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Three Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, short rod-shaped and motile strains (FXH3W T , SHGZ20W and SMYT11W T ) were isolated from freshwater environments in China. Comparisons based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strains FXH3W T and SHGZ20W showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of about 99.6% to ' Luteimonas cellulosilyticus ' MIC 1.5, and strain SMYT11W T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 99.8% to Luteimonas fraxinea D4P002 T , respectively. Observing the phylogenetic trees reconstructed based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences, the species of genera Luteimonas and Lysobacter were not monophyletic and often mixed together. The further reconstructed phylogenomic tree and Genome Taxonomy Database also showed that the species of both genera were polyphyletic, implying that the current taxonomic status of the species of both genera was questionable. The calculated OrthoANIu, digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average amino acid sequence identity (AAI) values supported that strains FXH3W T and SHGZ20W should belong to the same novel species and strain SMYT11W T should also represent an independent novel species. Combining the AAI values and phylogenomic analyses, the species of genera Luteimonas and Lysobacter should be reassigned to 12 genera ( Luteimonas , Lysobacter , Cognatiluteimonas , Noviluteimonas , Pseudoluteimonas , Solilutibacter , Agrilutibacter , Cognatilysobacter , Marilutibacter , Novilysobacter , Montanilutibacter and Aerolutibacter ). The AAI values 69.5-76.0% were also proposed as the Lysobacteraceae -specific thresholds for genus delineation. Strain SMYT11W T should represent a novel species of the genus Luteimonas , for which the name Luteimonas flava sp. nov. (type strains SMYT11W T =GDMCC 1.4275 T =KCTC 8304 T ) is proposed. Strains FXH3W T and SHGZ20W should represent a novel species of a new genus Aquilutibacter rugosus gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of the type species is FXH3W T (=GDMCC 1.4096 T =KCTC 8154 T ).

Two Gram-negative bacteria, designated as strains LF1 T and HM2-2 T , were isolated from an artificial pond in a honey farm at Hoengseong-gun, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea. The 16S rRNA sequence analysis results revealed that strain LF1 T belonged to the genus Lysobacter and had the highest sequence similarity to Lysobacter niastensis GH41-7 T (99.0 %), Lysobacter panacisoli CJ29 T (98.9 %), and Lysobacter prati SYSU H10001 T (98.2 %). Its growth occurred at 20-37 °C, at pH 5.0-12.0, and in the presence of 0-2% NaCl. The major fatty acids were iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 , and summed feature 9 (iso-C 17 : 1  ω 9 c and/or C 16 : 0 10-methyl). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content was 67.5 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain LF1 T and species of the genus Lysobacter were 79.1-84.4% and 22.0-27.5 %, respectively. The 16S rRNA sequence analysis results revealed that strain HM2-2 T belonged to the genus Limnohabitans and was most closely related to Limnohabitans planktonicus II-D5 T (98.9 %), Limnohabitans radicicola JUR4 T (98.4%), and Limnohabitans parvus II-B4 T (98.4 %). Its growth occurred at 10-35 °C, at pH 5.0-11.0, and in the presence of 0-2% NaCl. The major fatty acids were C 16 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1  ω 7 c /C 16 : 1  ω 6 c ). The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content was 59.9 mol%. The ANI and dDDH values between strain HM2-2 T and its closely related strains were 75.1-83.0% and 20.4-26.4 %, respectively. Phenotypic, genomic, and phylogenetic data revealed that strains LF1 T and HM2-2 T represent novel species in the genera Lysobacter and Limnohabitans , for which the names Lysobacter stagni sp. nov. and Limnohabitans lacus sp. nov. are proposed, respectively. The type strain of Lys. stagni is LF1 T (=KACC 23251 T =TBRC 17648 T ), and that of Lim. lacus is HM2-2 T (=KACC 23250 T =TBRC 17649 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, heterotrophic, aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain (GW1-59 T ) belonging to the genus Lysobacter was isolated from coastal sediment collected from the Chinese Great Wall Station, Antarctica. The strain was identified using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The strain grew well on Reasoner's 2A media and could grow in the presence of 0-4 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1 %), at pH 9.0-11.0 and at 15-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C). Strain GW1-59 T possessed ubiquinone-8 as the sole respiratory quinone. The major phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids were summed feature 9 (10-methyl C 16 : 0 and/or iso-C 17 : 1  ω 9 c ), iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 , iso-C 17 : 0 , C 16 : 0 and iso-C 11 : 0 3-OH. DNA-DNA relatedness with Lysobacter concretionis Ko07 T , the nearest phylogenetic relative (98.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) was 23.4 % (21.1-25.9 %). The average nucleotide identity value between strain GW1-59 T and L. concretionis Ko07 T was 80.1 %. The physiological and biochemical results and low level of DNA-DNA relatedness suggested the phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of strain GW1-59 T from other Lysobacter species. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, a novel species, Lysobacter antarcticus sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is GW1-59 T (=CCTCC AB 2019390 T =KCTC 72831 T ).

A yellow-pigmented, non-motile, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, designated II4 T was obtained from soil sampled at Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Cells were strictly aerobic, grew optimally at 20-28 °C and hydrolysed casein. A phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain II4 T formed a lineage within the family Xanthomonadaceae and clustered as members of the genus Lysobacter . The closest members were Lysobacter terrae THG-A13 T (97.88 % sequence similarity), Lysobacter niabensis GH34-4 T (97.82 %), Lysobacter oryzae YC6269 T (97.74%), Lysobacter yangpyeongensis GH19-3 T (97.53 %) and Lysobacter enzymogenes ATCC 29487 T (96.18 %). The principal respiratory quinone was Q-8 and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 9 (C 16 : 0 10-methyl and/or iso-C 17 : 1  ω 9 c ) and iso-C 15 : 0 and iso-C 16 : 0 . The DNA G+C content was 68.2 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization relatedness values between strain II4 T and its closely related genus members with possible full genome sequences were ≤79.6 and 23.7 %, respectively. Based on genomic, chemotaxonomic, phenotypic and phylogenetic data, strain II4 T represents novel species in the genus Lysobacter , for which the name Lyobacter terrestris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is II4 T (=KACC 21196 T =NBRC 113956 T ).

A polyphasic taxonomic study was carried out on strains CHu50b-3-2 T and CHu40b-3-1 isolated from a 67 cm-long sediment core collected from the Daechung Reservoir at a water depth of 17 m, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. The cells of the strains were Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile and rod-shaped. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies showed a clear affiliation of two strains with γ-Proteobacteria , which showed the highest pairwise sequence similarities to Lysobacter hankyongensis KTce-2 T (96.5 %), Lysobacter pocheonensis Gsoil193 T (96.3 %), Lysobacter ginsengisoli Gsoil 357 T (96.1 %), Lysobacter solanacearum T20R-70 T (96.1 %), Lysobacter brunescens KCTC 12130 T (95.4 %) and Lysobacter capsici YC5194 T (95.3 %). The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strains formed a clear phylogenetic lineage with the genus Lysobacter . The major fatty acids were identified as summed feature 9 (iso-C 17 : 1  ω 9 c and/or C 18 : 1 10-methyl), iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 and iso-C 17 : 0 . The respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone Q-8. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified phospholipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 66.8 mol% (genome) for strain CHu50b-3-2 T and 66.4 mol% (HPLC) for strain CHu40b-3-1. Based on the combined genotypic and phenotypic data, we propose that strains CHu50b-3-2 T and CHu40b-3-1 represent a novel species of the genus Lysobacter , for which the name Lysobacter profundi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CHu50b-3-2 T (=KCTC 72973 T =CCTCC AB 2019129 T ). Besides Lysobacter panaciterrae Gsoil 068 T formed a phylogenetic group together with strain Luteimonas aquatica RIB1-20 T (EF626688) that is clearly separated from all other known Lysobacter strains. Based on the phylogenetic relationships together with fatty acid compositions, Lysobacter panaciterrae Gsoil 068 T should be reclassified as a member of the genus Luteimonas: Luteimonas aquatica comb. nov. (type strain Gsoil 068 T =KCTC 12601 T =DSM 17927 T ).

An aerobic and Gram-stain-negative bacterial strain, designated UKS-15 T , was isolated from lake water in the Republic of Korea. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the novel isolate belongs to the genus Lysobacter and was most closely related to Lysobacter xinjiangensis RCML-52 T (98.0 %), Lysobacter mobilis 9 NM-14 T (97.4 %) and Lysobacter humi FJY8 T (97.2 %). The DNA G+C content was 69.1 mol%. Strain UKS-15 T possessed ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) as the sole respiratory quinone and the fatty acid profile comprised iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 17 : 0 and summed feature 9 (iso-C 17 : 1 ω9 c and/or C 16 : 0 10-methyl) as its major components. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and one unidentified aminophospholipid. Moreover, the physiological and biochemical results and low level of DNA-DNA relatedness (<22.0 %) allowed the phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of strain UKS-15 T from other Lysobacter species. Therefore, on the basis of the data from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain UKS-15 T should represent a novel species of the genus Lysobacter , for which the name Lysobacter lacus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is UKS-15 T (=JCM 30983 T =KACC 18719 T ).

Strains of Lysobacter , thought to play vital roles in the environment for their high enzyme production capacity, are ubiquitous in various ecosystems. During an analysis of bacterial diversity in saline soil, a Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, chitin-degrading bacterial strain, designated SJ-36 T , was isolated from saline-alkaline soil sampled at Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, PR China. Strain SJ-36 T grew at 4-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 5.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.0) and 0-6 % NaCl (optimum, 1.0 %). Oxidase and catalase activities were positive. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and the phylogenomic tree both showed that strain SJ-36 T formed a tight clade with Lysobacter maris KMU-14 T (sharing 97.6 % 16S rRNA gene similarity) and Lysobacter aestuarii S2-C T (97.8 %). The major polar lipids of strain SJ-36 T were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified lipids and one unidentified phospholipid. The major fatty acids were iso-C 15 : 0 (37.5 %), summed feature 9 (14.0 %; iso-C 17 : 1 ω9 c and/or C 16 : 0 10-methyl) and iso-C 11 : 0 (10.6 %). Q-8 was the predominant ubiquinone. Its genomic DNA G + C content was 66.6 mol%. The average nucleotide identity values of strain SJ-36 T to L. maris KMU-14 T , L. aestuarii S2-C T and other type strains were 81.5, 79.1 and <79.0 %, respectively. The results of physiological, phenotypic and phylogenetic characterizations allowed the discrimination of strain SJ-36 T from its phylogenetic relatives. Lysobacter alkalisoli sp. nov. is therefore proposed with strain SJ-36 T (=CGMCC 1.16756 T =KCTC 43039 T ) as the type strain.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain C8-1 T , was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Nicotiana tabacum L. collected from Kunming, south-west China. The cells showed oxidase-positive and catalase-positive reactions. Growth was observed at 10-40 °C, at pH 6.0-8.0 and in the presence of up to 1 % (w/v) NaCl, with optimal growth at 30 °C and pH 7.0. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and iso-C17 : 1ω9c. The cellular polar lipids contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, five unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified aminophospholipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 70.7 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain C8-1 T should be assigned to the genus Lysobacter. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis showed that strain C8-1 T was closely related to Lysobacter cavernae YIM C01544 T (98.6 %), Lysobacter soli DCY21 T (97.6 %), Lysobacter panacisoli CJ29 T (97.3 %), Lysobacter firmicutimachus PB-6250 T (97.3 %), Lysobacter niastensis GH41-7 T (97.3 %) and Lysobacter gummosus KCTC 12132 T (97.1 %). DNA-DNA hybridization data indicated that the isolate may represent a novel genomic species belonging to the genus Lysobacter. Polyphasic taxonomic characteristics indicated that strain C8-1 T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter tabacisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is C8-1 T (=KCTC 62034 T =CGMCC 1.16271 T ) .

A novel aerobic bacterial strain, designated ZS60 T , with long, rod-shaped, Gram-staining-negative, aerobic cells was isolated from the soil in the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain ZS60 T was affiliated with the genus Lysobacter, and was most closely related to Lysobacter daejeonensis GH1-9 T (96.9 %), Lysobacter caeni BUT-8 T (96.8 %) and Lysobacter ruishenii CTN-1 T (96.7 %). The average nucleotide identity values between strain ZS60 T , L. daejeonensis GH1-9 T and L. ruishenii CTN-1 T were 78.14 and 78.39 %, respectively. The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain ZS60 T , L. daejeonensis GH1-9 T and L. caeni BUT-8 T were 44.8 and 39.1 %, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content of the strain ZS60 T was 67.7 mol% (draft genome sequence), and Q-8 was the predominant ubiquinone. The major cellular fatty acids of strain ZS60 T were iso-C15 : 0 (23.4 %), iso-C17 : 0 (17.2 %) and iso-C17 : 1 ω9c (12.6 %). On the basis of genotypic, phenotypic and biochemical data, strain ZS60 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacterpsychrotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZS60 T (=CGMCC 1.15509 T =NBRC 112614 T ).

A yellow-pigmented, Gram-stain-negative, gliding and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated zong2l5 T , was isolated from a forest soil sample at Dinghu Mountain, Guangdong Province, PR China. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain zong2l5 T belongs to the genus Lysobacter, and was most closely related to Lysobacter enzymogenes KCTC 12131 T (97.7 %) and Lysobacter soli KCTC 22011 T (97.6 %). The novel strain showed an average nucleotide identity (ANI) value of 81.5 % and a digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) value of 25.3 % with L. enzymogenes KCTC 12131 T based on draft genome sequences, followed by L. soli KCTC 22011 T with ANI and dDDH values of 79.4 % and 22.7 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain zong2l5 T based on the whole genome sequence was 69.2 mol%. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or 10-methyl C16 : 0). Strain zong2l5 T contained Q-8 as the major isoprenoid quinone and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified phospholipids and an unidentified aminolipid. The phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic anlyses clearly showed that strain zong2l5 T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobactersilvisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is zong2l5 T (=GDMCC 1.1489 T =KCTC 52923 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, motile, catalase-positive and cytochrome c oxidase-positive bacterial strain, designated AM20-91 T , was isolated from alpine forest soil. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that strain AM20-91 T was related to the genus Lysobacter and had highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to the type strains of Lysobacter novalis THG-PC7 T (97.8 %), Luteimonas tolerans UM1 T (97.7 %) and Lysobacter ximonensis XM415 T (97.0 %). The strain contained ubiquinone 8 as the predominant respiratory quinone; its polar lipid profile contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified aminophospholipids. The major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C11 : 0 3-OH and iso-C11 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 63.35 % (draft genome sequence). The combined results of phylogenetic, phenotypic, DNA-DNA relatedness and chemotaxonomic analyses demonstrated that strain AM20-91 T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter silvestris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AM20-91 T (=DSM 104734 T =LMG 30011). In this study, it is also proposed that Luteimonas tolerans be reclassified as member of the genus Lysobacter.

Strain D-14 T , a brown-coloured, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from oil-contaminated soil. It was able to grow at 20-40 °C, at pH 6.0-10.0 and at 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl concentration. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain D-14 T belonged to the genus Lysobacter and was closely related to Lysobacter caeni BUT-8 T (99.0 % sequence similarity), Lysobacter ruishenii CTN-1 T (98.5 %), Lysobacter daejeonensis GH1-9 T (98.2 %) and Lysobacter panacisoli CJ29 T (97.2 %). The only respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8. The polar lipid profile revealed the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidyl-N-methyl-ethanolamine. The predominant fatty acids of strain D-14 T were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1 ω9c and/or C16 : 0 10-methyl), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c), iso-C14 : 0, C11 : 0iso 3-OH, C15 : 1iso F and C16 : 0. The genomic DNA G+C content of this novel strain was 68.7 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain D-14 T and L. caeni BUT-8 T , L. ruishenii CTN-1 T , L. daejeonensis GH1-9 T and L. panacisoli CJ29 T were 56.0, 46.3, 48.7 and 41.7 %, respectively, which fall below the threshold value of 70 % for the strain to be considered as novel. The morphological, physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses clearly distinguished this strain from its closest phylogenetic neighbours. Thus, strain D-14 T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacterolei sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is D-14 T (=KEMB 9005-572 T =KACC 19173 T =JCM 31917 T ).

A bacterial strain, designated T20R-70T, was isolated from tomato rhizosphere soil collected in Yecheon-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do in South Korea. Growth was observed within the ranges 10-40 °C (optimally at 28-30 °C), pH 7.0-8.0 (optimally at pH 7.0) and 0-1 % NaCl (optimally at 0 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence showed the highest similarities with those of Lysobacter hankyongensis KTCe-2T (98.7 %), Lysobacter brunescens KCTC 12130T (98.0 %), 'Lysobacter daecheongensis' Dae08 (97.2 %) and Lysobacter oligotrophicus 107-E2T (97.1 %). The phylogenetic tree showed that strain T20R-70T formed a clade with Lysobacterhankyongensis KTCe-2T and Lysobacterbrunescens KCTC 12130T. The dominant fatty acids (>10 %) were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 1ω9c and summed feature 3 (including iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or iso-C16 : 1ω7c). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The major respiratory quinone was Q-8. DNA-DNA hybridization data revealed that strain T20R-70T had a hybridization value of 42±4 % (mean±sd) to the most closely related species of the genus Lysobacter. The DNA G+C content was 63.0 mol%. The physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic data allowed the discrimination of the new isolate from its phylogenetic relatives. Strain T20R-70T is thus considered to be a representative of a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobactersolanacearum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T20R-70T (=KACC 18656T=NBRC 111881T).

A yellow-pigmented and strictly aerobic bacterial strain, designated FJY8T, was isolated from the soil of Goyang, South Korea. The cells of FJY8T were Gram-reaction-negative, non-motile rods. Colonies were circular, convex and transparent. Strain FJY8T grew optimally at 30 °C, with 0 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 8. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of FJY8T revealed a clear affiliation of this bacterium to the family Lysobacteraceae, and it was related to members of the genus Lysobacter, with Lysobacter xinjiangensis KCTC 22558T being its closest relative (98.7 % sequence similarity). The DNA G+C content was 68.0±0.4 mol%. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol were identified as the major polar lipids, and an unidentified phospholipid and two unidentified aminophospholipids were also detected as the minor polar lipids. The major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or C16 : 0 10-methyl) and iso-C15 : 0. Only ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) was detected as the isoprenoid quinone. DNA-DNA hybridization values of strain FJY8T with Lysobacter xinjiangensisRCML-52T and Lysobacter mobilis9NM-14T were 55.8±2.0 and 45.2±4.8 %, respectively. On the basis of DNA-DNA hybridization, phylogenetic distinctiveness, and some physiological and biochemical tests, strain FJY8T (=KCTC 42810T=JCM 31019T) represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter humi sp. nov. is proposed.

A Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped, catalase- and oxidase-negative strain with one polar flagellum, designated THG-YS3.6T, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of a mugunghwa flower collected from Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea. Growth occurred at 10-37 °C (optimum 25-30 °C), at pH 6-8 (optimum 7.0) and with 0-2.0 % NaCl (optimum 1 %). The isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C11  : 0, iso-C11 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 1ω7c alcohol, C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or C16 : 0 10-methyl). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unknown phospholipid, one unknown lipid and three unknown aminolipids. The DNA G+C content of strain THG-YS3.6T was 65.3 mol%. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the nearest phylogenetic neighbours of strain THG-YS3.6T were identified as Lysobacter yangpyeongensis KACC 11407T (98.7 %), Lysobacter oryzae KCTC 22249T (98.0 %), Lysobacter niabensis KACC 11587T (97.6 %) and Lysobacter terrae KACC 17646T (97.1 %). The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain THG-YS3.6T and L. yangpyeongensis KACC 11407T, L. oryzae KCTC 22249T, L. niabensis KACC 11587T and L. terrae KACC 17646T were 53.8±1.0 %, 12.9±1.2 %, 10.9±0.6 % and 7.0±1.9 %, respectively. On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis, chemotaxonomic data, physiological characteristics and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain THG-YS3.6T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter rhizophilus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is THG-YS3.6T (=KCTC 52082T=CCTCC AB 2015358T).

A bacterial strain, RS-LYSO-3T, was isolated from tobacco-cultivated soil, collected near Chuxiong, Yunnan province, southwestern China. RS-LYSO-3T could effectively inhibit the invasion of powdery mildew on tobacco. The colonies of RS-LYSO-3T were pale yellow, and its cells were Gram-stain-negative and rod-shaped, with 68 mol% DNA G+C content. Gene sequence analysis for its 16S rRNA gene revealed the highest similarity (97.78 %) with that of Lysobacter spongiicolaKMM 329T. Chemotaxonomic data showed that RS-LYSO-3T possesses a quinone system with Q-8, and iso-C16 : 0, summed feature 9 and iso-C15 : 0 as the predominant fatty acids, all of which support the affiliation of RS-LYSO-3T to the genus Lysobacter. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization, physiological and biochemical tests clearly proved that RS-LYSO-3T is a representative of a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter erysipheresistens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RS-LYSO-3T (=CCIC 23922T=JCM 31042T).

Two novel strains, designated KTCe-2T and 7C-9T, isolated from an activated sludge and freshwater sediment, respectively in South Korea, were characterized by a polyphasic approach to clarify their taxonomic positions. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that both isolates belong to the genus Lysobacter and are most closely related to 'Lysobacter daecheongensis' Dae 08 (98.5 % and 97.6 % similarity for strains KTCe-2T and 7C-9T, respectively), Lysobacter brunescens KCTC 12130T (98.4 % and 97.2 %), and Lysobacter oligotrophicus JCM 18257T (97.1 % and 96.8 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strains KTCe-2T and 7C-9T was 68.6 % and 71.5 mol%, respectively. Strains KTCe-2T and 7C-9T possessed ubiquinone-8 as the sole respiratory quinone, and a fatty acid profile with iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids supported the affiliation of the two strains to the genus Lysobacter. Moreover, the physiological and biochemical results and low DNA-DNA relatedness values allowed the phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of strains KTCe-2T and 7C-9T from other species of the genus Lysobacter with validly published names. Therefore, the two isolates represent two novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter hankyongensis sp. nov. (type strain KTCe-2T = JCM 18204T = KACC 16618T) and Lysobacter sediminicola sp. nov. (type strain 7C-9T = JCM 18205T = KACC 16617T) are proposed.

Strain BUT-8(T), a Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and rod-shaped aerobic bacterium, was isolated from the activated sludge of a herbicide-manufacturing wastewater treatment facility. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain BUT-8(T) clustered with species of the genus Lysobacter and was closely related to Lysobacter ruishenii DSM 22393(T) (98.3 %) and Lysobacter daejeonensis KACC 11406(T) (98.7 %). The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 70.6 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8, and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and an aminolipid. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0, iso-C11 : 0, iso-C11 : 0 3OH and summed feature 9 (comprising iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or C16 : 010-methyl). The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain BUT-8(T) and its closest phylogenetic neighbours was below 70 %. Phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic results clearly demonstrated that strain BUT-8(T) belongs to the genus Lysobacter and represents a novel species for which the name Lysobacter caeni sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BUT-8(T) ( = CCTCC AB 2013087(T) = KACC 17141(T))., (© 2015 IUMS.)

An aerobic and Gram-stain-negative bacterial strain, designated 9NM-14(T), was isolated from abandoned lead-zinc ore from Meizhou, Guangdong Province, south China. Strain 9NM-14(T) was motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, showed that strain 9NM-14(T) was affiliated with the genus Lysobacter and was most closely related to Lysobacter xinjiangensis RCML-52(T) and Lysobacter bugurensis ZLD-29(T) (97.4 % and 96.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, respectively). The DNA-DNA relatedness value between strain 9NM-14(T) and L. xinjiangensis RCML-52(T) was 30.1±7.6 %. The major respiratory quinone was unbiquinone 8 (Q-8) and the major cellular fatty acids consisted of iso-C17 : 1ω9c (29.1 %), iso-C15 : 0 (28.9 %), iso-C17 : 0 (9.4 %), iso-C16 : 0 (8.6 %), iso-C11 : 0 3-OH (6.9 %) and iso-C11 : 0 (5.8 %). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminolipid and five unidentified phospholipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain 9NM-14(T) was 70.7±0.1 mol%. On the basis of the data from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain 9NM-14(T) should be assigned to a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter mobilis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 9NM-14(T) ( = GIMCC 1.659(T) = CCTCC AB 2014273(T) = DSM 27574(T))., (© 2015 IUMS.)

A Gram-stain negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain THG-A13(T), was isolated from Aglaia odorata rhizosphere soil in Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, strain THG-A13(T) had close similarity with Lysobacter niabensis GH34-4(T) (98.5 %), Lysobacter oryzae YC6269(T) (97.9 %) and Lysobacter yangpyeongensis GH19-3(T) (97.3 %). Chemotaxonomic data revealed that strain THG-A13(T) possesses ubiquinone-8 (Q8) as the predominant isoprenoid quinone and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C17 : 1ω9c as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol) and diphosphatidylglycerol. The G+C content was 66.3 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain THG-A13(T) and its closest phylogenetic neighbours were below 18.0 %. These data corroborated the affiliation of strain THG-A13(T) to the genus Lysobacter. These data suggest that the isolate represents a novel species for which the name Lysobacter terrae sp. nov. is proposed, with THG-A13(T) as the type strain ( = KACC 17646(T) = JCM 19613(T))., (© 2015 IUMS.)

A novel bacterial strain, designated CJ29(T), was isolated from ginseng soil of Anseong in South Korea. Cells of strain CJ29(T) were Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile. Strain CJ29(T) grew optimally at 28-30 °C and pH 7.0. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain CJ29(T) was shown to belong to the genus Lysobacter within the class Gammaproteobacteria and was related most closely to Lysobacter soli DCY21(T) (98.5% similarity) and Lysobacter niastensis GH41-7(T) (98.2%). DNA-DNA relatedness between strain CJ29(T) and its closest relatives was below 55.6%. The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain CJ29(T) were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C17 : 1ω9c. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone 8 (Q-8). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 65.6 mol%. Phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics strongly supported the differentiation of strain CJ29(T) from related species of the genus Lysobacter. On the basis of data from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain CJ29(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter panacisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CJ29(T) ( = KACC 17502(T) = JCM 19212(T))., (© 2014 IUMS.)

A Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium (strain 107-E2(T)) was isolated from freshwater samples containing microbial mats collected at a lake in Skarvsnes, Antarctica (temporary lake name, Lake Tanago Ike). Strain 107-E2(T) grew between 5 and 25 °C, with an optimum of 23 °C. Moreover, colony formation was observed on agar media even at -5 °C. The pH range for growth was between 6.0 and 9.0, with an optimum of pH 7.0-8.0. The range of NaCl concentration for growth was between 0.0 and 0.5% (w/v), with an optimum of 0.0%. No growth was observed in media containing organic compounds at high concentrations, which indicated that strain 107-E2(T) was an oligotroph. In the late stationary phase, strain 107-E2(T) produced a dark brown water-soluble pigment. Esterase, amylase and protease production was observed. Antimicrobial-lytic activities for Gram-negative bacteria and yeast were observed. Ubiquinone-8 was the major respiratory quinone. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C(17:1)ω9c and iso-C(15:1) at 5. The G+C content of genomic DNA was 66.1 mol%. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain 107-E2(T) belonged to the genus Lysobacter, and low DNA-DNA relatedness values with closely related species distinguished strain 107-E2(T) from recognized species of the genus Lysobacter. The phylogenetic situation and physiological characteristics indicated that strain 107-E2(T) should be classified as a representative of a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter oligotrophicus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 107-E2(T) ( =JCM 18257(T) =ATCC BAA-2438(T)).

A Gram-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped, arsenite [As(III)]-resistant bacterium, designated strain ZS79(T), was isolated from subsurface soil of an iron mine in China. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain ZS79(T) clustered closely with strains of five Lysobacter species, with 96.9, 96.1, 96.0, 95.8 and 95.3% sequence similarities to Lysobacter concretionis Ko07(T), L. daejeonensis GH1-9(T), L. defluvii IMMIB APB-9(T), L. spongiicola KMM 329(T) and L. ruishenii CTN-1(T), respectively. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C(15:0) (28.6%), iso-C(17:1)ω9c (19.9%), iso-C(16:0) (13.6%), iso-C(11:0) (12.6%) and iso-C(11:0) 3-OH (12.4%). The genomic DNA G+C content was 70.7 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was Q-8. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and an unknown phospholipid. On the basis of morphological and physiological/biochemical characteristics, phylogenetic position and chemotaxonomic data, this strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter arseniciresistens sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is ZS79(T) (=CGMCC 1.10752(T)=KCTC 23365(T)).

Two Gram-reaction-negative, rod-shaped, gliding, yellow-pigmented bacterial strains, designated ZLD-17(T) and ZLD-29(T), were isolated from arid soil samples collected from Xinjiang Province, north-west China, and subjected to analysis using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Both novel strains required 1.0-2.0 % (w/v) sea salts for optimal growth. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that these two strains belong to the genus Lysobacter within the class Gammaproteobacteria. Strain ZLD-17(T) showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Lysobacter capsici KCTC 22007(T) (96.9 %), Lysobacter spongiicola DSM 21749(T) (96.8 %) and Lysobacter koreensis KCTC 12204(T) (96.8 %), whereas strain ZLD-29(T) showed highest sequence similarities to Lysobacter niastensis DSM 18481(T) (96.0 %) and Lysobacter enzymogenes DSM 2043(T) (95.9 %). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between ZLD-17(T) and ZLD-29(T) was 96.1 %. The DNA G+C contents of strains ZLD-17(T) and ZLD-29(T) were 67.9 and 68.2 mol%, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids of both strains were summed feature 3 (iso-C₁₅:₀ 2-OH and/or C₁₆:₁ω7c), iso-C₁₇:₁ω9c, iso-C₁₆:₀, C₁₆:₀ and iso-C₁₁:₀ 3-OH; their predominant isoprenoid quinone was Q-8 and their major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Based on their phenotypic characteristics, phylogenetic position as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and chemotaxonomic data, strains ZLD-17(T) ( = CCTCC AB 207174(T)  = KCTC 23076(T)) and ZLD-29(T) ( = CCTCC AB 207175(T) = KCTC 23077(T)) represent two novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the names Lysobacter korlensis sp. nov. and Lysobacter bugurensis sp. nov. are proposed, respectively.

A Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, DS-58(T), was isolated from a soil sample from Dokdo, an island of Korea, and its taxonomic position was investigated. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain DS-58(T) fell within the family Xanthomonadaceae. The isolate showed 96.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with its closest phylogenetic neighbour, Lysobacter niastensis GH41-7(T), and 93.4-95.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with other members of the genus Lysobacter. Strain DS-58(T) contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and iso-C(16 : 0), iso-C(15 : 0) and iso-C(17 : 1)ω9c as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 68.1 mol%. Strain DS-58(T) could be distinguished phenotypically from type strains of closely related species of the genus Lysobacter and phylogenetically from all members of the genus Lysobacter. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain DS-58(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter dokdonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DS-58(T) ( = KCTC 12822(T)  = DSM 17958(T)).

An aerobic, Gram-negative bacterial strain, designated CTN-1(T), capable of degrading chlorothalonil was isolated from a long-term chlorothalonil-contaminated soil in China, and was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic investigation. Strain CTN-1(T) grew at 15-37 °C (optimum 28-30 °C) and at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum pH 7.0-7.5). The G+C content of the total DNA was 67.1 mol%. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain CTN-1(T) was related most closely to Lysobacter daejeonensis DSM 17634(T) (97.1  % similarity), L. soli DCY21(T) (95.7  %), L. concretionis Ko07(T) (95.5  %), L. gummosus LMG 8763(T) (95.3 %) and L. niastensis DSM 18481(T) (95.2  %). The novel strain showed less than 95.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type strains of other Lysobacter species. The major cellular fatty acids of strain CNT-1(T) were iso-C₁₆:₀ (23.0  %), iso-C₁₅:₀ (21.4  %) and iso-C₁₇:₁ω9c (15.3  %). The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8 (99 %), and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. These chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of strain CTN-1(T) to the genus Lysobacter. Levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain CTN-1(T) and L. daejeonensis DSM 17634(T) were 34.6-36.1  %. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, DNA-DNA hybridization data and biochemical and physiological characteristics strongly supported the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain CTN-1(T) from recognized species of the genus Lysobacter. Strain CTN-1(T) is therefore considered to represent a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter ruishenii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CTN-1(T) (=DSM 22393(T) =CGMCC 1.10136(T)).

A yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, designated RCML-52(T), was isolated from an abandoned gold mine in the desert in Xinjiang, China. Strain RCML-52(T) was Gram-negative, aerobic and non-motile. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain RCML-52(T) was affiliated with the genus Lysobacter. Strain RCML-52(T) exhibited <95.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type strains of all species of the genus Lysobacter. The major fatty acids were iso-C(16 : 0) (27.6 %), iso-C(15 : 0) (19.1 %), iso-C(17 : 1)ω9c (16.4 %), iso-C(11 : 0) 3-OH (6.5 %) and iso-C(11 : 0) (5.3 %). The DNA G+C content was 69.7 mol%. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. On the basis of phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analysis, strain RCML-52(T) should be assigned to a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter xinjiangensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RCML-52(T) (=CCTCC AB 208194(T) =KCTC 22558(T)).

Strain DCY21(T), a Gram-negative, gliding and rod-shaped aerobic bacterium was isolated from soil of a ginseng field in the Republic of Korea and characterized using a polyphasic approach in order to determine its taxonomic position. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain DCY21(T) clustered with the species of the genus Lysobacter. It was closely related to Lysobacter gummosus LMG 8763(T) (97.9 %), Lysobacter capsici YC5194(T) (97.6 %), Lysobacter antibioticus DSM 2044(T) (97.5 %), Lysobacter niastensis DSM 18481(T) (97.2 %) and Lysobacter enzymogenes DSM 2043(T) (96.9 %). The major cellular fatty acids of strain DCY21(T) were iso-C(15 : 0) (34.3 %), iso-C(17 : 1)omega9c (19.5 %) and iso-C(17 : 0) (17.2 %) and the major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The major polar lipids of strain DCY21(T) were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine. The G+C content of the total DNA was 65.4 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness values, and biochemical and physiological characteristics strongly supported the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain DCY21(T) from species of the genus Lysobacter. Strain DCY21(T) therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Lysobacter soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DCY21(T) (=KCTC 22011(T) =LMG 24126(T)).

A Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterial strain, designated Gsoil 068(T), was isolated from soil of a ginseng field in Pocheon Province (South Korea), and was characterized to determine its taxonomic position by using a polyphasic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain Gsoil 068(T) belonged to the family Xanthomonadaceae, class Gammaproteobacteria, and was related most closely to Lysobacter brunescens ATCC 29482(T) and Lysobacter gummosus ATCC 29489(T) (96.1 % sequence similarity). The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain Gsoil 068(T) was 67.0 mol%. The detection of a quinone system with ubiquinone Q-8 as the predominant component and a fatty acid profile with iso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(17 : 1)omega9c, iso-C(17 : 0) and iso-C(11 : 0) 3-OH as the major components supported the affiliation of strain Gsoil 068(T) to the genus Lysobacter. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain Gsoil 068(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter panaciterrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Gsoil 068(T) (=KCTC 12601(T) =DSM 17927(T)).

The taxonomic position of a novel bacterial strain, YC6269(T), isolated from the rhizosphere of rice (Oryza sativa L.) managed under no-tillage practice in Jinju, South Korea, was studied using polyphasic approach. Cells of the strain were Gram-negative, rod-shaped and facultatively anaerobic. The novel strain grew at a temperature of 15-42 degrees C (optimum at 28 degrees C). Growth of the strain occurred between pH 5.5 and 11.0, with an optimum at pH 7.0-8.0. The G+C content of the total DNA was 67.4 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain was most closely related to species of the genus Lysobacter, Lysobacter yangpyeongensis DSM 17635(T) (98.6 %), Lysobacter niabensis GH34-4(T) (97.2 %), Lysobacter enzymogenes DSM 2043(T) (96.9 %), Lysobacter daejeonensis DSM 17634(T) (96.3 %) and Lysobacter niastensis GH41-7(T) (96.2 %). The novel strain showed <96.0 % similarity with other species of the genus Lysobacter. Chemotaxonomic data (major quinone, Q-8; major polar lipids, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine, and major fatty acids, C(15 : 0) iso, C(16 : 0) iso, C(17 : 0) iso and C(17 : 1) iso omega9c) supported the affiliation of strain YC6269(T) to the genus Lysobacter. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences, DNA-DNA hybridization data and biochemical and physiological characteristics strongly supported the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain YC6269(T) from recognized species of the genus Lysobacter. Strain YC6269(T), therefore, represents a novel member of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter oryzae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YC6269(T) (=KCTC 22249(T)=DSM 21044(T)).

A bacterial isolate, strain XM415(T), obtained from soil of Tibet in China was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain XM415(T) was aerobic, Gram-negative, gliding, rod-shaped, oxidase-negative and catalase-positive. Strain XM415(T) showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Lysobacter niastensis GH41-7(T) (96.0 %). Ubiquinone Q-8 and branched fatty acids, such as iso-C(16 : 0) (24.0 %), iso-C(15 : 0) (22.6 %), iso-C(17 : 1)omega9c (6.7 %), iso-C(14 : 0) (6.1 %) and iso-C(11 : 0) 3-OH (5.2 %), were predominant in strain XM415(T) as well as in all type strains of recognized Lysobacter species. The DNA G+C content of XM415(T) was 63.5 mol%. The genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain XM415(T) represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter ximonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is XM415(T) (=CCTCC AB 207091(T) =NRRL B-51263(T)).

The taxonomic position of a novel bacterial strain, YC5194(T), with antimicrobial activity, isolated from the rhizosphere of pepper in Jinju, South Korea, was studied using a polyphasic approach. Cells of the strain were Gram-negative, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobes. It grew at a temperature of 15-37 degrees C (optimum 28 degrees C). Growth of the strain occurred between pH 5.5 and 8.5, with an optimum of pH 7.0-7.5. The strain inhibited mycelial growth of Pythium ultimum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani and Botryosphaeria dothidea and growth of Bacillus subtilis. The G+C content of the total DNA was 65.4 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain was most closely related to species of the genus Lysobacter (<94.0 to >99.0 % sequence similarity). Chemotaxonomic data (major quinone, Q-8; major polar lipids, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine; major fatty acids, iso-C(15 : 0), summed feature 3, C(16 : 0), iso-C(17 : 1)omega9c and C(18 : 1)omega7c) supported the affiliation of strain YC5194(T) to the genus Lysobacter. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, DNA-DNA hybridization data and biochemical and physiological characteristics strongly supported the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain YC5194(T) from species of Lysobacter with validly published names. Strain YC5194(T) therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Lysobacter capsici sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YC5194(T) (=KCTC 22007(T) =DSM 19286(T)).

An aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium, strain KMM 329(T), was isolated from a deep-sea sponge specimen from the Philippine Sea and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic investigation. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain KMM 329(T) clustered with the species of the genus Lysobacter. The highest level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (97.0 %) was found with respect to Lysobacter concretionis KCTC 12205(T); lower values (96.4-95.2 %) were obtained with respect to the other recognized Lysobacter species. The value for DNA-DNA relatedness between strain KMM 329(T) and L. concretionis KCTC 12205(T) was 47 %. Branched fatty acids 16 : 0 iso, 15 : 0 iso, 11 : 0 iso 3-OH and 17 : 1 iso were found to be predominant. Strain KMM 329(T) had a DNA G+C content of 69.0 mol%. On the basis of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, DNA-DNA hybridization and phylogenetic data, strain KMM 329(T) represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter spongiicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KMM 329(T) (=NRIC 0728(T) =JCM 14760(T)).

A bacterial isolate obtained from soil from a municipal landfill site in India was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The colonies of the isolate were found to be yellow and highly mucoid. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that this isolate constitutes a distinct phyletic line within the genus Lysobacter, displaying >3 % sequence divergence with respect to recognized Lysobacter species. The generic assignment was confirmed by chemotaxonomic data, which revealed the presence of a fatty acid profile characteristic of members of the genus Lysobacter and consisting of saturated, unsaturated, straight-chain and branched-chain fatty acids as well as iso-C(11 : 0) 3-OH as hydroxylated fatty acid, and the presence of an ubiquinone with eight isoprene units (Q-8) as the predominant respiratory quinone. The genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain IMMIB APB-9(T) merits classification as representing a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter defluvii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IMMIB APB-9(T) (=CCUG 53152(T)=DSM 18482(T)).