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Previous studies regarding malloapelta B (malB), a natural compound isolated from the Vietnamese medicinal plant, showed a strong NF-κB inhibitory effect, making it a promising source for the development of novel anticancer drugs. However, similar to many other natural compounds from plants, malB has several disadvantages for clinical applications, including high toxicity and low solubility. To improve its bioavailability, malB was conjugated into nanoliposomes, which are ideal drug carriers. The formulations with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, mPEG-cholesterol, malB, with or without cholesterol exhibited nanoliposomes with an average diameter of approximately 76.98 nm, PDI of 0.28, zeta potential of −5.53 mV, and the highest encapsulation efficiency of 78.73% ± 9.5%. These malB-nanoliposomes inhibited the survival of all lung cancer cell lines examined with IC50 values ranging from 11.86 to 13.12 µM. Moreover, malB-nanoliposomes showed stronger inhibition of A549 colony-forming activity compared to that of the free compound. The effects of malB and its nanoliposomal formulation may be mediated through activation of apoptosis by the significant induction of caspase 3 activity. The nanoliposomal formulations also showed potential to inhibit tumor growth (37.03%) and prolong survival (32.20 days) of tumor-bearing mice compared with the unloaded drug (p < 0.05). The improved antitumor activity of malB-nanoliposomes suggests their promising clinical applications.

Gnetum formosum Markgr., a member of the Gnetaceae family, is distributed in Vietnam. This plant remains a botanical enigma with an unexplored diversity of chemical constituents and pharmacological effects. In this study, two new steroidal saponins, namely gnetumosides A ( 1 ) and B ( 2 ), were isolated from the aerial parts of G. formosum . Their chemical structures were elucidated using spectroscopic techniques, including high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) and NMR, along with chemical hydrolysis and comparison with the reported literature. The potential anti-inflammatory effects of the isolated compounds were evaluated by measuring lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production in murine macrophage cells. Notably, compound 1 exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity (IC 50 = 14.10 ± 0.75 µM), comparable to dexamethasone. Additionally, the mechanisms underlying the observed anti-inflammatory effects were investigated through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins. This study is the first to investigate the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of G. formosum .