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The article offers information about the documents, papers and reports related to law. The report titled "Criminal Jury Trials: Challenges for Cause Procedures," discusses the final policy positions of the criminal rules in Canada. The paper "Keeping the Right People on the DNA Database," published in Great Britain, reports the benefits of DNA and fingerprints in bringing out justice against the criminals. A consultation paper from Australia, "Model Spent Convictions Bill," is also presented.

Copyright of Journal of European Social Policy is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper considers how three jurisdictions, Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom, have sought to reconcile freedom of religion with equality rights, particularly in the commercial context, and particularly in relation to sexual orientation. The recent decisions of the United Kingdom Supreme Court and United States Supreme Court form the backdrop for that discussion. It is argued that the former made piecemeal, and misleading, use of American case law, and a fuller consideration of that jurisdiction's position was warranted, and would have led to a different view of the recent American decision. It argues that the United Kingdom Supreme Court was in error in viewing a message on a cake ordered from a baker as an example of the baker's expression, leading it to an incorrect conclusion at odds with statutory mandates in the commercial sphere around refusals of service. Both high court decisions risk undermining progress on the equality front. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The prescribing of opioids has increased internationally in developed countries in recent decades within primary and secondary care. The majority of patients with chronic non-malignant pain (CNMP) are managed by their general practitioner (GP). Recent qualitative studies have examined the issue of opioid prescribing for CNMP from a GP viewpoint. The aim of this study is to identify and synthesise the qualitative literature describing the factors influencing the nature and extent of opioid prescribing by GPs for patients with CNMP in primary care. Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Database, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, CINAHL and Web of Science were systematically searched from January 1986 to February 2018. The full text of included articles was reviewed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool for qualitative research. The papers were coded by two researchers and themes organised using Thematic Network Analysis. Themes were constructed in a hierarchical manner, basic themes informed organising themes which informed global themes. A theoretical model was derived using global themes to explain the interplay between factors influencing opioid prescribing decisions. Results: From 7020 records, 21 full text papers were assessed, and 13 studies included in the synthesis; 9 were from the United States, 3 from the United Kingdom and 1 from Canada. Four global themes emerged: suspicion, risk, agreement and encompassing systems level factors. These global themes are inter-related and capture the complex decision-making processes underlying opioid prescribing whereby the physician both consciously and unconsciously quantifies the risk–benefit relationship associated with initiating or continuing an opioid prescription. Conclusion: Recognising the inherent complexity of opioid prescribing and the limitations of healthcare systems is crucial to developing opioid stewardship strategies to combat the rise in opioid prescription morbidity and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The financial sustainability of publicly funded health care systems is a challenge to policymakers in many countries as health care absorbs an ever increasing share of both national wealth and government spending. New technology, aging populations and increasing public expectations of the health care system are often cited as reasons why health care systems need ever increasing funding as well as reasons why universal and comprehensive public systems are unsustainable. However, increases in health care spending are not usually linked to corresponding increases in need for care within populations. Attempts to promote financial sustainability of systems such as limiting the range of services is covered or the groups of population covered may compromise their political sustainability as some groups are left to seek private cover for some or all services. In this paper, an alternative view of financial sustainability is presented which identifies the failure of planning and management of health care to reflect needs for care in populations and to integrate planning and management functions for health care expenditure, health care services and the health care workforce. We present a Health Care Sustainability Framework based on disaggregating the health care expenditure into separate planning components. Unlike other approaches to planning health care expenditure, this framework explicitly incorporates population health needs as a determinant of health care requirements, and provides a diagnostic tool for understanding the sources of expenditure increase. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The vast majority of research and efforts towards greater care coordination have taken place at the level of single, sovereign organizations, or at the level of networks formed to address the need for cross-organizational collaboration. The recently emerging ecosystem level of analysis and intervention is still under-researched, with few if any available innovation practices that match the complexity experienced at the level of care ecosystems. Beginning with the challenge of care coordination, we discuss what care ecosystems are and how they can be defined and describe the possibilities and opportunities that come when viewing care coordination through an ecosystem lens. We underpin our plea for an ecosystem approach to health and social care coordination with seven lessons, which we draw from an extensive study of 15 care ecosystem cases from seven different countries. We end the paper with an appeal for further research in this promising field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rule that ignorance or mistake of law is no excuse is one of the pillars of the criminal law. However, it can prove problematic in some cases including those where an individual commits an offence in reliance on incorrect official advice. This paper argues that the orthodox judicial approach to such claims fails to address the concern that the defendant is held responsible for what is essentially the state's own mistake. Rather than advocating a full defence of officially induced error of law, a more appropriate solution is for the court to exercise its inherent jurisdiction to prevent an abuse of process by staying the proceedings. This ‘procedural’ approach, which identifies the state's role in the commission of the offence, has recently been adopted by the Supreme Court of Canada, and has the potential to be applied in other common law jurisdictions including Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The racial demographic shift occurring in many Western countries provides a unique context to study the reactions of a high-power group (White people) to the potential loss of their privileged position in society. Three experiments (N = 77, N = 302, N = 555) conducted in Canada, the US, and the UK showed that White people who are reminded about the ongoing demographic changes and who see race relations as a zero-sum game whereby any gains by minorities must come at the expense of the majority, experience stronger collective angst and, to a lesser extent, fear (but not anger). In turn, collective angst, but not the other negative group-based emotions, fuels their motivation to protect the existing intergroup hierarchy by withdrawing support for progressive social movements and increases anti-immigration sentiments. Downregulating the existential threat experienced by White majorities in the face of a racial demographic shift may be one way to reduce acrimonious behavioral intentions aimed at preserving their place in the social hierarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on several legal notices from countries including Canada and Great Britain. It informs that lawyer Anthony Campbell has been appointed for public inquiry related to court case HM Advocate v McKie in 1999 for fingerprints identification and verification in Scotland. It highlights the publication of update related to the report entitled "Prevention of Miscarriages of Justice" in Canada to protection against future miscarriages in law and justice.

In 1938 Sir Gerald Campbell arrived in Ottawa to take up the position as the United Kingdom’s high commissioner. Not much has been written about the man or his period in office (1938—41). Indeed, the sketchy and simplistic assessments of Campbell, which historians on both sides of the Atlantic have relied on for more than four decades, are seriously flawed and out of date. Using the fraught negotiations of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan as a backcloth, and in the light of the rich archival material now available, the article seeks to redress and revise the hitherto poor assessment of Campbell’s performance as Britain’s third high commissioner in Canada. Far from being a weak or second-rate official who was constantly being manipulated by the wily and politically savvy dominion premier W.L. Mackenzie King, Campbell proved more than equal to the challenge. However, this analysis is not simply an examination of the personal and professional relationships between Campbell and Mackenzie King. An examination of Campbell’s career in Canada provides an important insight into the ever-changing relationship between Britain and its increasingly restless dominion partners, which overlapped with a critical period of the Second World War when Britain and its empire stood virtually alone against the Axis powers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article reports on events and changes related to the judicial system of several countries including Australia, Canada and Great Britain. It states that Victoria and New South Wales released publications that recommend changes to the complex trial system of Australia on criminal cases. It adds that the Law Society published reports regarding evidence presentation in England and the European Union (EU). Moreover, it offers information on the Coroners and Justice Act of 2009 of Great Britain.

Copyright of International Journal of Maritime History is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents an argumentation regarding the impact of the similarities of key features of the British and Canadian markets on the latter's experience on cable systems. It states that the cultural and employment implications of the financial success of cable in Great Britain depends on its responsibility in bringing the U.S. programming in the country. It also explores the discouraging prospects for pay-television (TV) as its size mitigates against the proliferation of pay channels.

Within science and technology studies, there is an established tradition of examining publics' knowledge of, trust in, access to and engagement with science, but less attention has been paid to whether and why publics identify with science. While this is understandable given the field's interest in bridging gaps between publics and producers of scientific knowledge, it leaves unanswered questions about how science forms part of people's worldviews and fits into cultural politics and conflict. Based on 123 interviews and 16 focus groups with mixed religious and nonreligious publics and scientists in the United Kingdom and Canada, this article utilises approaches from the sociology of (non)religion to delineate varieties of science identification. It maps out 'practical', 'norm-based', 'civilisational' and 'existential' identifications and explores how these interrelate with people's social characteristics. The article illustrates how science identification is typically dependent on a constellation of cultural/political influences rather than just emerging out of interest in science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study was conducted with a convenience sample of 20 South Asian women experiencing domestic violence in the United States. The results explore the patterns of abuse as well as the factors and circumstances (i.e. turning points) that motivated South Asian women to change in the context of the stage that they were in as per the Landenburger model (binding, enduring, disengaging, and recovery). The four themes that emerged from the interviews and analysis are (1) 'Timing and Frequency of abuse', (2) 'Methods of control – financial, isolation and suspicion', (3) 'Cycle of Abuse', and (4)' Turning Points – motivation to change'. Implications for practice and policy-level changes for abused South Asian women in the United States are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article disaggregates high- and low-status care work across eight liberal welfare regimes: Australia, Canada, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. Using Luxembourg Income Study data, descriptive and multivariate analyses provide support for a 'migrant in the market' model of employment, notwithstanding variation across countries. The data demonstrate a wage penalty in both high- and low-status care employment in several liberal welfare regimes, with the latter (service jobs in health, education and social work) more likely to be part-time and situated in the private sector. Migrant care workers are found to work disproportionately in low-status, low-wage types of care and, in some cases, to incur additional wage penalties compared to native-born care workers with equivalent human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers points of convergence and divergence in English-language publications in the sociology of professions. While research on professions in the US, UK, Canada and Western Europe shares many similarities, UK researchers have devoted more attention to professional regulation, while their US counterparts focus instead on organizational challenges facing professionals. Contrasting these empirical and theoretical approaches opens up new research directions, and highlights the importance of socio-historical and cultural context to professions. More international and comparative work is required to develop a better understanding of professions and professional regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article develops a rhetorical analysis of how older adults in Canada and the UK engage with civic-moral imperatives of healthy living. The analysis draws on Burke’s concepts of ‘symbolic hierarchies’ and the ‘rhetoric of rebirth’ to explore how participants discursively negotiate the moralizing framework of self-regulation and self-improvement central to healthy eating discourse, in particular. Working from the premise that healthy eating is a ‘principle of perfection’ that citizens are encouraged to strive to achieve, the article traces the vocabularies and logical distinctions of ‘guilt’, ‘purification’ and ‘redemption’ in participants’ accounts of what healthy eating means to them. This analysis reveals some of the complex, situated and often strategic ways in which they rearticulate and reconfigure the normative imperatives of healthy eating in ways suited to their lived experience and their priorities for health and well-being in older age. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Disability scholars and activists argue that ‘care’ is a complex form of oppression and reject it as a term and concept. I explore the possibility of salvaging care from its oppressive medical and charitable legacies through a discussion of personal assistance. While not arguing for a return to terming personal assistance ‘care’, I argue care can be made accessible in policies and discussions of attendant services and in more general discussions related to care. Like the built environment, care requires ‘retrofitting’ as in updating existing structures to fully include disability perspectives. This requires redefining care as a complex tension. Accessibility also evokes the sense of ‘at hand’; keeping care at hand in policy discussions allows us to consider transformative feminist conceptualizations of care and captures intricate relationships between attendants and disabled people, including people with intellectual disabilities. Most importantly, accessible versions of care always acknowledge the oppressive legacies and coercive potentials of care. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The relationship between foster children and carers' own offspring has been investigated in many studies within foster care. However, while general patterns and outcomes have been established, the explanations underlying this relationship are more likely to be found in the common themes of smaller studies based on psychological theories published in academic and professional journals. This review by Hayley Thompson and Susan McPherson examines 14 published articles describing 12 different research studies, all exploring the experience of living with foster siblings, as described by the birth children of foster carers. These 12 studies include primarily qualitative evidence, although four also use forced choice and open response questionnaires. Taken together, the studies reviewed reflect the experiences of 1,102 children, aged between three and 32 years. They discuss the positive gains of fostering, the experience of loss, the conflict experienced, the transitions made and ways in which children manage the foster sibling relationship. These findings are discussed in relation to psychological theories, and proposals for future research and clinical practice are outlined. Conclusions are also drawn about the contribution of small-scale studies published in journals in disseminating research findings about fostered children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the specifications of education and credentials of information technology (IT) workers. According to human capital theory, there is a close relationship between education, skills and the success of the labor market. However, other theorists hold that educational credentials may limit access to good jobs, and prevents passage to jobs where skills are learned. In countries such as Canada and Great Britain, IT groups have sought to have government legislation recognize job credentials in order to pursue social closure. It is concluded that in the case of IT, educational credentials are significant, not because of the skills and knowledge, but because they show an ability and willingness to learn.

This article considers how we are to understand democratic media activism, which has recently burgeoned in Canada, the UK and the USA. What is its political significance and potential? Is it a new social movement, a new style of politics cutting across movements, or are new concepts needed? Drawing illustratively upon interviews with media activists, notably in Vancouver, we explore insights offered by social movement theory - including resource mobilization formulations and the new social movement theories of Melucci, Habermas, Cohen and Arato, and Fraser. While all these traditions offer valuable insights, media activism reveals limitations in existing conceptualizations. It has some of the characteristics of a movement, but lacks a distinct collective identity or niche within movement ecology. It may be destined to be a boundary-transgressing nodal point for other movements, articulating a coherent project for radical democracy, rather than a movement-for-itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guidelines for the assessment of learners with English as an Additional Language (EAL) in Great Britain maintain the importance of teacher assessment as a component in the reporting process. In the British context, the national arrangement for the assessment of EAL learners is based on a combination of National Curriculum descriptors developed for mother tongue speakers together with supplementary descriptors in A language in common and a wide range of EAL descriptors generated by local education authorities and schools. In contrast, countries such as Australia, the U.S. and Canada have developed assessment frameworks specifically for use with EAL learners, both within specialized language programs and in mainstream education. In this article the authors explore how an analysis of EAL assessment can be enriched through international perspectives embedded in policy documents. This review is based on a critical evaluation undertaken for an ongoing research project funded by the National Association for Language Development in the Curriculum and the Paul Hamlyn Foundation. The project aims to provide comparative data on assessment systems which would be informative in the British context and evaluates six assessment frameworks.

Conrad notes that non-medical personnel often accomplish the routine, everyday work of medicalization. This is particularly so in the case of Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder, where teachers, special educators and school psychologists identify, assess and administer medication to 'problematic' children. Drawing on data from interviews with Canadian and British mothers of ADD/ADHD children, this article explores mothers' perceptions of educators' roles in medicalizing children who are different, comparing medicalization in two divergent sites. In Canada, where ADD/ADHD is a highly medicalized phenomenon, and teachers have few alternative forms of social control available to them in classrooms, it appears that educators are prepared to identify problem children and press for medical treatment with remarkable vigor. In Britain, where medicalization remains incomplete, and where teachers and special educators have more stringent alternative forms of social control available to them, educators were often described as gatekeepers who will refuse the label or to administer medication. KEYWORDS Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder; disabilities; education; medicalization; special needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the changing relationship between politicians and television, emphasizing on the prime ministers of Australia, Canada and Great Britain. The author looks into the connection between politics and television, particularly in the formation of political structures and electoral strategies. He also looks into the influence of television on political processes in the three countries.

The article recaps the health care systems and the reform process in the U.S., Canada and Great Britain, discussed during the Anglo-American Conference held from May 18 to 20, 1994. Accountability in health care demands quality health information. Proper management is necessary when deciding to implement advances in medical technology. Several recommendations are given to manage the supply of physicians in countries and the health care reform process.

The article presents a perspective on health care reform in the U.S., Canada and Great Britain. There is a need to improve the provision of health care to those underserved populations in inner cities. Medical practitioners must be motivated, disciplined and educated to better the health care system.

The article presents information on the objectives of the "Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine." People in the U.S., Canada and Great Britain have benefited from the resurgence of interest in health care reform. The journal's objectives are important to implementing change in the health care system.