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The object of research is the system and schemes of conformity assessment (certification) of cybersecurity of operational technologies (OT), as a set of rules and procedures that describe the objects of certification, determine the specified requirements and provide a methodology for certification. The terminological base and conceptual apparatus of the study of cybersecurity certification of operational technologies are based on the international standard ISO 17000:2020 Conformity assessment – Vocabulary and general principles. Cybersecurity certification systems and schemes are based on assessment standards, the choice and application of which is not unambiguous and historically has many interpretations and application mechanisms. These standards consist of tools, policies, security concepts, security assurances, guidelines, risk management approaches, best practices, safeguards, and technologies. But they have, to one degree or another, a significant drawback – the complexity of transforming the results of information security assessment according to these standards into security guarantees with any wide international recognition. In the context of globalization, this significantly degrades the cybersecurity quality. The main hypothesis of research is that the cybersecurity quality can be improved by converging towards a common methodology that is based on agreed international standards and international best practice for certification. The question of the key role of cybersecurity for operational technologies, which become the basis for Economy 4.0 and are now considered as a new frontier of cybersecurity, is considered. The need to create a system and schemes for certification of OT cybersecurity based on international and European certification principles is shown. A hierarchical model of cybersecurity certification system assessment standards and a hierarchical model of agreements on mutual recognition of cybersecurity certificates have been developed, which will allow a systematic approach to the creation of a system and schemes for OT cybersecurity certification. This provides an opportunity for developers of systems and certification schemes to form OT cybersecurity certification systems based on the principles of wide cross-border recognition of OT cybersecurity certificates.

Utilization of heat from gases leaving the waelz process is a promising way to increase its energy efficiency and environmental safety. Taking into account the gas dustiness, the most rational is the use of a loop air heater, which is a multi-pass and multi-section heat exchanger with a complex mixed scheme of coolant movement. In modern conditions, when the methods and means of calculation of such devices are simplified, the task of obtaining improved methods and means of calculation, determining the efficiency and reliability of their work is relevant. Two mathematical models of the process of heat transfer and hydroaerodynamics in a multi-pass tubular air heater with a cross-circuit of coolants are used. The developed models for the loop air heater are based on the main methods of thermal calculation: a simpler method of correction factor to the average logarithmic temperature pressure and a discrete P-NTU method, which allows obtaining local thermal characteristics of the surface. Diagrams of distribution of heat transfer coefficients, heat transfer, local temperatures of flue gases, air and pipe walls are constructed. The influence of dust and dust particle size on heat transfer is determined. When the flue gas dust is 50g/Nm3and with a dust particle size of 1μm, the heat transfer coefficient increases by 12%. The application of the air heater design with different schemes of coolant movement is substantiated. The developed universal methods allow determining the thermal productivity of heat exchangers and obtaining the distribution of local temperature characteristics on the heating surface. It is also possible to identify places of possible overheating of the heat exchange surface and the course of corrosion processes, taking into account the design of recuperators, operating conditions, operating modes and different schemes of coolant movement

The development of technology has increased the need for composite materials, where the technology of composite materials with naturalfiberreinforcement is growing.The existence of naturalfiberis very abundant, and it has not been fully utilized. Until now, the use ofcoconutfiberwas still limited to the furniture and household handicraft industries.Coconutcoirfiberhas the potential as a raw material for composite materials. The lack ofstrengthof the bonds is due to the hydrophobicfiber, and thefibersurfaceis less rough, and dirty. This study evaluates the coirsurfacecharacteristic of thefiberand its bounding with the polyester matrix after being treated bylimestonewater. The scanning electron microscope was used for observingfibersurfaces andsurfacematrix.Thewettabilitytest to observefibersurfaceenergy was performed.Interfaceshearstrengthto evaluate the bonds between fibers and matrix was determined.Coconutcoir fibers were immersed inlimestonewater, with a 5% percentage oflimestoneand time variations of 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20hours. The scanning microscope electron observations of fibers show that thefibersurfacetends to be clean, rough, and grooved. The highestsurfaceenergy was obtained at 40.74mN/m during thelimestonewaterimmersion for 8hours. The highest value of theinterfaceshearstrengthbetween thefiberand the matrix is 3.80MPa during 8-hour immersion, 0, 4, 12, 16, and 20-hour immersion, respectively, 3.02, 3.09, 3.52, 3.47, and 4.40MPa. The results showed that coirfiberwithlimestonewaterimmersion for 8hours had a clean, rough, and groovedsurfaceso that the bond between thefiberand matrix was better. This research shows thatlimestonewatercan be used as afibertreatmentmedium whichwasnatural

The object of research in science and technology valleys and technology incubators, which for governments are the best investment of the scientific energies of scientists and innovators. As they are a link between research institutions and the industrial and service sectors, and as they transfer ideas and research results to different markets. This research aims to highlight the importance of Localization science and technology valleys and technological incubators related to nuclear activities, as they are one of the important tributaries to support the owners of the ideas of ambitious nuclear projects. The research also aims to shed light on the problems and obstacles that hinder the achievement of the desired goals of nuclear activities, such as: – the lack of information in the fields related to it; – the scarcity of expertise needed to implement it; – the lack of funding; – the absence of investors in this highly specific «nuclear» sector. The research presents the extent of the possibility of Localization those nuclear activities in Egypt through establishment valleys and incubators so that through this Localization there is an integrated environment of services and support that will ensure their development, raise their growth rates, and increase their efficiency. It is will lead to an increase in the chances of their success and sustainability, especially since Nuclear technology is used in many fields of industry, medicine, and agriculture. The research highlight the provisions of Egyptian Law regarding science, technology, and innovation incentives, as well as Egyptian Law establishing the Innovators Care Fund, to determine the possibility of establishing these valleys and incubators through the provisions of Egyptian legislation. Obtained results will have reached a great impact in encouraging investors and financiers to enter into technological partnerships with nuclear agencies in Egypt for the sake of safe investment in the elements associated with nuclear materials., Об'єктом дослідження є науково-технічні долини та технологічні інкубатори, які для урядів є найкращим вкладенням наукової енергії вчених і новаторів. Оскільки вони є сполучною ланкою між дослідницькими установами та промисловим сектором, і сектором послуг, а також передають ідеї та результати досліджень на різні ринки. Це дослідження спрямоване на те, щоб підкреслити важливість локалізації науково-технічних долин і технологічних інкубаторів, пов'язаних з ядерною діяльністю, оскільки вони є одним з важливих джерел підтримки власників ідей амбітних ядерних проектів. Дослідження також направлено на те, щоб пролити світло на проблеми та загрози, які перешкоджають досягненню бажаних цілей ядерної діяльності, такі як: – відсутність інформації в областях, пов'язаних з нею; – брак досвіду, необхідного для його реалізації; – відсутність фінансування; – відсутність інвесторів в цьому вузькоспеціалізованому «атомному» секторі. У дослідженні представлена можливість локалізації цієї ядерної діяльності в Єгипті за допомогою створення долин і інкубаторів, щоб щоб завдяки цій локалізації була інтегрована середовище послуг та підтримки, що забезпечить їх розвиток, підвищить темпи їх зростання, а також їх ефективність. Це призведе до збільшення їх шансів на успіх і стійкість, особливо з урахуванням того, що ядерні технології використовуються в багатьох галузях промисловості, медицини та сільського господарства. У дослідженні висвітлюються положення єгипетського законодавства, що стосуються стимулів в науці, технологіях і інноваціях, а також єгипетського закону про заснування Фонду допомоги новаторам, щоб визначити можливість створення цих долин та інкубаторів відповідно до положень єгипетського законодавства. Отримані результати нададуть великий вплив на заохочення інвесторів і фінансистів до вступу в технологічне партнерство з ядерними агентствами в Єгипті заради безпечних інвестицій в елементи, пов'язані з ядерними матеріалами., Об'єктом дослідження є науково-технічні долини та технологічні інкубатори, які для урядів є найкращим вкладенням наукової енергії вчених і новаторів. Оскільки вони є сполучною ланкою між дослідницькими установами та промисловим сектором, і сектором послуг, а також передають ідеї та результати досліджень на різні ринки. Це дослідження спрямоване на те, щоб підкреслити важливість локалізації науково-технічних долин і технологічних інкубаторів, пов'язаних з ядерною діяльністю, оскільки вони є одним з важливих джерел підтримки власників ідей амбітних ядерних проектів. Дослідження також направлено на те, щоб пролити світло на проблеми та загрози, які перешкоджають досягненню бажаних цілей ядерної діяльності, такі як: – відсутність інформації в областях, пов'язаних з нею; – брак досвіду, необхідного для його реалізації; – відсутність фінансування; – відсутність інвесторів в цьому вузькоспеціалізованому «атомному» секторі. У дослідженні представлена можливість локалізації цієї ядерної діяльності в Єгипті за допомогою створення долин і інкубаторів, щоб завдяки цій локалізації було інтегровано середовище послуг та підтримки, що забезпечить їх розвиток, підвищить темпи їх зростання, а також їх ефективність. Це призведе до збільшення їх шансів на успіх і стійкість, особливо з урахуванням того, що ядерні технології використовуються в багатьох галузях промисловості, медицини та сільського господарства. У дослідженні висвітлюються положення єгипетського законодавства, що стосуються стимулів в науці, технологіях і інноваціях, а також єгипетського закону про заснування Фонду допомоги новаторам, щоб визначити можливість створення цих долин та інкубаторів відповідно до положень єгипетського законодавства. Отримані результати нададуть великий вплив на заохочення інвесторів і фінансистів до вступу в технологічне партнерство з ядерними агентствами в Єгипті заради безпечних інвестицій в елементи, пов'язані з ядерними матеріалами.

The nutritional value of food is one of the most important factors that determine the health of the population. In the macaroni market, dietary and functional products, fortified macaroni products and products of high nutritional value occupy a small segment that does not exceed 1%. In this regard, the development of an assortment of pasta with increased nutritional value, with a directionally changed chemical composition, is relevant. In the pasta industry, an increase in the nutritional and biological value of products is achieved through the introduction of non-traditional types of raw materials and special food additives into the recipe. To reduce the deteriorating effect of corn and amaranth flour on the pasta properties of flour from durum wheat, ionized water was used with a concentration of ions of 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000units/cm3 and ozone of 2mg/l. It was found that ionized water has a positive effect on the properties of gluten and the quality of pasta with the addition of corn and amaranth flour. It was determined that the best quality of pasta is achieved when using ionized water with an ion concentration of 3,000units/cm3 and ozone 2mg/l and at dosages of amaranth flour 17.5%, corn flour – 20% to pasta flour. Summing up the results of the experimental study, the amount of prescription components for the production of pasta with high nutritional and biological value was optimized, Пищевая ценность продуктов питания является одним из важнейших факторов, определяющих здоровье населения. На рынке макарон диетические и функциональные продукты, обогащенные макаронные изделия и продукты с высокой пищевой ценностью занимают небольшой сегмент, не превышающий 1 %. В связи с этим актуальной является разработка ассортимента макаронных изделий с повышенной пищевой ценностью с направленным изменением химического состава. В макаронной промышленности повышение пищевой и биологической ценности продуктов достигается за счет введения в рецептуру нетрадиционных видов сырья и специальных пищевых добавок. Для снижения негатиного влияния кукурузной и амарантовой муки на свойства макарон из муки из твердых сортов пшеницы использовали ионизированную воду с концентрацией ионов 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 ед/см3 и озона 2 мг/л. Установлено, что ионизированная вода положительно влияет на свойства клейковины и качество макаронных изделий с добавлением кукурузной и амарантовой муки. Выявлено, что наилучшее качество макаронных изделий достигается при использовании ионизированной воды с концентрацией ионов 3000 ед/см3 и озона 2 мг/л и при добавлении амарантовой муки 17,5%, кукурузной муки 20% к макаронной муке. По результатам экспериментального исследования было оптимизировано количество рецептурных компонентов для производства макарон с высокой пищевой и биологической ценностью, Харчова цінність продуктів харчування є одним з найважливіших факторів, що визначають здоров'я населення. На ринку макаронів дієтичні та функціональні продукти, збагачені макаронні вироби та продукти з високою харчовою цінністю займають невеликий сегмент, що не перевищує 1%. У зв'язку з цим актуальною є розробка асортименту макаронних виробів з підвищеною харчовою цінністю з спрямованою зміною хімічного складу. У макаронній промисловості підвищення харчової та біологічної цінності продуктів досягається за рахунок введення в рецептуру нетрадиційних видів сировини і спеціальних харчових добавок. Для зниження негатиного впливу кукурудзяного і амарантового борошна на властивості макаронів з борошна з твердих сортів пшениці використовували іонізовану воду з концентрацією іонів 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000од/см3 і озону 2мг/л. Встановлено, що іонізована вода позитивно впливає на властивості клейковини і якість макаронних виробів з додаванням кукурудзяного і амарантового борошна. Виявлено, що найкраща якість макаронних виробів досягається при використанні іонізованої води з концентрацією іонів 3000 од/см3 і озону 2мг/л і при додаванні амарантового борошна 17,5%, кукурудзяного борошна 20% до макаронного борошна. За результатами експериментального дослідження було оптимізовано кількість рецептурних компонентів для виробництва макаронів з високою харчовою та біологічною цінністю

The quality of reception, as well as the processing and demodulation of the input signal in the telecommunication systems' networks, are closely related to the quality indicators in the functioning of one of the subsystems of these networks, namely a phase synchronization system. This work has directly considered the issues related to improving the performance and reducing the transitional component of the phase error generated by transition processes in the combined synchronization system. A mathematical model has been built that makes it possible to synthesize a disrupted link in the synchronization system of a telecommunication network meeting the condition for a decrease in the transitional component of the phase error. It is shown that a simple disrupted link, synthesized under the condition of suppressing a slow-fading transition component, makes it possible to shorten the time of the transition process in the system while maintaining the initial order of astatism. When a complex link is synthesized, the transition process becomes oscillatory. It was established that under the conditions of a phase jump or a frequency jump, it is possible to improve the dynamics of the system and reduce the transitional component of the phase error variance by making the parameters for the disrupted communication link influence the roots of the characteristic equation of the transition process. The features in synthesizing disrupted communication have been considered for the intervals of movement corresponding to areas with the positive and negative inclination of the phase discriminator's static characteristic. Such conditions have been devised that make it possible to determine the value and sign of the root in the characteristic equation of the transition process, which is introduced by the parameter of a disrupted communication link separately for areas of the stable and non-steady movement of the phase discriminator's static characteristic. The reported mathematical model of disrupted link synthesis has made it possible to derive reference results. They indicated that in order to suppress the slowly fading component of the phase error characteristic equation to "0", it is necessary to provide for a significant advantage, up to 10 times, of the roots introduced by the disrupted communication link over the roots of the specified component. By changing the value for a disrupted communication parameter, one can significantly, up to 5times or larger, shorten the time of the transition process in the combined synchronization system at a simultaneous decrease of 18‒25% in the initial value of the transition error

Generalization of the results of theoretical and practical research in the production of beer showed that the rise in prices for cereals, and in particular for barley, leads to an increase in the price of malt and, accordingly, an increase in the cost of the final product – beer. In this regard, modern brewers face the acute problem of a shortage of high-quality raw materials for beer production, as well as high competition in the consumer market. The need for inexpensive raw materials for brewing beer has grown significantly. Along with malt substitutes, a new product has appeared on the brewing commodity market – triticale. It surpasses barley in terms of the total amount of extract and other chemical indicators, so the use of this culture as a raw material for the production of brewing malt is a promising direction in brewing. In this work, we selected the optimal modes of malting grain triticale varieties “Balausa 8” to a moisture content of 40%, 42% and 44% and germination for 3, 4 and 5days at temperatures of 14°C, 16°C and 18°C. Based on experimental studies, it has been found that 16°C should be considered the optimal temperature for soaking triticale grains to a moisture content of 44%. In the studies, the optimal mode of malting was experimentally determined for 5days at a temperature of 16°C, which made it possible to ensure the maximum accumulation of hydrolytic enzymes. Accelerated synthesis of amylases (217.99units) occurs due to an increase in the rate of diffusion of gibberellin-like substances to the cells of the aleurone layer. The maximum accumulation of amylolytic enzymes is observed already on the 5thday of malting, which shortens this process by 2days in the production of malt using classical technology

A significant problem in the control field is the adjustment of PID controller parameters. Because of its high nonlinearity property, control of the DC motor system is difficult and mathematically repetitive. The particle swarm optimization PSO solution is a great optimization technique and a promising approach to address the problem of optimum PID controller results. In this paper, a modified particle swarm optimization PSO method with four inertia weight functions is suggested to find the global optimum parameters of the PID controller for speed and position control of the DC motor. Benchmark studies of inertia weight functions are described. Two scenarios have been suggested in order to modify PSO including the first scenario called M1-PSO and the second scenario called M2-PSO, as well as classical PSO algorithms. For the first scenario, the modification of the PSO was done based on changing the four inertia weight functions, social and personal acceleration coefficient, while in the second scenario, the four inertia weight functions have been changed but the social and personal acceleration coefficient stayed constant during the algorithm implementation. The comparison between the presented scenarios and traditional PID was carried out and satisfied simulation results have shown that the first scenario has rapid search speeds, and very effective and fast implementation compared to the second scenario and classical PSO and even improved PSO technique. Moreover, the proposed approach has a fast searching speed compared to classical PSO. However, it has been found that the classical PSO algorithm has a premature, inaccurate and local convergence process when solving complex optimization issues. The presented algorithm is proposed to increase the search speed of the original PSO.

The object of research ischildren’s spelled biscuits Holle (Germany) and Belgian children’s biscuits with pieces of Fleur Alpine chocolate (Belgium). Consumers often buy organic-branded traditional food products through unfair advertising and labeling violations. Due to the fact that organic products are often the subject of counterfeiting, quality expertise is especially important. Also, thanks to the conformity assessment of the labeling given in the work, it is possible to establish whether the product is really organic. The labeling of biscuits was analyzed for compliance with the Law of Ukraine «On Organic Production» and the Law of Ukraine «On Information for Food Consumers». The study showed that the labeling complies with legal requirements in both samples. It was also found that both samples of biscuits meet the requirements of regulatory documents for organoleptic indicators. Organoleptic characteristics were tested: shape, surface, color, taste and smell, appearance in the fault. The tasting assessment was carried out according to a 45-point scale developed by the authors. The total number of points in the tasting score, taking into accounts the weight factor, for Fleur Alpine biscuits was 39.96, which corresponds to a quality level of 0.88; and Holle biscuits – 44, with a quality level of 0.97. Both samples meet the requirements of regulatory documents for such physicochemical indicators as humidity, alkalinity and moisture content. The moisture content of the biscuits was determined in an accelerated manner in an oven. Wetness was determined by the ratio of the weight of the items after wetting to the weight of the dry items. Alkalinity was determined by titration of the product filtrate. The moisture content for Fleur Alpine biscuits was 9.3% and for Holle biscuits it was 8.0%. The alkalinity was 1.6 and 1.4 degrees, respectively, and the wetness was also within the normal range with values of 120 and 110%. The results indicate the quality of the studied samples in terms of organoleptic and physicochemical indicators.

The study results have made it possible to devise a methodology for the formation and adjustment of the Defense Forces Capabilities Catalog using cluster analysis and the developed tree-like system of basic indicators characterizing groups and subgroups (clusters). That enables stakeholders to form and adjust the Defense Force Capabilities Catalog with the proper quality, according to the uniform developed algorithm and defined identifiers (features). The methodology is intended for use by members of the Inter-Departmental Working Group on Defense Review, as well as working groups in the course of a separate review or capacity assessment. The Defense Force Capabilities Catalog was deconstructed into five levels of hierarchy, each of which contains interdependent typical tasks, organizational structures, and means (systems, complexes). The procedure is to analyze and clearly cluster individual capabilities of the defense forces according to certain features (requirements, characteristics) to group them and include them in the relevant groups, subgroups, and functional capabilities groups. A system of the indicators for the formation and adjustment of the Defense Forces Capabilities Catalog has been proposed, as well as a conformity criterion based on the generalized indicator, which defines the level of formation (adjustment) of the Defense Forces Capabilities Catalog. Seven steps of the procedure have been defined: from identifying individual capabilities based on their description (step1) to verifying the acceptability of the results obtained (step7) using the evaluation criterion and specially designed tables. The methodology was tested during a passive experiment in 2020 on the analysis of the current Defense Forces Capabilities Catalog, which made it possible to identify a series of significant shortcomings in its structure and content.

A method of adaptive control of military radio network parameters has been developed. This method allows predicting suppressed frequencies by electronic warfare devices, determining the topology of the military radio network. Also, this method allows determining rational routes of information transmission and operating mode of radio communications. Forecasting of the electronic environment is characterized by recirculation of input data for one count, resampling on a logarithmic time scale, finding a forecast for the maximum value of entropy and resampling the forecast on the exponential time scale. The developed method allows choosing a rational network topology. The choice of topology of the military radio communication system is based on the method of ant multi-colony system. The main idea of the new option of ant colony optimization is that instead of one colony of the traditional ant algorithm several colonies are used that work together in a common search space. However, this procedure additionally takes into account the type of a priori uncertainty and the evaporation coefficient of the pheromone level. The proposed method allows choosing a rational route for information transmission. The proposed procedure is based on an improved DSR algorithm. This method uses several operating modes of radio communications, namely the technology of multi-antenna systems with noise-like signals, with pseudo-random adjustment of the operating frequency and with orthogonal frequency multiplexing. The developed method provides a gain of 10‒16 % compared to conventional management approaches

The object of research is gas condensate fields at a late stage of their development under conditions of a decrease in reservoir pressure below the pressure of condensate separation from a gaseous state. Reservoir losses of condensate during the development of deposits in depletion mode can reach 78%, which entails the need to use various methods of stimulating the reservoir system to remove it. The most acceptable method is the use of a cycling process by re-injection (recirculation) of the produced and separated gas into the formation. A significant disadvantage of the cycling process is the long-term conservation of gas reserves as a result of its re-injection into the reservoir and significant capital and operating costs for dry gas injection. From a technological point of view, the use of the cycling process is constrained by the low value of the sweep efficiency. Dry gas that is injected has a lower viscosity in terms of the gas-condensate mixture is withdrawn from the reservoir, and under the conditions of the heterogeneous structure of the reservoir, its rapid breakthrough from injection to production wells takes place and, as a result, a decrease in the efficiency of condensate recovery. As an alternative to the cycling process for extracting retrograde condensate from the reservoir, it has been proposed to squeeze it out with water. The paper proposes a unified waterflooding system, actually displacing condensate with water or a gas-water mixture. This is achieved by controlled operation of injection and production wells. First, gas is taken from the wells, and with the appearance of water in the product, methods of intensifying the transfer to the surface are used. If necessary, the wells are switched to forced production mode. The results of laboratory studies carried out on real samples of core material from the Andriyashivske gas condensate field (Ukraine) are presented. The directions of the implementation of gas-water repression in gas condensate fields with the parallel use of restrained reservoir gas available in the reservoir are substantiated. The technology allows to extract up to 50% of the condensate dropped out in the reservoir.

The object of research is the equivalent circuit of an impulse current generator designed for testing surge arresters. Calculation of the impulse current generator parameters when discharging a capacitor bank to a complex nonlinear load is a difficult task for an analytical solution. Until now, the application of surge arrester frequency-dependent models was limited to the problems of overvoltage computation. Surge arrester frequency-dependent models can predict the residual voltage with high accuracy. This is the reason to consider that surge arrester frequency-dependent models can be used for calculating the main parameters of impulse current generators designed for physical testing of surge arresters. The task of determining the equivalent circuit parameters required for getting a discharge current of a given waveform and amplitude in an impulse current generator scheme with a nonlinear load was solved using circuit simulation. This article presents the results of studying the processes in impulse current generator equivalent circuit. In the circuit a dynamic model of a surge arrester is used as the load model. For this, an equivalent circuit for the discharge path of the impulse current generator was drawn up. The parameters of the circuit elements (including the required number of capacitors and their charging voltage) are determined, which are necessary for getting a discharge current of a given standardized waveform and amplitude. The parameters of the discharge path are determined for surge arresters of three different voltage classes. It was found that the relative error when determining the residual voltage between the terminals of the surge arrester model does not exceed 3%. The work contributes to the further development of circuit simulation of surge arresters and the expansion of the scope of surge arrester dynamic models. As a result of the research performed, the possibility of using surge arrester frequency-dependent models for determining the discharge current waveform in impulse current generators is shown. The research performed is relevant due to the fact that surge arresters have become a main tool for protecting the insulation of electrical network equipment against external and internal overvoltages.

This paper proposes a method to solve a mathematical programming problem under the conditions of uncertainty in the original data. The structural basis of the proposed method for solving optimization problems under the conditions of uncertainty is the function of criterion value distribution, which depends on the type of uncertainty and the values of the problem’s uncertain variables. In the case where independent variables are random values, this function then is the conventional theoretical-probabilistic density of the distribution of the random criterion value; if the variables are fuzzy numbers, it is then a membership function of the fuzzy criterion value. The proposed method, for the case where uncertainty is described in the terms of a fuzzy set theory, is implemented using the following two-step procedure. In the first stage, using the membership functions of the fuzzy values of criterion parameters, the values for these parameters are set to be equal to the modal, which are fitted in the analytical expression for the objective function. The resulting deterministic problem is solved. The second stage implies solving the problem by minimizing the comprehensive criterion, which is built as follows. By using an analytical expression for the objective function, as well as the membership function of the problem’s fuzzy parameters, applying the rules for operations over fuzzy numbers, one finds a membership function of the criterion’s fuzzy value. Next, one calculates a measure of the compactness of the resulting membership function of the fuzzy value of the problem’s objective function whose numerical value defines the first component of the integrated criterion. The second component is the rate of deviation of the desired solution to the problem from the previously received modal one. Absolutely similarly designed is the computational procedure for the case where uncertainty is described in the terms of a probability theory. Thus, the proposed method for solving optimization problems is universal in relation to the nature of the uncertainty in the original data. An important advantage of the proposed method is the ability to use it when solving any problem of mathematical programming under the conditions of fuzzily assigned original data, regardless of its nature, structure, and type

This paper has substantiated the development and rationalization of techniques to manufacture sausage casings from natural raw materials with predefined functional and technological properties. It is noted that the issue related to the rational utilization of intestinal raw materials and the improvement of the production economic profitability could be resolved by implementing effective technologies of glued intestinal sausage casings. The strength has been investigated of the reinforcing seam between the layers of intestinal membranes obtained by such techniques as the local tanning, local thermal coagulation resulting from passing an electric current through wet raw materials, local thermal coagulation due to the arc discharge through dried raw materials. The rational concentration of tannin in tanning solution has been determined, at which it is recommended to make a reinforcing seam on glued intestinal casings by means of local tanning. A value of the breaking load for the reinforcing seam made by using local electric currents has been derived, which is 14N/m. A 4.7-time increase in the breaking load has been established to occur, compared to the control sample. A value of the breaking load for the reinforcing seam obtained by applying an arc discharge has been found, which is 18N/m. It was noted that the breaking load had increased compared to the control sample. Working bodies for an installation were designed aimed at reinforcing glued sausage casings by such techniques as local tanning; local thermal coagulation resulting from passing an electric current through wet raw materials; local thermal coagulation as a result of arc discharge through dried raw materials. It is noted that the advantages of techniques for the reinforcement of glued sausage casings are the high breaking load and the effective utilization of raw materials

The object of research is the adaptive switching weighted median image filter (ASWM) algorithm. This algorithm is one of the most effective in the field of impulse noise suppression. The computational complexity and algorithmic features of this adaptive nonlinear filter make it impossible to implement a filter that works in real time on modern PLD microcircuits. The most problematic areas of the algorithm are the weight coefficient estimation cycle, which has no limit on the number of iterations and contains a large number of division operations. This does not allow implementing the filter on PLDs with a sufficiently effective method. In the course of the research, the programming model of the filter in Python was used. The performance of the algorithm was assessed using the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) metrics.Modeling made it possible to find out empirically the number of iterations of the cycle for estimating the weight coefficients at different levels of noise density and to estimate the effect of artificial limitation of the maximum number of iterations on the filter performance. Regardless of the intensity of the noise impact, the algorithm performs less than 40 iterations of the evaluation cycle. Let’s also simulate the operation of the algorithm with different variants of the division module implementation. The paper considers the main of them and offers the most optimal in terms of the ratio of accuracy/hardware costs for implementation. Thus, a modified algorithm was proposed that does not have these disadvantages.Thanks to modifications of the algorithm, it is possible to implement a pipelined ASWM image filter on modern PLDs. The filter is synthesized for the main families of Intel PLDs. The implementation, which is not inferior in terms of SSIM and PSNR metrics to the original algorithm, requires less than 65,000 FPGA logical cells and allows filtering of monochrome images with FullHD resolution at 48 frames/s at a clock frequency of 100 MHz. Об’єктом дослідження є алгоритм адаптивного перемикання зваженого медіанного фільтра зображення (ASWM). Цей алгоритм є одним з найефективніших у сфері придушення імпульсних перешкод. Обчислювальна складність і алгоритмічні особливості цього адаптивного нелінійного фільтра унеможливлюють реалізацію фільтра, який працює в режимі реального часу на сучасних мікросхемах PLD. Найбільш проблемними ділянками алгоритму є цикл оцінки вагового коефіцієнта, який не має обмеження на кількість ітерацій і містить велику кількість операцій ділення. Це не дозволяє реалізувати фільтр на PLD досить ефективним методом. У ході дослідження була використана модель програмування фільтра на мові Python. Ефективність алгоритму оцінювалася за допомогою показників пікового відношення сигнал-шум (PSNR) і показника структурної подібності (SSIM). Моделювання дозволило емпірично з’ясувати кількість ітерацій циклу для оцінки вагових коефіцієнтів при різних рівнях щільності шуму та оцінити вплив штучного обмеження максимальної кількості ітерацій на продуктивність фільтра. Незалежно від інтенсивності шумового впливу, алгоритм виконує менше 40 ітерацій циклу оцінки. Також змоделюємо роботу алгоритму з різними варіантами реалізації модуля ділення. У роботі розглянуто основні з них і запропоновано найбільш оптимальні за співвідношенням точність/апаратні витрати на реалізацію. Таким чином, був запропонований модифікований алгоритм, який не має цих недоліків. Завдяки модифікаціям алгоритму можна реалізувати конвеєрний фільтр зображення ASWM на сучасних PLD. Фільтр синтезований для основних сімейств Intel PLD. Реалізація, яка за показниками SSIM і PSNR не поступається оригінальному алгоритму, вимагає менше 65 000 логічних комірок FPGA і дозволяє фільтрувати монохромні зображення з роздільною здатністю FullHD з частотою 48 кадрів/с на тактовій частоті 100 МГц.

Results of theoretical studies of dynamics of the machine-tractor assembly taking into account the influence of a bearing surface profile were presented. It was established that in the course of operation, the machine-tractor assembly is exposed to a number of external factors leading to a change of vertical loads on the chassis and the engine. Mathematical models of dynamics of a tractor and a machine and a tractor unit consisting of a tractor of pivotally connected arrangement and a trailed sower were constructed. Such models make it possible to study dynamics and oscillatory processes of multi-element units. A mathematical model of tractor wheel dynamics was formed. Speeds and angles of orientation of elements of the machine-tractor assembly in space were determined. Influence of profile of the bearing surface on the unit elements when moving in the field prepared for sowing and the field after plowing was calculated. Theoretical studies of the influence of the bearing surface profile on dynamics of the machine-tractor assembly were performed on the example of KhTZ-242K tractor and Vega-8 Profi sower (Ukraine). When moving, the sower frame has a smaller amplitude of vibration accelerations than that of the tractor. Accordingly, the tractor has higher oscillation energy because it rests on the ground through its wheels having appropriate stiffness. The sower moves with its working bodies immersed into the soil which leads to a decrease in the amplitude of oscillations. The highest energy of amplitude of oscillation accelerations of the sower frame in the vertical direction was observed at frequencies of 15.9; 23.44; 35.3 and 42.87 Hz. It was found that the increase in working speeds of agricultural units leads to the fact that oscillations of all components reach significant values. This entails an increase in dynamic loads on soil and, as a consequence, its compaction

In order to identify ways used to collect data from user communication devices, an analysis of the interaction between DNS customers and the Internet name domain space has been carried out. It has been established that the communication device's DNS traffic is logged by the DNS servers of the provider, which poses a threat to the privacy of users. A comprehensive algorithm of protection against the collection of user data, consisting of two modules, has been developed and tested. The first module makes it possible to redirect the communication device's DNS traffic through DNS proxy servers with a predefined anonymity class based on the proposed multitest. To ensure a smooth and sustainable connection, the module automatically connects to a DNS proxy server that has minimal response time from those available in the compiled list. The second module blocks the acquisition of data collected by the developers of the software installed on the user's communication device, as well as by specialized Internet services owned by IT companies. The proposed algorithm makes it possible for users to choose their preferred level of privacy when communicating with the Internet space, thereby providing them with a choice of privacy level and, as a result, limiting the possibility of information manipulation over their owners. The DNS traffic of various fixed and mobile communication devices has been audited. The analysis of DNS traffic has enabled to identify and structure the DNS requests responsible for collecting data from users by the Internet services owned by IT companies. The identified DNS queries have been blocked; it has been experimentally confirmed that the performance of the basic and application software on communication devices was not compromised.

The issue of providing fuel and energy resources to the population depends to a large extent on the wear of thermal networks, as well as heat-generating equipment, which, accordingly, forces the consumer to abandon the centralized heating supply in favor of decentralized supply. However, low-power heat-generating units for autonomous consumers do not most of the time operate under the rated mode. The most promising way to solve the issue of energy conservation is to improve the utilization rate of fuel and energy resources in heat-generating units for decentralized heating systems that operate under non-stationary regimes. An experimental study of the velocity field of interaction between the coaxial axial direct-flow and external swirling jets has established that the performance efficiency of a heat-generating plant at a change in the thermal load could be improved by controlling the resulting velocity field. For a more even distribution of temperature within the furnace volume, it has been proposed to supply fuel with an oxidizer in the furnace by the axial direct-flow and swirling coaxial jets. It was revealed that at a distance of 2 diameters of the axial branch pipe from the cut there occurs a transverse toroidal vortex. The appearance of such a vortex is explained by the emergence of low-pressure regions due to the different angles of opening of the swirling outer jet and axial direct-flow jet. The considered dependence of change in the gas flow rate at a decrease in power has demonstrated that the gas flow rate in the proposed burner is less than that in analogs (vortex burner or direct-flow burner) by 10‒15% when the power of the burner is reduced. At the same time, the specified advantage is limited to the range of the burner's power of 50‒130kW. The results reported confirm the possibility of controlling the velocity field and temperature distribution when the total fuel and oxidizer flow rate changes within the operational range of low-power heat-generating plants. The correspondence between the temperature field and the velocity field in the interaction of non-isothermal jets has also been shown

The cassava starch wastewater contains organic materials (as BOD, COD) in high concentrations so it has the potential to cause pollution in the aquatic environment. Several methods of cassava starch wastewater treatment have been used to reduce the concentration of organic matter (pollutants) in cassava starch wastewater, including Activated Sludge, Stabilization Pond, Anaerobic-Aerobic filter process. However, various studies continue to be carried out to get higher processing efficiency on the factors that influence it. Several factors influence the efficiency of wastewater treatment processes, including the type and origin of decomposing microorganisms, hydraulic residence time (HRT), organic load rate (OLR), process design, pH, and temperature. The research aimed to evaluate the performance of the AnF2B reactor in treating cassava starch wastewater, in which the reactor performance is shown by changes in organic matter removal (COD removal) and biogas production. The research is conducted using 3types of AnF2B reactors wherein each AnF2B reactor contains a bee nest-shaped bio-filter as a growth medium for the consortium of indigenous bacteria. The AnF2B reactor operates in anaerobic conditions with a set temperature of 29–30°C and a pH of 4.5–7. In each AnF2B reactor, cassava starch wastewater is fed with different OLR so that each reactor has an HRT of 5, 6, and 7days. The concentration of COD at the influent and effluent of the reactor was measured and the biogas was produced using the APHA standard method. The results showed that the AnF2B reactor had a satisfactory performance in COD removal and biogas production, which at HRT: 6days and OLR of 1.72g/L·day found that the maximum COD removal was 98% and the volume of biogas of 4.8L/L·day was produced on the 12thday

The need to increase the ability of water hyacinth composites as EMI radar protection is related to the carbonization process of organic materials. This research aimed to determine the effect of water hyacinth carbonization temperature on the effectiveness of fabrication and EMI shielding radar. The research method includes the preparations such as cutting, washing, and drying the water hyacinth. The drying process is carried out using an oven with a temperature of 70°C for 4days. Then the water hyacinth is mashed until it reaches the 80mesh size. Then the carbonization process is carried out, with variations in carbonization temperature ranging from 500°C, 600°C, 700°C, 800°C, 900°C and 1,000°C, with a heat increase speed of 3°C/minutes. After reaching the specified temperature, a holding time is then carried out for 1 hour. Furthermore, the composite composition of 30% water hyacinth activated carbon powder and 70% phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin was molded using a hot press with a pressure of 300kg/cm2at 180°C for 10 minutes. The results showed that the water hyacinth composite could be used as an EMI protection material at the X-Band frequency (8–12.5GHz). Where the electrical conductivity and EMI SE increases with increasing carbonization temperature. Water hyacinth composites at a carbonization temperature of 1,000°C showed the highest electrical conductivity and the highest EMI SE, respectively 4.64∙10-2S/cm and 41.15dB (attenuation 99.99%) at a frequency of 8GHz. The high absorption contribution is associated with the synergy combination of KCl and the pore structure of the goitre. KCl contributes to the magnetic properties and pore structure with high electrical conductivity values

The object of research is the process of infrared drying of grain of agricultural crops. In the process of processing seeds of cereals and oilseeds is a fairly large number of technological operations, among which one of the most important is drying. Maintaining the required grain moisture is a major factor influencing its shelf life and quality. Therefore, an urgent and important problem is the intensification of the process of drying seeds of cereals and oilseeds at low energy consumption. The process of infrared drying of grain has significant advantages over the most common convective drying due to the fact that no organic fuel is used. Infrared rays are characterized by high thermal action of products, so the demand for the use of infrared radiation in agricultural, food and processing industries for drying grain, bulk ingredients, thermal disinfection, etc. is growing. The principle of operation of the infrared method is that the moisture inside the grain absorbs infrared rays, due to which it is heated. In other words, energy is directly supplied to moisture, which is why we managed to achieve not only high efficiency but also high efficiency. To increase the efficiency of removing moisture from the grain by infrared irradiation, it is necessary to increase the area of contact of grains with infrared rays. Given the permeability of infrared rays and the layer of grain on the working body of the conveyor, it is possible to use several ways to increase the area of irradiation. The first method is to apply the vibration of the working body to mix the layers of grain, which contributes to a more uniform processing of products. The second method described in this paper is to use a larger number of emitters, which are located not only above the tray of the conveyor, but also below it. The tray must be made of infrared-permeable material.

This paper reports a study into the phase composition and microstructure of tungsten ore concentrate after carbon-thermal reduction at different O:C ratios in the charge. This is required for determining those indicators that reduce tungsten loss through the sublimation of oxide compounds when processing ore concentrates, as well as when using reduced tungsten-containing doping additives. The study results have established that the reduced tungsten concentrate at the O:C ratio in the charge within the interval of 1.33‒2.30 contained the phases of W, W2C C, C, WO2. The microstructure demonstrated a spongy and disordered character. Together with W, the Mo, Si, Ca, Al impurities were present in the reduced products. The main elements identified at the sites studied had the following limiting content,% by weight: O – 5.01–17.32; C – 0.84–4.23; W – 61.21–86.78; Mo – 1.57–7.51; Si – 2.07–9.06; Ca – 1.34–11.30; Al – 0.27–0.40. The micro-inclusions at the examined surface areas acquired different complex shapes. There were traces of the process of caking between the particles. The analysis of the resulting data has shown that the most preferred ratio of O:C in the charge was 1.65. In this case, there is no lack of carbon and there is a predominance of W in the phase composition with a relatively little manifestation of the W2C phases, carbon, as well as the residual part of WO2. The post-reduction of the oxide component would occur during the doping process. The sponge structure contributes to a higher dissolution rate compared to standard tungsten ferroalloys. Lack of compounds with a relatively high propensity for sublimation does not require any special conditions to prevent the loss of tungsten in the gas phase, which increases the degree of assimilation of the target element

This paper considers the application of a method for maximizing polynomials in order to find estimates of the parameters of a multifactorial linear regression provided the random errors of the regression model follow an exponential power distribution. The method used is conceptually close to a maximum likelihood method because it is based on the maximization of selective statistics in the neighborhood of the true values of the evaluated parameters. However, in contrast to the classical parametric approach, it employs a partial probabilistic description in the form of a limited number of statistics of higher orders. The adaptive algorithm of statistical estimation has been synthesized, which takes into consideration the properties of regression residues and makes it possible to find refined values for the estimates of the parameters of a linear multifactorial regression using the numerical Newton-Rafson iterative procedure. Based on the apparatus of the quantity of extracted information, the analytical expressions have been derived that make it possible to analyze the theoretical accuracy (asymptotic variances) of estimates for the method of maximizing polynomials depending on the magnitude of the exponential power distribution parameters. Statistical modeling was employed to perform a comparative analysis of the variance of estimates obtained using the method of maximizing polynomials with the accuracy of classical methods: the least squares and maximum likelihood. Regions of the greatest efficiency for each studied method have been constructed, depending on the magnitude of the parameter of the form of exponential power distribution and sample size. It has been shown that estimates from the polynomial maximization method may demonstrate a much lower variance compared to the estimates from a least-square method. And, in some cases (for flat-topped distributions and in the absence of a priori information), may exceed the estimates from the maximum likelihood method in terms of accuracy. Розглядається застосування методу максимізації поліномів для знахо-дження оцінок параметрів багатофакторної лінійної регресії за умови, що ви-падкові помилки регресійній моделі мають експоненціальне степеневий розпо-діл. Метод, що використовується, концептуально близький до методу макси-мальної правдоподібності оскільки заснований на максимізації вибіркової ста-тистики в околі істинних значень оцінюваних параметрів. Однак на відміну від класичного параметричного підходу він використовує частковий ймовірнісний опис у вигляді обмеженої кількості статистик вищих порядків.Синтезований адаптивний алгоритм статистичного оцінювання, що врахо-вує властивості регресійних залишків і дозволяє знаходити уточнені значення оцінок параметрів лінійної багатофакторної регресії з використанням чисельної ітераційної процедури Ньютона-Рафсона. На основі апарату кількості добутої інформації отримано аналітичні вирази, що дозволяють аналізувати теоретичну точність (асимптотичні дисперсії)оцінок методу максимізації поліномів в зале-жності від величини параметрів експоненціального степеневого розподілу.Шляхом статистичного моделюванняпроведено порівняльний аналіз дис-персії оцінок, які отримуються за допомогою методу максимізації поліномів з точністю класичних методів: найменших квадратів і максимальної правдопо-дібності. Побудовано області найбільшої ефективності для кожного з дослі-джуваних методів в залежності від величини параметра форми експоненціа-льного степеневого розподілу і обсягувибірки.Показано, що оцінки методу ма-ксимізації поліномів можуть мати значно меншу дисперсію порівняно з оцін-ками методу найменших квадратів. А в ряді випадків (для плосковершинних розподілів та при відсутності апріорної інформації)за точністю перевищува-ти оцінки методу максимальної правдоподібності.

The object of research is a model network schedule for performing a complex of operations. One of the most problematic areas is the lack of a unified procedure that allows finding a solution to the problem of compromise optimization, for which the optimization criteria can have a different nature of the influence of input variables on them. In this study, such criteria are the criteria for the uniformity of the workload of personnel and the distribution of funds. Two alternative cases are considered: with monthly planning and with quarterly planning of allocation of funds and staff load. The methods of mathematical planning of the experiment and the ridge analysis of the response surface are used. The peculiarities of the proposed procedure for solving the problem of compromise optimization are its versatility and the possibility of visualization in one-dimensional form – the dependence of each of the alternative criteria on one parameter describing the constraints. The solution itself is found as the point of intersection of equally labeled ridge lines, which are curves that describe the locally optimal values of the output variables. The proposed procedure, despite the fact that it is performed only on a model network diagram, can be used to solve the trade-off optimization problem on arbitrary network graphs. This is due to the fact that the combination of locally optimal solutions in a parametric form on one graph allows visualizing all solutions to the problem. The results obtained at the same time make it possible to select early dates for the start of operations in such a way that, as much as possible, take into account possible difficulties due to the formation of bottlenecks at certain stages of the project. The latter may be due to the fact that for the timely execution of some operation, it may be necessary to combine two criteria, despite the fact that the possible costs may turn out to be more calculated and estimated as optimal., Объектом исследования являлся модельный сетевой график выполнения комплекса операций. Одним из наиболее проблемных мест является отсутствие единой процедуры, позволяющей находить решение задачи компромиссной оптимизации, для которой критерии оптимизации могут иметь разный характер влияния на них входных переменных. В данном исследовании такими критериями являлись критерии равномерности загрузки персонала и распределения средств. Рассматривалось два альтернативных случая: при ежемесячном планировании и при ежеквартальном планировании распределения средств и загрузки персонала. В ходе исследования использовались методы математического планирования эксперимента и гребневого анализа поверхности отклика. Особенностями предложенной процедуры решения задачи компромиссной оптимизации является её универсальность и возможность визуализации в одномерном виде – зависимости каждого из альтернативных критериев от одного параметра, описывающего ограничения. Само решение находится как точка пересечения одинаково маркированных гребневых линий, представляющих собой кривые, описывающие локально оптимальные значения выходных переменных. Предложенная процедура, несмотря на то, что она выполнена только на модельном сетевом графике, может быть использована для решения задачи компромиссной оптимизации на произвольных сетевых графиках. Это связано с тем, что совмещение локально оптимальных решений в параметрическом виде на одном графике позволяет визуализировать все решения задачи. Получаемые при этом результаты дают возможность выбора ранних сроков начала выполнения операций таким образом, чтобы в максимально возможной степени учесть возможные трудности по причине формирования узких мест на определенных этапах реализации проекта. Последние могут быть связаны с тем, что для своевременного выполнения какой-то операции может понадобиться совмещение двух критериев, несмотря на то, что возможные затраты могут оказаться больше рассчитанных и оцениваемых как оптимальные., Об'єктом дослідження був модельний мережевий графік виконання комплексу операцій. Одним з найбільш проблемних місць є відсутність єдиної процедури, що дозволяє знаходити рішення задачі компромісної оптимізації, для якої критерії оптимізації можуть мати різний характер впливу на них вхідних змінних. В даному дослідженні такими критеріями були критерії рівномірності завантаження персоналу та розподілу коштів. Розглядалося два альтернативних випадки: при щомісячному плануванні та при щоквартальному плануванні розподілу коштів та завантаження персоналу. В ході дослідження використовувалися методи математичного планування експерименту та гребеневого аналізу поверхні відгуку. Особливостями запропонованої процедури вирішення задачі компромісної оптимізації є її універсальність і можливість візуалізації в одновимірному вигляді – залежності кожного з альтернативних критеріїв від одного параметра, що описує обмеження. Саме рішення знаходиться як точка перетину однаково маркованих гребеневих ліній, які представляють собою криві, що описують локально оптимальні значення вихідних змінних. Запропонована процедура, незважаючи на те, що вона виконана тільки на модельному мережевому графіку, може бути використана для вирішення задачі компромісної оптимізації на довільних мережевих графіках. Це пов'язано з тим, що поєднання локально оптимальних рішень в параметричному вигляді на одному графіку дозволяє візуалізувати всі рішення задачі. Отримувані при цьому результати дають можливість вибору ранніх строків початку виконання операцій таким чином, щоб в максимально можливій мірі врахувати можливі труднощі через формування вузьких місць на певних етапах реалізації проєкту. Останні можуть бути пов'язані з тим, що для своєчасного виконання якоїсь операції може знадобитися поєднання двох критеріїв, незважаючи на те, що можливі витрати можуть виявитися більше розрахованих і оцінюваних як оптимальні.

Nickel hydroxide is widely used in supercapacitors, alkaline batteries, for the electrocatalytic oxidation of organic contaminants, etc. Due to their electrochemical activity, Ni(OH)2(α+β) samples with a layer structure synthesized in a slit diaphragm electrolyzer are the most promising. To improve the continuous technology of electrochemical synthesis of nickel hydroxide, the possibility of recycling the spent catholyte containing sodium sulfate was determined. For this, samples of nickel hydroxide were synthesized from a solution of nickel sulfate in the presence of sodium sulfate with concentrations of 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120g/L. The crystal structure of the samples was studied by X-ray phase analysis; the electrochemical properties were studied by the method of cyclic voltammetry. It was shown that the base sample obtained without the presence of sodium sulfate was a monophase layered (α+β) structure with a high content of α-modification. The crystallinity of the sample was not high. It was revealed that the presence of sodium sulfate led to a decrease in the crystallinity of nickel hydroxide due to an increase in the electrical conductivity of the solution and a decrease in the voltage in the electrolyzer. Cyclic voltramperometry showed that synthesis in a slit diaphragm electrolyzer in the presence of Na2SO4(40–80g/L) did not lead to a significant change in the electrochemical activity of nickel hydroxide samples. An increase in the concentration of sodium sulfate in the catholyte to 100–120g/L led to an increase in electrochemical activity – the specific current of the discharge peak was 3.7–3.9A/g (compared to 2.1A/g for the reference sample). A comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of nickel hydroxide samples synthesized in the presence of sodium sulfate revealed the possibility and prospects of recycling the spent catholyte in a continuous technology for producing Ni(OH)2in a slit diaphragm electrolyzer. It was revealed that when introducing recycling, it was recommended to maintain a high concentration of sodium sulfate (80–100g/L)

The creation of environmentally friendly protective materials for building structures made of wood could make it possible to influence the processes of stability and the physical-chemical properties at the thermal modification of hornbeam wood over a certain time. That necessitates studying the conditions for investigating phase transformations when the timber is exposed to high temperature, as well as establishing the mechanism of hornbeam wood thermal modification. Given this, a mathematical model of the phase transformation process during the transfer of heat flux to a sample was built. Based on the derived dependences, it was established that when hornbeam wood is exposed to temperature treatment, it undergoes endothermic phase transformations characterized by the heat absorption and change in the color of hornbeam wood. In particular, at a temperature of 200°C, the temperature in the wood decreases by 5% due to the chemical changes in the structure of cell wall components (lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose). It was found that the process of thermal modification is accompanied by the decomposition of hemicellulose and the amorphous part of cellulose, a decrease in moisture absorption, as well as a decrease in the volume of substances that are a medium for the development of fungi. In addition, lignin and the resulting pseudo lignin undergo a process of polymerization and redistribution throughout the cell volume. At the sametime, they give the cell walls higher density, hardness, increase hydrophobicity (water repellency), thereby reducing the ability to absorb moisture and swell. It was established that the most effective parameter of phase transformations is the temperature and aging duration. The results of moisture absorption have been given; it has been found that over 6 hours of modified timber exposure, its moisture absorption decreases by more than 10times, which allows its application at facilities with high humidity

An analysis of the method for ensuring the sinusoidality of the output voltage in power generation systems with self-commutated voltage inverters under the requirements of the international standard IEEE-519 is presented. In a number of programs, especially low-power generation systems, a low-cost solution is needed to provide the sinusoidal waveform of the output voltage with the total harmonic distortion of 5%. This solution is to use two-level voltage inverters with an output sine LC filter. However, the feature of the sine filter with the frequency converter is that the PWM frequency affects the spectrum of higher harmonics of the output voltage. In addition, there is the starting current of the filter capacitor, which can disable the power switches of the voltage inverter. The developed method for calculating the values of the LC filter with the two-level voltage inverter in the PWM mode is presented meeting the requirements of the international standard IEEE-519, taking into account the modulation frequency and limitation of the starting current of the filter capacitor. To confirm the required quality of the output voltage of the two-level voltage inverter with the sine filter, an appropriate simulation model was created in the Matlab/Simulink computer simulation environment. The oscillograms and harmonic analysis of the input and output voltages of the sine filter, which showed the total harmonic distortion of 1.88%, are presented. A physical prototype of the investigated system was created on the basis of a 5.5kW OVEN PChV203-5K5-V frequency converter (Ukraine). Using the SIGLENT SDS1104X-E oscilloscope (China), the real waveform and the results of the harmonic analysis of the sine filter output voltage, confirming the implementation of the necessary sinusoidality criteria, were obtained

The object of research is the process of value-oriented management of the development of a restaurant business. The article argues that value-oriented management of the development of a restaurant business is aimed at achieving the goal of maximizing the key determinants of value. The parameters and elements of the configuration of the value concept (strategic assets, nomadic competencies, the consumer value frame of the restaurant service) are determined, the content and nature of which reflects the individual elements of the value-oriented management of the restaurant business. The research methodology is based on theoretical and methodological analysis of scientific literature, economic methods, and observations, comparable, measurement, analysis and matrix modeling. To develop a Y-matrix model for assessing the effectiveness of value-based development management, which represents the relationship between strategic assets, key competencies and the value frame, the expert method and the method of multivariate comparative analysis are used. The results of this research show that the elements of consumer value that are basic for the development of restaurant businesses in the modern competitive space are: the uniqueness of the restaurant concept, originality of the menu, pricing policy, service, safety standards, atmosphere, innovation and emotions. For the empirical convergence of the concept of value, a Y-matrix is built. Based on the use of the method of multivariate comparative analysis, the implementation degree of key competencies and strategic assets in the creation of structural elements of consumer value is assessed. To determine the efficiency level of value-based development management at the restaurant business, the value resonance coefficient is calculated. Based on the research results, a list of key competencies is determined, on the development of which it is necessary to focus the attention of the management of the restaurant business. The practical significance of research lies in the possibility of its use as a tool for strategic value analysis in the restaurant business. The proposed approach allows to determine the emphasis of management impact in order to maximize the value of restaurant services.

The object of research is the degradation processes that take place in gas-pumping units (GPU) during its long-term operation and lead to the appearance of defects and, as a result, to a change in its technical state. Today, methods of parametric and vibration diagnostics are used to determine the technical condition of the GPU. To identify diagnostic signs of the technical state of the GPU, various transformations are used, in particular the wavelet transforms used in vibration processing that accompany the operation of the GPU and their technological parameters. At the same time, in the study of the diagnostic signs of the technical state of the GPU, the acoustic processes accompanying the operation of the GPU, which can be more informative in comparison with the vibration ones, were practically not considered. The developed experimental research methodology and their technical support made it possible to record the acoustic processes accompanying the operation of the gas compressor unit type GTK-25-i of the Nuovo Pignon company (Italy). In the course of the experimental studies, the realizations of the acoustic processes of the GPU were obtained for its three states–«nominal»,«defective»and«current». Further studies of acoustic processes for three states of the GPU type GTK-25-i and using the wavelet transform showed that by the appearance of the wavelet spectrograms it is difficult to notice the difference in the appearance or disappearance of various frequency components depending on the technical state of the GPU. To obtain quantitative indicators of this dependence, a discrete wavelet transform was carried out, which makes it possible to identify characteristic trends in the change in noise values at different scales. The values of the approximation norm and the detail norms in relation to the signal norm (in percent) were obtained for a five-level wavelet decomposition with datasets. A linear dependence of the norm of the wavelet-component of the fifth-order detailing on the operating time of GPU type GTK-25-i and (changes in the technical state), which can be taken as a diagnostic sign of its technical state, has been established. The investigated diagnostic feature can be used as the basis for the method of diagnosing the technical state of GPU type GTK-25-i based on the characteristics of its acoustic process using the wavelet transform. An approach to identifying a diagnostic sign of the technical state of a GPU type GTK-25-i is considered based on the characteristics of acoustic processes using a wavelet transform can be used to identify a diagnostic sign of a condition for any type of GPU.

This research has established the possibility of improving the effectiveness of the visual-matrix form of the analytical Boolean function minimization method by identifying reserves in a more complex algorithm for the operations of logical absorption and super-gluing the variables in terms of logical functions. An improvement in the efficiency of the Boolean function minimization procedure was also established, due to selecting, according to the predefined criteria, the optimal stack of logical operations for the first and second binary matrices of Boolean functions. When combining a sequence of logical operations using different techniques for gluing variables such as simple gluing and super-gluing, there are a small number of cases when function minimization is more effective if an operation of simply gluing the variables is first applied to the first matrix. Thus, a short analysis is required for the primary application of operations in the first binary matrix. That ensures the proper minimization efficiency regarding the earlier unaccounted-for variants for simplifying the Boolean functions by the visual-matrix form of the analytical method. For a series of cases, the choice of the optimal stack is also necessary for the second binary matrix. The experimental study has confirmed that the visual-matrix form of the analytical method, whose special feature is the use of 2-(n,b)-design and 2-(n,x/b)-design systems in the first matrix, improves the process efficiency, as well as the reliability of the result of Boolean function minimization. This simplifies the procedure of searching for a minimal function. Compared to analogs, that makes it possible to improve the productivity of the Boolean function minimization process by 100‒200%. There is reason to assert the possibility of improving the efficiency of the Boolean function minimization process by the visual-matrix form of the analytical method, through the use of more complex logical operations of absorbing and super-gluing the variables. Also, by optimally combining the sequence of logical operations of super-gluing the variables and simply gluing the variables, based on the selection, according to the established criteria, of the stack of logical operations in the first binary matrix of the assigned function

The results of improving ore crushing in a high-pressure roller-press are presented. Application of a roller-press enables higher crushing efficiency due to both power saving and reduction of sizes of ore crush products to release mineral aggregates. Ore disintegration by compressive strain prevails among currently applied crushing methods. Disintegration occurs not only due to the compressive, but also to the shear strain. Considering smaller power consumption of the shear strain than that of the compressive strain, it is concluded that roller-press application is quite efficient. Simulation of crushing by using the Bond law frequently applied in practice is under consideration. It is essential to consider the stochasticity of the ore flow to be crushed. Presentation of this flow as a random figure by transforming it by the Bond crushing law results in a probabilistic characteristic of the crushing result. This characteristic enables finding properties of the crush product and probabilistic formulation of the problem of improving the crushing process by setting a relevant functional. To apply the results obtained to practical uses, the crushing process is simulated. The theoretical results are confirmed by setting the stochastic properties of the input ore flow by means of Rosen-Rammler’s law followed by statistical substantiation of the conducted calculations in Mathcad. After stimulation and considering stochastic properties of the feed ore flow, the solution of the optimal stabilization problem reveals that stabilization is achieved, while dispersion in relation to the stabilization goal reduces sharply almost five-fold

This paper reports a study into the effect of the microbial polysaccharides (MPS) xampan, enposan, and gelan on quality indicators during the storage of protein-free bread and gluten-free muffins. Microbial polysaccharides such as xampan, enposan, and gelan are effective structure-forming agents in gluten-free products. These hydrocolloids not only participate in the formation of the structure of dough and finished products but also affect the staling processes in gluten-free products during storage. The addition of the studied MPS leads to a slowdown in the staling processes of protein-free bread based on corn starch, as well as muffins based on wheat germ meal, during storage. It was found that in 24hours of storage, the protein-free bread demonstrates a decrease in the moisture loss and crumbling index, as well as an increase in compressibility indicator, compared with control samples. It was also determined that gluten-free muffins with the addition of MPS lose moisture more slowly over 7days of storage; they have lower crumbling and compressibility indices compared to the control. This is due to the high hydrophilic properties of the studied microbial polysaccharides, which can bind a significant amount of water and retain it during the storage of products. In addition, microbial hydrocolloids can envelop the gelatinized starch grains with a thin film, thereby helping inhibit the process of starch retrogradation. The samples of bread and muffins containing MPS almost did not change their appearance, color, taste, and smell during the studied shelf life, while the crumb of the examined samples demonstrated better elasticity and less crumbling. All studied MPS exhibit the same nature of the effect on the quality indicators of products during storage with xampan exerting the greatest effect and gelan ‒ the least

This paper considers the construction of principles and the synthesis of a system of effective control over the processes of synchronization of generator sets (GSs) that form a part of the distributed MP-control systems for complex ship technical systems and complexes (STS and C). The tasks of synchronization have been set, the process and database models have been built, the system configurations have been defined. Based on the use of resultant functions, we have determined stages in solving the tasks of control over the frequency adjustment synchronization in a hierarchical sequence. The performance analysis of the STS and C control elements has been carried out; the use of the integrated optimization criteria and dual management principles has been proposed. Practical techniques to manage the GS synchronization have been given. We have solved the problem of high-speed control over the frequency of synchronized objects based on the principles of adjustment. That has made it possible to determine in advance the moments of GS enabling under the deterministic and stochastic statement of the synchronization task. The results of the experimental study into the GS synchronization processes are given; the effectiveness of the proposed GS control has been proven. The principles underlying the construction of procedures to control the GS composition when using the methods of "rigid" and "flexible" thresholds have made it possible to define the optimization criteria and implement a control law that satisfied the condition for an extremum, which is an indicator of the feasibility of the set goal and takes into consideration the limitations of control influences. We managed to design a system in the class of adaptive control systems by the appropriate decomposition of the system's elements by splitting a synchronization task into the task on performance and the task on control under the required conditions. The given examples of the processes where the synchronization failed while using standard synchronizer control algorithms, as well as processes of successful GS synchronization when applying the proposed synchronizer dual control algorithms, have confirmed the reliability of the main scientific results reported here.

The object of research is the effectiveness of the implementation of measures within the national policy to minimize the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in individual countries.One of the most problematic places is the formation of a policy to minimize the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, which would take into account the specifics of the national economy, its margin of safety and aimed at achieving the goals of stabilizing negative economic trends. The pandemic has led to forced quarantine restrictions, which have had a negative impact on national economies. The inability to set up full-fledged business processes has led to rising unemployment and social tensions. An analysis of the main directions of the policy of minimizing the consequences of the pandemic of individual countries that made up the analytical sample. The main characteristics of the measures taken to minimize the effects of the pandemic, aimed at stabilizing the situation in the most crisis segments of the economy: financial assistance to small and medium-sized businesses, tax benefits, job creation and unemployment benefits, stabilization of the budget and banking system. The study used a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the pandemic confrontation through the prism of the adopted policy by analysing the dynamics of key macroeconomic indicators. This methodological approach involves the involvement of a large database, which presents the main macroeconomic indicators of individual countries and the study of the main parameters of national policies. This ensures that links are identified and that the results of the planned activities are compared. In comparison with known similar methods, this approach allows adding to the base of comparison global indices depending on the purpose of the study and to transform its subject. In the applied aspect, the evaluation of the policy of confronting the pandemic will minimize the cost of time and resources to select and justify effective measures to minimize the negative consequences of unforeseen events and forecast economic trends.

One of the urgent problems in the dairy industry is to reduce power input in the process of dispersing milk fat while ensuring a high degree of homogenization. This problem can be solved through the development and implementation of a virtually unexplored jet-slot milk homogenizer. The principle of its action implies the preliminary separation of cream from whole milk and its feed into the high-velocity flow of skim milk. The homogenization process occurs by creating a sufficient difference in velocities of the disperse and dispersing phases of the milk emulsion, which is mathematically described by Weber's criterion. Experimental studies of the effect of fat content in cream, cream feed rate, and width of the annular slot on dispersion indices during processing in the designed homogenizer have been carried out. The mathematical dependence which relates these parameters was found. It was proved that to obtain a milk emulsion with a dispersion level of 0.8μm, the width of the annular slot should be 0.1–0.5mm, fat content in cream 40–50%, and the feed rate less than 40m/s. The results of the evaluation of dispersion quality show a 7% decrease in the average diameter of the fat globules compared to the most common values obtainable in the valve homogenizer. A refined critical value of the Weber criterion for dispersion of the fat phase of milk was determined (29units) which indicates an increase in the intensity of the homogenization process in comparison with the jet milk homogenizer with a separate cream feed. The derived critical value of the criterion is necessary to create a theory of the process of dispersing milk fat and develop more efficient designs of milk homogenizers

The modern industry is dominated by electric drives of the system frequency converter‒ induction motor, which employ integer-order controllers. Allowing the implementation and adjustment of fractional order controllers in the converter itself greatly expand their capabilities and, therefore, is relevant. This paper reports a procedure for the parametric synthesis of PIλDμ-controllers of fractional order, providing for the use of the desired forms of fractional order, as well as their practical implementation in the system frequency converter–induction motor. In this case, the control object is described by a transfer function of the fractional or integer order, derived on the basis of experimental results. The study results demonstrate the possibility of constructing new, as well as modernizing existing, electromechanical systems involving the fractional-order PIλDμ-controllers with an expanded range of dynamic properties that correspond to the desired forms of fractional order. The procedure for the parametric synthesis of a PIλDμ-controller has been theoretically substantiated, which was confirmed by applying the simulation and during field experiments concerning the system frequency converter–induction motor. The reported procedure is universal because it makes it possible to synthesize the PIλDμ-controller for standard forms of both the integer and fractional orders. It is clear that the range of the desired standard forms in the synthesis process can include all possible known forms, including those of fractional order. The result of this study allows us to argue that it is possible to apply the developed algorithm of actions for those engineering tasks that aim to build such systems for various industrial mechanisms. At the same time, no restrictions are imposed on the transfer function of the control object

This paper addresses the identified issue of the inefficient use of post-consumer wood (PCW) in the technological wood processing due to its surface contamination. An option to resolve this issue by cleaning PCW in a mechanized manner has been proposed, specifically by using a needle milling tool and selecting the tension value and feed rate. The impact of the tension of needle milling tools before processing on the cleaning depth of the contaminated surfaces of workpieces made from the PCW has been determined. The constructed model of the contact between a needle milling tool and the contaminated PCW surface has made it possible to describe the essence of the cleaning technique involving this tool. It was found that the depth of the layer removed by the needle milling tool’s wire is reduced in proportion to an increase in the distance before cutting is completed. A nomogram has been built to determine a change in the front angle depending on the needle milling tool’s tension value. Knowing the front angle at a certain point of the needle touch on the contact arc enables determining the thickness of cleaning, which is important for practical application, specifically, at a tension of 4.5mm the thickness of the removed material can equal 3.46mm. An adequate regression model was derived, the analysis of the coefficients of which showed a significant impact of tension (+0.895) on the depth of cleaning over the feed speed (+0.256). The devised model makes it possible to forecast the thickness of the removed layer to ensure the required cleanliness of the PCW wooden. Practical recommendations on the operational modes of a needle milling machine have been formulated: the feed rate should equal 10‒12m/min, the tension ‒ 0.5–5.0mm, which could ensure, depending on the material’s type, hardness, and the kind of PCW surface contamination, the removal of the surface layer with a thickness of 0.4–4.0mm. A rational tension of the needle milling tool of 2.5mm has been proposed for industrial application, which ensures the cleaning depth of contaminated surfaces within the range of 1.8–2.2mm

Innovative activity of universities and the formation of entrepreneur universities of the innovative type is one of the forms of integration of the higher education systems of countries into the world educational and scientific space, support of their competitiveness. Based on the separation of interaction between universities and the economy and society, an evolutionary model of the university’s interaction with stakeholders was developed. Understanding the new mission of universities made it possible to separate the dominants of activities of an innovative and active university (IAU), to develop a scheme of the interconnection of management processes and its basic functions. The authors’ interpretation of the IAU and the preconditions for constructing a corporate information and education system (CIES) was formed.Given the synergism and hybridity of modern cyber threats, the rise of corruption in the educational sphere, the Anti-corruption concept, which provides countering the elements of corruption and integrated hybrid threats through the construction of an adaptive information protection system (AIPS). The basis of corruption counteraction is the digital signature (DS) of the Key Certification Center (KCC) based on PKI (Public Key Infrastructure). To ensure the security of information resources (IR) of CIES, we proposed a model that makes it possible not only to take into consideration the synergy and hybridity of modern threats but also to form preventive anti-corruption measures. A model for providing anti-corruption measures that reflects the scenarios of the behavior of the participants of the corruption process and the anti-corruption bodies was developed. This makes it possible to assess the dynamics of the distribution of corruption deals over time and by the types of corruption to ensure the effective distribution of the university resources for anti-corruption activities, Инновационная деятельность вузов и формирования предпринимательских университетов инновационного типа является одной из форм интеграции систем высшего образования стран в мировое образовательно-научное пространство, поддержки их конкурентоспособности. На основе выделения спирали взаимодействия университетов с экономикой и социумом, разработана эволюционная модель взаимодействия университета со стейкхолдерами. Понимание новой миссии университетов позволило выделить доминанты деятельности инновационно-активного университета (ИАУ), разработать схему взаимосвязи процессов управления и его основных функций. Сформирована авторская трактовка ИАУ и предпосылки построения корпоративной информационно-образовательной системы (КИОС).Учитывая синергизм и гибридность современных киберугроз, рост коррупции в образовательной сфере, предложена Концепция противодействия коррупции, которая обеспечивает противодействие элементам коррупции и комплексированным гибридным угрозам на основе построения адаптивной системы защиты информации (АСЗИ). Базисом противодействия коррупции является цифровая подпись (ЦП) Центра сертификации ключей (ЦСК) на основе технологии PKI (Public Key Infrastructure). Для обеспечения безопасности информационных ресурсов (ИР) КИОС предложена модель, что позволяет не только учитывать синергизм и гибридность современных угроз, но и формировать превентивные меры противодействия. Разработана модель обеспечения противодействия коррупции, которая отражает сценарии поведения участников коррупционного процесса и органов противодействия. Это позволяет оценить динамику распределения коррупционных сделок во времени и по типам коррупции для обеспечения эффективного распределения ресурсов университета на мероприятия по противодействию коррупции, Інноваційна діяльність закладів вищої освіти (ЗВО) та формування підприємницьких університетів інноваційного типу є однією з форм інтеграції систем вищої освіти країн у світовий освітньо-науковий простір, підтримки їх конкурентоспроможності. На основі виділення спіралі взаємодії університетів з економікою і соціумом, розроблена еволюційна модель взаємодії університету зі стейкхолдерами. Розуміння нової місії університетів дозволило виділити домінанти діяльності інноваційно-активного університету (ІАУ), розробити схему взаємозв'язку процесів управління і його основних функцій. Сформовано авторське трактування ІАУ та передумови побудови корпоративної інформаційно-освітньої системи (КІОС).З огляду на синергізм і гібридність сучасних кіберзагроз, зростання корупції в освітній сфері, запропонована Концепція протидії корупції, що забезпечує протидію елементам корупції і комплексованим гібридним загрозам на основі адаптивної системи захисту інформації (АСЗІ). Базисом протидії корупції є цифровий підпис (ЦП) Центру сертифікації ключів (ЦСК) на основі технології PKI (Public Key Infrastructure). Для забезпечення безпеки інформаційних ресурсів (ІР) КІОС запропонована модель, що дозволяє не тільки враховувати синергізм та гібридність сучасних загроз, а й формувати превентивні заходи протидії їм. Розроблено модель забезпечення протидії корупції, яка відображає сценарії поведінки учасників корупційного процесу і органів протидії. Це дозволяє оцінити динаміку розподілу корупційних угод у часі і за типами корупції для забезпечення ефективного розподілу ресурсів університету на заходи з протидії корупції

This paper reports the results of the experimental study to substantiate the rational structural and regime parameters of a two-drum reaping machine for harvesting flax oilseeds by the method of combing plants on the root. We have confirmed the results of the preliminary mathematical modeling of the process of separating a combed heap in the reaping machine with a predefined curved shape of the casing. An experimental study of the heap separation process in a reaping machine has established the dependence of the mass fraction of the discharge of husk and stem particles from its region δh, the proportion of the release of seeds and capsules with seeds δh,and the consumed power P, on the rotation frequency of the beater-reflector n1, and the combing drum n2, the position of the air grate L and its width B. The following structural-mode parameters of the comb-type reaping machine for harvesting oil flax seeds have been defined as the most significant ones: the rotation frequency of the beater-reflector, n1=892rpm; the rotation frequency of the comb drum, n2=652rpm; the position of the air grate, L=0.62m, and its width, B=0.56m. In this case, the mass fraction of the discharge of husk and stem particles is δh=47.5%, the share of the loss of seeds and capsules with seeds from the reaping machine is, respectively, δh=2.1%, and the power consumed to perform the process is P=2.7kW. The statistical analysis has demonstrated that the correlation coefficient between the theoretical and experimental data is 0.88‒0.95; a relative error in the optimal values is 4.6%. The actual and statistical comparison of the theoretical and experimental data has confirmed the adequacy of the mathematical models built as a result of the theoretical research. Based on the results of our experimental research, one can argue about the usefulness of their application for engineering calculations when designing new technical means for harvesting crops by the method of combing plants on the root

The object of research is gas and gas condensate reservoirs developed under the conditions of the manifestation of the water pressure mode of development and the negative effect of formation water on the process of natural gas production. In order to improve the existing technologies for the development of natural gas fields in the conditions of the manifestation of a water-driven mode of development of productive reservoirs, a study was carried out using the main tools of hydrodynamic modeling Eclipse and Petrel from Schlumberger (USA). On the basis of a three-dimensional digital model of gas condensate, the influence of the density of injectionwells on the coefficient of natural gas extraction during the injection of carbon dioxide into productive reservoirs on the verge of a gas-water contact was investigated. The study was carried out for a different number of injectionwells (4, 6, 8, 12, 16wells), which are evenly spaced along the perimeter of the initial gas-water contact. According to the results of the calculations, it was found that the production of formation water decreases with an increase in the density of thewell grid. In the case of using 4wells to inject carbon dioxide into a productive reservoir, the accumulated production of formation water at the end of development amounted to 169.71thousand m3. With an increase in the number of injectionwells to 16units, the accumulated production of produced water decreased to 0.066m3. This result is achieved due to a more complete coverage of the perimeter of gas content with carbon dioxide and the creation of an artificial barrier between water and natural gas, which leads to a more effective blocking of the movement of produced water into productive reservoirs. According to the results of statistical processing of the calculated data, the optimal value of the number of injectionwells was determined when injecting carbon dioxide into the reservoir. The optimal value of the number of injectionwells at the time of the breakthrough of carbon dioxide into the first productionwell is 7.86 (8)wells. The maximum value of the number of injectionwells according to the results of statistical processing is 6.8 (7)wells. The final gas recovery ratio for the given optimal injection value is 61.88%. On the basis of the calculations, the technological efficiency of using as an agent for injecting carbon dioxide at the boundary of the gas-water contact was established in order to prevent selective watering of productive reservoirs and productionwells.

Soil environments are heterogeneous in their nature. This heterogeneity creates significant difficulties both in terms of construction practice and in terms of the mathematical modeling and computer simulation of the physical-chemical processes in these heterogeneous soil arrays. From the standpoint of mathematical modeling, the issue is the discontinuity of functions, which characterize the examined processes, on such inclusions. Moreover, the characteristics of such inclusions may depend on the defining functions of the processes studied (head, temperature, humidity, the concentration of chemicals, and their gradients). And this requires the modification of conjugation conditions and leads to the nonlinear boundary-value problems in heterogeneous areas. That is why this work has examined the impact of the existence of thin inclusions on the conjugation conditions for the defining functions of the filtration and geomigration processes on them. The conjugation condition for heads has also been modified while the mathematical model of an elastic filtration mode in a heterogeneous array of soil, which contains thin weakly permeable inclusions, has been improved. The improvement implies the modification of conjugation conditions for heads on thin inclusions when the filtering factor of the inclusion itself is nonlinearly dependent on the head gradient. The numerical solution to the corresponding nonlinear boundary-value problem has been found using a finite-element method. A series of numerical experiments were conducted and their analysis was carried out. The possibility of a significant impact on the head jump has been shown taking into consideration the dependence of filtration characteristics of an inclusion on head gradients. In particular, the relative difference of head jumps lies between 26% and 99% relative to the problem with a stable filtration factor for an inclusion. In other words, when conducting forecast calculations, the influence of such dependences cannot be neglected

The influence of modeling effect of the structural zones of a corset for everyday purposes on ensuring its comfort was studied. It was established that the design structure of a corset varies significantly, depending on the magnitude of the modeling effect on different torso sections. At the same time, the mechanism of application of zonal anthropometric correction of a torso varies depending on the comfort of materials. It was proved that morphological parameters of the women’s torso zones affect the methods and parameters of the formation of the typical segmentation of a corset. Due to this, it became possible to substantiate analytically the ergonomic parameters of modeling effect in the «corset – torso» system for interactive designing the silhouette structures. Experimental studies proved the dispersion of the points of structural zones in the ranges of morphological types. It was shown that the rational variant of the combination of technological modules ensures a dimensional transformation of corset zones by means of grouping. In particular, the prospects of adaptation of the combined shape of a corset to the individual figure type were revealed. This makes it possible to assert the possibility of adaptive regulation of the feeling of comfort in a corset by combining zonal-modular models of anthropometric features and transformation of modeling effects in technological modules. It was shown that the technological module of a bustier cup provides the polyvariance of the breast volume through vertical and horizontal segmentation. The technological module of a belt-corset, in addition to the properties of the basic fabrics, takes into consideration frame elements. This results in fixing the desired modeling effect. Thus, there are some grounds to argue that the introduction of a new type of corset design will increase the productivity of design works. The practical comfort of the proposed technological solutions will ensure the reduction of the number of corset types and sizes, which in terms of comfort are universal for adjacent sizes

Designing environmentally friendly protective materials for flammable liquids makes it possible to influence the processes of heat resistance and the physical-chemical properties of a protective coating over a certain time until the emergency is eliminated. Therefore, there is a need to study the conditions that form a barrier for thermal conductivity and to define a mechanism for decelerating the transfer of heat to a flammable liquid by using a foaming agent. Given this, a mathematical model has been built for the process of changing the concentration of a foaming agent when used as a coating. Based on the experimental data, it was established that the foaming layer destruction process took place over 618s until the achieved critical thickness of the foaming layer made the conductivity cease. According to the derived dependences, the concentration value was calculated at which the critical value of the foaming layer thickness is achieved, which leads to the ignition of a flammable liquid, and is about 25%. It has been proven that the process of decelerating the temperature involves the decomposition of a foaming agent under the influence of the temperature, with heat absorption and foam release, the insulation of heat at the surface of the flammable liquid. Given this, it has become possible to define the conditions for protecting flammable liquids using foaming agents by forming a barrier to thermal conductivity. Experimental studies have confirmed that under the influence of water evaporation and foaming agent diffusion into a layer of the flammable liquid, the critical amount of the foaming agent reached a minimum in 606s and only then the flammable liquid ignited. Thus, there is reason to argue about the possibility of using foaming agents to protect the leaks of flammable liquids, capable of forming a protective layer at the surface of the material. It also becomes possible to establish methods for assessing the insulating capacity of a foaming agent that could inhibit the rate of temperature penetration and the release of flammable liquids' vapors

Studies were carried out to establish the mechanisms of structure formation during crystallization of polymer composites based on polyethylene, polypropylene or polycarbonate filled with copper microparticles. The researches were executed using a technique, the first stage of which consisted in the experimental determination of crystallization exotherms of composites, and the second – in the theoretical analysis based on the obtained exotherms of the structure formation characteristics. A complex of studies on determination of crystallization exotherms for investigated microcomposites was carried out. The regularities of the cooling rate influence of composites, the method of their production and the mass fraction of filler on the temperature level of the beginning and ending of crystallization, the maximum value of the reduced heat flux, etc. were established. It is shown that for the applied methods of obtaining composites the increase of their cooling rate causes the decrease of the indicated temperatures and heat flux. It is established that the value of the mass fraction of the filler has a less significant effect on the characteristics of the crystallization process. The regularities of structure formation of polymer composites at the initial stage of crystallization with the involvement of data on crystallization exotherms and nucleation equations are investigated. The presence of planar and three-dimensional mechanisms of structure formation at this stage has been established. It is shown that the ratio of these mechanisms is influenced by the type of polymer matrix and the method of obtaining composites. For the second stage of crystallization, which occurs in the entire volume of the composite, the results of experiments on crystallization exotherms were analyzed on the basis of the Kolmogorov-Avrami equation. It is shown that the structure formation of polyethylene-based composites occurs by the three-dimensional mechanism, and on the basis of polypropylene and polycarbonate – by the mechanism of the stressed matrix

The study suggests a method for determining the characteristic and desired values of corrosion resistance indicators to estimate the reliability parameters of systems of anticorrosive protection of structures (SAPS). The approach is based on developing robust (resistant to external influences) systems for designing measures of primary and secondary protection of metal structures against corrosion. Technological methods of diagnostics and maintenance are substantiated to improve the ways of using the constructions at all stages of their life cycle. Stronger corrosion resistance, that is, resistance to aggressive operating environments, is provided by effective methods of primary and secondary protection of metal structures from corrosion. The design is aimed at developing the provisions of the current standards of EN 1990 on the SAPS. It is established that the proposed requirements are aimed at ensuring the quality of metal structures and are achieved through calculations by the method of limit state design (LSD) using reliability coefficients (EN 1991). Robustness and durability are ensured in accordance with the provisions of EN 1993. The characteristic values of the quality indicators of protective coatings (EN ISO 12944, EN 1461) and structural material (EN 1993-1-4) are used. However, the procedures mean that such operating conditions are limited as for estimating the durability. The proposed technique will improve the measures for anticorrosive protection of structures based on the robust design. The implementation of the method justifies the design and technological preparation of work to extend the durability of the structures. Effective procedures of primary and secondary protection have been introduced, and the requirements of the ISO 9001 international standards have been implemented

The object of research is the level of environmental pollution by the example of Ukraine. The paper investigates the relationship between the volume of capital investment and a decrease in the level of environmental pollution. The methodological basis of the study is the fundamental foundations of economic theory, environmental protection, environmental economics, statistics and econometrics. To develop a statistical model of the relationship between environmental investment and environmental pollution, a correlation analysis is carried out using the paired regression equation, where a hypothesis is put forward that the relationship between all possible values of factorial and effective indicators is linear. The parameters of the constructed models are estimated by the least squares method and the statistical significance of the models is checked. The research results indicate the presence of a close inverse relationship between the volumes of capital investments for the protection of atmospheric air on the volume of emissions of pollutants into the air. This is due to the fact that the linear correlation coefficient is: –0.826, and the value of the coefficient of determination (0.6818) shows the decisive influence of capital investments on emissions. Checking the statistical significance of the model makes it possible to recognize the constructed econometric model of the effect on the volume of emissions of pollutants into the air as statistically reliable. The resulting model can be used to predict the volume of emissions of pollutants into the air and provides an opportunity to address issues of optimizing investment and environmental policies. On the other hand, an econometric model is obtained for the effect on the amount of recycled waste, which is characterized by a noticeable direct relationship (linear correlation coefficient – 0.595) and shows that only 35.44% of recycled waste is directly related to the volume of capital investments. Checking the statistical significance shows the unreliability of the model of influence on the amount of disposed waste. Although the resulting model can’t be used for forecasting, it can be used in further studies to identify other factors influencing waste disposal.

The research object is the process of creating a family milk farm and its activity efficiency. One of most important requirements as to family milk farm functioning is a possibility to provide high-quality milk production that its functioning efficiency and recoupment of investments for its creation depend on. A place of family farms as small economic subjects is determined on an example of the total entrepreneurial environment of Ukraine. The scheme of the organizational-economic functioning of family farms, created on the base of rural house economies, is proposed. The dynamics of milk and milk products production and also the dynamics of prices for milk of different sort are determined. Based on conducted studies, the expedience for creating additional production capacities in the field of milk production for industrial processing is substantiated. Actual requirements as to milk quality regulation are studied. At the research there are used means of system modeling for calculating the efficiency of family milk farm functioning. There are determined Quality parameters, influencing the economic efficiency of milk production at a family farm. They include: real fat share and real protein share in milk. For realizing the calculation of the parameters for the effective milk-good production by a family milk farm, there is proposed an economic-mathematical model of its creation by two variants: minimal and optimal. Due to this model, it is possible to calculate a minimal and maximal sum of investments, and also a period of their recoupment. Comparing with analogous well-known methods, the proposed approaches allow to determine production parameters of a family farm, to determine a sum of investments, to calculate a period of their recoupment., Объектом исследования является процесс создания семейной молочной фермы и эффективность ее деятельности. Одним из главнейших требований по функционированию семейной молочной фермы является возможность обеспечения производства молока высокого качества, от чего зависит и эффективность ее функционирования, и окупаемость вложенных инвестиций на ее создание.Определено место семейных ферм, как малых субъектов хозяйствования, на примере предпринимательской среды Украины. Предложена схема организационно-экономического функционирования семейных ферм, созданных на базе сельских домохозяйств. Определено динамику производства молока и молокопродуктов, а также динамику цен на молоко разного качества. На основе проведенных исследований обоснована целесообразность создания дополнительных производственных мощностей в отрасли производства молока для промышленной переработки. Исследованы действующие требования относительно регламентирования качества молока.В ходе исследования использованы средства системного моделирования для расчетов эффективности функционирования семейной молочной фермы. Показатели качества, которые будут влиять на экономическую эффективность производства молока в семейной ферме. К ним относятся следующие показатели: фактическая доля жира и фактическая доля белка в молоке. Для осуществления расчетов параметров экономически выгодного молочно-товарного производства семейной фермой предложена экономико-математическая модель создания семейной молочной фермы за двумя вариантами: минимальным и оптимальным. Благодаря указанной модели является возможным просчет минимальной и максимальной суммы инвестиций, а также расчет периода их окупаемости.В сравнении с аналогичными известными методами предложенные подходы позволят определить производственные параметры семейной молочной фермы, определить сумму инвестиционных вложений и рассчитать период их окупаемости., Об’єктом дослідження є процес створення сімейної молочної ферми та ефективність її діяльності. Однією з найголовніших вимог щодо функціонування сімейної молочної ферми є можливість забезпечення виробництва молока високої якості, від чого залежить і ефективність її функціонування, і окупність вкладених інвестицій на її створення.Визначено місце сімейних ферм, як малих суб’єктів господарювання, на прикладі загального підприємницького середовища України. Запропонована схема організаційно-економічного функціонування сімейних ферм, створених на базі сільських домогосподарств. Визначено динаміку виробництва молока та молокопродуктів, а також динаміку цін на молоко різного гатунку. На основі проведених досліджень обґрунтована доцільність створення додаткових виробничих потужностей в галузі виробництва молока для промислової переробки. Досліджено діючі вимоги щодо регламентування якості молока.В ході дослідження використані засоби системного моделювання для розрахунку ефективності функціонування сімейної молочної ферми. Визначені Показники якості, що впливатимуть на економічну ефективність виробництва молока в сімейній фермі. До них належать такі показники: фактична частка жиру та фактична частка білка у молоці. Для здійснення розрахунку параметрів економічно вигідного молочно-товарного виробництва сімейною фермою запропонована економіко-математична модель створення сімейної молочної ферми за двома варіантами: мінімальним та оптимальним. Завдяки зазначеній моделі є можливим прорахунок мінімальної та максимальної суми інвестицій, а також розрахунок періоду їх окупності.У порівнянні з аналогічними відомими методами запропоновані підходи дозволять визначити виробничі параметри сімейної молочної ферми, визначити суму інвестиційних вкладень, та обрахувати період їх окупності.

The use of a bending machine acquired a high level of importance as a consequence of increasing the level of the industry. This paper aims to develop a more accurate and precise bending machine. The proposed bending machine has achieved brilliant output products, in which three main manufacturing parameters have been examined for the production of an equilateral triangle, which are flange length, bending angle and bending radius. The main point depends on the proposed algorithm, which has been developed based on separating the process, in which the central controller is responsible mainly for controlling the sub-controller, where the sub-controllers are programmed using PID to control the entire mechanisms of feeding and bending separately and ensure that the outcomes of these mechanisms are compatible with the input data from the central controller. Ten different dimensions of an equilateral triangle design sample with ten tries for each dimension (variable flange length, fixed bending angle equals to 60degrees and bending radius equals to 3mm) have been selected being produced using the bending machine, and the products have been formed two times. Firstly, using the proposed bending machine, in which the proposed algorithm is applied. Secondly, using the bending machine implemented without applying the proposed algorithm. The results have been compared in terms of error rates with respect to the standard design of products designed using CAD/CAM application. An enhancement has been recorded in terms of product accuracy and precision for the parameters of flange length, bending angle and bending radius. The overall accuracy level reaches up to 98.85228% for a product manufactured using the proposed machine by applying the proposed algorithm compared with a product made with the machine designed without the proposed algorithm

Model experiments were carried out to establish the effect of flax seeds on the processes that form and mature wheat-flour dough. The study objects were wheat flour of the highest grade (control) and a mixture of wheat flour of the highest grade and whole flax seeds in the amount of 15% by weight of flour (experimental sample), as well as dough made from them. It was found during the research that the introduction of flax seeds to the dough system prolongs the duration of its formation by 22minutes. In this regard, when making wheat bread with the addition of whole flax seeds, it is necessary to provide for an extended duration of kneading the dough. Along with this, the formation of the amount of gluten in the dough was observed that is less by 17% than that in the control, and which had a low unbound structure and less stretchability. The reason for this is that the slime-forming polysaccharides of flax seeds enter the liquid phase of the dough, thereby enveloping the protein substances, limiting their swelling, and, by sticking to the gluten frame, prevent the formation of a solid gluten structure. This further predetermines the formation of products of a smaller volume. Studying the effect of flax seeds on dough maturation processes in terms of the amount of released carbon dioxide during fermentation has shown that in a sample with flax, the duration of dough fermentation can be reduced to 90minutes. The result of this study has also established that in the sample with the addition of whole seeds, due to the influence of water-soluble polysaccharides of flax, the accumulation and fermentation of sugars in the dough system occurs to a lesser extent than that in control. The introduction of flax seeds leads to a decrease in the susceptibility of starch to gel formation. Consequently, it can be predicted that starch grains will not be able to bind enough water and, during baking, a less elastic crumb will be formed.