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Researchers have submitted a patent application for a Lyme disease RNA vaccine that utilizes messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding antigenic polypeptides from Borrelia bacteria. The vaccine aims to elicit a strong immune response against Lyme disease by targeting specific lipoproteins of Borrelia. Formulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), this vaccine offers a potential solution to combat Lyme disease, a global public health concern. The patent application details the structural elements and components of the vaccine, highlighting its potential for treating and preventing Lyme disease in various mammalian subjects, including humans. [Extracted from the article]

The patent application titled "Supramolecular Filaments Based Viral Particle Capture For Prevention And Therapy Of Viral Infection" discusses a novel approach to combat viral infections, particularly focusing on coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-2. The invention involves a supramolecular filament that includes an ACE2-binding ligand peptide amphiphile, a self-assembling filler peptide amphiphile, and a soluble ACE2 with an ACE2 inhibitor. This innovative approach aims to inhibit viral entry into host cells and treat or prevent respiratory illnesses like COVID-19 by delivering the supramolecular filament through a respirable aerosol or nasal spray. [Extracted from the article]

A patent was issued for compositions and methods to enhance in vitro assembly of polynucleotides by New England Biolabs Inc. The patent focuses on improving the efficiency and fidelity of assembling DNA fragments using Golden Gate assembly methods. It introduces a synthetic self-complementary oligonucleotide with specific features and a reaction mixture involving PaqCI restriction endonuclease and a ligase for ordered assembly of DNA fragments. The patent aims to address challenges related to assembly efficiency and fidelity in synthetic biology applications. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Rhode Island Hospital conducted a study on the role of Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) in renal fibrosis. They found that PRMT1-mediated BRD4 arginine methylation and phosphorylation promote partial epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (pEMT) and renal fibrosis by regulating Snail expression. The study used in vitro and in vivo models to demonstrate the mechanisms involved in renal fibrosis. This research has been peer-reviewed and published in The FASEB Journal. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Sichuan University in Chengdu, China, have developed a novel method for efficient 18F-radiolabeling of peptides for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. This approach allows for the synthesis of tumor-targeting PET tracers with high radiochemical yields, including those targeting specific receptors like integrin alpha v beta 3. The study also explores the potential for developing dual-modality agents for PET/near-infrared imaging. This research provides a versatile platform for peptide radiolabeling and agent development, offering promising applications in molecular imaging. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the identification of receptor tyrosine kinases CAD96CA and FGFR1 as the cell membrane receptors of insect juvenile hormone, crucial for maintaining larval status in insects. The study conducted on the lepidopteran insect Helicoverpa armigera revealed the roles of these receptors in JH-regulated gene expression, larval status maintenance, intracellular calcium increase, and phosphorylation of JH intracellular receptor MET1 and cofactor Taiman. The research utilized gene knockout and overexpression techniques to support the findings, although the preprint has not yet undergone peer review. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the importance of accurate taxonomic matches in palaeoproteomic research and the potential impact of protein modifications on peptide sequences. The De-Modifier tool is introduced as a solution to screen for modification-induced alternate peptide taxonomy, helping archaeologists avoid inaccurate interpretations of ancient protein samples. Testing against an archaeological dataset revealed that modification-induced alternate peptide taxonomies are more common than previously understood, highlighting the tool's utility in detecting potentially inaccurate peptide taxonomies. The article emphasizes the significance of this tool in preventing spurious archaeological interpretations in future studies. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the use of stable isotope labeling kinetics to study the turnover of neurofilament light (NfL) in the central nervous system. The research indicates that NfL is rapidly translated in the human brain but takes several months to appear in cerebrospinal fluid, suggesting a slow turnover rate. The findings have implications for interpreting NfL levels in various neurological diseases and clinical trials, emphasizing the need for longer follow-up periods to track neurodegeneration accurately. [Extracted from the article]

The Institute of Science Tokyo has been issued a patent for an enzymatic mutant suitable for a homogeneous immunoassay method. This mutant, a modified form of b glucuronidase, allows for the detection of antigens with high sensitivity in clinical diagnoses. By substituting specific amino acids in the enzyme's sequence, the mutant shows increased activity in the presence of an antigen and decreased activity in its absence, providing a more sensitive detection method. The patent details the mutant's structure, fusion proteins, nucleic acids, and methods for detecting antigens in samples, offering a potential advancement in immunoassay technology. [Extracted from the article]

A patent has been issued for engineered glucosyltransferases by Nutrition & Biosciences USA 4 Inc., focusing on modifying amino acid sequences to enhance glucan production properties. The patent details methods for producing alpha-glucan, preparing polynucleotide sequences encoding non-native glucosyltransferases, and reaction compositions involving water, sucrose, and the engineered enzymes. This innovation aims to improve the yields of glucan polymers using glucosyltransferase enzymes, offering potential applications in various fields. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application titled "Collagen Compositions And Methods Of Use Thereof" was published online by inventors from Nutley, NJ, on January 9, 2025. The application focuses on recombinant collagen fragments with specific molecular weights and amino acid sequences for potential use in skincare products and dermatological treatments. The invention involves genetically engineered yeast strains to produce these collagen fragments, which may have applications in increasing collagen production in cells and treating various dermatological conditions. The patent application outlines methods for producing, administering, and utilizing these collagen compositions. [Extracted from the article]

A patent has been issued for a composition containing branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and L-Alanyl-L-alanine by Dompe Farmaceutici S.P.A. The composition aims to improve muscle function, structure, and metabolism, particularly in cases of intense training or muscle wasting. BCAAs, including Leucine, Valine, and Isoleucine, are essential amino acids that play a crucial role in muscle health and performance, making them popular among athletes and individuals seeking to prevent muscle wasting or enhance physical performance. The patent outlines specific weight ratios and dosages for the composition, which can be used as a dietary supplement or pharmaceutical product. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Tsinghua University in Beijing, China, have developed a new strategy called FUSEP to study E2-specific Ubiquitin conjugation profiles in live cells with amino acid resolution. This method identified multiple E2 enzymes involved in non-lysine ubiquitination and revealed a novel post-translational modification, tyrosine ubiquitination, in human Cullin-1 protein. The study suggests that this toolbox could lead to the discovery of new E3 Ub ligases for potential therapeutic applications. The research was published in Nature Chemical Biology and was funded by various organizations in China. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Xiamen University conducted a study on tauopathies, focusing on synaptic plasticity regulation. They identified HtrA serine peptidase 2 (HTRA2) as a key protein involved in both long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) processes in mice. The study suggests that HTRA2 plays a crucial role in synaptic plasticity under physiological and pathological conditions, offering new insights into cognitive disorders like Alzheimer's disease and tauopathies. The findings were published in Translational Psychiatry and funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional in Mexico City have discovered that the PRMT5 inhibitor EPZ015666 can reduce the viability and encystment of Entamoeba invadens, a parasite used as a model system for studying differentiation in parasitic protozoans. This finding suggests that targeting the PRMT5 enzyme could be a potential strategy for inhibiting the spread of amebiasis. The study, published in Molecules, provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating differentiation in parasitic protozoans. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted in Haikou, People's Republic of China, focused on investigating pituitary MRI morphological parameters and changes in 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, free thyroxine, and sex hormone levels in female children with central precocious puberty (CPP). The research found significant differences in pituitary MRI morphological parameters, sex hormones, 25-(OH) D3, and FT4 levels between children with CPP and healthy controls, providing valuable diagnostic insights for CPP. The study was supported by financial assistance from Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center and has been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Donghua University in Shanghai, People's Republic of China, focused on developing an antibacterial hemostasis sponge using a gelatin/e-poly-l-lysine composite. The sponge demonstrated enhanced structural stability, hydrophilicity, and antibacterial properties, leading to faster clotting times and lower blood loss in in vivo experiments. The research suggests that the Gel/EPL sponge has the potential to be a novel hemostatic agent for stopping bleeding and combating bacterial infections. This study was peer-reviewed and published in the Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Kochi University in Japan have identified the ErtE gene in Burkholderia sp. HME13, which encodes a bivalent metal-dependent N-carbamyl-l-glutamic acid amidohydrolase involved in ergothioneine utilization. The enzyme ErtE showed specific activity at 60 degrees C and pH 7.0, with stability at temperatures up to 55 degrees C and pH 6.5-8.0. This study provides insights into the mechanism of ergothioneine utilization in Burkholderia sp. HME13. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Bohai University in Jinzhou, China, focused on screening and identifying bacteria in soil with quorum quenching properties, specifically targeting Hafnia alvei biofilms. Four bacteria, including Bacillus cereus, were found to have significant quorum quenching activity. The research highlighted the potential of these bacteria in developing aquaculture preservatives based on quorum quenching. The study was published in the journal Shipin gongye ke-ji and can be accessed for further information. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Hunan Agricultural University in Changsha, People's Republic of China, explored the effects of consuming gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-enriched yogurt on mice with circadian rhythm disorders. The research found that high doses of GABA-enriched yogurt improved cognitive memory and reduced anxiety in mice by enhancing gut microbiota via the gut-brain axis. This study suggests that GABA-enriched yogurt could potentially alleviate anxiety and memory decline caused by circadian rhythm disruption in mice, providing a basis for the development of functional foods. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Second Military Medical University in Shanghai, China, explores the role of glyoxalase II (GLO2) in regulating inflammatory immune responses. The study reveals that nonenzymatic lysine d-lactylation induced by the GLO2 substrate SLG dampens inflammatory signaling and NF-kappa B transcriptional activity, restoring immune homeostasis. The findings suggest that targeting GLO2 could be a promising approach to combat clinical inflammatory disorders, as dysregulation of the GLO2/SLG/d-lactylation axis is associated with human inflammatory phenotypes. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Ningbo University in China explored the effects of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from methionine-restricted diet mouse donors on Alzheimer's disease (AD) in mice. The study found that FMT improved learning and memory abilities in AD mice through the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This research suggests potential non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies for AD prevention by targeting the gut-brain axis. The study was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province and the National Natural Science Foundation of China. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses a study on Candida albicans, a common fungal infection, and its metabolic vulnerabilities. The research highlights the importance of arginine metabolism and identifies ALT1, an arginine biosynthesis enzyme, as a critical weakness in the virulence of Candida albicans. By disrupting arginine metabolism, new therapeutic targets for combating antifungal resistance may be identified, showcasing the potential of integrated systems biology in drug discovery. [Extracted from the article]

The article explores the relationship between kynurenine metabolism and the response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in treating Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). It discusses the balance of neuroprotective and neurotoxic metabolites in the kynurenine pathway and their impact on antidepressant treatment response. The study suggests that shifting the balance from neurotoxic to neuroprotective kynurenine metabolites may contribute to the effectiveness of SSRIs in treating depression. The findings highlight potential biomarkers for depression and antidepressant response, such as amygdala/hippocampal volume and glutamate metabolites in the anterior cingulate cortex. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the potential of targeting glutamine metabolism as a strategy in cancer therapy, focusing on the impact on the tumor immune microenvironment. The study conducted on immunocompetent murine models of gynecological cancers showed promising results in reducing tumor burden and impeding tumor progression through the use of a glutamine antagonist prodrug, JHU083. The research suggests that the anti-tumor efficacy of JHU083 is achieved by targeting glutamine-addicted cancer cells and suppressing glutamine-dependent M2 macrophages, leading to a shift towards an immune-stimulatory microenvironment. [Extracted from the article]

The patent application titled "Topical Compositions And Methods For Photodynamic Therapy" discusses the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treating various skin conditions, such as actinic keratosis and cancer. The application focuses on the development of a topical composition containing aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and chelating agents to enhance the effectiveness of PDT by increasing the penetration of ALA and conversion to protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in the skin. The invention aims to reduce incubation times, minimize patient discomfort, and improve treatment outcomes. The application also highlights the importance of controlled light exposure and the use of illuminators in PDT procedures. [Extracted from the article]

The patent application titled "Methods For Inducing Vasodilation" discusses the use of a zinc delivery agent, comprising a zinc ion and amino acids, to prevent hypoperfusion during surgery and improve blood flow in cerebral and renal areas. The application highlights the potential benefits of this method in reducing post-operative complications, such as delirium and acute kidney injury, associated with reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery. Additionally, the invention aims to address vascular diseases like Raynaud's phenomenon and autoimmune diseases linked to it, by modulating vascular tone and inducing vasodilation without lowering systemic blood pressure. [Extracted from the article]

A patent application for "Complement Factor-I Formulations" by inventors from various locations in California has been made available online. The application focuses on providing formulations containing complement factor I (CFI) or CFI variants to stabilize the active ingredient against acute stresses and allow for storage in liquid and lyophilized states. These formulations aim to regulate the complement system and treat diseases involving dysregulated CFI, mutated and dysfunctional CFI, and CFI deficiency. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Applied Science Private University in Amman, Jordan, developed and validated a novel stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous quantitation of perindopril arginine, amlodipine, and glimepiride in solution. The method was found to be accurate, precise, and simple, meeting the International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines. The research concluded that the optimized method is valid for stability studies, making it a valuable contribution to the field of antidiabetic agents. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the College for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering in Xiamen, People's Republic of China, have reported significant findings on the potential of poly(amino acids), polypeptides, and their derivatives in drug delivery systems. These biodegradable biomaterials can effectively load or conjugate various drug molecules, enhancing drug stability and targeting in vivo. The study aims to provide valuable references for scientific research and clinical translation of these materials, offering insights into future directions and addressing current challenges and opportunities in drug delivery. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Florida Gulf Coast University explored the use of a combination treatment approach using hydrogen peroxide and L-lysine to effectively remove toxic cyanobacteria. The research found that both hydrogen peroxide and L-lysine significantly reduced cyanobacterial abundance, with the mixed treatment showing the greatest impact on Microcystis abundance and gene expression. The study concluded that the combined treatment approach successfully improved the removal efficiency of toxic cyanobacteria, offering potential solutions for managing harmful cyanobacterial blooms in aquatic ecosystems. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the Medical University of Silesia in Poland explored the impact of autoimmune thyroiditis on the cardiometabolic effects of cabergoline in postmenopausal women. The research found that untreated hyperprolactinemia and autoimmune thyroiditis may increase cardiometabolic risk, with cabergoline showing less significant effects in women with concurrent euthyroid Hashimoto's disease. The study highlighted the importance of considering thyroid autoimmunity when assessing the cardiometabolic consequences of cabergoline therapy in postmenopausal women. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Peking University in Beijing, China, have conducted a study on Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (SACC), a malignant tumor that often metastasizes to the lungs. They found that inhibiting Cdh11 activates the cGAS-STING pathway by stimulating branched chain amino acid catabolism, which can help mitigate lung metastasis of SACC. The study suggests that targeting hybrid EMT cells, specifically through the use of celecoxib and its derivatives as CDH11 inhibitors, could be a promising treatment strategy for patients with SACC. This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at the University of Tehran in Iran focused on the electroanalysis of melatonin, a sleep hormone, and its precursors using a novel nanocomposite platform. The platform included multi-walled carbon nanotubes, gold nanoparticles, and graphitic carbon nitrides on a glassy carbon electrode surface, allowing for the effective separation of melatonin from its precursors. The research demonstrated a linear response range for melatonin and its precursors in biological samples, such as human plasma and urine, with excellent precision and reproducibility. The study concluded that the modified electrode showed good selectivity, stability, and a rapid response towards melatonin and its precursors in biological matrices. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers at Gyeongsang National University in South Korea focused on the role of Glutamine Synthetase (GS) in the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder and other GS-related diseases. The research highlighted the importance of GS in maintaining brain function and how its hypoactivity can lead to depressive behaviors. The study suggested that agents preventing nitration or facilitating denitration of GS could be potential candidates for new antidepressants. The activation of GS was proposed as a novel strategy for treating depression and other GS-related conditions. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at China Pharmaceutical University have developed L-arginine-modified selenium nanozymes to target M1 macrophages for the oral treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). This innovative approach aims to address the persistent inflammation in the colon and rectum associated with UC by specifically targeting inflammatory sites. The nanozymes have shown promising results in scavenging reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, inhibiting inflammation, and regulating intestinal flora in a mouse model of UC. This study provides valuable insights into the potential for targeted oral treatments for UC. [Extracted from the article]

Research conducted at Southern Medical University in Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, focused on enhancing ferroptosis-mediated radiosensitization through synergistic disulfidptosis induction. The study developed nanoferroptosis inducers to sensitize radiotherapy by overcoming ferroptosis resistance. By incorporating glucose oxidase in metal-organic frameworks, the researchers were able to enhance therapeutic efficiency and trigger disulfidptosis, ultimately improving radiotherapy effectiveness. The findings suggest that disulfidptosis could be a promising strategy to alleviate ferroptosis resistance and enhance radiotherapy outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

Research from Cairo University in Giza, Egypt, has developed a novel electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous detection of lidocaine and epinephrine in human serum samples. The sensor, made with poly(L-serine), graphene oxide, and beta-cyclodextrin, showed improved performance in detecting the two drugs. The study concluded that the sensor effectively analyzed drugs in serum samples and pharmaceutical formulations with accepted recovery percentages. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Shanghai Jiao Tong University have conducted a study on the crystallization and crystallographic studies of the human serine protease inhibitor B9. This inhibitor plays a crucial role in regulating the immune response by inhibiting granzyme B. The study provides structural details of serpin B9, which could potentially be targeted for anticancer drug development. Financial support for this research came from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Southern Denmark explored the interaction between non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and the intestinal proton-coupled amino acid transporter (PAT1). The study found that NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and diclofenac act as non-competitive inhibitors of PAT1, affecting the transport of amino acids. Molecular modeling suggested that NSAIDs bind to an allosteric site on PAT1. These findings could potentially lead to the development of specific inhibitors targeting PAT1. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the University of Ferrara have published new findings on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and mucus production. The study highlights the potential role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in modifying mucus rheology, improving clearance, and reducing damage induced MUC5AC expression in COPD patients. NAC may be a candidate drug for early treatment of individuals at risk of developing COPD. For more information, the full article can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2025.3159. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the First Affiliated Hospital in Huzhou, China, have conducted a study on hypertension induced by targeted anti-tumor drugs, specifically small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). The study highlights the potential therapeutic value of endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) in managing hypertension caused by TKIs. The research emphasizes the role of endothelin (ET) in the pathogenesis of TKIs-induced hypertension and suggests ERAs as a possible treatment option. The study aims to address the cardiovascular toxic side effects associated with TKIs, particularly hypertension, and explore the mechanisms involved in this condition. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Nanjing Tech University in the People's Republic of China developed a metal-organic framework (MOF)-encapsulated nanozyme for detecting l-cysteine through a colorimetric sensing method. The nanozyme, FH/hemin@ZIF-8, showed enhanced catalytic activity and stability due to its unique structure. This research suggests that encapsulating biomimetic nanozymes within MOFs has potential applications in bioanalysis and early diagnosis of l-Cys. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the Department of Chemistry have conducted a study on the visible light photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline using copper ferrite nanoparticles synthesized via a Glycine-Assisted combustion method. The study confirmed the formation of highly crystalline CuFe2O4 NPs and found that the degradation efficiency reached a maximum value of 95.8% under specific conditions. The research suggests that green synthesized CuFe2O4 NPs could be potentially useful as reusable visible-light photocatalysts for breaking down drugs like tetracycline through oxidation in water. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the role of the lysine acetyltransferase GCN5a in Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite that transitions from a replicative stage to a latent encysted stage. The study found that GCN5a is essential for upregulating stress-response genes and promoting bradyzoite conversion. Loss of GCN5a leads to telomere dysfunction, slowing replication and promoting the transition to latency in the parasite. The research has not yet been peer-reviewed and provides valuable insights into gene regulation and stage differentiation in Toxoplasma gondii. [Extracted from the article]

The patent application by Mahler, Michael, assigned to Inova Diagnostics Inc., focuses on compositions and methods for diagnosing systemic autoimmune diseases, particularly systemic sclerosis (SSc), by identifying linear epitopes on Th/To autoantigens. The invention provides purified peptides derived from Rpp25, Rpp38, and hPop1 subunits of the Th/To complex to detect anti-Th/To antibodies, aiding in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of SSc. The method involves contacting samples with purified peptides to form complexes with anti-Th/To antibodies, enabling the detection of SSc and assessing disease progression. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Augusta University have conducted a study on erythroid precursor cells, focusing on the transsulfuration pathway as an alternative source of cysteine for glutathione synthesis. The study found that activation of this pathway through cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) can help attenuate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ferroptosis stresses in sickle cell disease (SCD). The research suggests that CBS plays a crucial role in maintaining cysteine levels under specific conditions, and upregulation of CBS by dimethyl fumarate (DMF) can increase cellular glutathione levels to protect against oxidative stress and ferroptosis in SCD. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine conducted a study to enhance the detection rate of Neonatal Intrahepatic Cholestasis caused by Citrin Deficiency (NICCD) through newborn screening. By analyzing metabolic profiles of missed patients, they proposed a more reliable method for early diagnosis. The study found that combining multiple metabolic markers during newborn screening significantly improves sensitivity and specificity for detecting missed NICCD cases. The research also highlighted the importance of genetic mutations in understanding missed cases. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from the Institute for Research in Biomedicine explores the role of the conserved lysine residue in transmembrane helix 5 in the cytoplasmic gating of L-amino acid transporters. The research suggests that defects in these transporters can lead to neurological disorders and aminoacidurias, while overexpression is linked to cancer. By utilizing a smFRET assay and molecular dynamics simulations, the study proposes a model in which the lysine residue in TM5 supports the exploration of open and closed states within the cytoplasmic gate of the transporters. This research provides valuable insights into the transport mechanism of L-amino acid transporters and emphasizes the significance of the lysine residue in TM5. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Soochow University in Jiangsu, China, focused on improving the efficiency of delivering Pirfenidone (PFD) microcrystals for treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The research explored the use of spray freeze drying a PFD and leucine mixed solution to enhance the dispersity of PFD particles for pulmonary delivery. By optimizing the PFD/leucine mass ratio and freezing temperature, the study found that shortening the droplet's lifetime and adding appropriate amounts of leucine were crucial in reducing PFD crystal size and improving dispersity. The findings suggest a potential strategy for enhancing the pulmonary drug delivery efficiency of PFD microcrystals. [Extracted from the article]