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Researchers from Universite de Montpellier have published a report on the role of piRNAs (PIWI-interacting RNAs) in metabolic reprogramming in stem cells. The study found that piRNAs and the PIWI protein Aubergine (Aub) are crucial in activating glycolysis in Drosophila female germline stem cells (GSCs). Higher glycolysis is necessary for GSC self-renewal, and loss of Aub function leads to a metabolic switch in GSCs, resulting in their differentiation. The research highlights the role of small RNAs in regulating metabolic reprogramming in stem cells. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses a study from the Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia "Manuel Velasco Suarez" examining the impact of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on neuronal damage by measuring S-100b and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels. Topics include the efficacy of ECT for psychiatric disorders, assessment of neuronal damage biomarkers, and the lack of evidence for ECT-induced neuronal damage.

The article explores a research from the University of Sao Paulo on the potential use of Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) as a biomarker for diagnosing and predicting outcomes in delirium. Topics include NSE's application in delirium diagnosis, methodological issues in existing studies, and the need for larger, more standardized research to validate NSE's clinical utility.

Researchers at Bethune International Peace Hospital in Hebei, China have developed a new method for detecting total antibodies against Candida albicans enolase 1 (CaEno1) for diagnosing invasive candidiasis (IC). The method, called double antigen sandwich ELISA (DAgS-ELISA), was found to be more efficient, accurate, and quantitative compared to indirect ELISA. The researchers observed a distinctive "double-peak" pattern in dynamic antibody levels in systemic candidiasis mice. Further validation and optimization are needed for the clinical application and effectiveness of DAgS-ELISA. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the First Affiliated Hospital in Xianning, China, focused on identifying key genes and regulatory networks associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) using bioinformatics analysis. The study utilized gene expression datasets and various analytical techniques to identify differentially expressed genes and potential candidate drugs for DR. The researchers also constructed a protein-protein interaction network and a miRNA-transcription factor-hub gene network to further understand the complex interactions involved in DR. The study identified eight hub genes associated with DR and found that hypoxia-related hub genes exhibited favorable diagnostic performance. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Chonnam National University Hospital in South Korea have conducted a study on the use of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) as a prognostic tool for cardiac arrest survivors. The study analyzed data from adult patients who underwent targeted temperature management and measured NSE levels at 48 and 72 hours after cardiac arrest. The researchers found that a cutoff value of 60 mg/L of NSE was effective in predicting poor neurological outcomes, while a cutoff value of 17 mg/L could be used to deter early withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy. The study provides valuable insights into the use of NSE in assessing cardiac arrest patients. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers from Heinrich Heine University of Dusseldorf examined the effects of Amiodarone administration during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on short-term mortality and neurological outcomes in patients with sudden cardiac arrest. The study included 232 patients with shockable rhythms, and propensity score matching was used to compare patients who received Amiodarone during CPR to those who did not. The results showed that Amiodarone administration was not associated with changes in short-term mortality or neurological outcomes in patients with shockable rhythms receiving CPR. This study provides valuable insights into the best therapeutic approach for CPR. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Mustansiriyah University in Baghdad, Iraq, has found that knockdown of a-Enolase (ENO1) can effectively suppress the glycolytic pathway and inhibit the proliferation of Hep G2 cells, which are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatocellular carcinoma is a type of liver cancer with a low survival rate, and finding effective treatments is crucial. The researchers constructed a cell line with a-enolase short interference RNA, which resulted in lower expression of a-enolase and inhibited pyruvate levels and cell proliferation. These findings suggest that a-enolase short interference RNA could be a potential gene therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the University of Scranton in Pennsylvania have conducted a study on brain redox metabolism in relation to health, aging, and disease. They focused on the reversible oxidations of protein thiols, which play a role in redox homeostasis. The researchers found that certain proteins containing vicinal thiols can serve as intrinsic probes of brain redox metabolism. They also observed stable redox states of these proteins over the lifespan of rats and a reductive shift following global ischemia. The study highlights the implications of these findings for brain redox metabolism in health, aging, and ischemia. [Extracted from the article]

A clinical trial, NCT06460480, is currently underway at Haseki Training and Research Hospital in Turkey. The study aims to investigate the neurological prognosis after cardiac arrest by monitoring postcardiac arrest patients in the intensive care unit for 48 hours using electroencephalogram and cerebral oximetry. Blood samples will also be collected to analyze serum biomarkers associated with neuronal damage. The trial will follow patients for seven and 28 days, recording various measurements and demographic data. The study is focused on evaluating the use of biomarkers and EEG abnormalities in post-cardiac arrest patients to determine survival outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Monash University provides new insights into breast cancer. The study focuses on the glycolytic enzyme alpha-enolase, which is known to be a biomarker for many cancers. The researchers found that the expression of alpha-enolase correlates with subcellular localization and tumorigenic status in triple negative breast cancer. They also discovered that phosphorylation of serine 419 plays a role in regulating the subcellular localization of alpha-enolase in tumor cells. This information could potentially be used to develop targeted therapies for triple negative breast cancer. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology in Roorkee, India, has focused on the development of a potential vaccine candidate for Candida albicans and Candida auris, two fungal pathogens that cause systemic candidiasis. The researchers cloned and expressed the full-length enolase gene sequences from both species and successfully purified the recombinant enolase proteins. In silico analysis revealed conserved B-cell and T-cell epitopes, suggesting potential cross-reactivity and broad-spectrum vaccine efficacy. These findings have the potential to advance therapeutic and diagnostic strategies against systemic candidiasis. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Weifang People's Hospital in China explored the relationship between Neurospecific Enolase (NSE) and childhood pneumonia. The study aimed to provide assistance in the diagnosis and assessment of pneumonia. The researchers measured the levels of NSE, ESR, and CRP in children with pneumonia and compared them to a control group. The study found that serum NSE can serve as an inflammatory indicator for pediatric pneumonia, which has important clinical guidance significance for diagnosis, condition evaluation, and prognosis. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Korea University investigated the mechanism by which 3-Hydroxytanshinone (3-HT), a type of tanshinone found in traditional Chinese medicine, regulates the expression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-a (HIF-1a). The study found that 3-HT inhibits HIF-1a activity and expression under hypoxic conditions, and also inhibits hypoxia-induced angiogenesis by suppressing the expression of VEGF. Additionally, 3-HT was found to directly bind to a-enolase, an enzyme associated with glycolysis, resulting in the suppression of its activity. These findings suggest that 3-HT may hold promise as a potential therapeutic agent for hypoxia-related angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Guangxi Medical University in China have conducted a study on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and its response to oridonin (ORI), a component of the Chinese herb Herba Rabdosiae. The study found that ORI can inhibit the growth of NSCLC tumors by targeting key proteins involved in glycolysis, such as Aldolase A (ALDOA) and Enolase 1 (ENO1). This novel antitumor strategy of inhibiting glycolysis shows promise in suppressing NSCLC and triggering apoptosis. The research has been peer-reviewed and provides valuable insights into potential treatments for NSCLC. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology in Moscow discusses the significance of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) as a biomarker. While NSE has been extensively studied since its discovery in 1965, its use in clinical practice, particularly in acute cerebrovascular accidents, remains limited. The report suggests that the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method used in most studies is inadequate for evaluating NSE as a marker of central nervous system damage. The authors recommend the development of an improved methodological approach for evaluating NSE as a biomarker and addressing the specificity of research methods and terminology. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the University of West Attica in Athens, Greece, explored the use of serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) as a biomarker for neonatal brain injury (NBI) in preterm neonates. The study found that serum NSE levels during the first three days of life did not significantly differ between control and preterm neonates with NBI. However, subgroup analysis revealed that neonates with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) had significantly higher concentrations of serum NSE compared to controls and neonates with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). The researchers concluded that NSE could be an effective biomarker on the third day of life for identifying preterm neonates at high risk of developing severe forms of IVH. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Seoul National University College of Medicine in South Korea has investigated the role of a-Enolase (ENO1) in the production of Interleukin (IL)-32, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The study found that ENO1 stimulation increased IL-32 expression, and that IL-32 production was decreased when NF-kB or p38 MAPK pathway inhibitors were used. These findings suggest that ENO1 plays an important role in inflammation through the induction of IL-32 production via the activation of the NF-kB and p38 MAPK pathways. This research provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis of RA and may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application from Timser S.A.P.I. De C.V. in Mexico has been released online, detailing a method for diagnosing and treating cervical cancer. The invention focuses on using biomarkers to diagnose the disease, offering a non-invasive alternative to current invasive methods. The application describes specific polypeptides that can be detected in samples from patients to diagnose cervical cancer, and various detection methods are mentioned, including protein microarray and lateral flow assay. The invention also discusses the possibility of administering treatments such as surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy. [Extracted from the article]

New research from Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) focuses on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), an aggressive type of breast cancer with limited treatment options. The study explores the role of the glycolytic enzyme enolase 1 (ENO1) in TNBC and its potential as a target for therapy. The researchers developed a non-allosteric small molecule inhibitor, SU212, which binds to ENO1 and restricts its movement within cells. This treatment showed promising results in inhibiting tumor progression and metastasis in mouse models, and when combined with anti-PD1 therapy, it sensitized TNBC tumors to immune therapy. Further development of SU212 as an immune therapy sensitizer for TNBC is warranted. [Extracted from the article]

A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by researchers at Fujian Medical University in Quanzhou, China, explored the role of serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels in the early diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). The study analyzed 11 clinical trials involving 947 sepsis patients and found that elevated serum NSE levels were associated with the early diagnosis of SAE and higher mortality rates. The researchers concluded that serum NSE may be a valid biomarker for the early diagnosis and prognosis of SAE. This research provides valuable insights into the understanding and management of SAE. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers from Yangtze University in Hubei, China, explores the correlation between neuron-specific enolase (NSE), D-dimer (D-D), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in cranial nerve injury after surgery for posterior cranial fossa tumors. The study involved a rat model and found that NSE, D-D, and CRP levels were significantly higher in rats with increased intracranial pressure compared to the control group. The researchers concluded that these biomarkers could be used to assess the degree of cranial nerve injury and predict patient outcomes. The study has been peer-reviewed and published in the Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) in Brazil explored the role of the 14.3.3 protein in the formation of biofilms by the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb18). Biofilm formation and the interaction between adhesins on the fungal surface and receptors in the host's extracellular matrix are crucial in the pathogenesis of Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a systemic mycosis caused by Paracoccidioides spp. The study found that silencing the 14.3.3 protein altered the fungus's ability to form biofilms and its metabolism. In vitro and in vivo experiments using sutures confirmed the fungus's ability to form biofilms, which may play a role in the development of PCM. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application titled "Pharmaceutical Compositions And Their Methods Of Use" has been published online. The inventor, Hiroki Yokota, filed the application on January 25, 2022. The patent application describes a pharmaceutical composition that includes a cell-free conditioned medium obtained from a mammalian cell culture medium containing a cancerous mammalian cell population. The composition is intended for the treatment of cancer and includes a small molecule cell growth signaling pathway activator. The patent application also describes methods for administering the composition and producing the conditioned medium. [Extracted from the article]

A new report from the Cancer Research Institute provides insights into lung cancer, which remains the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. The report focuses on small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which has a low survival rate of 15%. The researchers developed an electrochemical immunosensing platform using a graphene-graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanocomposite to detect neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a biomarker for early SCLC diagnosis. The platform demonstrated high sensitivity and accuracy in quantifying NSE levels in serum samples, offering promise for early SCLC diagnosis. [Extracted from the article]

This document summarizes a clinical trial, NCT06303349, that aims to develop a predictive model for cerebral vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. The trial plans to collect blood samples from patients admitted to the neurosurgical intensive care unit and analyze biomarkers related to neuroinflammation and cerebral cellular damage. The objective is to create a dynamic clinical prediction model that includes routine care and biological biomarkers to predict vasospasm within 14 days of bleeding. The study is ongoing and is expected to be completed by March 2025. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) in New Delhi, India, investigated the effects of Ocimum sanctum hydroalcoholic extract (OSHE) on seizure control and neuronal injury in rats with lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). The study found that OSHE, either alone or in combination with valproate (VPA), provided significant seizure protection and improved memory retention compared to other treatment groups. Additionally, OSHE reduced oxidative stress and preserved neuronal echotexture in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that OSHE may be a potential therapeutic option for managing status epilepticus. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted in Madrid, Spain, examines the potential of the microbiome as a biomarker for anal precancerous lesions in individuals with HIV. The study emphasizes the increased risk of anal cancer in men who have sex with men (MSM) with HIV and the limitations of current screening methods. The researchers discuss the connections between the microbiome and HPV infection, cervical dysplasia/cancer, and anal HPV disease. They also present findings from various studies that suggest certain bacterial species may serve as biomarkers for precancerous lesions. However, more research is needed to validate these findings and address limitations such as individual and ethnic microbiome diversity. This article explores the potential role of the microbiome as a biomarker for anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) in individuals with HIV. The microbiome has been found to play a role in the development of HPV-associated cancers, including anal and cervical types. Studies have identified specific bacteria and metabolites that may serve as biomarkers for HSILs. However, further research is needed to validate these findings and understand the mechanisms by which the microbiome influences HPV pathogenesis and cancer development. The microbiome may also have implications for cancer prevention and treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by researchers at Iran University of Medical Sciences compared the diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of S100B and Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) for traumatic brain injury (TBI) in adults. The analysis included 24 studies with 6,454 adult patients and found that S100B outperformed NSE in terms of diagnostic and prognostic performance. S100B showed a higher diagnostic area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity compared to NSE. Both biomarkers were found to have enhanced diagnostic value when blood samples were collected within 12 hours post-injury. However, neither biomarker showed promising diagnostic performance in detecting abnormal computed tomography (CT) findings. The researchers concluded that while S100B and NSE may not be effective for detecting abnormal CT findings, they have acceptable outcome prediction capabilities, particularly in predicting mortality. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, investigated the correlation between serum galanin (GAL) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels with abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns in children with convulsive status epilepticus (CSE). The study also assessed the effectiveness of a combination therapy involving midazolam, diazepam, and phenobarbital in treating CSE. The results showed elevated levels of GAL and NSE in the CSE group, with a positive correlation between the severity of EEG abnormalities and GAL and NSE levels. The group receiving the triple therapy demonstrated superior efficacy and fewer adverse reactions compared to the control group. The study concludes that the combination therapy is effective in treating CSE and improving clinical symptoms while reducing brain damage. [Extracted from the article]

The US Patent and Trademark Office has published a patent application titled "Plasmid Addiction Systems" by GreenLight Biosciences Inc. The application describes new plasmid addiction systems that use a glycolytic gene as a selection marker for plasmid maintenance in host strains. These systems allow for the selection of plasmid-containing microbes in both defined and complex media, which is a significant advancement. The invention has potential applications in biotechnology and bioengineering, offering a solution to the environmental concerns associated with antibiotic resistance gene markers. The full patent application provides more information and claims. [Extracted from the article]

A new study conducted in Maribor, Slovenia, investigated the effects of adding intravenous vitamin C to the treatment of adult survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). The study aimed to determine if vitamin C could mitigate post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) by reducing neurologic injury caused by free radicals. The randomized, double-blinded trial found that adding vitamin C did not decrease neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels, which indicate neurologic injury, compared to standard care. The study concluded that intravenous vitamin C should not be used outside of clinical trials for OHCA survivors, but further research is needed to determine its potential role in post-cardiac arrest care. [Extracted from the article]

This document discusses the use of biomarkers to study the systemic response to bleeding in cases of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (sSAH). It mentions specific biomarkers that can be measured, such as cardiac troponin, natriuretic peptides, and S100 beta protein. The document also provides information about an observational study that will measure these biomarkers in blood and urine samples from sSAH patients. It includes recruitment information, administrative details, and a list of related keywords. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from Beijing Forestry University in China discusses the potential allergenic risk of enolase, a protein found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a type of yeast commonly used in food processing. The study found that high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) used in food sterilization and processing can release allergenic proteins into the food, increasing the risk of sensitization. The researchers characterized and quantified the leaked enolase using various methods and found a progressive release of the allergen under HHP. The findings have implications for understanding the safety hazards of allergens in HHP processing and advocating for the adoption of HHP technology in the food sector. [Extracted from the article]

A preprint abstract from biorxiv.org discusses the potential use of enolase inhibitors as therapeutic leads for Naegleria fowleri infection. Naegleria fowleri is a pathogenic free-living amoeba that can cause life-threatening illnesses, including primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Currently, there are no effective treatment options for these infections, and the mortality rate remains high. The study found that enolase inhibitors, which have been developed as lead agents to treat glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), were potent inhibitors of N. fowleri enolase and toxic to the amoebae. The findings suggest that one particular inhibitor, (1-hydroxy-2-oxopiperidin-3-yl) phosphonic acid (HEX), shows promise as a lead for the treatment of PAM. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers from the Department of Cardiology in Istanbul, Turkey, focused on the frequency of silent cerebral infarction (SCI) in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). The study aimed to evaluate the incidence of recent SCI using serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels as a biomarker. The results showed that patients on direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) had significantly reduced SCIs compared to those on warfarin, possibly due to more effective and consistent anticoagulation. The study also identified increased left atrial diameter and the use of warfarin as independent predictors of SCI. [Extracted from the article]

A new report from researchers in Warsaw, Poland discusses the challenges of predicting outcomes following cardiac arrest. The researchers conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the predictive performance of the biomarker neuron-specific enolase (NSE) for survival after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. The study included 86 articles with 10,845 participants and found that NSE showed specificity in predicting mortality and neurological status among individuals who experienced cardiac arrest. The researchers suggest that incorporating NSE into a multimodal neuroprognostication algorithm could improve the accuracy of prognoses for cardiac arrest patients. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University in China explored the potential use of plasma neuron specific enolase (NSE), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), and soluble IL-2 receptor alpha (sIL-2Ra) as biomarkers for developmental delay (DD) in children. The study found that children with DD had higher levels of NSE, TNF-a, and sIL-2Ra compared to the control group. The researchers concluded that these biomarkers could be used for early diagnosis and intervention in children with DD. This study provides valuable information for the field of pediatric research and may aid in improving the diagnosis and treatment of DD. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Al-Nahrain University in Baghdad, Iraq, aimed to identify a reliable biomarker for the early detection of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). The study involved 160 individuals between the ages of 30 and 60, divided into three groups: type 2 diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy, type 2 diabetic patients without peripheral neuropathy, and apparently healthy individuals as the control group. The researchers found that serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels were significantly higher in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy compared to the other groups. The study suggests that NSE could potentially be used as a biomarker to detect early DPN and prevent its progression. [Extracted from the article]

A recent report from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens discusses the challenges in managing neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) due to their clinical heterogeneity and varied response to treatment. The study highlights the development of circulating biomarkers for the early diagnosis and monitoring of NETs. While biomarkers such as chromogranin A and neuron-specific enolase have limited diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value, novel techniques of multianalyte analysis show promise. The NETest, in particular, has been extensively studied and proven useful in diagnosing NETs, detecting post-operative recurrence, and predicting treatment response. However, further research is needed to establish its implementation in clinical practice. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at North-West University explores the relationship between chronic stress and neurodegenerative conditions. The study focuses on the retina as an extension of the brain and examines retinal symptoms in individuals with neurodegenerative diseases. The researchers found that individuals with a stress-phenotype, characterized by chronic stress, had a higher prevalence of stress-optic-neuropathy and hypertension. They also observed markers of ongoing brain ischemia, apoptosis, and endothelial dysfunction in these individuals, suggesting a compromised blood-retinal barrier and optic nerve integrity. The study concludes that the stress-phenotype could potentially identify individuals at high risk of neurodegeneration. [Extracted from the article]

Clemson University researchers have made advancements in the treatment of sleeping sickness caused by the African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei. The researchers tested phosphonate inhibitors, originally developed for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme, against T. brucei and found them to be potent enzyme inhibitors and trypanocides. One particular inhibitor, HEX, showed promise as a lead compound for further development. These findings provide potential new therapeutic options for sleeping sickness treatment. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Tri-Service General Hospital in Taipei, Taiwan, explored the potential of anti-citrullinated a-enolase peptide (CEP) as a serologic marker for the early diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and a predictor of joint destruction. The researchers collected clinical records and serum and DNA samples from 30 patients with RA and evaluated them using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) cross-reaction analysis. The study found a significant association between anti-CEP and the protein-arginine deiminase type-2 SNP rs1005753. This research provides valuable insights into the detection and diagnosis of RA. [Extracted from the article]

A research study conducted by Chang Gung University in Taiwan explores the role of the RopB protein in regulating the production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus). The study found that while RopB does not control EVs production, it does regulate the degradation of streptolysin O and bacterial proteins in EVs through the SpeB protease. However, the EVs containing SpeB did not trigger cell pyroptosis, suggesting that either SpeB was not delivered to the cells or the amount of SpeB in the EVs was insufficient. The study also identified enolase as a potential internal marker for studying GAS EVs. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Minnesota explored the role of citrullinated peptides in rheumatoid arthritis. The researchers found that HLA-DR-bound citrullinated peptides do not act as neo-antigens and instead induce varying degrees of immune tolerance, which could potentially serve as a barrier to the development of rheumatoid arthritis. The study used fluorophore-conjugated HLA-DR tetramers containing citrullinated peptides from different proteins to track CD4+ T cells. The findings suggest that understanding immune tolerance mechanisms could be crucial in developing new treatments for arthritis. [Extracted from the article]