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A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, strictly aerobic strain, designated as MTEO17T, was isolated from a 1000 m deep seawater sample of the Mariana Trench. Growth was observed at 10–45 °C (optimum, 37 °C), in the presence of 0.0–12.0 % NaCl (w/v; optimum, 3.0 %) and at pH 6.0–10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0–8.0). Phylogenetic analysis, based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence, revealed that strain MTEO17T belonged to the genus Alcanivorax and showed the highest sequence similarity of 97.9 % to Alcanivorax nanhaiticus MCCC 1A05629T. The estimated average nucleotide identity and DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain MTEO17T and A. nanhaiticus MCCC 1A05629T were 78.98 and 23.80 %, respectively. The significant dominant fatty acids were C16 : 0, summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω6c and/or C18 : 1ω7c) and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c). The polar lipids comprised two phosphatidylethanolamines, one phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified phospholipid and four unidentified polar lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain MTEO17T was 57.5 %. On the basis of the polyphasic evidence, strain MTEO17T is proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Alcanivorax , for which the name Alcanivorax profundi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MTEO17T (=KCTC 52694T=MCCC 1K03252T).

Strain GI5T was isolated from a surface seawater sample collected from Garorim Bay (West Sea, Republic of Korea). The isolated strain was aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, motile by means of a polar flagellum, negative for catalase and weakly positive for oxidase. The optimum growth pH, salinity and temperature were determined to be pH 7.5–8.0, 3 % NaCl (w/v) and 25 °C, respectively; the growth ranges were pH 6.0–9.0, 1–7 % NaCl (w/v) and 18–40 °C. The results of phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that GI5T clustered within the family Alcanivoracaceae , and most closely with Alcanivorax dieselolei B-5T and Alcanivorax marinus R8-12T (91.9 % and 91.6 % similarity, respectively). The major cellular fatty acids in GI5T were C18 : 1ω7c/C18 : 1ω6c (44.45 %), C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c (14.17 %) and C16 : 0 (10.19 %); this profile was distinct from those of the closely related species. The major respiratory quinone of GI5T was Q-8. The main polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Two putative alkane hydroxylase (alkB) genes were identified in GI5T. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of GI5T was determined to be 51.2 mol%. On the basis of the results of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic studies, strain GI5T represents a novel species of a novel genus of the family Alcanivoracaceae, for which we propose the name Ketobacter alkanivorans gen. nov., sp. nov.; the type strain is GI5T (=KCTC 52659T=JCM 31835T).

A novel heterotrophic, Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, pale yellow, non-motile and non-spore-forming bacterium, designated strain F2T, was isolated from marine sediment collected from the Weihai coast, Shandong Province, PR China. Optimal growth occurred at 33 °C (range, 10–37 °C), with 3.0–4.0 % (w/v) NaCl (1.0–8.0 %) and at pH 7.5–8.0 (pH 6.5–9.0). Q-8 was the sole respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids of strain F2T were phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified polar lipids. The major cellular fatty acid in strain F2T was iso-C15 : 0. The genomic DNA G+C content of the strain was 48.1 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that strain F2T is most closely related to Marinicella litoralis JCM 16154T (97.5 %) and Marinicella pacifica sw153T (96.0 %). Based on the results of our polyphasic analysis, we conclude that strain F2T represents a novel species of the genus Marinicella , for which the name Marinicella sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the new species is F2T (=KCTC 42953T=MCCC 1H00149T).

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain MT13131T, which was isolated from deep-sea sediment of the Indian Ocean during the screening of oil-degrading bacteria. The chain length range of n-alkanes (C8 to C32) oxidized by strain MT13131T was determined in this study. The bacterium was Gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, single rod shaped, and motile by peritrichous flagella. Growth was observed at salinities of 1–12 % and at temperatures of 10–42 °C. The isolate was capable of Tween 20, 40 and 80 hydrolysis, but incapable of gelatin, cellulose or starch hydrolysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain MT13131T belonged to the genus Alcanivorax , with highest sequence similarity to Alcanivorax marinus R8-12T (96.92 %), other species of genus Alcanivorax shared 92.96–96.69 % sequence similarity. The principal fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c/ω7c), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c/ω6c), C16 : 0 and C12 : 0 3OH. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was 64.2 mol%. Phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, three aminolipids and three phospholipids were present. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data showed that strain MT13131T represents a novel species within the genus Alcanivorax , for which the name Alcanivorax mobilis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain MT13131T (=MCCC 1A11581T=KCTC 52985T).

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain 19-m-6T, which was isolated from deep sea sediment of the South China Sea during the screening of alkane-degrading bacteria. The isolate was Gram-reaction-negative, and oxidase- and catalase- positive. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain 19-m-6T was shown to belong to the genus Alcanivorax , related to Alcanivorax jadensis T9T (97.5 %), Alcanivorax hongdengensis A-11-3T (97.3 %), A. lcanivorax borkumensis SK2T (96.6 %) and seven other species of the genus Alcanivorax (93.9–95.4 %). Average nucleotide identity values between strain 19-m-6T and A. jadensis T9T, A. hongdengensis A-11-3T and A. borkumensis SK2T were 85.12, 85.87 and 84.35 %, respectively. The estimated DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain 19-m-6T and these three type strains were 22.0, 22.6 and 21.2 %, respectively. Four alkane hydroxylase (alkB) genes were obtained from the draft genome sequence. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was 56.44 mol%. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0, C18 : 1 ω7c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c and/or C16 : 1 ω7c). The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one aminolipid, three phospholipids, two glycolipids and two aminophospholipids. According to its phenotypic features, fatty acid composition and 16S rRNA gene sequence, the novel strain fitted well into the genus Alcanivorax , but could be clearly distinguished from all other known Alcanivorax species described to date. The nameAlcanivorax nanhaiticus sp. nov. is thus proposed, with 19-m-6T (=MCCC 1A05629T=KCTC 52137T) as the type strain.

A Gram-reaction-negative, rod-shaped marine bacterium, designated MEBiC08158T, was isolated from sediments collected from Taean County, Korea, near the Hebei Spirit tanker oil spill accident. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain MEBiC08158T was closely related to Alcanivorax marinus R8-12T (99.5 % similarity) but was distinguishable from other members of the genus Alcanivorax (93.7–97.1 %). The DNA–DNA hybridization value between strain MEBiC08158T and A. marinus R8-12T was 58.4 %. Growth of strain MEBiC08158T was observed at 15–43 °C (optimum 37–40 °C), at pH 6.0–9.5 (optimum pH 7.0–8.0) and with 0.5–16 % NaCl (optimum 1.5–3.0 %). The dominant fatty acids were C16 : 0, C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c, C12 : 0, C18 : 1ω7c, C12 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c). Several phenotypic characteristics differentiate strain MEBiC08158T from phylogenetically close members of the genus Alcanivorax. Therefore, strain MEBiC08158T should be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Alcanivorax, for which the name Alcanivorax gelatiniphagus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MEBiC08158T ( = KCCM 42990T = JCM 18425T).

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain R8-12T, which was isolated from deep-sea water of the Indian Ocean during the screening of oil-degrading bacteria. The isolate was Gram-stain-negative, oxidase and catalase-positive. Growth was observed at salinities from 0.5 to 15 % (optimum 3 %), at pH from 6–10 (optimum 7–8) and at temperatures from 10 to 42 °C (optimum 28 °C). On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain R8-12T was shown to belong to the genus Alcanivorax and to be related to Alcanivorax venustensis DSM 13974T (97.2 %), A. dieselolei B-5T (95.0 %), A. balearicus MACL04T (94.6 %), A. hongdengensis A-11-3T (94.3 %), A. jadensis T9T (93.8 %), A. borkumensis SK2T (93.7 %) and A. pacificus W11-5T (93.7 %). The gyrB sequence similarities between R8-12T and other species of the genus Alcanivorax ranged from 77.9 % to 86.9 %. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0 (31.8 %), C18 : 1ω7c (20.3 %), C19 : 0ω8c cyclo (15.8 %) and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) (8.9 %). The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), two aminolipids (AL1–AL2) and two phospholipids (PL1–PL2). Three alkane hydroxylase (alkB) genes were identified in the genome. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was 66.1 mol%. DNA–DNA hybridization showed that strain R8-12T and A. venustensis DSM 13974T had a DNA–DNA relatedness of 63±3 %. According to its phenotypic features and fatty acid composition as well as the 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences, the novel strain represents a member of the genus Alcanivorax , but could be easily distinguished from all other known species of the genus Alcanivorax described to date. The name Alcanivorax marinus sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain R8-12T ( = MCCC 1A00382T = LMG 24621T = CCTCC AB 208234T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterial strain, BB-Mw22T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment of the South Sea in South Korea. It grew optimally at 30–37 °C, at pH 7.0–7.5 and in the presence of 2–3 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain BB-Mw22T belonged to the genus Kangiella and the cluster comprising Kangiella species and strain BB-Mw22T was clearly separated from other taxa. Strain BB-Mw22T exhibited 95.3–98.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type strains of recognized Kangiella species. Strain BB-Mw22T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquionone and iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C11 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain BB-Mw22T was 48.9 mol%, and its mean DNA–DNA hybridization values with Kangiella geojedonensis YCS-5T, Kangiella japonica JCM 16211T and Kangiella taiwanensis JCM 17727T were 14–28 %. Phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness and differential phenotypic properties revealed that strain BB-Mw22T is distinguishable from all recognized Kangiella species. On the basis of the data presented, strain BB-Mw22T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Kangiella , for which the name Kangiella sediminilitoris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BB-Mw22T ( = KCTC 23892T = CCUG 62217T).

Two Gram-negative, heterotrophic, aerobic, marine bacteria, designated strains KT1T and KM1T, were isolated from seawater samples collected from the shallow coastal regions of northern Taiwan. Cells grown in broth cultures were non-flagellated rods. NaCl was required for growth. Optimal growth occurred with 2–5 % NaCl, at 25–30 °C and at pH 8. They grew aerobically and were not capable of anaerobic growth by fermenting d-glucose or other carbohydrates. Q-8 was the only isoprenoid quinone. The major polar lipid detected in strain KT1T was phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, whereas those detected in KM1T were phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine and an unidentified phospholipid. Cellular fatty acids were nearly all iso-branched, with iso-C15 : 0 as the most abundant component (54.6–57.2 % of the total). Strains KT1T and KM1T had DNA G+C contents of 43.9 and 46.3 mol%, respectively. The two strains shared 98.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity; levels of similarity with the type strains of species of the genus Kangiella were 95.6–98.4 %. Data from the present taxonomic study conducted using a polyphasic approach revealed that the isolates could be classified as representatives of two novel species of the genus Kangiella , for which the names Kangiella taiwanensis sp. nov. (type strain KT1T = BCRC 80330T = JCM 17727T) and Kangiella marina sp. nov. (type strain KM1T = BCRC 80329T = JCM 17728T) are proposed.