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Objectives: This review aimed to determine the form, results, and barriers to exercise-based rehabilitation programs for severe COVID-19 survivors. Methods: Searching for the article was carried out from August to October 2021. We used the PubMed database as a search media with the keywords (['COVID-19' OR 'COVID 19' OR 'SARS CoV-2'... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) can play a vital role in decreasing morbidity and mortality. Due to the increasing development of electronic systems, their use can be effective in improving the quality of services and reducing costs. This study aimed to assess the satisfaction of EMTs with electronic forms. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 99 EMTs in Rasht City, Iran. Data was collected via a questionnaire, including demographic characteristics (age, sex, work experience, type of employment, level of education, field of study, and retraining course) and 17 questions about the satisfaction of personnel in using electronic forms. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were assessed by 7 emergency medicine specialists via a pilot study. The questionnaire had a Likert scale to respond with Cronbach's alpha of 0.83. Data were analyzed using SPSS software v. 22. Results: The Mean±SD age of participants was 36.08±0.73 years. Most of them had a bachelor's degree (71.7%), contractual employment (40.4%), and Bachelor of Science (BSc) in nursing (46.5%) or emergency technician (42.4%). Their average work experience was 10.45±0.69 years. The level of satisfaction of most EMTs (65.7%) in using the electronic form was moderate, which statistically had a significant relationship with their employment status (P<05). Conclusion: According to the average satisfaction of EMTs in using electronic forms, it is necessary to increase the level of use and satisfaction of electronic forms by holding appropriate retraining programs on how to use and benefits of electronic forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This paper describes the validation process of the final form of the Persian version of the Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering for Adults (OASES-A-P). The impact of stuttering on the Persian-speaking people who stutter was compared to other languages. Methods: This study with a cross-sectional design involved 92 Persian-speaking adults who stutter (24 females and 68 males; mean age=20.05±4.85 years). Face and content validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and item analysis for discriminant validity were examined. The impact scores and impact ratings were calculated in total and for the sections separately. Results: Cronbach's alpha and ICC proved to be high (0.98; 0.95, P<0.001 respectively). Corrected item-total correlation revealed no negative score. Mean of total impact score was 2.56(±0.67). Impact ratings for the total impact scores were as follows: mild=8.7%, mildto- moderate=29.3%, moderate=43.5%, moderate-to-severe=15.2%, and severe=3.3%. The impact of separate sections in a high to low order were reactions to stuttering, quality of life, general information, and communication in daily situations. Discussion: The results of the current study offer a reliable and valid form of the OASES, which is applicable for Persian-speaking Iranian adults who stutter. The predominant impact rating of stuttering was shown to be mild-to-moderate and moderate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating the correlation between mother-child relationship and the rate of participation of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy in leisure time activities. Methods: This study is a descriptive and correlational research. The statistical population included cerebral palsy children aged 7-17 years with a mother who is at least 25 years old. A sample size of 152 children was selected using systematic random sampling. The children filled the King's assessment of participation and enjoyment questionnaire, whereas the mothers responded to a survey of Roth's mother-child relationship evaluation. We collected the data and analyzed them (Spearman's correlation test, One-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney) using SPSS 16 software. Results: The results showed that there is a correlation between mother-child relationship and the rate of participation of cerebral palsy children in leisure time activities. There was a significant correlation between acceptance of child and the increasing involvement in leisure activities in case of cerebral palsy children. Over protection, excessive ease, and child rejection in a mother-child relationship was associated with reduction in the participation rate of the cerebral palsy children and adolescents in leisure activities. In case of quadriplegic children, the acceptance of child and participation rate was low compared to hemiplegic and diplegic children. Excessive ease of a mother-child relationship in girls was more than boys, but boys experienced more child rejection of a mother-child relationship than girls. Discussion: Participation rate, frequency (how often), and the enjoyment of participation in leisure time activities were correlated with mother-child relationship. Participation differences were existed among CP groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Elderly nursing homes residents are at an increased risk of malnutrition due to a variety of factors. We aimed at investigating the prevalence of malnutrition and its correlation with elderly subjects using Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) questionnaire. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on elderly individuals (N=56; female=28) dwelling in the Sedigh Nursing Home in Khorramabad, Iran, in 2015. Nutritional status was assessed using MNA, which consisted of anthropometric measurements, global assessment, dietary questionnaire and subjective assessment. Results: The participants' mean age was 74.86 (SD=±11.82) years. The mean MNA-score of the subjects was 19.46 (SD=±3.23). The prevalence of malnutrition and at risk of malnutrition were 20% and 70%, respectively. No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed between male and female, age subgroups, marital status, education levels and different cut-off points of the Body Mass Index (BMI), Mid-Arm Circumferences (MACs) and Calf Circumferences (CCs) regarding the nutritional status of subjects. Malnutrition and risk of malnutrition were observed significantly and more frequently in elderly who had weight loss greater than 3 kg, took more than three prescription drugs per day and had low/moderate protein intake (P<0.05). The MNA-score was independently associated with age, weight, BMI, MACs, CCs and food intake during last 3 months (P<0.05). Discussion: According to high prevalence of malnutrition and risk of malnutrition among the subjects, proper nutritional interventions are required. Longitudinal studies on elderly and primary prevention by lifestyle interventions according to the culture and habits of the region are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: One of the most disabling impairments following stroke is upper limb impairment. Despite the important role of somatosensory function in motor control and high prevalence of somatosensory deficits in stroke survivors, little attention has been paid to its effect on UE motor function in chronic stroke survivors. Thus, the aim of this study is to explore the correlation between different somatosensations and manual dexterity as well as UE motor function in these patients. Methods: In this correlational study, 225 chronic stroke survivors (112 female and 113 male) participated, selected by simple non-probability method among the stroke survivors admitted to the rehabilitation centers in Tehran. The lower-order somatosensations, including light touch and wrist Proprioception, were evaluated by Weinstein Enhanced Sensory Test (WEST) and Wrist Position Sense Test (WPST), respectively. The higher-order somatosensations were measured by static and moving 2-Point Discrimination (s2PD and m2PD, respectively), Hand Active Sensation Test (HAST) and Haptic Object Recognition Test (HORT). Gross and fine manual dexterity and UE motor function were assessed using Box-Block Test (BBT), Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) and Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), respectively. Results: The multiple regression models showed that WPST alone accounted for the 38.8%- 56.6% of the variance in manual dexterity and UE motor function. The WEST was the second most significant predictor in all regression models. The HORT, m2PD and HAST explained a small percent of the variance in regression models. Discussion: These results suggest that treatments that target somatosensory impairments, especially wrist Proprioception and light touch, may be particularly important for improving manual dexterity and UE motor function in chronic stroke survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the OARS multidimensional functional assessment questionnaire (MFAQ/OARS) in Iranian elderly. Methods: This non-experimental psychometric study utilized the Persian translated questionnaire based on the IQOLA protocol. The study cohort was selected from the comprehensive healthcare centers across Kashan, Iran in 2016, based on the interviews with 482 adults ≥60-year-old (269 men and 213 women). The face validity of the questionnaire was assessed according to the experts' opinions, while the content validity was assessed using the Lawshe and Bausell--Waltz methods. The concurrent validity and inter-rater reliability were assessed for each of the five domains of functioning. Test-retest reliability was assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Results: The questionnaire exhibited adequate face validity. The Lawshe and Bausell--Waltz methods revealed a 98% content validity estimation of the items, and those with lower values were maintained in the questionnaire after necessary modifications. The MFAQ/OARS was correlated with the WHODAS 2.0 and the GDS15 (P<0.0001), which indicated the acceptable concurrent validity of the questionnaire. All domains of the questionnaire showed satisfactory inter-rater reliability estimates, and the ICC was >0.89 for all domains except for the activities of daily living (ICC=0.78). The test-retest reliability for the five domains was 0.72-1. Discussion: According to the study results, the Persian version of MFAQ/OARS presented a satisfactory face, content, and concurrent validity, and reliability for functional assessment among Iranian elderly. Therefore, it can be used in clinical fields and research studies to assess the functioning of elderly in various life domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Children who have a disorder in motor function often suffer from disorders in other areas of their daily lives, such as social and communicative functions. The social function of children with cerebral palsy has so far been less studied than other aspects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the social function of children with cerebral palsy of 2 to 6 years old. Methods: This (cross-sectional) descriptive-analytic study was performed on 100 children with cerebral palsy in two age groups of 2-4 and 4-6 years old who were selected through convenient sampling from the centers for occupational therapies in Isfahan city. Children's motor function was classified according to Gross Motor Function Classification System (hereafter, GMFCS). The social function was completed by filling in the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) by interviewing the parents. Statistical analysis was done. Results: The statistical analyses of this study showed that there was a significant difference between the mean score of social function in 5 levels of motor function of children with cerebral palsy (P<0.0001). There was also a significant relationship between the age of children and their social function score (r=0.265 and P=0.008). Moreover, the mean scores of social function in the first and second levels of GMFCS had a significant difference in both groups (P=0.002); however, this difference was not significant in the other three levels (0.053

Objectives: The present research aims to study the normal development of Percentage of Consonant Correct (PCC) in Kurdish-speaking children, with Middle Kurmanji-Mukryani Dialect as an Articulation Competency Index (ACI). PCC was examined in terms of the manner of articulation and position of sound in the word. Methods: In this descriptoanalytical cross-sectional study, 120 Kurdish-speaking children aged 3-5 years were evaluated by a Kurdish phonetic test. Participants were selected randomly from health centers and nursery schools in Bukan City, Iran. Nonparametric statistical tests of Kruskal-Wallis and Mann--Whitney U were used to analyze data through SPSS software (version 19). Results: The percentage of accuracy of Kurdish language consonants gradually increased from 3 to 5 years. The results did not show any significant difference between the girls and boys (P>0.05), although girls showed better performance than boys. Kurdish-speaking children were more accurate in the pronunciation of nasal, glide, lateral, stop and flap than fricative, affricative and trill consonants. Consonants in the initial position were produced better and were more precise than consonants in the medial and final position. Discussion: PCC is an important and helpful index for speech and language pathologists, who are involved in assessment and treatment of Kurdish-speaking children. The results of this study showed that the PCC in Kurdish-speaking children with Middle Kurmanji-Mukryani Dialect increased with age and it was related to the manner of articulation and the position of sound in words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess whether Horticulture Therapy (HT) is effective for the improvement of the conceptual organization function, memory and psychological symptoms of chronic depressed male outpatients. Methods: 30 outpatients were chosen by the convenience sampling method. They were assigned to two groups, namely the experimental and the control group, by the random assignment method (each group comprising of 15 people). Outpatients were evaluated for before and after intervention by Rey--Osterrieth complex figure, and on the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale, DASS-44. Results: After ten sessions of horticultural therapy, the patients' scores on conceptual organization function, memory, depression, anxiety, and stress improved significantly. Discussion: Although horticultural therapy improved outpatients' scores on conceptual organization function, memory, depression, anxiety, and stress, future study is needed, especially by engaging more patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to determine the individual characteristics of clients who were referred to residential rehabilitation centers for drug use disorders and to determine their relapse-related factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 576 patients who were referred to nine residential treatment centers for drug use disorders, chosen by the cluster sampling method. A self-constructed questionnaire to assess personal and addictive characteristics was applied. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Independent t-test. Multiple regression models were applied to determine the factors affecting the time of relapse. Results: The average interval between quitting drug use and relapse was found to be 4.7 months with a standard deviation of 4.1. Age and relapse were found to be correlated (0.193), but the correlation was not found to be statistically significant (P=0.12). There was significant correlation between occupational status (P=0.014) and number of attempts to quit drug use (P=0.019) with relapse. In addition, there were significant correlations between relapse time with injection history (P=0.035), victim's history (P=0.047), risky sexual behaviors (P=0.022), sexual dysfunction (P=0.019), having a consumer as a close friend (P=0.001), another drug user in family (P=0.001), compulsory treatment (P=0.033), and alcohol consumption (P=0.041). There was no significant relationship between relapse with duration of addiction, type of abused drug, education, staying longer in centers, and marital status. Discussion: There is a high chance of relapse in case of patients who seek treatment in residential rehabilitation centers for drug use disorders. Paying attention to the patients' social status and especially their occupation and connection with the treatment center after discharge reduces possibility of relapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Recently, attention has been paid to the Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) in children. DCD occurs silently in child development stages; the child is involved with deficiencies that affect his / her social relationships, academic achievement and emotional perception. In this study, we tried to investigate the state of emotion recognition and the cognitive profiles of the children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the emotion recognition and cognitive failures of children with DCD. Methods: This was a descriptive and correlational study. The research sample included 120 students with a developmental coordination disorder. The research tools were Battery test: The Cambridge Mindreading (CAM) Computer Version of Revised Reading the Mind in the Eye Test; The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition (MABC-2) skills. For data analysis, confirmatory factor analysis for DCD model was done by using Laserl. Results: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicate the fitness of the model. The second root of the squared mean of the test of the case model is closer to zero. This difference is between the predicted value of the model or the estimator and the actual value. That is, estimating the model is near to actual value, therefore the model is approved. In this model, some amount of inertia RMR (0.55) and SRMR (0.666) was an indication of the proper explanation of covariance. Discussion: Study of the state of emotion recognition in children with DCD can help us to provide training programs, therapy and counseling to improve their social skills, selfconfidence and academic achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The associations between emotional skills encompassed in emotion regulation model and psychopathology were examined by investigating its ability to modify the emotion-mediated association between other emotion regulation skills and psychopathology. Methods: A total of 465 students were selected using proposal sampling method. Data were collected using Emotion Regulation Skill Questionnaire (ERSQ) and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Data were analyzed using bootstrapping-enhanced mediation analysis that considered the ability to modify emotions as a mediator, psychopathology as dependent, and other emotional skill as independent and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: A significant negative correlation was established between emotional skills and psychopathology in a range from 0.13 (bodily perception of sensations) to 0.31 (modification) (p=-0.31, P<0.01). The total effect for the variables of clarity, understanding, acceptance and tolerance, confrontation, self-support, attention, and sensation was significant at P<0.05, thereby rendering the mediation analysis plausible. The indirect effect of all variables was also significant. Therefore, all the variables have partial mediating effects. The direct effect of the variable of attention, sensation, and understanding on the psychological disturbances was not significant (P>0.05), and modification between these three skills and psychopathology exerted a complete mediating effect. The direct impact of emotional clarity, acceptance and tolerance, confrontation, and self-support was significant. Thus, emotion modification between the skills of emotional clarity, acceptance and tolerance, confrontation, and self-support with psychological disturbance had partial mediating effects. Discussion: The ability to modify emotions is the pathway through which other emotional skills might exert their influence on the mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Coping strategies are important following spinal cord injury (SCI). It is equally important to know the peculiar coping strategy used in a given population with a distinct cultural background. The aim of this study was to explore the peculiar coping strategies used by people with SCI in Kano. Methods: The study was a qualitative interview approved by the research ethics committees of the Kano State Ministry of Health and National Orthopaedics Hospital, Dala. The participants were interviewed individually using a qualitative interview guide while their responses were recorded by a note taker and using a tape recorder. Thereafter, the responses were transcribed, coded and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Twenty people with SCI having a mean age of 35.10±13.56 years and who were at least 1 year post SCI participated in the study. The results showed that people with SCI in Kano use religion mostly (95%), followed by acceptance (45%) and denial, substance use, blame, seeking social and positive reframing with each having 5%. Additionally, the use of religion pertains to absolute belief in the will of God as the cause of their condition and use of regular prayers. However, the use of religion and acceptance seem to be interdependent in this population. Discussion: Religion is majorly used as a way to cope and accept a stressful condition such as SCI in this population. Therefore, healthcare professionals and caregivers are required to understand the peculiar coping strategies used by a given population so as to help reinforce them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rapid transmission and sudden outbreak of new coronavirus have caused widespread stress among the community and treatment staff. Regarding the consecutive peaks of the disease, its persistence stress, in the long run, creates destructive effects and leads to physical weakness and psychological complications. Hence, the present study seeks to find proper ways to promote psychological capital and reduce the stress of contracting COVID-19 with the mediating role of empathy. Materials and Methods: The present research was an applied and analytical study. It is a cross-sectional study conducted in 2020. The study’s statistical population comprised 510 nurses working in Tehran Oil Industry Hospital. Using a simple random sampling method and Krejcie and Morgan table, a sample of 160 was selected. The data collection tool was a standard questionnaire whose validity and reliability have been confirmed. For data analysis, we used the structural equation modeling method and the Pearson correlation test to examine the relationship between variables. Results: The findings showed the significant and direct effect of psychological capital on empathy and a significant inverse impact of both empathy and psychological capital on the stress of contracting COVID-19 in nurses. The mediating role of empathy in the relationship between psychological capital and contracting COVID-19 stress was also confirmed. Conclusion: Accordingly, by promoting the components of psychological capital in nurses, the hospital managers can prepare them for daily stress during the coronavirus epidemic. Also, by strengthening the empathy indicators in employees along with psychological capital, the tensions related to this disease can be overcome more than ever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B ackground: According to the World Health Organization, preventive measures are the o nly non-pharmacological method to combat the COVID-19 epidemic. This study aimed t o investigate the relationship between perceived social support and preventive behaviors mediated by the variables of life expectancy and mental wellbeing. Materials and Methods: This study is applied in terms of purpose and was conducted by survey method. The statistical population included women living in Tehran City, Iran, with a sample size of 428. The study data were collected using the preventive behavior scale, mental wellbeing scale, Snyder hope scale, and multidimensional perceived social support scale. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS 25 and AMOS 23 software. Results: The study results showed a positive and significant relationship between perceived social support and mental wellbeing, between perceived social support and life expectancy, and between mental wellbeing and life expectancy. Also, life expectancy and mental wellbeing variables mediate between perceived social support and preventive behaviors. Conclusion: Considering the critical role of women in family management and preventive measures during the COVID-19 epidemic, strengthening social support networks, hope, and mental wellbeing should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hospitals, as the most important medical institutions, must be adequately prepared before accidents to cope with emergencies and provide rapid response to disasters. This study aimed to determine the preparedness of hospitals in Ardabil Province during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional study, and the study population included all hospitals in Ardabil Province, Iran (17 hospitals in total). The data collection tool was a standard checklist of 92 questions for COVID-19 Crisis Preparedness issued by the Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (the Pearson correlation analysis) in SPSS software v. 22. Results: The mean relative score of preparation for the COVID-19 pandemic was 80.27% among the hospitals in the province. In the studied hospitals, the relative scores of preparedness were as follows: leadership and coordination, 92.64%, resource management, 94.36%; information management, 79.90%; communications, 77.94%; human resources, 77.69%; surge-capacity, 86.55%; rapid identification, 57.18%; diagnosis, 71.32%; isolation and patient management, 81.09%; and infection prevention and control, 84.05%. Conclusion: The level of hospital preparedness in most dimensions (9 out of 10 dimensions) was good, and only in the area of rapid identification was at a moderate level. However, further evaluation is needed at different stages of an epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prehospital emergency staff usually encounter patients in situations that can affect the mental health of the medical staff and cause symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. This study aimed to determine depression, anxiety, and stress in prehospital emergency personnel during the COVID-19 epidemic in Ardabil City, Iran, 2020. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2020 to April 2020 with the participation of 138 working staff in the prehospital emergency department of Ardabil City. The samples were selected by the census method. Necessary information was collected with a two-part questionnaire: a demographic questionnaire and the DASS-21 standard questionnaire. DASS-21 is a 21-item questionnaire that consists of three subscales of 7 questions: depression, anxiety, and stress. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation, and inferential analysis, including analysis of variance, independent t test, and multiple regression using SPSS software v. 22 statistical software. Results: The results showed that 45.7% of the staff had moderate depression, 44.9% moderate anxiety, and 77.5% normal stress. There was a significant relationship between work experience and stress level (P=0.03). There were significant associations between age with depression (P=0.04), anxiety (P=0.00) and stress (P=0.01). There was also a significant relationship between gender and variables of stress (P=0.00) and anxiety (P=0.01). Multiple regression results showed that gender and education variables are predictors of anxiety and stress, and age and education variables are predictors of depression (P<0.05). Conclusion: More than half of the staff had moderate to severe depression and anxiety. Considering that prehospital emergency personnel has a vital role in improving and promoting people’s health in the community, eliminating the underlying factors that cause emotional reactions in them is considered a health priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Appropriate and timely response in urgent situations requires vast knowledge and physical and mental preparedness. Since emergency medical technicians are the first professional respondents in the health system, selecting the right people to study in this field is very important. Because there is no specific model in Iran to propose the indicators in the selection of applicants for this field, the present study was conducted to offer some indicators for the admission of prehospital emergency medical students. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted using a mixed qualitative and quantitative approach in three steps: reviewing the relevant texts, meetings of scientific and operational experts, and determining the validity and reliability of the content. After finalizing, the areas and indicators of student selection were used in the interview process of candidates in 2020. SPSS v. 24 software was used for quantitative data analysis. Results: The selection tool for prehospital emergency medical students included 4 areas (with 26 criteria): 1) general qualifications area with 8 criteria (documents concerning degree and identity, written GPA of diploma, entrance exam score, type of diploma, special abilities, working in relief organizations, gaining a scientific-sports position, and interviewing of faculty members); 2) physical health with 7 criteria (height, body mass index, visual health, hearing health, stuttering, organ dysfunction-physical disability, and chronic debilitating diseases); 3) psychological status with 5 criteria (orderliness, responsibility, quick and correct decision making, stress management, and belief in teamwork); and 4) physical fitness with 6 criteria (1600-m run, 45-m speed-run, 4x9 m run, sit-up, long jump, and Swedish swimming in 30 s). Conclusion: Given the vital importance of prehospital emergency medical jobs as the front line of the health system response, selecting the right people will play a significant role in increasing the quality of services provided, increasing patient satisfaction, and ultimately improving health of the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Iran is one of the earthquake-prone countries in the world that have experienced earthquakes with a magnitude of more than seven on the Richter scale, which has caused significant financial, human, economic, and social losses in society. In earthquakes where the vital arterial system is severely damaged, the community's life is threatened and sometimes causes significant damage. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the earthquake on vital arteries and to design a new approach to earthquake crisis management in the classification of vital arteries. Materials and Methods: This study was descriptive applied. The study population consisted of technicians and experts in management and civil engineering in Isfahan Province, Iran. Considering that the study population is 265 people, all of them were studied with the assumption of a confidence interval of 0.95 and an error of 0.05. The study data were collected by a questionnaire. Because of the normality of the data, the data were analyzed with the Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS software. Results: The results of data analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient test show a significant relationship between the classification of vital arteries based on new structuring with crisis management and its key role in earthquake crisis control. The passive defense was the most important component and the most relevant among effective approaches to managing vital arteries crises. Conclusion: By creating this proposed model of earthquake crisis management, a new classification was made for the system of vital arteries. Also, It provides a proper performance in different situations of before, during, and after social crises. It is also necessary to form a headquarter called the Social Crisis Management Headquarter based on efficient strategies and the necessary implementation and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The main task of the emergency medical system is to provide primary care and transfer the patients to hospital. Studies have been conducted to investigate the outcome of air and ground ambulance patients, but they show different results. These different results may be due to the type of study, statistical methods, differences in prehospital emergency systems, and insufficient control of confounding variables. Thus, it is difficult to compare and generalize the results. This study aimed to investigate the outcomes of injured people transported by air and ground ambulance in road traffic accidents in Qom Province, Iran, during 2015-2019. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective analytical descriptive study, we used the numerical method and examined all road traffic accident patients transferred through ground or air to Qom Shahid Beheshti Hospital by the prehospital emergency from 2015 to 2019. The collected information included the type of transfer, age, sex, type of trauma, distance from the accident site to the hospital, initial vital signs, duration of the mission, and day of the accident. To control the confounding factors, we used propensity score matching. Outcomes studied included length of hospital stay, length of stay in the intensive care unit, duration of mechanical ventilation, and the need for immediate surgery. Logistic regression was used to analyze the need for immediate surgery and a generalized linear model for other consequences. Results: After matching, the number of patients in each group transferred by ground ambulances and helicopter was 566. Trauma to the head (P=0.028) and back (P=0.002) were more common in helicopter-transported patients. The patients transported by helicopter had a longer time to reach the scene (7.70 ±5.18 min) (P<0.001), a shorter duration of presence on the scene (12.17±8.33 min) (P=0.041), and a shorter duration of transfer (13.12±4.75 min) (P<0.001) than the ground ambulance. There was no significant difference between the patients who transferred by ground and helicopter ambulance regarding the length of hospital stay in the intensive care unit (P=0.718), mechanical ventilation (P=0.507), and hospitalization (P=0.089). The need for immediate surgery in helicopter-transported patients was 84.8% higher than ground ambulance patients (95%CI: 0.086-0.267; P<0.001). Conclusion: The patients transported by helicopter were not significantly different from ground ambulances transported patients regarding staying in the intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation, and hospitalization, but they more needed immediate surgery. If the patients are triaged adequately according to the type of injury and the level of consciousness at the scene and transferred to the appropriate hospital by ground or air, they can enjoy the benefits of the type of transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The safety climate shows the attitude and general perception of the organization's management regarding safety. This study investigates the impact of safety training on the safety climate of operational employees working in the West Oil and Gas Company. Materials and Methods: This study is quasi-experimental interventional research, which was conducted in the first half of 2019 in West Oil and Gas Production Company with a pretest- posttest design. The study population included all workers in the operational departments of The West Oil and Gas Production Company. The sampling was done randomly with 240 people. The study questionnaire included a demographic information questionnaire and the safety climate questionnaire of "the safety organization of England." The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by safety professors, and its reliability was obtained at 0.84 using the Cronbach α coefficient. Results: The mean score of safety climate components before the intervention was 2.65, and after the educational intervention reached 3.66. The safety improvement had the highest score among the components of the safety climate. Also, the lowest mean score of the component before the intervention was related to the violation of safety rules, which had the lowest mean score after the intervention of the licensing system. Conclusion: Educational intervention improved the safety climate in West Oil and Gas Production Company, so safety training plays a vital role in increasing the safety climate in the oil and gas industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate the surge capability of Shahid Rajaee Trauma Hospital in Shiraz City, Iran, in response to a mass causality incident. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in Shahid Rajaee Hospital in Shiraz in 2017. The Delphi technique was used in this study. Three checklists were used for the Emergency Department, Operating Room, and Intensive Care Unit. The surge capacity was calculated for each unit based on the formulas derived from different studies. Results: The surge capacities of the Emergency Department, Intensive Care Unit, and Operating Room were obtained 36%, 20%, and 17.5%, respectively. Shahid Rajaee Hospital of Shiraz can quickly increase its capacity by 27% based on the scenario defined in this study. However, if an accident leads to more causalities, it will likely face several limiting factors for increasing the surge capacity. Conclusion: Due to the critical role of hospitals in the crisis, it seems that the studied hospital should look for ways to increase its surge capacity to cope with unexpected accidents as soon as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We investigated the relationship between the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) traits and emotion dysregulation signs, including social anxiety, general anxiety, and depression in students. Methods: A total of 189 students of the public universities in Tehran were selected by convenience sampling and answered the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, and Punishment Sensitivity Questionnaire and Reward Sensitivity. Data analysis was done using SPSS v. 26 software by Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Results: Pearson correlation coefficient showed a significant relationship between punishment and reward sensitivity and symptoms of emotional dysregulation. Also, multiple regression analysis showed that reward and punishment sensitivity could predict emotion dysregulation. Conclusion: Punishment hypersensitivity and reward hyposensitivity were higher-order, shared factors for emotion dysregulation signs, including depression, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety. These findings emphasize the effect of behavioral activation as a technique to increase reward pursuit by the individual and suggested that this technique is able to increase reward-seeking and consequently, improve emotional regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Transference-focused Psychotherapy (TFP) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on promoting the mental health and psychological capital of staff working in hospitals covered by social security in Tehran Province. Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental research with pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of the present study was the personnel working in hospitals covered by social security in Tehran Province. A total of 120 personnel from three hospitals were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group (40 people in each group). All three groups answered the Mental Health Questionnaire (Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R)) and Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) as a pre-test. Then, the transfer-oriented treatment group and the acceptance and commitment treatment group (during eight sessions) received the experimental intervention and the control group did not receive any kind of intervention. At the end of the sessions, all three groups answered the questions of the SCL-90-R and PCQ again. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the colected data. Results: The results of the present study showed that both TFP and ACT were effective in promoting the mental health of staff working in hospitals covered by social security. There was also a difference between the effectiveness of TFP and ACT in promoting the mental health of staff working in hospitals covered by social security. Thus, in the TFP group, the components of anxiety, morbid fear, psychosis, and paranoia gained significantly lower scores compared to the ACT group. Regarding the components of psychological capital, the ACT group scored significantly lower than the TFP group. Conclusion: Both methods can be used by counselors and therapists to promote the mental health of staff working in hospitals covered by social security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Aceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and schema therapy on forgiveness and fear of intimacy in conflicting couples. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted using a pre-test, post-test design with a control group. The participants were selected from the conflicting couples who were referred to counseling and psychological service centers in districts 1 and 5 of Tehran in 2019. Of the couples who scored high on the Fear-of-Intimacy Scale and obtained a low score on the Interpersonal Forgiveness Inventory, 30 couples (60 people) were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to the schema therapy group (10 couples), the ACT group (10 couples), and the control group (10 couples). Then, the participants in each of the intervention groups attended eight 90-minute therapy sessions based on ACT and Schema therapy techniques. After the interventions, the participants in the three groups completed the questionnaires again and were followed up after three months. Results: The results showed that both ACT and schema therapy had a significant effect on fear of intimacy and forgiveness. Upon controlling the pre-test score, significant differences were found between the two ACT and schema therapy groups in terms of reconnection and revenge control (P<0.01), but the two groups were not significantly different in terms of resentment control, realistic perceptions, and fear of intimacy and schema couple therapy was more effective than ACT in controlling conflicting couples' revenge and improving reconnection and this greater effectiveness was still retained in the follow-up phase. Conclusion: ACT and schema-based couple therapies can be used by psychologists and counselors as effective approaches to increase forgiveness and reduce fear of intimacy in couples. However, schema couple therapy is more effective than ACT in controlling negative emotions and treating them in couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The basal ganglia (BG) controls different patterns of behavior by receiving inputs from sensory-motor and pre-motor cortex and projecting it to pre-frontal, pre-motor and supplementary motor areas. As the exact role of BG in swallowing process has not been fully determined, we aimed at reviewing the published data on neurological control in the swallowing technique to have a better understanding of BG's role in this performance. Methods: English-language articles, which were published before December 2015 and eligible for the present research, were extracted from databases according to the inclusion criteria, i.e. articles related to "neurological aspects of swallowing" and/or "lesions of sub-cortical or BG relevant to swallowing disorders". Results: This systematic review indicates that BG is a complicated neurological structure with indistinct functions and that swallowing is a sophisticated process with several unknown aspects. Discussion: Swallowing is a multifaceted performance that needs contribution of the tongue, larynx, pharynx, and esophagus as well as the neurological structures such as neocortex and subcortical regions - BG and brainstem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The knowledge of Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) plays a crucial role in the outcomes of traumatic patients. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of EMTs about the prehospital care intensity index of spinal cord trauma in Ilam Province, Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 98 EMTs chosen by the census sampling method. The study data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire on the prehospital care intensity index of spinal cord trauma and were analyzed with SPSS 16. Results: The knowledge of the prehospital care intensity index of spinal cord trauma was at the advanced level in 87.7% of EMTs and the intermediate level in 15.3% of EMTs. There was a significant relationship between the technician's knowledge score and variables such as age, work record, overtime hours, and the number of missions (P=0.05). Conclusion: EMTs needed more specialized information on spinal trauma. It was recommended to hold in-service training programs more precisely and consider the training of necessary skills that most EMTs require. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sharing experiences and learning from health measures taken during the outbreak of epidemics is a critical issue that affects the right and timely decisions in health crises. In the present study, an attempt has been made to review the health policies adopted against COVID-19 and extract critical points for resolving the epidemic crisis. Materials and Methods: This article was a comparative study. The study population comprised Canada, Japan, Germany, Korea, Turkey, and Iran. Ten effective indicators in the management of epidemics were extracted by reviewing the literature and interviewing disaster management experts, and the degree of conformity of the research community with them was examined. The study data were collected from articles published in scientific databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus search engines) or information from COVID-19 disease management organizations from official sites. The obtained data were processed and analyzed by matrix content analysis. Results: The results showed the importance of 10 effective indicators in the management of epidemics during the outbreak of COVID-19 studied and noticed by the health system of most countries. And the government, local and private organizations have participated in the implementation of the studied indicators according to the conditions of each country's health system. Therefore, the success rate of countries in managing COVID-19 disease varies according to the time, type, and manner of implementation and monitoring of measures. Conclusion: Speed of action in adopting health policies and integration in its implementation, construction of convalescence, adequate training and access to personal protective equipment, prevention of nosocomial contamination, and voluntary assistance are essential issues in the fight against epidemics. These measures should be considered and used as teachings in managing health crises, especially emerging diseases and pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nowadays, industrialization, using cars and consequently traffic jams are part of human life which grows every day. Along with the expansion of communication and transportation speed, the number and severity of traffic accidents increases. According to the World Health Organization, traffic accidents are now recognized as the ninth cause of death worldwide. In Iran, traffic accidents after cardiovascular diseases are the second leading cause of death. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was designed and implemented to determine driver's views and opinions in two cities of Warsaw, Poland, and Tabriz, Iran, about driver's high-risk behaviors. This study was conducted using in-depth interviews with 27 drivers. The study results were divided into four main questions about driving behaviors, reasons for driving abnormal behaviors, the prevalence and causes of abnormal behaviors, and suggested measures to correct these behaviors. Results: The study results were divided into six main themes of driving norms, individual factors, social factors, external factors, driving skills, and driving laws. Our findings indicate that drivers are more likely to rely on individual skills in driving in unacceptable conditions. In other words, they ignore the rules and regulations. But, when driving in high standards conditions and good facilities, drivers accept the rules and prioritize them. Conclusion: Internal control should be considered a helpful complement to external control, and that external control provides the highest efficiency when it comes with internal control. To internalize norms and observe driving laws and regulations, the authors suggest removing obstacles such as distrust among drivers regarding the effectiveness of driving laws, unawareness of breaking the laws, lack of job satisfaction, low level of participation, and structural barriers. Also, roads and vehicle safety must be improved along with a better track of the drivers' behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Supply chain includes all related parts that directly or indirectly meet the customers' demands. During disasters, the supply chain disrupts. It seems that paying attention to innovation and entrepreneurship can solve some of these disruptions. This study was conducted to extract the factors affecting the technology-oriented entrepreneurial rescue supply chain in the Red Crescent Society from experts and specialists in Iran. Materials and Methods: This qualitative content analysis was conducted in 2020. Using the content analysis method, the considered criteria were collected through open-ended questions and interviews. To determine the desired indicators, 30 people were interviewed in-depth in a purposeful manner using snowball sampling. The thematic analysis method was also used to analyze the interviews. Results: A total of 30 experts with a mean age of 46 years were interviewed, of whom 21 cases were male. Also, 16 cases had a PhD degree, and 14 had a Master's degree. After analyzing and extracting the criteria from the interviews, 123 codes were obtained. Finally, the codes were divided into two classes: supply chain management and technology indicators. The supply chain management class included subclasses of customer integration, supplier integration, internal integration, and innovative orientation. The technology indicators class included subclasses of individual characteristics, attitudinal factors, educational factors, technical factors, economic factors, environmental factors, and human and managerial factors. Conclusion: Supply chains are essential for entrepreneurship because of the involvement of different parts of the Red Crescent Organization of Iran in joint activities. Because of the expansion of entrepreneurship issues in the supply chain, presenting a technology-oriented comprehensive model of the entrepreneurial supply chain in the Red Crescent Organization is of great importance. In today's competitive environment, supply chain management is a strategic and robust basis for the Red Crescent Organization to achieve success and competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The role and function of Emergency Medical Service (EMS) in people's health and the need for continuous evaluation of its function, especially delivering services to the patients, are essential. So, the present study was conducted to determine the time indices of prehospital emergency services in Ardabil City, Iran. Materials and Methods: This study was a retrospective cross-sectional study. Out of all calls recorded in EMS centers of Ardabil in the first 6 months of 2020, 327 calls, which resulted in the patient's transfer to a hospital, were randomly selected. Then, the required data, including time indices and demographic information, were extracted from EMS forms filled by a medical emergency technician for each mission. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, and inferential statistics, including 1-way analysis of variance and the Chi-square test in SPSS v. 22. Results: In terms of time indices, the average delay time (1.01 minutes), the response time (7.87 minutes), on-scene time (13.81 minutes), transport time (12.53 minutes), the total run time (transport time, response time, and on-scene time) (35.15 minutes), and the round trip time (52.50) had been recorded. According to the Chi-square test, there was a significant relationship between the total run time (transport time, response time, and on-scene time), transport time, round trip time, and the location of the emergency base. Conclusion: EMS time indices were at the desired level. Updating information systems, ambulances, medical equipment, and holding training courses for personnel working in this system can effectively improve time indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Road accidents are among the most important causes of death and severe personal and financial injuries. Also, its profound social, cultural, and economic effects threaten human societies. This study aimed to estimate the trend of traffic accident victims in Yazd Province, Iran, to predict the number of traffic accident victims in this province. Materials and Methods: Based on traffic casualty statistics referred to forensic medicine in Yazd Province within April 1989 and March 2017 referred to Forensic Medicine of Yazd Province and using an artificial neural network to predict the number of injured for 12 months ending in 2020 has been paid. The neural network used in this study had 12 inputs, one output, and 5 hidden layers. The network predicts the relationship between data after training and learning. The network is considered the MSE benchmark. Results: The number of injured in traffic accidents in Yazd Province in 2020 was equal to 7052 people, with the highest number in December with 832 people and the lowest in June with 414 people. The exact method of use was equal to 92 cases. Conclusion: The trend of traffic accident casualties in Yazd Province in 2020 will be declining. For future research, the exact method designed in this study can be examined with other methods for the best response level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Job satisfaction is one of the most critical and influential parameters to increase the productivity and efficiency of any organization. Crisis management during disasters is one of the most influential factors, and because disasters put pressure on health care systems, all medical staff, including those working in Rehabilitation, must have the necessary experience and skills to manage in an emergency. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and crisis-related factors in the staff of non-governmental rehabilitation centers under the supervision of the Tehran Welfare Organization with a preventive approach. Materials and Methods: The present study is a descriptive-correlational study, in which 1403 people from 28 rehabilitation centers in Tehran Province in 2018 were surveyed and selected by the census. We used the data recorded in the demographic section of the standard Employee Satisfaction Survey. This questionnaire consists of 39 items and 5 subscales to measure job status (10 questions), supervisor (8 questions), coworkers (10 questions), promotion (5 questions), and payment (6 questions). It included components of job activity, management, group activities, incentive system, and payment system. The study demographic characteristics were age, gender, level of education, work experience, and the number of working hours. Besides, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to assess the relationship between general safety status and firefighting as a criterion for crisis management and job satisfaction. In different cases, different tests were used. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS v. 20. Results: In this study, 657 (46.8%) men and 746 (53.2%) women participated. Findings showed that the average job satisfaction of employees was 3.12, which was at a moderate to high level (maximum score in each department was 5). There was no significant relationship between demographic information (such as age, work experience, level of education, and the number of working hours) and job satisfaction. However, there was a significant relationship between gender and job satisfaction, so that men had higher job satisfaction than women. Also, there was a significant relationship between public safety and firefighting and job satisfaction, so that an increase in the score of general safety and firefighting as an indicator of crisis management led to a significant increase in job satisfaction. Conclusion: According to the results of the researcher-made and validated questionnaires, the level of job satisfaction of employees in the studied centers is in a relatively good condition. Although the level of job satisfaction of the studied employees was moderately high, it needs to be improved. Job satisfaction in crisis management in emergencies can be very effective and improve the performance of the organization. Thus, it is recommended to implement programs for job satisfaction and crisis management in the centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Iran is an earthquake-prone country, and a considerable rural population lives in earthquake-prone areas. With many worn-out areas, incompetent houses, and relatively underdeveloped rural areas, it is necessary to pay special attention to risk reduction and subsequent measures in these areas. Materials and Methods: Among the current methods, HAZUS is one of the most common methods in estimating potential losses in an earthquake. We used it to calculate the buildings' estimated losses in the earthquake based on the instructions. Because one of the main issues in disaster management is to choose locations for emergency or temporary settlement of population affected by the distracter, this research tries to carry this out based on the derived results from the damage using fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). After reviewing the previous studies and the experts' opinions, the major and minor criteria affecting the selection of temporary settlement locations were identified. Results: Results suggested that using the damage rate of the studied buildings in the studied area and after choosing six priorities in the pilot village of Vaneshan, priority number 1 was chosen as the best option for temporary settlement in this village. Ultimately, the required items for the evacuees were determined by using the standards of supplying the essentials for the evacuees. Conclusion: Regarding the study area, the results of the damage analysis of the area show that the rate of damage with extensive and complete levels in the villages is very high, which leads to a large number of homeless people with the urgent need to provide adequate shelter. This endower requires a lot of money, and the relevant managers should already be thinking about finding financial resources for it. This issue is not only related to the study area and applies to the whole of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hospitals are highly vulnerable to fire because of the presence of vulnerable people (patients, medical staff, and visitors), expensive equipment, and the ignorance and lowrisk perception of occupants. Injuries caused by fire can result in life and financial losses and can disrupt the performance of a hospital. Fire risk assessment is an effective way to assess vulnerability, capacity, and capability. This study aims to evaluate the risk of fire and identify the effective factors and their contribution to a hospital. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using the Fire Risk Assessment Method for Engineering (FRAME) in the equipment room of a hospital in Qazvin, Iran. The fire risk was first calculated by using the related formulas in Excel software. Then, the influential factors and their contribution to the overall risk were determined to perform corrective measures for reducing the risk. Results: The numerical value of risk for the building and its contents, occupants, and activities were 2.075, 3.315, and 2.481, respectively (>1), indicating its unacceptable level. Factors affecting the potential risk level for the building and its content and occupants were fire load, venting, and access. Regarding the acceptable risk level, the activation factor was identified as an influential factor in all domains. The highest contribution in the potential risk level for the building and its content and occupants was related to the fire load factor (1.6). In the acceptable risk level, the highest contribution was related to the activation factor (0.4). Conclusion: The FRAME method can also identify effective factors and their contribution to the overall fire risk of medical centers such as hospitals to help develop plans and special measures to reduce the risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: After the Kermanshah earthquake on November 12, 2017, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences dispatched a response team to the earthquake-stricken areas. This team provided the affected people with health services for 10 days. This article intends to examine the experience of this team in Kermanshah earthquake-stricken areas. Materials and Methods: After the team's return from Kermanshah, a meeting was held to examine the challenges and review the learned lessons with 60 participants, including authorities and the people who were members of the team. The discussed issues were coded using content analysis. The similar codes were merged, and then categories were extracted. Results: The analysis of discussions led to 9 categories of experiences that included delay in recalling process and its challenges, lack of preparedness, use of the virtual space capacity, lack of proper assessment of the health needs and the estimation of facilities, management experience of the team on the dispatch, shortcomings, and imperfections, managerial challenges, lack of coordination, and setting up of field hospitals without planning. Conclusion: Iran is susceptible to natural disasters, and from time to time, parts of the country are affected by these disasters. One of the priorities in these disasters is people's need for health services. Since health facilities in the area usually encounter problems in these circumstances, other medical universities should provide help and relief. The present experience shows that there are still many challenges that should be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Iran is a disaster-prone country, which in recent years has been affected by heavy rainfall and consequent flooding. In March 26, 2019, heavy rainfall in northern parts of Iran resulted in flooding. The situation became more critical when central and western provinces were affected, finally causing significant damages in 25 provinces. The most affected areas were Golestan, and Khuzestan provinces with significant damages to their infrastructure, killing 76 people. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study aims to describe the findings and results of field visits in flood-hit provinces of Lorestan, Khuzestan and Golestan. All interviews were held with experts in late April 2019. Results: Golestan province was in recovery phase and Lorestan and Khuzestan provinces were in response phase. Due to the acute conditions of these two mentioned areas, it was not possible to visit all areas. In Lorestan Province Treatment and Emergency Situations; In Golestan Province Health Status and in Khuzestan Province Pre-hospital Care and Rescue Support were visited and evaluated. The field visited results indicate the presence of government forces and people in the field and provide comprehensive assistance to the flood-affected areas. Conclusion: There are numerous hazards each year, but few documented lessons are available for researchers. Due to the importance of applying lessons for community development it is imperative that special attention be paid to the discussion of emergency and disaster research and the presence of specialized researchers to record lessons learned. Although organizations make significant efforts during disasters, the specialized research force for recording these achievements in disasters remains neglected. Therefore, it is valuable to document and apply appropriate documentation to promote interventions and responses to possible future events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Schools, as social infrastructure and an integral part of society, play an essential role in creating the resilience of the community to natural disasters. This study aims to systematically review and identify and categorize the components affecting schools' resilience against emergencies and disasters. Materials and Methods: Without any time limit, we will search the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases using the three keywords of "Disaster", "School", "resilience", and their synonyms according to the MeSH website terms defined in the PubMed database. The inclusion criteria will be the articles related to school resilience, schools and emergencies and disasters, and school safety and resistance to threats. There will be no restrictions on the type of documentation, and all articles, books, and conference papers will be evaluated in this study. Search syntax strategies will be defined based on the guidance of each database. The final version of EndNote X8 is used to manage databases, delete duplicate and irrelevant articles, and extract relevant articles. The evaluation and selection of articles are based on the research question and the PRISMA checklist. Dissemination: The results of this systematic review determine appropriate criteria for school resilience, which are valuable for decision-makers and politicians, researchers in the field of education, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Welfare Organization, Red Crescent, and people interested in research in the field of students and schools, especially in the event of emergencies and disasters. Also, according to the criteria extracted from this systematic review, the difference between resilient and non-resilient schools can be shown from an international perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early Discharge is one of the most well-known strategies to increase hospital capacity during disasters, which is applicable by recognizing the patients appropriate for early discharge. Therefore, the current study was conducted to estimate a model for predicting hospitalized children appropriate for early discharge during disasters based on the attending physician's opinion. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 210 pediatric patients hospitalized in the emergency and pediatrics wards of the hospitals covered by Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. Questionnaires were completed at the patient's bedside by a trained questioner. The logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Results: Five variables, such as consciousness level (OR=4.677), dehydration status (2.596), ability to take milk/swallow (OR=1.930), blood oxygen saturation level (OR=1.186), and body temperature (OR=0.530) were determined as predictors for children appropriate for early discharge during disasters. The area under the ROC curve was calculated 0.848, which indicated a good curve fit of the estimated model. Conclusion: The model presented in the current study can help clinical staff identify hospitalized children appropriate for early discharge during disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Indonesia is home to approximately 400 active volcanoes located on three different tectonic plates, which put it at risk of natural disasters. Accordingly, healthcare in emergencies and disasters is of great importance in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aimed at describing nursing students' experiences of nursing education in disaster nursing in a university in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: This qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach was conducted by semi-structured interviews with eight nursing students from a university in Indonesia. Results: One category, namely, "Being prepared for a natural disaster", and three subcategories, namely, "Feeling prepared in nursing", "Managing limitations in nursing education" and "Managing uncertainty in nursing", were identified. Nursing students considered that theory in disaster nursing was valuable; however, they lacked reality-based education to feel be prepared to perform the required tasks as forthcoming nurses. Conclusion: Increased and repeated practical training using case studies in nursing education is important for improving nursing students' preparedness in disaster nursing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nowadays, safety management plans have an effective role in reducing the incidence of accidents. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the role of safety management systems on accidents and the status of safety performance indicators in a combined cycle power plant in 2011. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical research was carried out in two stages in all Yazd Combined Cycle Power Plant units on accident victims from 2004-2011, based on the documentation of the previous years and using census sampling. The Accident Frequency Rate (AFR), Accident Severity Rate (ASR), and Frequency Severity Rate (FSI) indices were derived from the OSHA standard using the formulas and data obtained from the completed questionnaires and interviews with the people. Results: The total number of accidents was 287 cases through the studied period (8 years). The results showed a significant relationship between age and work experience, as well as between age and marital status. The main causes of accidents were unsafe acts. The lowest level of personal protective equipment was used in 2004 (15.2%), whereas the highest rate was used in 2011 (30%). After the implementation of the Integrated Management Systems (IMSs), accident indicators showed a decreasing trend regarding the washing time. Also, the amount of AFR, ASR and FSI indices of the accidents in terms of work shift indicated a significant decrease in 2004 than after the implementation of the safety management systems. Conclusion: According to the results, due to the positive impact of safety programs (IMS), incident indicators had a downward trend and unsafe acts were decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Communicable diseases are one of the main health problems in Iran. This study aimed at demonstrating the progress of communicable diseases management in more than 30 years of its implementation and pointing out its strengths and weaknesses, as well. Materials and Methods: This interview-based study using content analysis method was conducted in 2014. Data were collected through deep interviews. Fifteen interviews were conducted with all experts and health system managers at Iran's communicable diseases management center. The collected data were analyzed using the principles suggested by Strauss and Corbin. Results: The establishment of the communicable disease surveillance system was a revolution in the health system of Iran. The strengths of the system are as follows: networkbased and integrated health services, well-organized and knowledgeable personnel, national and international supports, strategic and operational plans, and expanded programs of immunization. On the other hand, its weaknesses mentioned by the participants were: disease-based case definition, poor public awareness, poor inter-sectoral collaboration and coordination, insufficient resources, delayed or no notifying target diseases, lack of district laws or incomplete implementation of legislation, failure to provide feedback or ignoring for the results of the analysis, and lack of performance evaluation. Conclusion: Although the implementation of the communicable diseases surveillance system was a huge achievement in the health system of Iran, however, it needs more improvements based on the present situation. Revision of the rules, restoration and strengthening of the existing structure, the use of modern information and communication technologies, and the establishment of the monitoring and evaluation system are helpful to increase its success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Because of the complexity, stressfulness, and the threatening nature of the working environment of prehospital Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs), they encounter many ethical challenges during making decisions and providing quick and accurate care to patients. The present study aimed to investigate the ethical challenges among prehospital EMTs. Materials and Methods: To review all published studies, we searched SID, Medlib, Iran Medex, Magiran, Web of Science, Medline, Google Scholar, CINAHL, PubMed, Ovid, and Scopus databases from 2000-18. The keywords were "ethical challenges", "emergency medical technicians", and "prehospital emergency". Results: According to the evaluation of the studies, the ethical challenge regarding prehospital emergencies included decision over dispatching an ambulance to the scene, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, triage in crisis and disaster, irrational interventions of the patient or patient's family, intervention in accordance with patient's informed consent, and safe driving. Conclusion: Considering the unique conditions of prehospital caring, identifying, and discovering the ethical conflicts in this field of the health care system and providing the appropriate solution are very important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hospitals, as the first and most important treatment centers for injured people, should be prepared before the crisis to provide health care services in the best possible manner, with appropriate and prompt action. The current study aimed at investigating the accident and disaster preparedness of hospitals affiliated to Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in Ahvaz, Iran. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of the current descriptive, cross sectional study was all hospitals affiliated to Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in 2017. The main tool to collect information in the study was the checklist of preparedness for disasters designed by Hojjat et al. A group of 20 faculty members of the Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences evaluated the checklist and confirmed its validity. Also, the reliability of the instrument was evaluated using a test-retest method on one of the research units based on Kappa test with a value of 0.8 in acceptable range. Data were collected and coded with SPSS software version 19. Results: The highest level of disaster preparedness at Jundishapur University of medical sciences in Ahvaz belonged to human inferiority with an average score of 67.66±8; 16 of 100, and the lowest belonged to the emergency areas with an average score of 3.75±0.77 or 43 of 100. Imam Khomeini Hospital was in a better status than the other hospitals in terms of emergency, reception, discharging and transferring, traffic, and communication. In terms of education, Abuzar Hospital had the highest level of preparedness; and regarding support and management of health care practices, Salamat Hospital had the highest level for disaster preparedness. Conclusion: The preparedness of hospitals affiliated to Jondishapour University was in moderate status and Imam Khomeini Hospital had the highest level of accident and disaster preparedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: How to manage patients, transmission times, and therapeutic measurement executed during air transmission can improve training, protocols, and management decisions. The current study aimed at investigating the dispatch criteria and the way of handling patients during transport by air emergency medical services of Kurdistan Province, Iran, in 2017. Materials and Methods: In the current study, information of patients transported by air emergency ambulance of Kurdistan Province in 2017 was collected from the recorded mission forms. To analyze the information, version 12 of STATA software was employed. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the qualitative variables and draw frequency distribution table and mean and standard deviation to utilize quantitative variables. Results: Out of 50 transported patients, trauma caused by traffic accidents was the most important cause of patient transport (38%). In terms of clinical symptoms, weakness and lethargy and decreased consciousness were the most common symptoms. The most important therapeutic measures executed during transport were oxygen therapy, various body fixations, and serum therapy, respectively. The average time spent at scene was 10.7 minutes and the mean total mission time was 93.72 minutes with a standard deviation of 45.53. Conclusion: The results of the study indicated that the air emergency performance of Kurdistan Province was desirable in terms of dispatch criteria, time of transport and treatment during transportation, but there were weaknesses in the administration of medications during transportation and recording missions and measures in the specific sheets (forms). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: More than a million people worldwide die by suicide every year, the risk of committing suicide in healthcare related occupations, especially nursing, is much higher than other occupations. The current study aimed at investigating the role of the Thwarted Belongingness (TB), Perceived Burdensomeness (PB), Self-Efficacy (SE), and Ego Strength (ES) in predicating Suicidal Ideation (SI) in nurses. Materials and Methods: In the current descriptive-correlational study, convenience sampling method was employed to select 120 nurses of hospitals in Ardabil, Iran. The participants completed the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), Psychology Inventory Ego Strengths (PIES), and Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSSI). The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics indices, Pearson correlation analysis, and multivariate regression with SPSS V. 23. Results: The obtained result showed a significant and positive relationship between Thwarted Belongingness and Perceived Burdensomeness, and Suicidal Ideation as well as a significant and negative relationship between Self-Efficacy and Ego Strength, and Suicidal Ideation. Also, the result of the multivariate regression showed that Thwarted Belongingness, Perceived Burdensomeness, Self-Efficacy, and Ego Strength predictability can account for 46% of Suicidal Ideation. Also, the result showed that Perceived Burdensomeness could explain and predict Suicidal Ideation better than other variables. Conclusion: Generally, Thwarted Belongingness and Perceived Burdensomeness, as two interpersonal factors, and Self-Efficacy and Ego Strength, as two intrapersonal factors, can predict Suicidal Ideation of nurses. Possession of the sense of Thwarted Belongingness leads to a feeling of loneliness, and perceiving burdensomeness leads to a feeling of self-hatred, and ultimately, the combination of these two structures leads to the formation of Suicidal Ideation. Also, poor Self- Efficacy leads to negative judgment of abilities and the low Ego Strength uses inappropriate defense mechanisms such as denial and suppression, and ultimately, the combination of these two forms Suicidal Ideation. Therefore, providing the training to improve interpersonal relationships in order to reduce the felling of Thwarted Belongingness and Perceived Burdensomeness as well as individual counseling to improve Self-Efficacy and Ego Strength can be effective in reducing Suicidal Ideation and suicide attempt in nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Extensive application of radioactive materials to medical and military purposes justifies the necessity of training military nurse students regarding the management of radiation injury. The current study aimed at comparing the effect of two methods (lecture and webbased) of training on the management of radiation-injured patients among military nurse students from 2013 to 2014. Materials and Methods: The current semi-experimental study was conducted on 60 military nursing students in two military nursing schools in Tehran, Iran selected purposively. Subjects of the study were divided into two groups of 30 as lecture and web-based teaching. The effect of education was measured on three levels of knowledge, comprehension, and application; before, immediately after, and four weeks after completion of teaching. The data were analyzed with SPSS software version 21, using Repeated Measures (RM)-ANOVA and t-test. Results: Mean and standard deviation of scores in all learning levels (knowledge, comprehension, and application) in both groups had a significant difference between before and after the intervention (P<0.001). No significant difference was observed in the total mean scores of the two groups before intervention. In the post-test, immediately after training, mean scores of the web-based group had a greater increase, but no significant difference was observed (P=0.12). In the retention stage (four weeks after training), it was observed that the lecture-based method was more effective (P=0.01). Conclusion: According to the obtained results, learning increased in both methods . Therefore, it is recommended to use the combined teaching method to educate nursing students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The current study aimed at examining Hospital Incident Command System (HICS) on the rate of accidents and disaster preparedness committee and nursing staff of Imam Ali Hospital in Zarand, Iran. Materials and Methods: The current semi-experimental study was conducted on the members of Crisis Committee (n=9) and nursing personnel (n=38) selected by fully count model. Data collection tools were two valid and reliable questionnaires: hospital disaster preparedness and the nurses' disaster preparedness. Hospital disaster preparedness also included a two-day workshop on hospital incident command system and the nurses' disaster preparedness included a one-day workshop on disaster management. Members of the Crisis Committee and nurses were evaluated based on hospital disaster preparedness and nurses' disaster preparedness questionnaires before and one month after intervention. SPSS V. 16 was used to analyze data. Results: Findings of the current study indicated a major increase in the disaster preparedness of the Crisis Committee (from 88.33 to 130.88) and nurses (from 132.63 to 2077.56) after intervention; in addition, a significant improvement was observed in the nurses group (P=0.000) Conclusion: It was concluded that the establishment of HICS and using disaster preparedness program can improve the preparedness of hospital disaster management committee and nursing personnel against disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to the importance of industrial accidents in workplaces, the current study aimed at epidemiologically investigating occupational accidents in some industrial sites in Semnan, Iran. Materials and Methods: The current descriptive-analytical study was conducted on all accidents taking place from 2014 to 2016 in some industrial sites in Semnan. The data were extracted from the Department of Labor and Social Affairs of Semnan. SPSS software version 21 was employed to analyze data using Chi-square and logistic regression tests. Results: The mean and standard deviation of workers age in non-fatal and fatal accidents were 30.28±13 and 32±11.21 years, respectively. There was no significant difference in variables such as gender, workers experience, marital status, type of industry (construction, mining, rubber, and agriculture), and educational level between fatal and non-fatal accidents (P>0.05). A significant relationship was observed between insurance coverage status and fatal accidents (P=0.002). The rate of fatal accidents was 8.4 times more in 2015 than 2014 (P=0.006; odds ratio=4.8). Conclusion: The rate of accidents in industrial sites can be significantly reduced by taking advantage of accident prevention programs and training courses. Occupational safety and health program can promote the performance of workers. In this regard, the development and conduction of industrial emergency plans can reduce fatal accident rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]