1. RELATOS DE VIOLENCIA Y MUERTE INDÍGENA EN LA FRONTERA ANDINA DEL NORTE DE CHILE (SIGLO XX)
- Author
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Hans Gundermann Kröll, Jorge Iván Vergara del Solar, and Héctor González Cortes
- Subjects
Cultural Studies ,Violencia física ,History ,education.field_of_study ,Population ,fronteras ,Dictatorship ,Civil servants ,Indigenous ,Spanish Civil War ,Anthropology ,Political science ,agentes estatales ,indígenas ,norte de Chile ,education ,Humanities - Abstract
espanolLa coaccion fisica de agentes estatales (policia, autoridades locales, funcionarios publicos, integrantes del ejercito) hacia los indigenas en el norte de Chile tiene caracteristicas propias si se la compara con la resistencia mapuche en la defensa de la tierra desde fines del siglo XIX hasta el termino de la dictadura. En ambos casos es comun que surja con ocasion de tensiones y conflictos entre particulares (hacendados y especuladores de tierras con indigenas; entre familias y comunidades indigenas; entre campesinos indigenas y no indigenas). Pero en las regiones andinas del norte del pais se trata de areas marginales de altura donde la presencia del Estado es, salvo momentos especiales, recurrentemente debil, a diferencia de la temprana formacion del Estado (y de una region agraria) en La Araucania. Adquieren importancia, en cambio, el control de fronteras (con Bolivia, Argentina y Peru) y la imposicion-disputa por la nacionalidad de la poblacion de regiones anexadas por la Guerra del Pacifico. Presentamos algunos casos en que la violencia de funcionarios publicos (policias, integrantes de las fuerzas armadas y funcionarios) se dirige a indigenas del espacio andino, sea que ello irrumpa en conflictos locales, o es el resultado de accion sin control (abuso de poder, represion) de agentes estatales. A veces de manera combinada. En los casos presentados la violencia y muerte se acompana de percepciones de extranjeridad, primitivismo e impunidad y, desde el lado indigena, como actos de arbitrariedad y sentimientos de impotencia. EnglishThe physical coercion of state agents (police, local authorities, public officials, members of the army) towards the indigenous people in northern Chile has its own characteristics when compared to the Mapuche resistance in the defense of the land from the end of the 19th century until the term of the dictatorship. In both cases, it is common that it arises on the occasion of tensions and conflicts between individuals (landowners and speculators of lands with indigenous people, between families and indigenous communities, between indigenous and non-indigenous peasants). However, in the Andean regions of the north of the country they are marginal areas of height where the presence of the State is, except for special moments, recurrently weak, unlike the early formation of the State (and of an agrarian region) in Araucania. On the other hand, the control of borders (with Bolivia, Argentina and Peru) and the imposition-dispute for the nationality of the population of regions annexed by the War of the Pacific acquire importance. We present some cases in which the violence of public officials (police, members of the armed forces and civil servants) is directed at indigenous people of the Andean space, whether it breaks into local conflicts, or is the result of uncontrolled action (abuse of power, repression) of state agents. Sometimes in a combined way. In the cases presented, violence and death are accompanied by perceptions of strangeness, primitivism and impunity and, from the indigenous side, as acts of arbitrariness and feelings of helplessness.
- Published
- 2019
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