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Background Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is the most prevalent substance use disorder in the United States. However, the current literature on AUD as a preoperative risk factor for Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (TSA) outcomes is limited. The purpose of this study was to identify the association of AUD with revision rates and 90-day postoperative complications in TSA. Methods A retrospective study was conducted using the PearlDiver database. Patients diagnosed with AUD were identified. Patients in remission or with underlying cirrhosis were excluded. Outcomes included 2-year revision, 90-day readmission, 90-day emergency, and 90-day post-operative medical complications. Analysis was performed with univariate chi-squared tests followed by multivariable logistic regression. Results A total of 59,261 patients who underwent TSA for osteoarthritis were identified, with 1522 patients having a diagnosis of AUD. Multivariable logistic regression showed that patients with AUD were more likely to undergo 2-year all-cause revision (OR = 1.49, p = 0.007), 2-year aseptic revision (OR = 1.47, p = 0.014), 90-day hospital readmission (OR = 1.57, p = 0.015), and 90-day transient mental disorder (OR = 2.13, p = 0.026). Conclusions AUD is associated with increased rates of 2-year revision surgery, as well as 90-day readmission and 90-day transient mental disorder following primary TSA for osteoarthritis. These findings may assist orthopedic surgeons in counseling patients with AUD during the pre-operative course.

The purpose of this article is to examine the problem of possible but unintended collusion between business schools and their Master of Business Administration (MBA) students, specifically as it relates to the recent need to promote ethical behaviour in business practice in a global context. The focal point of the article is on the relationship between MBA programmes and candidates in the context of guanxi in modern business and political environments. The article revisits the concept of guanxi philosophically and connects it to social responsibility and moral obligation in business education. The authors contend that guanxi may have been interpreted too loosely as networking, thus fostering an approach that ignores the important moral dimensions of the concept. The more philosophical approach, which includes such concepts as moral obligation, is recommended to safeguard the integrity of recruiting, student–teacher development, and the coursework of MBA programmes in the People’s Republic of China. In considering the practical implications, the article covers the re-examination of guanxi as a moral concept, the judicious application of caution when considering applicants based on their work experience, the use of free and independent academic judgment when questionable decisions and behaviours occur, and the open discussion of ethical decision-making in course activities.

Objective: This study examined the use, demographic and clinical correlates of antipsychotic polypharmacy (APP) and its associations with treatment satisfaction and quality of life (QOL) in schizophrenia patients in China. Method: A total of 4239 patients in 45 nationwide Chinese psychiatric hospitals/centers were interviewed in 2012 in the third cross-sectional study, with the first two having been conducted in 2002 and 2006. Patients’ socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, including psychopathology, side effects, satisfaction with treatment and QOL, were recorded using a standardized protocol and data collection procedure. Results: The proportion of APP prescriptions in 2012 was 34.2%, which was significantly higher than the frequency of APP in 2002 (26.1%) and 2006 (26.4%) ( p2=0.31, pConclusions: APP was found in about one in three schizophrenia patients. The prevalence of APP seems to have been increasing since 2002. Considering the increased frequency of drug-induced side effects and the patients’ and their relatives’ dissatisfaction with antipsychotic treatment, further examination of the rationale and appropriateness of APP and its alternatives is warranted.

Despite researchers’ increasing attention on customer sexual harassment, few studies have investigated its effects on the service performance of frontline employees. This study examined the link between customer sexual harassment, as perceived by frontline employees, and their service performance by focusing on the mediating role of difficulty in maintaining display rules and the moderating role of traditionality. The results from a field survey of 359 supervisor–subordinate dyads in a chain of restaurants in China provided evidence that difficulty in maintaining display rules mediates the negative relationship between customer sexual harassment and service performance. In addition, Chinese traditional values attenuate the relationship between customer sexual harassment and difficulty in maintaining display rules and the mediating effect of difficulty in maintaining display rules. Implications for theory, research and management practice are discussed.

Based on the perspective of organisational capability and learning orientation, this study posits that knowledge resources influence firm performance through a positive effect on organisational capability. Tests on a sample of 133 Chinese firms show that organisational learning orientation moderates in a positive relationship between knowledge resources and firm performance. A mediated moderation model is further tested and it is found that organisational capability mediates in the relationship linking the interaction between knowledge resources and learning orientation with firm performance. Discussions of theoretical and practical implications are included as well.

In contemporary discrete product design, to fulfil some of the design requirements (such as mechanical, thermal, etc.), the material properties (such as material composition) of a design should be graded so that a functionally graded material (FGM) object is produced. With the advent of solid freeform fabrication (SFF) or layer manufacturing (LM) technologies, FGM objects are now possible and there different modelling schemes are proposed for modelling and representing an FGM object. However, determining the proper material composition of an object is an issue to be considered and methodology must be investigated. In the current paper, a methodology is proposed and used to determine the material composition of the model based on the computer-aided engineering (CAE) analysis results. The issue of material composition selection is formulated as a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem and one of the MCDM methods — ELECTRE III — is employed in the proposed methodology for identifying the optimal material composition alternative for different regions of the model. Applying the methodology, an FGM object will be produced and a reinforced FGM prototype can be fabricated by an appropriate LM process. Apart from the FGM object, the application of the proposed methodology in rapid tooling (RT) will also be discussed.

This article examines the initial labor market outcome and the subsequent mobility process of Chinese immigrants in Colonial Hong Kong using complete work history data and event history modeling. Contrary to the rhetoric that Hong Kong is a capitalist paradise for adventurers, the data showed that immigrants were penalized in their initial class placement, subsequent mobility, and current income attainment. Differences in educational attainment and the lack of transferability of pre-migration human capital partly explained the attainment gap between immigrants and the natives. Yet the disadvantage of immigrants was also embedded in the local economic structure. The process of deindustrialization significantly lowered the chance of immigrants getting good first jobs when entering the labor market. Moreover, since deindustrialization benefited the natives by providing them with more opportunities in the service sector, it inadvertently widened the gap in upward mobility chances between natives and immigrants.

The literature on the development of global cities suggests that Hong Kong had qualified as a global city by the early 1990s. Using data from the Population Censuses, this paper documents the extent to which the process of social polarisation accompanied Hong Kong's globalisation. As predicted by the global city literature, Hong Kong experienced during the 1990s a process of occupational polarisation and widening income inequality as a result of its transformation from an industrial colony to a producer service-driven global city. The paper outlines the gender dimension in this polarisation process, and how the forces of migration contributed to the reshaping of the social structure so that it now resembles an 'hour-glass'. The findings largely support Sassen's hypotheses regarding the social consequences of global city development, but the paper also highlights the effect of local institutional contexts in mediating the impact of global forces.

Increasing the efficiency of rough machining operations can produce significant productivity improvement in mould and die making because most of the metal is removed in the roughing stage. In this paper, a high-efficiency 2.5-dimensional rough milling strategy for mould core machining is presented. The strategy consists of three different tool paths. The first tool path is generated on the basis of the convex hull boundary of a machining region. Owing to the absence of concave tool path segments, the convex hull based tool path can eliminate the chip load fluctuation problem encountered in corner cutting. The second tool path is an enhanced unidirectional straight-line tool path, which has the virtue of maintaining a steady cutting resistance throughout. The large staircases left behind by these two tool paths are refined by using the third tool path which is a contour-parallel tool path that cuts the mould core layer by layer in an upward manner. After applying these three tool paths, the stock material left on the mould core surface can be post-processed by the subsequent finish milling operation. A case study is illustrated to demonstrate the practicality of the presented rough milling strategy.

The research for this article surveyed 583 professional employees in Hong Kong and 121 managers of overseas companies operating in People’s Republic of China and identified the five most popular compensation components to attract and motivate employees. People in Hong Kong identified base salary, merit pay, year-end bonus, annual leave, mortgage loans and profit sharing as the most important components for attracting and motivating employees. Employees in People’s Republic of China cited base salary, year-end bonus, merit pay, housing provisions, annual leave and individual bonus as the most important components to attract and motivate employees. Because of a number of cultural and socioeconomic factors, the cash mentality is still a very important factor in attracting and motivating employees in Hong Kong and People’s Republic of China.

This study compared age stereotypes among 567 respondents sampled in the UK and Hong Kong and examined how these stereotypes were related to discriminatory attitudes at work. Compared to the Hong Kong sample, UK respondents saw older workers as more effective at work, but less adaptable to change. As expected, respondents' own age was predictive of positive age stereotypes, although for supervisors this relationship was moderated in the case of perceptions of work effectiveness. Stereotypical beliefs were found to significantly affect respondents' attitudes towards the training, promotion and retention of older workers, their willingness to work with older workers, and their support for positive discrimination. Findings also suggest that anti-age discrimination policies in the respondent's organization had a positive impact on beliefs about the adaptability of older workers and possibly also on attitudes towards providing them with training. Implications of the findings were discussed in light of the existing socio-political environment in the UK and Hong Kong.

Despite the growing interest in comparative human resource management, comparison of international reward management practices is a neglected area. This article reports on a research project undertaken in 1995 that looked at managerial reward systems within three organizations operating in two different geographical locations. It focuses on three international banks in Hong Kong and London. The aim was to identify the overall strategic reward philosophy of each bank and the form and content of the reward systems for managers in each location. The findings indicate that the shape and substantive content of the reward package was not predetermined by cultural or environmental considerations but that these are important influences on how global pay strategies are interpreted at national level. The marked differences in the banking industry labour markets of the two locations was a major determinant. A significant element of localized decision taking was accompanied by similarities in practice and broad reward philosophy between the two locations and the three institutions. However, the research suggests that the cultural interpretation put on the forms of payment—particularly perforrnance-related pay— may be different in the two locations. While the same terms may be used for overall descriptions of the content and philosophy of the reward strategy, cultural and environmental factors mean that the reality may be rather different.

The Chinese urban economy has undergone substantial transformation since the industrial reforms in 1984. This article seeks to understand the impact of economic reforms on the institutional settings of the workplace, as seen from the workers' perspective, and their subsequent influence on workers' well-being, as indicated by job satisfaction. Data were collected from a 1996 survey of 300 urban workers in Shanghai, who were engaged in six organizations, including two state enterprises, two joint ventures and two private enterprises. Findings show that despite the long hours and relatively low income, workers in private enterprises report the most optimistic outlook for themselves in the organization as well as for the future development of the organization, and the highest level of job satisfaction. After controlling for the sociodemographic characteristics of workers and types of economic ownership, expectations for the future development of the organization is found to be the most significant predictor for job satisfaction. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Two studies were conducted respectively to examine the reliability and validity of the standard Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), and a 10-item shorter version of the same test. In particular, the scale's usefulness as a screening instrument for depression among the Hong Kong Chinese elderly was investigated. In addition to the SDS, the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Chinese Hamilton Depression Scale were used to assess the convergent validity of the SDS. Data were collected from 113 nondepressed community-dwelling and 80 depressed elderly subjects. The findings showed that both the original and the shorter version of the SDS were highly reliable and valid. Both versions were appropriate for use as screening instruments for geriatric depression in Hong Kong. When compared with the original scale, the shorter version appeared to be slightly superior in its sensitivity and specificity in discriminating between the depressed and nondepressed subjects.

There is little information on the prescription practice for chronic schizophrenics, especially in Asia. A survey in a mental hospital in Hong Kong revealed a high mean daily dose of antipsychotics and a high frequency of use of anticholinergic drugs. The significance of these findings is discussed.

Acne is a highly visible and common skin disorder which is potentially disfiguring and associated with adverse emotional responses in adolescents, who are markedly sensitive to body image changes. Two psychologically vulnerable Chinese girls are reported, in whom traditional health concepts reinforced dieting behaviour, led to weight loss, regression of acne and eventually anorexia nervosa. The intricate interactions of acne, health beliefs, dieting behaviour and eating disorders are discussed.

There are very few studies on the pattern of neuroleptic prescription for schizophrenics in Asia. 106 schizophrenic patients in a psychiatric unit of a general teaching hospital in Hong Kong were surveyed. The mean daily dose (in chlorpromazine equivalent) was low (568.5mg). The mean daily dose of high potency agents was four times that of low potency agents. A high frequency of use of anticholinergic drugs may indicate that Chinese are more susceptible to acute extrapyramidal side-effects.

Autoantibodies and T cells reacting with islet proteins have been demonstrated in type 1 and type 1.5 diabetes patients. In contrast, classic autoantibody type 2 diabetes patients are negative for T cell responses to islet proteins. In this study, we investigated whether there is a subset of adult type 2 diabetes patients who are autoantibody (ICA/IAA/GAD/IA-2) negative but who have T cell responses to islet proteins. Furthermore, an immunoregulatory circuit (IL-10/IL-12) has been proposed to play a critical role in modulating development of autoimmunity. In this study, we investigated T cell proliferative responses to islet proteins using cellular immunoblotting and cytokine responses (IL-10 and IL-12) using ELISPOT to sonicated islets and soluble insulin. Amongst 15 autoantibody (ICA/IAA/GAD/IA-2) negative type 2 diabetes patients we identified six who demonstrated T cell proliferative responses to islet proteins and 9 patients who were negative for T cell proliferative responses to islet proteins. We then asked whether there was a difference in the IL-10/IL-12 ratio to islet proteins and insulin, using ELISPOT, and whether there was a difference in beta-cell function between patients who were T cell positive or T cell negative. Fasting and glucagon-stimulated C-peptide levels were used to assess beta-cell function. The IL-10/IL-12 ratio was higher in response to human sonicated islets and insulin in the T cell negative type 2 patients compared to the T cell positive patients, though not significant (p=0.09). Mean fasting c-peptide was not different between the two groups. However, the stimulated c-peptide was significantly (p≤0.05) lower in the patients with T cell responses to islet proteins compared to the patients negative for T cell responses. This data suggests that T cell proliferative and cytokine responses to islet proteins may identify amongst autoantibody negative type 2 diabetes patients, those patients with islet cell autoimmunity and more severe Beta-cell dysfunction. Thus, measurement of T cell responses to islet proteins in addition to detection of islet autoantibodies may aid in identifying patients with more severe Beta-cell dysfunction.