examined the mediating role of self-compassion in the association between childhood emotional neglect and depression and the moderating role of friendship quality in the direct and indirect relations involved. The participants were 848 vocational school adolescents, aged 14 to 20, who completed the questionnaires about childhood emotional neglect, self-compassion, depression, and friendship quality. The results showed that self-compassion partially mediated the relationship between childhood emotional neglect and adolescent depression. Importantly, friendship quality moderated the direct link between childhood emotional neglect and depression, and the indirect link between childhood emotional neglect and self-compassion, but not the indirect link between self-compassion and depression. Especially, adolescents in vocational school with high friendship quality displayed higher levels of self-compassion and lower levels of depression after experiencing childhood emotional neglect than those with low friendship quality. These findings highlight the mechanisms underlying the relationship between childhood emotional neglect and depression in vocational school adolescents., Author(s): Simeng Dong [sup.1] , Qinnan Dong [sup.2] , Haiyan Chen [sup.3] , Shuai Yang [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/03dgaqz26, grid.411587.e, 0000 0001 0381 4112, School of Economics and Management, [...]

This one-year longitudinal study examined the potential buffering role of authoritative parenting in the relationship between maladaptive emotion-focused coping and anxiety in children. Participants were 128 preadolescent children (41.4% female) aged between 10 and 14 years (M = 12.15, SD = 1.30) in Hong Kong. The results of the latent moderated structural equations model revealed that T1 paternal authoritative parenting significantly moderated the association between T1 maladaptive emotion-focused coping and T2 anxiety while controlling for T1 anxiety, such that the association was weaker when T1 paternal authoritative parenting was higher. T1 maladaptive emotion-focused coping was positively related to T2 anxiety when T1 paternal authoritative parenting was low. This relationship was not significant when T1 paternal authoritative parenting was medium or high. Unexpectedly, the moderating role of T1 maternal authoritative parenting was not significant. These findings suggest that paternal authoritative parenting may function as a protective factor that ameliorates the unfavorable impact of maladaptive emotion-focused coping on anxiety in children., Author(s): Zoe Sau Yi Kwan [sup.1] , Barbara Chuen Yee Lo [sup.1] , Ting Kin Ng [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411382.d, 0000 0004 1770 0716, Department of Applied Psychology, Lingnan [...]

This study investigated the unique impacts of emotional abuse and neglect on loneliness. Further, it explored the moderating effect of peer acceptance in these associations among Chinese rural left-behind adolescents with non-left-behind adolescents from the same rural areas as a comparison group. A total of 914 rural adolescents (M.sub.age = 13.71 years, SD = 0.90) participated in the study. Participants completed self-report measures of emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and loneliness. Classroom-based peer nominations were used to assess participants' peer acceptance. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to test the independent and interactive associations linking emotional abuse/neglect and peer acceptance with loneliness. The results showed that left-behind adolescents experienced higher levels of emotional neglect than non-left-behind adolescents. Emotional neglect was more strongly associated with adolescents' loneliness than emotional abuse. The associations between emotional neglect and loneliness were stronger for left-behind adolescents than non-left-behind adolescents. In addition, peer acceptance moderated the association between emotional abuse and loneliness among left-behind adolescents. Gender differences were found in the link between peer acceptance to loneliness among non-left-behind adolescents. Implications of these findings for future research and the development of interventions are discussed., Author(s): Qian Wang [sup.1] [sup.2] , Jingxin Zhao [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.410585.d, 0000 0001 0495 1805, Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, , No. 88 East Wenhua Road, 250014, [...]

Emotion dysregulation is a transdiagnostic factor in the development of various mental and behavioral disorders, thus requiring ample evidence for prevention and intervention approaches. The aim of the current systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the association between parenting dimensions/styles and emotion dysregulation in childhood and adolescence. Following the PRISMA guidelines, the review was registered (PROSPERO CRD42021251672) and search terms were entered in Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, and PubMed in May 2021. Articles needed to report on empirical studies that examined the association between parenting dimensions/styles and emotion dysregulation in children/adolescents with primary data, and be published in English in a peer-reviewed journal. Additionally, articles were excluded based on certain designs and focus on special populations. The narrative synthesis includes 30 articles, and of which 27 are included in the meta-analysis. An NHLBI tool with 14 items (e.g., validity) was utilized for assessing the quality of the included studies. General trends indicate that positive parenting (e.g., warmth, supportiveness) is negatively associated with emotion dysregulation, whilst negative parenting (e.g., psychological control, authoritarian) is positively associated. The meta-analysis reveals an overall small yet significant effect, however, the heterogeneity of the studies is moderate to high. A funnel plot demonstrated no evidence of publication bias. Limitations include the varying conceptualizations of emotion dysregulation, as well as a lacking focus on specific types of emotion. Although more research is needed, addressing factors such as culture, gender, and age, the review provides first indications of the significance of parenting dimensions/styles for emotion dysregulation., Author(s): Naska Goagoses [sup.1] , Tijs Bolz [sup.1] , Jule Eilts [sup.1] , Neele Schipper [sup.1] , Jessica Schütz [sup.1] , Annika Rademacher [sup.1] , Christina Vesterling [sup.1] , Ute [...]

The current study examined the mediating roles of emotion regulation strategies (i.e., cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) and resilience in the relationship between perceived parental support and depressive symptoms among college students during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in China. A large sample of Chinese college students (N = 2, 423) participated in this investigation. Results indicated that perceived parental support was negatively related to depressive symptoms. The two emotion regulation strategies and resilience partially and serially mediated the relation between perceived parental support and depressive symptoms. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed., Author(s): Baojuan Ye [sup.1] , Shunying Zhao [sup.1] , Yadi Zeng [sup.1] , Chuansheng Chen [sup.2] , Yanzhen Zhang [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411862.8, 0000 0000 8732 9757, Center of [...]

Relational developmental systems (RDS) theory and ample evidence suggests that parent involvement in schools enhances middle-school age students' social development, including increased prosocial behaviors and reduced problem behaviors. However, the mechanism of the relationships is unclear, especially in Chinese context. The current study aimed to examine the mediating role of positive coping in the relationship of parent involvement in school and prosocial behaviors, problem behaviors among Chinese middle school students. Moreover, this study explored the correlations between prosocial and problem behaviors. A total of 1062 Chinese adolescents (M.sub.age = 11.73, 41% boys; 59% girls) completed the Parent Involvement in Schools Scale of Chinese Version (PISS-C), the Coping Style Scale of the Chinese Version (CSS-C), the Prosocial Behaviors Questionnaire of the Chinese Version (PBQ-C), and the Youth Self-Report Chinese Version (YSR-C). The results showed that positive coping mediated relationships between parent involvement in schools and prosocial behaviors, problem behaviors. Specifically, parent involvement in schools was positively related to positive coping. In turn, positive coping was positively associated with prosocial behaviors and negatively related to problem behaviors. Another finding revealed that prosocial behaviors was negatively correlated with problem behaviors. Limitations, future directions, and implications were discussed., Author(s): Angyang Li [sup.1] , Shuo Wang [sup.2] , Xiangping Liu [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.20513.35, 0000 0004 1789 9964, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, [...]

Different cohorts experience different societal environments and may have different life experiences. We therefore examined long-term changing trajectories of smartphone dependency among Korean adolescents by directly comparing two cohorts. To compare cohorts in terms of the changing trajectories of smartphone dependency, a latent growth modeling analysis was performed, followed by a multi-group analysis involving 1972 students (2013-2016, from students in the 7th-10th grade, female 48.7%, mean age = 12.95-15.95 years) and 2159 students (2010-2013, from students in the 7th to 10th grade, female 51.7%, mean age = 12.95-15.95 years) who participated in the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey. The cohorts differed significantly both in the initial value of smartphone dependency and the slope. The effect size of gender, parental affection, and parental interference on the smartphone dependency of adolescents varied according to cohort. Compared with the past cohort, the recent cohort demonstrated high smartphone dependency at an earlier age, which gradually declined afterward, and that smartphone dependency in the past cohort rapidly increased over time, although it was not as high at an earlier age as that of the recent cohort. Based on the findings, implications for practice, policy, and theory are discussed., Author(s): Changmin Yoo [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411970.a, 0000 0004 0532 6499, Department of Social Welfare, Hannam University, , 70, Hannam-ro, Daejeon, Daedeok-gu, Republic of Korea Introduction In many countries, [...]

Although the role of parenting on offspring's anxiety has burgeoned attention in the literature, a limited number of researches have taken into consideration maternal and paternal influence separately. Besides, the need for knowledge about the mechanisms involved in the continuity of this relationship remains. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the relationship between perceived parenting practices and trait anxiety during adulthood through difficulty in emotion regulation (ER), shame, and anger. The study was carried out with a community sample comprised of 544 adults (408 females and 136 males) aged between 18 and 50 (M = 26.52, SD = 7.30). Data was collected through the online administration of self-report measures including Short EMBU-Own Memories of Upbringing, Test of Self-Conscious Affect-3, Trait Anger Scale, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Form. The results of the hierarchical regression analysis revealed that only paternal rejection and maternal overprotection were the predictors of adult anxiety. In addition, difficulty in ER, shame, and anger all had significant mediator roles in these associations. Current findings highlight the different maternal and paternal parenting that might play a role in the origin of offspring's anxiety and provide an emotional model that might explain the endurance of this impact during adulthood., Author(s): Basak Bahtiyar [sup.1] , Tülin Gençöz [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411608.a, 0000 0001 1456 629X, Department of Psychology, Maltepe University, , Istanbul, Turkey (2) grid.6935.9, 0000 0001 1881 7391, [...]

The Emotions as a Child Scale (EAC) assesses five parental emotion socialization strategies for three emotions (anger, fear/anxiety, and sadness): reward, override, neglect, magnify, and punish. However, there is limited research on the factorial and cross-cultural validity and test-retest reliability of the EAC. In the current study, the validity and reliability of the anger socialization component of the EAC was examined among Japanese children and adolescents. In Study 1, to test factorial validity and predictive validity, 655 children and adolescents completed the EAC and a measure of depressive symptoms, and their parents completed a measure of child oppositional defiant behaviors. Neither the original five-factor model nor other previous models fit our data, and a two-factor model (supportive and unsupportive responses) was suggested by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The factorial and predictive validity were sufficient. In Study 2, to assess test-retest reliability and convergent validity, 406 children completed the EAC in two waves separated by a one-month interval and the Parental Bonding Instrument. The test-retest and convergent validity were sufficient. Overall, the Japanese version of the EAC showed adequate reliability and validity., Author(s): Minako Deno [sup.1] , Shuhei Iimura [sup.2] [sup.3] , Toshihiko Endo [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411867.d, 0000 0001 0356 8417, Musashino University, , 3-3-3 Ariake, Koutouku, 135-8181, Tokyo, Japan [...]