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To test alternative explanations for the comorbidity between fibromyalgia (FM), a medically unexplained syndrome involving widespread pain, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In contrast to a default “risk factor” hypothesis, tested hypotheses were that: A) The association is due to a sampling bias introduced by the study of care-seeking individuals; B) FM is an additive burden that strains coping resources when confronting life stress; and C) Arousal symptoms of PTSD and FM are confounded. Community-dwelling women in the New York/New Jersey metropolitan area (N=1,312) completed a telephone survey regarding FM-like symptoms prior to September 11, 2001. Approximately 6 months after the World Trade Center terrorist attacks, they again completed the survey, to which questions regarding PTSD symptoms were added. The odds of probable PTSD were more than three times greater in women with FM-like symptoms, both assessed after 9/11. The odds ratio was not reduced by controlling for FM-like symptoms before 9/11 or for the potentially confounded symptoms of PTSD specifically related to arousal. These findings lead us to reject alternate explanations for the comorbidity between FM and PTSD. Speculations that FM and PTSD share psychobiological risk factors remain plausible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a principled approach to adjourning the decision to enforce under the Model Law and the New York Convention. Background on the New York Convention and the Model Law; Possible conflict between domestic practices and international policies; Overview of the working papers of the United Nationals Conference on International Commercial Arbitration regarding Article VI of the New York Convention.

The article offers information on miscellaneous events related to philosophy. Latsis Foundation has invited nominations for the award Lakatos Award for books on philosophy of science. A conference titled "Kantian and Post-Kantian Aesthetics" organized by the Department of Philosophy at the University of Rochester would be held in Rochester, New York during May 10-12, 1990. Papers have been invited for a seminar of the Mind Association and the Aristotelian Society to be held in July 1990.

Focuses on the history and reception of the opera `Troubled Island,' by William Grant Still in New York. Impact of negative reviews on the composer and associates of the opera; Revisions done in the opera; Opera as an achievement for the African American culture; Influence of cold-war politics in the closure of the opera.

Corruption demoralises government and weakens the whole endeavour of policy formulation and its implementation. It diminishes services and causes fiscal stress, but most of all it undermines trust and corrodes legitimate community expectations. Corruption takes many forms and is found in many contexts. This paper develops a framework for the analysis of corruption which identifies types, activities, sectors and places (TASP). With the TASP framework identified or suspected corruption in any setting can be analysed as a precursor to the controls and processes that are most appropriate for the control and modification of corrupt behaviour, which ideally can enhance public sector performance. The TASP framework assists in pinpointing the nature, location and context of public sector corruption, and illustrates more precisely where the risks of corrupt activity might arise. This paper demonstrates, with empirical work from New York City and the State of Victoria in Australia (Australia's second most populous state), that more precise classification and characterisation of the nature and types of corrupt activity is an essential precondition to the development and design of targeted anti-corruption measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to a recent court decision, the Annals of Occupational Hygiene is reviewing our procedures to ensure transparency in authorship and direct and indirect conflicts of interest. These improvements are intended to help protect the integrity of the science presented in the journal. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Based on ethnographic data collected in a New York Chinatown church, this paper explores how ethnic socialization and upward assimilation work together, a primary theme of the segmented assimilation thesis, among working class immigrant Chinese youth who convert to Christianity. These youth are much more bi-cultural and more at risk than the Asian American youth who have received most of the attention in the immigrant religion literature. This study shows that the church facilitates youth socialization by being a nurturing surrogate family that compensates for the weakness of immigrant families and the lack of parental resources. This study suggests that working class immigrant Chinese conversion to Christianity involves a re-authoritization process in which the new authorities in the Western Christian world, as represented by the pastor's role as a foster father, replace the old ones embedded in traditional Chinese families and create an emotionally open culture for the marginalized youth. This emotionally open culture of the church places immigrant youth's adaptation in a supportive context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the politicization of the people of Westchester County, New York during the American Revolution. Westchester's indifference to continental and imperial politics before the revolution; Efforts by the Loyalist leaders of the county to neutralize the influence of the Whig assemblymen on local residents; Whigs' first attempt to politicize the county people; More.

Context Androgen levels are generally measured in serum samples, but urine may be a more feasible option, especially in children, as it is a noninvasive alternative. Objective To assess the correlations of 10 urinary androgen metabolites with 4 serum androgens [dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S), androstenedione, and total and free testosterone] and assess if their correlations differ by participant characteristics. Methods Our study consisted of 44 girls, ages 6-13, who participated in the New York site of the LEGACY Girls Study and had both serum and urine samples collected at the same visit. We performed Pearson's correlation coefficient tests between 4 serum and 10 individual urinary metabolite measures and their sum. We examined the influence of participant characteristics on the magnitude and direction of the correlations. Results The summed urinary metabolite measures had the highest correlation with free testosterone in serum (global sum, r = 0.83) and correlated least with DHEA-S in serum (global sum, r = 0.64). The correlation between individual urinary metabolites and serum androgens ranged from 0.08 to 0.84.Two 11-oxygenated urinary metabolites (5α-androstane-3α-ol-11,17-dione5β-androstane-3α,11β-diol-17-one) were weakly correlated with all serum androgens. Participant age, weight, height, waist:hip ratio, and pubic hair growth stage changed the correlations between urinary and serum androgens measures between 10% and 213%. Conclusion The sum of urinary androgen metabolites was a good marker of circulating androstenedione, testosterone, and free testosterone. Individual urinary metabolites provide additional information about the metabolic processes of disease development compared to the antecedent serum androgens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ancestral recombination graph (ARG) is a structure that represents the history of coalescent and recombination events connecting a set of sequences (Hudson RR. In: Futuyma D, Antonovics J, editors. Gene genealogies and the coalescent process. In: Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology; 1991. p. 1 to 44.). The full ARG can be represented as a set of genealogical trees at every locus in the genome, annotated with recombination events that change the topology of the trees between adjacent loci and the mutations that occurred along the branches of those trees (Griffiths RC, Marjoram P. An ancestral recombination graph. In: Donnelly P, Tavare S, editors. Progress in population genetics and human evolution. Springer; 1997. p. 257 to 270.). Valuable insights can be gained into past evolutionary processes, such as demographic events or the influence of natural selection, by studying the ARG. It is regarded as the "holy grail" of population genetics (Hubisz M, Siepel A. Inference of ancestral recombination graphs using ARGweaver. In: Dutheil JY, editors. Statistical population genomics. New York, NY: Springer US; 2020. p. 231–266.) since it encodes the processes that generate all patterns of allelic and haplotypic variation from which all commonly used summary statistics in population genetic research (e.g. heterozygosity and linkage disequilibrium) can be derived. Many previous evolutionary inferences relied on summary statistics extracted from the genotype matrix. Evolutionary inferences using the ARG represent a significant advancement as the ARG is a representation of the evolutionary history of a sample that shows the past history of recombination, coalescence, and mutation events across a particular sequence. This representation in theory contains as much information, if not more, than the combination of all independent summary statistics that could be derived from the genotype matrix. Consistent with this idea, some of the first ARG-based analyses have proven to be more powerful than summary statistic-based analyses (Speidel L, Forest M, Shi S, Myers SR. A method for genome-wide genealogy estimation for thousands of samples. Nat Genet. 2019:51(9):1321 to 1329.; Stern AJ, Wilton PR, Nielsen R. An approximate full-likelihood method for inferring selection and allele frequency trajectories from DNA sequence data. PLoS Genet. 2019:15(9):e1008384.; Hubisz MJ, Williams AL, Siepel A. Mapping gene flow between ancient hominins through demography-aware inference of the ancestral recombination graph. PLoS Genet. 2020:16(8):e1008895.; Fan C, Mancuso N, Chiang CWK. A genealogical estimate of genetic relationships. Am J Hum Genet. 2022:109(5):812–824.; Fan C, Cahoon JL, Dinh BL, Ortega-Del Vecchyo D, Huber C, Edge MD, Mancuso N, Chiang CWK. A likelihood-based framework for demographic inference from genealogical trees. bioRxiv. 2023.10.10.561787. 2023.; Hejase HA, Mo Z, Campagna L, Siepel A. A deep-learning approach for inference of selective sweeps from the ancestral recombination graph. Mol Biol Evol. 2022:39(1):msab332.; Link V, Schraiber JG, Fan C, Dinh B, Mancuso N, Chiang CWK, Edge MD. Tree-based QTL mapping with expected local genetic relatedness matrices. bioRxiv. 2023.04.07.536093. 2023.; Zhang BC, Biddanda A, Gunnarsson ÁF, Cooper F, Palamara PF. Biobank-scale inference of ancestral recombination graphs enables genealogical analysis of complex traits. Nat Genet. 2023:55(5):768–776.). As such, there has been significant interest in the field to investigate 2 main problems related to the ARG: (i) How can we estimate the ARG based on genomic data, and (ii) how can we extract information of past evolutionary processes from the ARG? In this perspective, we highlight 3 topics that pertain to these main issues: The development of computational innovations that enable the estimation of the ARG; remaining challenges in estimating the ARG; and methodological advances for deducing evolutionary forces and mechanisms using the ARG. This perspective serves to introduce the readers to the types of questions that can be explored using the ARG and to highlight some of the most pressing issues that must be addressed in order to make ARG-based inference an indispensable tool for evolutionary research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Conference of American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) that was held on May 18-21, 1967 at Bolton Landing, New York. The conference was divided into fifteen formal sessions and three round tables. The new format also consists a presentation program of the best papers from a recent AAPOR competition for graduate students. In addition to the informative meetings, numerous social events were also organized. Also, the AAPOR Award of 1967 for distinguished achievement in the field of public opinion was presented to Hans Zeisel, a social researcher. Some of the topics on which papers were presented at the conference are: variations in the application of theory to attitude and opinion research; interviewing: special situations and problems; polling and the political process; socio-medical research in sensitive areas; predicting purchasing behavior: alchemy or science? and; computer-assisted analysis of survey data.

The article presents information on the seventeenth annual conference of American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) held from May 17 to 20, 1962 at the Hotel Sagamore in Lake George, New York. The entire conference was dedicated to the memory of Samuel A. Stouffer. At a special general session, Stouffer's former colleagues, Clyde W. Hart, Philip M Hauser, and Herbert H. Hyman, discussed his recently published collected papers, "Social Research to Test Ideas." The conference was organized into eleven formal sessions in addition to the nine round-table meetings. John W. Riley, delivered his presidential address at the annual banquet. At that time also, the newly created AAPOR Award was presented to Angus Campbell of the University of Michigan. The article also presents abstracts that were prepared by the authors of papers presented at the formal sessions. Summaries of the discussion that took place at round-table meetings and at sonic of the formal sessions were written by their chairmen or by persons whom they designated.

Information about several papers discussed at a symposium sponsored by the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory of the State College at Buffalo, New York on the ecological problems faced by Great Lakes is presented. Topics include the biology, physical and chemical limnology, meteorology, thermal studies, geology and remote sensing. The symposium featured environmentalist and limnologist and other scientist that discusses options to reconstruct the ecological balance of the Great Lake.

In art and design programmes across the USA, the ‘history of design survey’ remains the first, and sometimes the only, formal exposure most design students will have to design history, especially that of the premodern period. In contrast to the model of the art history survey, in which painting and sculpture dominate, history of design surveys consider a range of disciplines from textile and furniture design to landscape, graphics and new media. Moreover, the history of design survey is an opportunity to introduce students not only to design history but also to the culture of these various disciplines within design practice. This greatly expands the scope of what is already a broad chronological study. The continuing debate within the field of design history over the very nature of what constitutes design further complicates teaching a survey. This paper presents a case study of ‘History of Design, 1850–2000’, the introductory-level design history survey course taught to design students at Parsons The New School for Design, New York. It is based on an overview of history of design courses currently being taught in the USA and on discussions with instructors in the field. It examines the challenges as well as the opportunities of teaching design history surveys and sets the Parsons course within continuing debates by exploring the ways history of design surveys might address more closely the needs and goals of future design practitioners. The article is intended to elucidate methodological and pedagogical perspectives that will help history of design surveys remain relevant to design students and useful in framing the field and propelling it forward. It invites disciplinary discussions of new strategies and approaches for teaching and learning the history of design. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We sought to quantify changes in tree species composition, forest structure and aboveground forest biomass (AGB) over 76 years (1930-2006) in the deciduous Black Rock Forest in southeastern New York, USA. We used data from periodic forest inventories, published floras and a set of eight long-term plots, along with species-specific allometric equations to estimate AGB and carbon content. Between the early 1930s and 2000, three species were extirpated from the forest (American elm (Ulmus americana L.), paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and black spruce (Picea mariana (nigra) (Mill.) BSP)) and seven species invaded the forest (non-natives tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) and white poplar (Populus alba L.) and native, generally southerly distributed, southern catalpa (Catalpa bignonioides Walt.), cockspur hawthorn (Crataegus crus-galli L.), red mulberry (Morus rubra L.), eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) and slippery elm (Ulmus rubra Muhl.)). The forest canopy was dominated by red oak and chestnut oak, but the understory tree community changed substantially from mixed oak-maple to red maple-black birch. Density decreased from an average of 1500 to 735 trees ha-1, whereas basal area doubled from less than 15 m² ha-1 to almost 30 m² ha-1 by 2000. Forest-wide mean AGB from inventory data increased from about 71 Mg ha-1 in 1930 to about 145 Mg ha-1 in 1985, and mean AGB on the long-term plots increased from 75 Mg ha-1 in 1936 to 218 Mg ha-1 in 1998. Over 76 years, red oak (Quercus rubra L.) canopy trees stored carbon at about twice the rate of similar-sized canopy trees of other species. However, there has been a significant loss of live tree biomass as a result of canopy tree mortality since 1999. Important constraints on long-term biomass increment have included insect outbreaks and droughts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most American and English cancer patients prefer to die at home. Factors associated with greater likelihood of dying at home have been contradictory in many studies and no studies have compared the effects of factors in different countries. The objective of this paper is to compare the factors affecting place of cancer death in two major cities, New York and London. Methods: We use data on all individuals aged ≥40 dying of cancer in London (59604) and New York City (51 668) in the years 1995 through 1998. The probability of death at home is examined in each city as a function of gender, age group (40-55, 56-64, 65-74, 75+), year, type of cancer, and area socioeconomic status, using multiple logistic regression. Results: Although the probability of death at home is the same in the two cities (∼1 in 5), being female lowers the odds of death at home by ∼7% in London, and raises it by ∼22% in New York. Older age is associated with increased odds of dying at home in New York but decreased odds of dying at home in London. Being in the lowest tercile of socioeconomic status (relative to the highest) lowers the odds of death at home by 22% in London and 39% in New York. Conclusion: Site of death varies significantly by patient and area characteristics in both cities, an understanding, which should be taken account of in future planning of end-of-life care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In systematic studies of the molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis, DNA fingerprinting is used to estimate the fraction of incident cases attributable to recent transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis rather than reactivation disease and to identify risk factors for recent transmission. This approach is based on the premise that tuberculosis cases that share a DNA fingerprint are epidemiologically related while cases in which fingerprints are unique are due to remote infection that has reactivated. In this paper, the authors review the objectives and design of molecular epidemiologic studies of tuberculosis, describe current analytical approaches, and consider the impact of these different approaches on study results. Using data from a previously published investigation of the epidemiology of tuberculosis conducted from 1990 to 1993 among tuberculosis patients in New York City, New York, the authors show how selecting different measures of disease frequency, comparison groups, and sampling strategies may impact the results and interpretability of the study. They demonstrate ways to conduct sensitivity analyses of estimated results and suggest strategies that may improve the usefulness of this approach to studying tuberculosis. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:565-71 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines growing up in severely-distressed households typical of many in inner-city New York where drug abuse, sexual exploitation, and violence are the norm. The continual assault on young girls often leads to mortification of self, characterized by acceptance of their situation and socialization to these behaviors in adulthood. A case study of four generations of women show that they often recapitulate the prevailing conduct norms and replicate them in the next generation. Programs are clearly needed to help ameliorate conditions in many such inner-city households, establish healthier behavioral norms, and help young girls grow into more constructive adult lifestyles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of congregations in civil society by examining the relationship between religious involvement and volunteering. We draw on a survey and interviews with respondents from upstate New York to analyze a set of inter-related questions: how does congregational involvement lead people into volunteering and influence the meaning of volunteer activity? How do church members choose a volunteer site? What role do congregations play in generating civic engagement and social capital? We find no liberal/conservative differences either in the likelihood of volunteering or in choosing between secular and religious volunteer opportunities. Rather, we find that social networks and impressions of organizational identity draw people into volunteering and into particular organizations, and that there is a competition between congregations and other civic groups for members' time. We conclude that congregations foster both "loose" and strong connections to civic life for members at different stages of the life course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1909 and 1929, John Cotton Dana directed New Jersey's Newark Museum and pioneered the museum exhibition of mass-produced goods, initiating a trend among American art museums, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Through his work, Dana hoped to reform the museum community, society and industry. He saw his museum's activities as a progressive response to the problems of increased industrialization, an expanding consumer culture and the country's search for a national aesthetic based on the machine. This paper examines Dana's influence by investigating his correspondence, publications and exhibitions, including the first display in America of modern industrial design, the 1912 exhibit of the work of the Deutscher Werkbund. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents from urban communities are at risk for unhealthy snacking behaviors. Youth advocacy interventions are shown to improve certain adolescent health behaviors, such as substance use. However, it remains unclear if youth advocacy is a feasible method to promote healthy snacking. As such, the aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of a youth advocacy program promoting healthy snacking among adolescents in New York City by conducting a mixed-methods process evaluation. Adolescents (12–18 years) at a Boys and Girls Club in New York City were recruited to participate in a 12-session adaptation of the Youth Engagement and Action for Health! program to advocate for the promotion of healthy snacks in corner stores. A mixed-methods process evaluation was conducted to assess recruitment, reach (attendance), dose delivered (amount of intervention delivered), fidelity (degree to which intervention was implemented according to curriculum) and dose received (participant engagement/satisfaction). Satisfaction was also evaluated through focus groups. Descriptive statistics were calculated for quantitative data, and focus groups were analyzed using thematic analysis. Participant retention (94.74%), attendance (93.52%), dose delivered (98.94%), fidelity (98.5%), engagement (4.97/5) and program satisfaction (4/5) were high. Focus groups (n  = 6; 28 participants) revealed that participants learned about nutrition, enjoyed being advocates and improved snacking behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes voting in five 1982 elections in which women ran as major party candidates for high-level offices: Governor in Vermont and Iowa; and U.S. Senator in Missouri, New York, and New Jersey. Results indicate that the sex of the candidate generally has little impact on voting and that solid women candidates can attract cross-over votes, while weaker ones can lose them. The implications of these results are discussed in the concluding section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiology has a rich tradition in western New York State, beginning with the classic study by Austin Flint of a waterbome typhoid fever outbreak in North Boston in 1843. Other important investigations included the study of the Buffalo poliomyelitis epidemic of 1912, by Wade Hampton Frost, which provided a comprehensive characterization of the epidemiology of the disease, and the first case-control study of cigarette smoking and lung cancer, by Morton L. Levin et al., conducted at the Roswell Park Memorial Cancer Institute in the 1940s. Other studies carried out before 1960 arid included in the review deal with additional typhoid fever outbreaks, tuberculosis, breast cancer, and coronary heart disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a dramatic increase in bias related crimes in the city of New York since 1985. The rise in hate violence has been fueled primarily by the actions of young people under the age of 21. This paper analyzes the relationship between socioeconomic factors, the ethnic and racial attitudes of youth, community sentiment and ideologies, and racial identities which incorporate negative attitudes toward other groups. The paper argues that the deterioration of economic prospects for youth has raised anxiety, fear, and competition among youth. Community sentiment and peer group participation channel these anxieties and fears against other ethnic and racial groups by encouraging an oppositional sense of group position and linking membership in the group to particular attitudes towards other groups. Peer groups provide the arena for the expression of negative attitudes towards other groups in the form of ethnic and racial violence, which the youth see as a defense of turf and neighborhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the holding of the First International Conference on Gilles de Bins, dit Binchois at the Graduate School of the City University of New York, New York, from october 31 to November 1, 1995. Number of papers presented; Interpretation of a sign used by Binchois.

Information about several papers discussed at the "Pollution, Public Enemy Number 1" meeting held in Oneonta, New York in February 1969 is presented. It was sponsored by the State University of New York and hosted by the Biology Department of State University College. During the event, six papers were presented that tackle the problem of pollution including some corrective measures on the problem.

The article presents information on the research interview and its measurement. Not only is it the most often used tool in social work practice, the interview is also an essential device in social work research. Information can be gathered by this means when no other method is either adequate or possible, yielding richer qualitative data than many other tools and techniques. However, in spite of its important qualities, the interview as a method for collecting original data in research has one major disadvantage: it fails to provide quantitative data for comparison and measurement of interviews. This paper reports attempts to measure a series of forty-eight recorded interviews together with the methods of question formulation and recording development in an attitude study undertaken by the writer in rehabilitation settings in the New York metropolitan area. The study dealt with two groups of individuals with visible and non-visible physical impairments. The primary purpose of the interviews was to collect data about the subjects' attitudes toward their disability. All forty-eight subjects were male adults of various socioeconomic levels, educational backgrounds, and occupations. Each subject had been interviewed by the same interviewer twice prior to the recorded interview to gather biographical data.

The social and psychological concomitants of cancer are profound and extensive, and a treating physician inevitably needs to grapple with these allied issues. Present medical thinking also holds that it is inadequate to treat a 'disease.' Typically the physician's explanation for restricting his activity to the treatment of disease is that he does not have the time for more than this. It is tacitly assumed thereby that a doctor would have the skillfulness generally to help patients in the broader sense. The authors question this premise and propose that it is rather the other way around. The thinking expressed in this paper is mainly based upon experiences with breast cancer patients attending the tumor clinics of the Bronx Municipal Hospital Center, a New York City general hospital. The authors believe these patients to be representative of the general breast cancer patient population, but this is an inference based upon observation rather than statistical demonstration. Breast cancer patients include women with operable disease as well as patients with advanced inoperable or recurrent postoperative malignancy.

From 1913 to 1963 the Republicans held continuous sway over the Board of Supervisors in Dutchess County, New York. In the November election of 1963 party control changed. This paper describes an attempt, by means of interviews with both candidates and voters, to discover the forces motivating voters to abandon their traditional voting habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information about events related to sociology and psychology to be held during June-December, 1960. The Sixty-eighth Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association will be held in Chicago during September 1-7, 1960. The American Sociological Association will convene for its fifty-fifth annual meeting at Statler-Hilton Hotel, New York City, during August 29-31, 1960. The Association for Education in Journalism will hold its 1960 convention at Pennsylvania State University during August 29-September 2, 1960. The program will include sessions on media analysis, for which papers have been solicited from researchers in various fields besides journalism. Further information may be obtained from the Program Chairman, Wayne A. Danielson, School of Journalism, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Syracuse University, New York, has announced that the third annual Maxwell Institute on American Overseas Operations would be held at Pinebrook Conference Center, Saranac Lake, New York, during August 14-27, 1960.

The article offers information on various meetings related to biological sciences. It announces that a symposium on the fundamental aspects of the oviduct in animals and man will be held from July 31 to August 4, 1967 at Washington State University in Pullman, Washington, and an international symposium on algae, man and the environment, sponsored by Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York and the New York State Science and Technology Foundation, New York, will be held from June 18 to 30, 1967 in Syracuse. It offers information on the XIV International Ornithological Congress which was held from July 24 to 30, 1966 in Oxford, England. It mentions that the congress included Plenary Sessions in which recent advances in population ecology, physiology and systematics were reviewed.

The article focuses on the response of social settlements to the Great Depression of 1930s. During the depression of the 1930s, only settlements in New York City and Chicago continued the reform activities of the Progressive Era. A social settlement, Chicago Commons, held the first hearing, and many people connected with settlement houses were also deeply involved in the Chicago Workers Committee on Unemployment. Outside New York City and Chicago, virtually no settlement took part in social action to improve economic conditions. The major professional social work organization in the 1930s was the American Association of Social Work. Some of the differences in cities that did and did not have a Community Chest were reflected in attitudes toward various New Deal measures. Until the Social Security Act was passed in August 1935, the New Deal had provided only temporary relief programs, formed in response to the drastic conditions of the depression. The Social Security Act marked a turning point.

The article discusses the inaugural Annual Junior Faculty Forum for International Law which was held in May 2012 at the New York University (NYU) School of Law in New York, New York, as well as information on a second forum which is scheduled for 2013 at the University of Nottingham, and a third forum which is scheduled for May 2014 at the University of Melbourne. It states that several young scholars were invited to the colloquium in New York, New York, including Christopher Warren.

NYC FITNESSGRAM, monitored by the New York City (NYC) Department of Education and the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, functions as the NYC Department of Education's citywide youth fitness surveillance program. Here we present the methods, characteristics, and data used in this surveillance system to monitor physical fitness in public school students (grades kindergarten through 12; initiated in 2006; n  = 6,748,265 observations; mean sample of 519,097 observations per year to date) in New York, New York. Youth physical fitness prevalence estimates, longitudinal trends, and spatial analyses may be investigated using continuous fitness composite percentile scores and Cooper Institute for Aerobic Research–defined sex- and age-specific Healthy Fitness Zones. Healthy Fitness Zones are based on individual-child fitness test performance, with standard errors clustered at the school and student levels and adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. Results may be used to show trends in youth fitness attainment over time and highlight disparities in the fitness prevalence of NYC students. In sum, continuous fitness composite percentile scores offer the opportunity for prospective tracking of shifts in youth physical fitness on a population scale and across subpopulations. NYC FITNESSGRAM can accompany a growing body of surveillance tools demonstrating the potential for population-level surveillance tools to promote global public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoke-free housing policies are intended to reduce the deleterious health effects of secondhand smoke exposure, but there is limited evidence regarding their health impacts. We examined associations between implementation of a federal smoke-free housing rule by the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) and pediatric Medicaid claims for asthma, lower respiratory tract infections, and upper respiratory tract infections in the early post–policy intervention period. We used geocoded address data to match children living in tax lots with NYCHA buildings (exposed to the policy) to children living in lots with other subsidized housing (unexposed to the policy). We constructed longitudinal difference-in-differences models to assess relative changes in monthly rates of claims between November 1, 2015, and December 31, 2019 (the policy was introduced on July 30, 2018). We also examined effect modification by baseline age group (≤2, 3–6, or 7–15 years). In New York City, introduction of a smoke-free policy was not associated with lower rates of Medicaid claims for any outcomes in the early postpolicy period. Exposure to the smoke-free policy was associated with slightly higher than expected rates of outpatient upper respiratory tract infection claims (incidence rate ratio = 1.05, 95% confidence interval: 1.01, 1.08), a result most pronounced among children aged 3–6 years. Ongoing monitoring is essential to understanding long-term health impacts of smoke-free housing policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the significance of the Herb Lubalin Study Center of Design and Typography in New York. The center, which was founded by the Cooper Union and the friends, family and admirers of graphic designer Herb Lubalin, produces exhibitions, publications and seminars on the history, story and practice of graphic design. It houses an archive of Lubalin's work and exhibits works by influential individuals such as Massimo Vignelli, Louis Silverstein and Ivan Chermayeff. The center has published the Writing/Culture Monograph series which demonstrates the interdisciplinary potential of design studies.

The 1974 American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) Conference was held between May 30-June 2, at the Hotel Sagamore in Bolton Landing, Lake George, New York. It was the twenty-ninth annual conference on public opinion. A stimulating program of twenty-two formal sessions, four methodological open discussions, and eighteen luncheon round-table discussions was organized by conference chairman John P. Robinson under the general theme "Continuities in Public Opinion Research." The AAPOR Award for distinguished achievement was presented this year to Bernard Berelson. The methodological open discussions, a 1974 innovation for AAPOR was developed to encourage critical review of the central methodological issues of public opinion research. While varying in format, they seek to encourage member discussion of short papers presented by the discussion leaders and invited panelists.

This article reports that proceedings of the Annual Conference of the American Association for Public Opinion Research held at Lake George, New York in May 1963, will be published in the winter issue of the journal "Public Opinion Quarterly." This change from the usual practice of including the proceedings in the fall issue was made to allow more time for the assembly and editing of abstracts of papers presented at the conference.

While racial/ethnic differences in fetal growth have been documented, few studies have examined whether they vary by exogenous factors, which could elucidate underlying causes. The purpose of this study was to characterize longitudinal fetal growth patterns by maternal sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical factors and examine whether associations with maternal race/ethnicity varied by these other predictors. Between 2016 and 2019, pregnant women receiving prenatal care at NYU Langone Health (New York, New York) were invited to participate in a birth cohort study. Women completed questionnaires, and clinical data were abstracted from ultrasound examinations. Maternal characteristics were assessed in relation to fetal biometric measures throughout pregnancy using linear mixed models. Maternal race/ethnicity was consistently associated with fetal biometry: Black, Hispanic, and Asian women had fetuses with smaller head circumference, abdominal circumference, and biparietal diameter than White women. The associations between race/ethnicity and fetal growth varied by nativity for Asian women, such that the disparity between Asian and White women was much greater for US-born women than for foreign-born women. However, associations for Black and Hispanic women did not vary by nativity. While race/ethnicity-specific fetal growth standards have been proposed, additional work is needed to elucidate what could be driving these differences, including factors that occur in parallel and differentially affect fetal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1911 New York State Sullivan Act outlawed carrying concealable firearms without a licence, established strict licencing rules and regulated the sale and possession of handguns. We analyse the effects of the Sullivan Act using historical data on mortality rates, pistol permits and citations for illegal carrying. Our analysis of pistol permits and citations reveal clear initial effects of the Sullivan Act on gun-related behaviours. Using synthetic control and difference-in-differences methodologies, our main analyses show no effects on overall homicide rates, evidence of a reduction in overall suicide rates and strong evidence of a large and sustained decrease in gun-related suicide rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current use of vaping products has increased in recent years among youth in the United States. We conducted cross-sectional surveys of vaping product users aged 15–17 in New York in 2017 and 2019 to assess vaping freqency, reported nicotine content of vaping products used, risk perceptions of vaping and openness to vaping cannabis (2019 survey only). Between 2017 and 2019, the proportion of youth vapers who were frequent vaping product users increased from 16.8% to 26.2% (P  < 0.05). The proportion of youth vapers who usually used high-nicotine vaping products also increased, from 12.6% to 40.0% (P  < 0.05). In both years, the use of high-nicotine vaping products was positively associated with frequent use (P  < 0.05). The perceived likelihood of harm from vaping increased (P  < 0.05), but respondents' perception of harm from using tobacco-flavored vaping products remained higher than that from using menthol/mint or sweet flavors. In 2019, 60.6% of respondents reported having tried vaping cannabis. Results suggest shifts in youth vaping behavior toward more frequent use and use of higher nicotine vaping products, support previous findings about youth misperceptions about health risks of flavored vaping products and highlight openness to vaping cannabis among youth vaping product users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies external sovereign bonds as an asset class. We compile a new database of 266,000 monthly prices of foreign-currency government bonds traded in London and New York between 1815 (the Battle of Waterloo) and 2016, covering up to 91 countries. Our main insight is that, as in equity markets, the returns on external sovereign bonds have been sufficiently high to compensate for risk. Real ex post returns average more than 6% annually across two centuries, including default episodes, major wars, and global crises. This represents an excess return of 3%–4% above US or UK government bonds, which is comparable to stocks and outperforms corporate bonds. Central to this finding are the high average coupons offered on external sovereign bonds. The observed returns are hard to reconcile with canonical theoretical models and the degree of credit risk in this market, as measured by historical default and recovery rates. Based on our archive of more than 300 sovereign debt restructurings since 1815, we show that full repudiation is rare; the median creditor loss (haircut) is below 50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Compliance with perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis is crucial for preventing surgical site infection. Anesthesiologists can play a significant role in reducing surgical site infections by following clinical practice guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis and redosing during surgery. A quality assurance initiative was implemented at a tertiary hospital with the goal of improving cefazolin perioperative antibiotic compliance. Design This was a retrospective observational study Setting Main operating room of a tertiary care teaching hospital in New York, USA. Our main operating room includes 22 operating rooms that incorporates surgeries from general surgery, vascular surgery, neurology, gynecology, urology, orthopedics, ear, nose and throat (ENT) etc. Participants All cases in the main operating room from March 1, 2018 to March 31, 2021 that received first dose of Cefazolin and in which the duration of surgery was more than 4 hrs. Intervention A multifaceted intervention was initiated to address low compliance with cefazolin redosing. Multifaceted interventions included the development of a perioperative antibiotic guide for anesthesia providers, automated reminders in anesthesia electronic medical records, grand rounds education, survey and email communications, and regular feedback reports to the anesthesia department. Main outcome Measures Cefazolin perioperative redose compliance rate. Results Rates of redose compliance were examined in three time periods: preintervention, intervention and postintervention. Cefazolin redosing compliance was 58% in the preintervention period and 90% in the postintervention period. There was a significant positive change in the trend of compliance during the intervention period, indicating that the odds of compliance increased by 13% per month in the intervention period compared to the preintervention period (odds ratio = 1.13, P  < 0.001). Redose compliance improvements were sustained a year after the postintervention period (an average of 91%). Surgical site infection rates for colon, coronary artery bypass graft and hip surgeries did not show any significant trend during these time periods. Conclusion Multifaceted interventions led to significant and sustained improvements in cefazolin redosing compliance in the main operating room of a tertiary hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background In 2018-2019, large outbreaks of measles occurred in Israel and in New York City, driven in part by travel of unimmunized children between the 2 communities. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted for children tested for measles (March 2018-September 2019) at NYU Langone Health in New York, NY, and in Ramla subdistrict, Israel. Vaccination records were reviewed to determine vaccination status for measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) at the time of measles testing and 1-year post-testing. Results A total of 264 children were tested for measles, and 102 (38.6%) had confirmed measles. Only 20 (19.6%) of measles-positive cases received a full 2-dose course of vitamin A. 82.4% of children with measles were ≥1 year at the time of diagnosis and fully eligible for MMR vaccine. Of the 100 measles-positive cases with available vaccine records, 63 were unvaccinated at testing, and 27 remained unimmunized against MMR 1 year later. At testing, measles-negative children were significantly more likely to have received MMR than measles-positive children (65.4% vs 37%, P  < .01). One year later, 70.4% of measles-negative cases and only 57.1% of measles-positive cases had received MMR vaccine (P  = .18). Conclusions The majority of measles cases occurred in unimmunized children eligible for vaccination, and >25% of children in both measles-positive and -negative groups remained unimmunized for MMR 1-year post-outbreak. Our results suggest the need for novel, longitudinal vaccination strategies and increased awareness of the role of vitamin A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population-based seroprevalence surveys can provide useful estimates of the number of individuals previously infected with serious acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and still susceptible, as well as contribute to better estimates of the case-fatality rate and other measures of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. No serological test is 100% accurate, however, and the standard correction that epidemiologists use to adjust estimates relies on estimates of the test sensitivity and specificity often based on small validation studies. We have developed a fully Bayesian approach to adjust observed prevalence estimates for sensitivity and specificity. Application to a seroprevalence survey conducted in New York State in 2020 demonstrates that this approach results in more realistic—and narrower—credible intervals than the standard sensitivity analysis using confidence interval endpoints. In addition, the model permits incorporating data on the geographical distribution of reported case counts to create informative priors on the cumulative incidence to produce estimates and credible intervals for smaller geographic areas than often can be precisely estimated with seroprevalence surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. For the purposes of meta-analysis and network meta-analysis, the use of standard outcome measures is ideal. In OA research, the WOMAC was developed as an OA-specific measure of disability. It includes a pain subscale. In 1994 a consensus meeting recommended the use of WOMAC as a primary measure of efficacy in OA. In the context of a review of the efficacy of physical interventions for the relief of the pain of OA of the knee, we investigated the use of WOMAC.Methods. A systematic review (December 2009–January 2010) identified trials that used the WOMAC outcome. These were investigated for correct use and clear reporting of the WOMAC pain subscale and the WOMAC index.Results. The WOMAC pain subscale was used in 45% of the 134 trials. Reporting of the exact method of administering the WOMAC pain subscale was poor in many cases: in 53% of trials the reporting of the type of WOMAC scale used was inadequate; the score range was reported ambiguously in 38% of trials, with a further 10% being completely unclear. Similar less than optimal reporting of the WOMAC index was found.Conclusion. Poor reporting of both the WOMAC pain subscale and the WOMAC index resulted in significant uncertainty in the interpretation of the results of individual trials and limited their contribution to evidence synthesis. Improved adherence with the standard use of the WOMAC scoring system, with clear reporting of it in trials of OA of the knee should be encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the 1973 drug laws in New York state initiated by Governor Nelson Rockefeller in his annual address to the state legislature known as the “Rockefeller drug laws." It considers why Rockefeller initiated harsh punishments for drug crimes after he had previously supported state-sponsored rehabilitation efforts for drug addicts. Other subjects considered include the public's reaction to the laws, the political philosophy of the state's role and responsibilities towards social problems, the welfare state, and the effects of New York's laws on other state's policies towards illegal drugs.

The article previews the joint meeting of the Society for the Study of Evolution, the Society of Systematic Biologists and the American Society of Naturalists that will be held from June 23 to 27, 2006 at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York State. It includes information on issues that will be addressed at various meetings.

This article discusses some things we have learned about markets, in the process of designing marketplaces to fix market failures. To work well, marketplaces have to provide thickness, i.e. they need to attract a large enough proportion of the potential participants in the market; they have to overcome the congestion that thickness can bring, by making it possible to consider enough alternative transactions to arrive at good ones; and they need to make it safe and sufficiently simple to participate in the market, as opposed to transacting outside of the market, or having to engage in costly and risky strategic behaviour. I will draw on recent examples of market design ranging from labour markets for doctors and new economists, to kidney exchange, and school choice in New York City and Boston. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]