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Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate which of two short questionnaires, the Asthma Control Test (ACT) or the COPD Assessment Test (CAT), correlates better with severity variables and whether they share similar determinants in patients with asthma–COPD overlap. Method: This observational, cross-sectional, multicentric study included smokers and former smokers of more than 10 pack-years, with non-fully reversible airflow obstruction and either a concomitant diagnosis of asthma or signs of type 2 inflammation, from 15 centres in Spain. Results: A total of 157 patients were included, 109 (69.4%) were men, the mean age was 63.3 (SD: 9) years and the mean FEV1 (%) was 59.7% (SD: 20.5%). The mean CAT score was 14.5 (SD: 8.7), and the mean ACT score was 17.9 (SD: 5.2). Both scores showed good correlations (r = 0.717; p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and mMRC dyspnoea scores were independently and significantly associated with both the CAT and ACT scores; however, age was only significantly associated with the CAT, and the EQ-5D scores and the number of exacerbations in the previous year were only significantly associated with the ACT scores. The ACT had a slightly better predictive value for exacerbations than the CAT (AUC = 0.70 (95% CI: 0.62 to 0.79 vs. 0.65 (95% CI: 0.56 to 0.74))). Conclusions: There is a good correlation between ACT and CAT scores in patients with ACO. However, severe patients scored worse on the CAT than the ACT. Anxiety, depression and dyspnoea were significantly associated with both the CAT and ACT scores. The ACT was a slightly better predictor of exacerbations than the CAT in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide increases as the population ages. The progression of the disease increases the risk of complications and death and leads to end-stage renal failure, requiring renal replacement therapy. Despite the positive effect of hemodialysis (HD), patients are at risk of developing malnutrition, inflammation, oxidative stress, or cardiovascular disease, which worsens quality of life and can lead to organ dysfunction. The occurrence of the mentioned disorders depends largely on the diet, so changes in diet composition are an important part of the treatment of kidney disease. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a balanced diet on some parameters of oxidative stress, immune response, and nutritional status in patients. This study included 57 HD patients (19 women and 38 men). In all of them, nutritional status and diet were initially determined, and then, they were divided into six groups, which received different diets and supplements. Serum levels of albumin, total protein, MDA, and the cytokines Il-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-10 were determined, and the activity of the enzymes such as CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px were determined in erythrocytes by spectrophotometry. Based on the results of BMI, albumin, and total protein, it can be concluded that a well-balanced diet can reduce weight loss. This study shows that a well-balanced diet can reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and ensure the normal activity of antioxidative enzymes in the blood of HD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human rabies cases today are predominantly associated with infection from rabid domestic dogs. Unlike dogs, a common global reservoir species that perpetuates rabies viruses (RABV) within their populations, domestic cats are much less frequently reported or vaccinated. Epidemiologically, cats are important vectors of lyssaviruses but are not viral reservoirs. Typically, cats are incidental hosts only, infected with the predominant lyssavirus in their geographic locale. Human cases associated with rabid cats have occurred in Africa, Asia, Europe and throughout the Americas. As adept, solitary hunters, wild and domestic felids are at risk of lyssavirus infection based upon interactions with infected prey, such as bats, or from transmission by other mesocarnivores, such as rabid dogs, foxes, jackals, raccoons, and skunks. Current veterinary vaccines provide safe and effective immunity in cats against phylogroup I lyssaviruses, such as RABV, but not against divergent lyssaviruses in phylogroups II-IV. With the focus upon the global elimination of canine rabies, the emergence of rabies in cats represents a concerning trend. Clearly, education about the occurrence of rabies in cats needs to be improved, as well as the routine vaccination of cats to reduce the associated risks to public health, agriculture, and conservation biology from a One Health perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study shows that nutrients that are not digested have a significant effect on stool moisture and quality. As protein in the lower gut increased, stool moisture increased and quality decreased in both species. Also, increasing fiber in the lower gut resulted in increased stool quality and reduced moisture in both species. Both species also had a response to advancing age: in the dog, age increased firmness for the first 11 years of life, while in the cat, age increased firmness after 4 years of age. The effect of digestive bypass macronutrients and age on stool quality (moisture and firmness) in dogs and cats is not well understood. Data were analyzed from digestibility tests (n = 2020, 361 dogs and 536 cats) including dry and wet product types. Both food and feces were measured for moisture and nutrients according to standard protocols; stool firmness was graded. Linear mixed modeling was used to evaluate the associations between nutrient bypass, age and stool quality. Bypass protein increased stool moisture (dog, cat p < 0.0001) and decreased firmness (dog p = 0.01, cat p < 0.0001), while bypass fiber decreased stool moisture and increased firmness (dog, cat p < 0.0001 for both). Both species manifested a negative quadratic effect of advanced age on stool firmness (dog p < 0.0001 and cat p = 0.02). However, the association of advanced age (quadratic effect) with metabolizable energy required to maintain body weight was different between species; dogs had a positive association (p = 0.028), while it was negative for cats (p < 0.0001). Taken together, these data may aid in the development of food formulations for companion animals, which can better meet changing nutritional needs across life stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Monitoring antimicrobial use is crucial for understanding current prescribing practices. Such information helps in establishing stewardship programs for effectively using antimicrobials and combating resistance to them. Objectives: This study describes how antimicrobials are prescribed at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Pisa and compares how the internal medicine and intensive care units differ in their usage of antimicrobials. Methods: The study involved cats that were presented in the units in 2021 and 2022. Antimicrobial prescriptions were obtained via the hospital's management software (OCIROE). Results: In a population of 1164 non-surgical cats with 397 antimicrobials prescribed, the most prescribed ones were amoxicillin–clavulanic acid in the internal medicine unit and ampicillin in the intensive care unit. Twenty-five percent of all antimicrobials were Highest-Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials or Antimicrobial Advice Ad Hoc Expert Group Category B. The oral route was the main route of administration in the internal medicine unit, while parenteral was the most common route used in the intensive care unit. Most antimicrobials were prescribed to treat pathologic conditions affecting the urinary (39%), gastroenteric (21%), respiratory (13%), and integumentary (12%) systems. A diagnosis, accurate dosage, and the use of species-approved medications were recorded in the antimicrobial prescriptions. However, only 11% of these prescriptions were supported by antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Conclusions: These results suggest room for improvement, particularly in increasing the use of antimicrobial susceptibility testing to ensure more targeted antimicrobial therapy. Given the importance of antimicrobial resistance and the One Health approach, the study also highlights the need to consider the broader impact of antimicrobial use in animals, including the potential contribution to resistance in bacteria that affect both animal and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Retained fetal membranes (RFM) are a common reproductive issue in cattle, affecting overall health and reproductive efficiency. This study examined oxidative stress (OS) and fatty acid profiles in Romanian Spotted cows, comparing those with normal calving to cows with RFM. Serum samples were collected from 22 cows over a 9-week period surrounding calving to measure key OS markers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Placental tissues were also analyzed for OS markers and fatty acid composition. The results showed significant changes in OS before and after birth, with cows experiencing RFM exhibiting lower antioxidant activity and higher lipid damage. Additionally, RFM cows had higher saturated fatty acid levels in the placenta, indicating metabolic stress. These findings highlight the role of OS and fatty acid imbalances in RFM, suggesting potential ways to improve dairy cow health by addressing these factors. (1) Background: Retained fetal membranes (RFM) in cattle negatively impact reproduction, calving intervals, and health. This study examined OS markers and fatty acid profiles in Romanian Spotted cattle, comparing cows with normal parturition to those with RFM. Over 9 weeks, serum samples were collected from 22 cows (7 with RFM, 15 normal) at intervals before and after parturition. Placental tissues were also analyzed. The aim was to identify OS biomarkers that predict RFMs, track changes over time, and assess their impact on the placental fatty acid profile. (2) Methods: Samples were analyzed for superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Placental fatty acids were profiled using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. (3) Results: SOD and CAT activities increased in cows with retained fetal membranes (RFM) before parturition (SOD: p < 0.001, RFM 404.601 ± 20.941 vs. NP 339.101 ± 44.911; CAT: p < 0.01, RFM 121.132 ± 14.831 vs. NP 96.070 ± 2.397), indicating OS. However, significant decreases during labor suggested weakened antioxidant defenses. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) peaked during parturition in RFM cows (p < 0.0001, 38.780 ± 3.727 vs. 11.150 ± 1.555), signaling heightened stress. Additionally, MDA levels increased before parturition (p < 0.001, RFM 8.424 ± 1.894 vs. NP 3.807 ± 0.484), confirming lipid peroxidation. RFM cows also exhibited higher levels of saturated fatty acids and lower monounsaturated fatty acids, pointing to metabolic stress. (4) Conclusions: This study highlights the role of OS and fatty acid imbalances in RFMs, suggesting potential strategies to improve reproductive outcomes by managing OS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Minoxidil is an FDA-approved drug used for human hair regrowth. Minoxidil toxicosis can occur and be fatal in dogs and cats and presents with symptoms such as lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, hypotension, and tachypnea. We described a case of minoxidil toxicosis in a cat after accidental exposure to topical minoxidil presenting with severe clinical signs, including respiratory distress and hemodynamic instability. Chest X-rays showed mild lung infiltration and pleural effusion. Initial treatments with oxygen, fluids, furosemide, and dopamine were ineffective. However, hemodialysis proved effective in improving the patient's condition and facilitating a full recovery. This case is the first to document successful hemodialysis treatment for minoxidil toxicosis in a cat, thus highlighting the potential therapeutic role of hemodialysis in minoxidil toxicosis. A 5-year-old castrated male American Shorthair cat presented with lethargy and anorexia after accidentally knocking over a bottle of topical minoxidil and spilling it onto its body. Physical examination revealed rapid shallow breathing, pale mucous membranes, hypothermia, tachycardia, and hypotension. Thoracic radiography revealed mild pulmonary infiltration and pleural effusion. Despite conservative treatment, including oxygen therapy, and intravenous fluid, furosemide, and dopamine administration, the patient showed no improvement. After two sessions of intermittent hemodialysis, the cat's respiratory pattern and overall condition gradually improved; normal body temperature and blood pressure were achieved. The cat recovered fully and was discharged on the 11th day of hospitalization. This is the first report on the use of hemodialysis in the treatment of a cat with minoxidil toxicosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Neonatal and pediatric diseases are complex and can cause high mortality in kittens, associated with bacterial infections, blood type mismatches, congenital defects, viral and parasitic diseases, and poor care, among others. This study aimed to identify the leading causes of death and prevalence of congenital malformations by performing necropsies on 68 stray kittens under two months old. Results showed that respiratory lesions were the leading cause of death in the youngest kittens, while older kittens primarily suffered from gastrointestinal problems. Infectious diseases were common in all age groups, and 40% of the kittens had congenital malformations, with the most common being megaesophagus, cardiovascular anomalies, and bone and kidney defects. The findings highlight the importance of good hygiene in preventing infections and emphasize the need for better care and preventive measures to enhance kitten survival rates. Neonatal and pediatric mortality in kittens could be associated with bacterial infections, complications from inadequate management, congenital malformations, neonatal isoerythrolysis, parasitic diseases, and viral diseases. The complexity of causes, coupled with kittens' physiological and immunological immaturity, complicates the diagnosis and treatment of disease, highlighting the necessity for preventive measures. This study aimed to identify the leading causes of death and the occurrence of congenital malformations in stray kittens. Necropsies were performed on 68 kittens, all aged under two months. Results indicated that respiratory lesions were the leading cause of death in the youngest group, while gastrointestinal problems were more prevalent in older groups. Infectious causes were predominant across all age groups. Congenital malformations were observed in 40% of the animals, with megaesophagus, cardiovascular anomalies, bone defects, and kidney defects being the most prevalent. The findings underscore the critical importance of hygiene in preventing infections and related complications. Promoting sterilization and sanitary control in stray cats is essential to reduce overpopulation and improve living conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expansins are cell wall (CW) proteins that mediate the CW loosening and regulate salt tolerance in a positive or negative way. However, the role of Populus trichocarpa expansin A6 (PtEXPA6) in salt tolerance and the relevance to cell wall loosening is still unclear in poplars. PtEXPA6 gene was transferred into the hybrid species, Populus alba × P. tremula var. glandulosa (84K) and Populus tremula × P. alba INRA '717-1B4' (717-1B4). Under salt stress, the stem growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, activity and transcription of antioxidant enzymes, Na+ content, and Na+ flux of root xylem and petiole vascular bundle were investigated in wild-type and transgenic poplars. The correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to analyze the correlations among the characteristics and principal components. Our results show that the transcription of PtEXPA6 was downregulated upon a prolonged duration of salt stress (48 h) after a transient increase induced by NaCl (100 mM). The PtEXPA6-transgenic poplars of 84K and 717-1B4 showed a greater reduction (42–65%) in stem height and diameter growth after 15 days of NaCl treatment compared with wild-type (WT) poplars (11–41%). The Na+ accumulation in roots, stems, and leaves was 14–83% higher in the transgenic lines than in the WT. The Na+ buildup in the transgenic poplars affects photosynthesis; the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT); and the transcription of PODa2, SOD [Cu-Zn], and CAT1. Transient flux kinetics showed that the Na+ efflux of root xylem and leaf petiole vascular bundle were 1.9–3.5-fold greater in the PtEXPA6-transgenic poplars than in the WT poplars. PtEXPA6 overexpression increased root contractility and extensibility by 33% and 32%, indicating that PtEXPA6 increased the CW loosening in the transgenic poplars of 84K and 717-1B4. Noteworthily, the PtEXPA6-promoted CW loosening was shown to facilitate Na+ efflux of root xylem and petiole vascular bundle in the transgenic poplars. We conclude that the overexpression of PtEXPA6 leads to CW loosening that facilitates the radial translocation of Na+ into the root xylem and the subsequent Na+ translocation from roots to leaves, resulting in an excessive Na+ accumulation and consequently, reducing salt tolerance in transgenic poplars. Therefore, the downregulation of PtEXPA6 in NaCl-treated Populus trichocarpa favors the maintenance of ionic and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis under long-term salt stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common and painful condition affecting 91% of cats, with knee joint OA present in 50% of cases. Diagnosing feline knee joint OA typically involves clinical examination and radiographic imaging, which also provides information about bone health, including bone mineral density (BMD). While the link between knee joint OA and BMD is well-established in humans, it has not been studied in cats. Understanding this relationship could shed light on how bone changes contribute to OA. This study aims to measure the BMD of cat knee joints, compare different BMD measurement methods, and explore how BMD changes with various severities of OA. For this purpose, 46 cat knee joints were analyzed using two techniques: computed tomography (CT) for the volumetric BMD (vBMD) and conventional radiography with a method called computed digital absorptiometry (CDA) for relative BMD (rBMD). This study found a positive correlation between vBMD and rBMD in key areas of the knee, such as the distal femur, patella, and proximal tibia. Additionally, this study adjusted rBMD for bone size differences (corrected rBMD) because variations in bone width were observed. All measures—vBMD, rBMD, and corrected rBMD—differed between normal knee joint and knee joint with mild to severe OA. Furthermore, all measures showed a linear increase as OA severity worsened. This suggests that there is a relationship between OA and BMD in the feline knee joint, which can be preliminarily confirmed by this study. Osteoarthritis (OA), including knee joint OA, is a common chronic condition in cats. In both cats and humans, knee joint OA is characterized radiographically by the presence of osteophytes, enthesiophytes, subchondral sclerosis, and joint space narrowing. However, only in humans have these radiographic signs been reported to increase bone mineral density (BMD). Therefore, this study aims to quantify the volumetric (vBMD) and relative (rBMD) BMD measures of the feline knee joint and compare BMD measures between various severities of OA to test the hypothesized OA–BMD relationship in the knee joint in cats. The 46 feline knee joints were imaged using computed tomography (CT) and conventional radiography supported by the computed digital absorptiometry (CDA) method to obtain vBMD and rBMD, respectively. Both BMD measures were assessed in three regions of interest (ROIs): the distal femur (ROI 1), patella (ROI 2), and proximal tibia (ROI 3). In all locations, vBMD and rBMD showed moderate (ROI 2: r = 0.67, p < 0.0001) to strong (ROI 1: ρ = 0.96, p < 0.0001; ROI 3: r = 0.89, p < 0.0001) positive correlations. Due to differences (p < 0.0001) in the width of the distal femur (17.9 ± 1.21 mm), patella (8.2 ± 0.82 mm), and proximal tibia (19.3 ± 1.16 mm), the rBMD was corrected (corr rBMD) using the thickness coefficient of 0.46 ± 0.04 for ROI 2 and 1.08 ± 0.03 for ROI 3. Regardless of the quantification method used, BMD measures increased linearly from a normal knee joint to severe OA, with differences in BMD between normal and mild to severe knee joint OA. The OA–BMD relationship in the feline knee joint can be preliminarily confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The Formosan pangolin (Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla) is a rare and enigmatic species endemic to Taiwan. Due to its declining population and elusive behavior, little is known about its reproduction. This study created a genomic database of the male pangolin's reproductive tract, identifying key genes and pathways in the testis and epididymis. Comparing testicular genes expression between pangolins and domestic cats, we suggested that the cat is not a suitable model for studying pangolin reproduction due to significant differences. These insights advance our understanding of male pangolin reproduction and may help in the development of future artificial reproductive techniques for pangolins. The Formosan pangolin (Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla) is an endemic animal of Taiwan. Due to their reduced population and behavior, very little is known about this enigmatic species. To unravel male pangolin reproduction, in the present study, we built a complete genomic database of the male Formosan pangolin reproductive tract and revealed highly expressing genes as well as critical signaling pathways and their associated biological processes in both the testis and the epididymis. Moreover, we evaluated the domestic cat (Felis catus) as a potential model species for male pangolin reproduction by comparing their testicular transcriptomes. We demonstrated a clear tissue-specific gene expression supporting the unique biological signature of each reproductive tissue and identified critical genes of the different reproductive organs. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed unique pathways in the testis as well as a clear epididymal transition. Furthermore, domestic cats, despite being the closest domestic species to pangolin, demonstrated their unfitness as a male reproduction model species as clear differences in spermatid differentiation and metabolism were observed. These results enable a better understanding of male pangolin reproduction characteristics and may inspire improvements in in Formosan pangolin conservation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In male rats, the major pelvic ganglion is the principal component of the pelvic plexus and plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological functions such as urination, defecation, erection, ejaculation, and glandular secretion. This ganglion is considered mixed, as it receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation through the hypogastric and pelvic nerves, respectively. Homologous structures with similar functions are present in other species, including cats, dogs, and pigs; however, differences exist in nomenclature, anatomical complexity, and functionality. Although anatomical, histological, and immunohistochemical studies have been conducted on these structures across various species, the major pelvic ganglion of the rat has been the most extensively studied due to its ease of identification and manipulation. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the pelvic plexus and its regulation across various mammalian species, including rats, cats, dogs, and pigs. The pelvic and hypogastric nerves play crucial roles in regulating pelvic functions such as micturition, defecation, and erection. The anatomical organization of these nerves varies, forming either well-defined ganglia or complex plexuses. Despite these variations, the neurons within these structures are consistently regulated by key neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and acetylcholine. These neurons also possess receptors for testosterone and prolactin, particularly in rats, indicating the significant role of these hormones in neuronal function and development. Moreover, neuropeptides such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P, neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), galanin (GAL), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are co-released with neurotransmitters to modulate pelvic functions. This review highlights the complex interplay between neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and hormones in regulating pelvic physiology and emphasizes the importance of hormonal regulation in maintaining the functionality and health of the pelvic plexus across different species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The diagnostic value of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is well established but less is known about physiological concentrations in young individuals. The aim of this study was to determine AMH levels in small animals before and around puberty and to correlate these levels with testosterone in males entering puberty. Blood samples were collected between 2 and 48 weeks after birth for AMH and testosterone measured using a chemiluminescence immune assay. AMH concentrations were higher in males than in females, with no significant differences among male individuals. However, queens had significantly higher AMH concentrations compared to bitches. A significant decreased in AMH was observed in the males beginning 24 weeks after birth, which correlated only in dogs with an increase in testosterone. In bitches, AMH remained below the detection limit until 16 weeks after birth after which it increased slightly. In queens, AMH was detectable from week 2 with a significant increase starting at week 8, even approaching the chemiluminescence immune assay's upper limit. In conclusion, queens secreted AMH much earlier and in significantly higher amounts than bitches. The decrease of AMH in male species entering puberty was observed in both dogs and tomcats, but a negative correlation with testosterone was derived only for male dogs. In recent years several studies established the diagnostic value of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in companion animals. However, less is known about physiological AMH concentrations in young individuals highlighting the necessity to apply the diagnostic findings to this group. The aim of this study was to determine the AMH values of healthy male and female dogs between the age of 8 and 48 weeks, tomcats under 8 weeks and up to 48 weeks of age and queens between 2 to 12 weeks of age. In total, 96 blood samples were collected. Anti-Müllerian hormone was measured in all samples and testosterone was measured in the oldest age group of the males in both species. The hormones were analyzed using a human based chemiluminescence immune assay. Overall, AMH concentrations were higher in males than in females (p < 0.001). According to the AMH concentration there was no difference in males, but queens had significant higher AMH concentrations than bitches (p < 0.001). AMH remained high in males up to week 24 and decreased significantly thereafter (tomcats: p = 0.015; male dogs: p = 0.013), which correlated with an increase in testosterone levels for male dogs only. In bitches, AMH remained below the detection limit until the week 16 and slightly increased subsequently. In queens, AMH was detectable from the beginning with a significant increase in the older age group (p = 0.003). Half of the cats in the older age group even approached the chemiluminescence immune assay's upper limit. The results show that female cats secrete AMH much earlier than female dogs in which AMH secretion begins just shortly before the start of the puberty. In the male animals, the decrease in AMH concentration around puberty was similar in dogs and cats, but a correlation with the increase of testosterone was only observed in dogs. Further research is required to determine the origin of the high AMH concentrations in female kittens and the lack of correlation between testosterone and AMH concentrations in male kittens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The vertebral canal dimensions are crucial for spinal health, as degenerative changes can significantly affect the spinal cord. Compression of spinal nerves at the lumbosacral junction causes cauda equina syndrome (CES), more common in dogs than cats. With regard to the limited information on feline vertebral canal dimensions, this study examined 50 cats, measuring the interpedicular (ID) and midsagittal (SD) diameters as well as the intervertebral disc width (IVDW) in 28 of these animals. The region between the first thoracic (Th1) and the first sacral vertebra (S1) was considered using dissected cats. All cats showed a notable narrowing of the spinal canal from L6 to S1 with the narrowest point at S1. The widest parts of the vertebral canal correspond with the spinal cord enlargements. IVDW was found to be fairly consistent up to Th10–Th11, with the widest discs present at L7–S1 in 95.65% of cats. These data aim to understand potential correlations between the vertebral canal dimensions and the IVDW in terms of predispositions to spinal diseases in cats, especially compressive myelopathies. Further studies should be conducted to investigate the influence of age, sex and breed. As part of the spine, the vertebral canal represents a central structure protecting the spinal cord running within it. Since alterations to the spinal canal and adjacent structures can have a significant impact on the spinal cord, knowledge of the physiological vertebral canal dimensions is essential. Compression of spinal nerves at the lumbosacral junction is the primary cause of cauda equina syndrome (CES). Although CES is common in dogs, it is rarely documented in cats. Given the lack of information on normal vertebral canal dimensions in cats, it is necessary to collect data and verify currently used measurements, to determine if and to what extent comparisons with dogs are valid. In 50 cats, interpedicular (ID) and midsagittal (SD) diameters were examined from the first thoracic (Th1) to the first sacral vertebra (S1). In 28 of these animals, the intervertebral disc width (IVDW) was measured. All data were gathered through gross anatomical dissection of the cats. Significant lumen reduction was evident in all cats from L6 to S1 with the narrowest point at S1. Narrowings were also found in the thoracic spine. The widest points coincide with the spinal cord enlargements. IVDW shows relatively constant values up to Th10–Th11 and peaks at L7–S1 in 95.65% of cats. While distinct similarities to dogs were observed, differences exist. The findings allow conclusions as to whether relations between the parameters and resulting predispositions to pathological changes can be derived. This could help the understanding of the pathogenesis of feline spinal diseases, particularly compressive myelopathies. Further studies are necessary to investigate the impact of age, sex and breed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycolicibacterium hassiacum (homotypic synonym: Mycobacterium hassiacum) represents an ungrouped thermotolerant rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) species occasionally associated with infections and disease in humans. In this report, we describe a case of pyogranulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis due to M. hassiacum in an immunocompetent adult cat. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first report of M. hassiacum infection in animals. We also report the results of the in-depth genome characterization of the isolate using a combined short- and long-read whole-genome sequencing (WGS) approach. We observed the lack of acquired-resistance genes and no evidence of mutations in housekeeping genes associated with resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid. We detected some virulence factors in our isolate, such as some associated with the interaction of mycobacteria with host cells, and the presence of multiple copies of heavy metal resistance genes (arsB, arsR, and arsL/cadL). In conclusion, M. hassiacum should be included among the RGM species associated with feline subcutaneous atypical mycobacteriosis (SAM). A reliable and fast RGM laboratory identification and characterization is important not only for an accurate etiological diagnosis but also for a correct approach to SAM treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Humans and other mammals have different blood group systems. In domestic cats, the ABC blood group system is the most important and has been studied a lot, from the physical traits to the genetic level. For wild cats (non-domestic felids), tests have been conducted to identify blood types using different methods, but the genetic markers used in domestic cats could not identify blood types B and C (AB) in wild cats. In this study, the CMAH gene of 138 blood samples from 15 wild cat species was sequenced to see if certain genetic variants matched with the ABC blood types. A total of 58 different genetic variants were found, including 15 causing changes in the protein sequence. One variant (c.635G>C) was linked with blood type B (and C) in cheetahs and blood type B in cougars. Since cheetahs and cougars are part of the same genera puma, it is unclear whether this variant is a marker for type B (or C) specifically or is just common in pumas. Different blood group systems have been characterized in people and other mammals. In domestic cats, the ABC blood group system plays the most important clinical role and has been investigated extensively—from the phenotype to the molecular genetics. In non-domestic felids, phenotypic ABC blood typing has been performed by different methods to detect the antigens, but the four informative CMAH markers in domestic cats were not able to identify types B and C (AB) in non-domestic cats. In this study, 138 blood samples from 15 non-domestic (wild) felid species were investigated by CMAH exonic sequencing and genotyping for putative variants causing type B or C (AB) and correlation to the respective ABC blood phenotype. A total of 58 CMAH variants were found, including 15 missense and 43 synonymous CMAH variants. One variant (c.635G>C) was concordant with blood type B (and C) in cheetahs and type B in cougars, compared to blood type A in all other felid species (lion, tiger, Canada lynx, snow leopard, clouded leopard, serval, jaguar, fishing cat, Pallas cat, bobcat, black footed cat, leopard, and sand cat). Since cheetahs and cougars belong to the genera puma, it could not be determined if the common CMAH variant is either a marker for type B (or C) or is just common in pumas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a major cause of upper respiratory tract (URT) disease in cats that can lead to acute or subacute illness. It is highly contagious and widespread in the feline population, with many cats being asymptomatic carriers. However, FCV infection can also cause various clinical problems, resulting in high morbidity rates. Unfortunately, existing diagnostic techniques are not always sufficiently quick or specific enough to detect the virus, making it difficult to diagnose and treat. The current study compared the diagnostic abilities of different methods—polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nested PCR, and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP)—to detect FCV in clinical samples from cats. The development of rapid and sensitive diagnostic methods is crucial for timely healing, reducing the risk of severe symptoms, and preventing the spread of viruses. Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly contagious virus that causes upper respiratory tract disease, commonly known as cat flu. It is widely distributed worldwide and poses a major threat to feline health. Therefore, it is essential to find an efficient and rapid method for detecting FCV. In this study, the colorimetric reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay, using neutral red as an indicator, was developed and validated to target the ORF2 gene of FCV for the first time. Additionally, the study compared the diagnostic abilities of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nested PCR, and RT-LAMP assays for detecting FCV in clinical samples. The optimized RT-LAMP amplification was carried out at 56.3 °C. The technique visually detected FCV within 70 min, with a limit of detection of 14.3 × 101 copies/µL, and showed no cross-reactivity with other feline pathogens. Out of 54 oropharyngeal swab samples, 17 tested positive for FCV using both nested PCR and RT-LAMP, while only one tested positive using conventional PCR. The positivity rate was higher with nested PCR and RT-LAMP (31.48%) compared to conventional PCR (1.85%). Consequently, these results demonstrated the effectiveness of the colorimetric RT-LAMP assay developed in this study as an alternative for diagnosing FCV in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The nutritional needs of kittens are normally met by the queen, but sometimes unfavorable events such as maternal behavior, blood incompatibility and maternal agalactia occur that make it necessary for breeders to use milk replacer for feeding. As the breeding of domestic cats grows, so does the demand for specialized kitten formula. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an experimental milk replacer (EMR) on growth, gut microbiology, immune antioxidant capacity and nutrient metabolism in kittens. The results revealed that this EMR not only increases the growth rate of kittens in the late lactation period but also modified the composition of the gut microbiome, improved antioxidant capacity and activated lipid metabolic pathways. These insights are pivotal for optimizing milk replacers for kittens, thereby addressing challenges in feline neonatal nutrition. With the rising popularity of pet cats as companion animals, the survival of newborn kittens is often threatened by factors such as inadequate nursing, maternal behavior and blood incompatibility. These challenges require the use of milk replacers for nurturing. To investigate the effects that feeding kittens with an experimental milk replacer (EMR) have on growth and development, intestinal microbiota, immune response and nutrient metabolism, 12 British shorthair kittens were randomly divided into two groups after nursing for the first week of life. Kittens were fed queen's milk or EMR, whereby kittens fed queen's milk served as the control (CON) group. The findings revealed that the CON group exhibited superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (p < 0.01) on day 7. However, the EMR group had better growth performance during the later stage of the experiment (p < 0.05); the immunocompetence and antioxidant capacity of the EMR group were not significantly different from those of the CON group in the middle and late stages of the experiment, and the mean values of all the indexes were slightly better than those of the control group. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene in microbiota demonstrated that EMR increased the colonization of bacterial genera, including Lachnospiraceae, Enterococcus, Rothia and Ligilactobacillus. Compared to the CON group, acetate acid (p < 0.05), propionate acid (p < 0.01) and total SCFAs (p < 0.01) in the EMR group were significantly increased. Moreover, the intake of the EMR resulted in the production of distinct metabolites implicated in the metabolism of lipids and amino acids, among other nutrients, thus invigorating the associated metabolic pathways. These results elucidate the impact of administering a milk replacer on gastrointestinal health and nutrient assimilation in kittens. The study provides insights into the use of milk powder alternatives and sets the stage for future research on the formulation and effectiveness of kitten milk replacers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress and inflammation are significant causes of aging. At the same time, citrus flavanones, naringenin (NAR), and hesperetin (HES) are bioactives with proven antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, there are still no data about flavanone's influence and its potential effects on the healthy aging process and improving pituitary functioning. Thus, using qPCR, immunoblot, histological techniques, and biochemical assays, our study aimed to elucidate how citrus flavanones (15 mg/kg b.m. per os) affect antioxidant defense, inflammation, and stress hormone output in the old rat model. Our results showed that HES restores the redox environment in the pituitary by down-regulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein while increasing kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1), and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) protein expression. Immunofluorescent analysis confirmed Nrf2 and Keap1 down- and up-regulation, respectively. Supplementation with NAR increased Keap1, Trxr1, glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), and glutathione reductase (Gr) mRNA expression. Decreased oxidative stress aligned with NLRP3 decrement after both flavanones and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) only after HES. The signal intensity of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) cells did not change, while corticosterone levels in serum decreased after both flavanones. HES showed higher potential than NAR in affecting a redox environment without increasing the inflammatory response, while a decrease in corticosterone level has a solid link to longevity. Our findings suggest that HES could improve and facilitate redox and inflammatory dysregulation in the rat's old pituitary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is considered one of the main reasons for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Depending on the stage of the disease, variable activity of the main antioxidant enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), is observed. Due to limited treatment methods for CRC, new substances with potential antitumor activity targeting pathways related to oxidative stress are currently being sought, with substances of natural origin, including betulin, leading the way. The betulin molecule is chemically modified to obtain new derivatives with improved pharmacokinetic properties and higher biological activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of betulin and its new derivatives on viability and major antioxidant systems in colorectal cancer cell lines. The study showed that betulin and its derivative EB5 affect the antioxidant enzyme activity to varying degrees at both the protein and mRNA levels. The SW1116 cell line is more resistant to the tested compounds than RKO, which may be due to differences in the genetic and epigenetic profiles of these lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Three cats with recurrent rectal prolapses were successfully treated using total laparoscopic colopexy (TLC). Minimally invasive procedures are increasingly popular in veterinary medicine because of their low postoperative morbidity and quicker recovery. The TLC technique, inspired by laparoscopic-assisted colopexy, involves strategically placed portals to minimize wound complications and ensure effective adhesion of the colon to the abdominal wall. In these cases, non-incisional colopexy using thermal injury was employed to enhance fibrous adhesion, reducing bleeding and avoiding luminal penetration risks. Barbed sutures, used in a continuous single row, facilitated the procedure by eliminating the need for intracorporeal knots, thus reducing surgical time to 30 min. No complications or recurrences were noted during follow-ups. In one case, a viable colopexy was confirmed during a subsequent laparoscopic procedure, demonstrating the technique's success. Overall, TLC was found to be a feasible, safe, and effective method for treating recurrent rectal prolapses in cats, although further studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to validate these findings. The use of minimally invasive methods has grown in popularity due to decreased postoperative morbidity and a quicker recovery. Colopexy is a surgical method that includes the permanent adhesion of the colonic seromuscular layer to the abdominal wall to avoid rectal prolapses in cats and dogs with viable prolapsed tissues. In this case series, we describe the treatment of three cats with total laparoscopic colopexy (TLC) for recurrent rectal prolapses. A non-incisional colopexy was created by suturing the colon to the abdominal wall with a barbed suture. There were no intraoperative complications and a 6-month follow-up revealed no prolapse recurrence. Our study demonstrates that TLC approaches are feasible, safe, and free of problems when used to treat recurrent rectal prolapses in cats, although a larger caseload is required to validate the results obtained from our reported cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Domestic cats kept in modern household environments are susceptible to various oral health issues, including halitosis, tartar accumulation, periodontal disease, and gingivitis. While these issues may initially go unnoticed, they can become challenging to manage as they progress. Proactive measures akin to human oral care, such as tooth brushing and dietary modifications, are crucial for preventing oral diseases in cats. Probiotics are widely employed in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases in humans, providing pet owners with a viable long-term preventive approach compared to brushing. Within this context, our study found that supplementing a composite probiotic formulation can inhibit potential pathogens in the oral cavity of cats and promote the growth of beneficial or commensal bacteria, potentially enhancing oral health in cats. Probiotics demonstrated effectiveness in modulating oral microbiota and improving oral health in humans and rodents. However, its effects and applications on the oral microbiota of cats remain underexplored. Twelve healthy cats were randomly assigned to a control group (CON) and a composite probiotic group (CPG) for a 42-day trial. The CPG diet included additional supplementation of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, and Lactobacillus casei LC-11, each at approximately 1 × 1010 CFU/kg. On days 0 and 42, microbial samples were collected from the gingiva, tooth surfaces, and tongue of all cats for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were the dominant phyla across all oral sites. The CPG treatment enriched seven genera, such as Moraxella, Actinomyces, and Frederiksenia in the gingiva. Meanwhile, Bergeyella and Streptococcus were enriched on the tooth surfaces, while Bergeyella, Flavobacterium, and Luteimonas were enriched on the tongue. Furthermore, the composite probiotic effectively suppressed eight genera, such as Bacteroides, Desulfovibrio, and Filifactor in the gingiva of CPG cats, as well as Helcococcus, Lentimicrobium, and Campylobacter on tooth surfaces, and Porphyromonas, Treponema, and Fusibacter on the tongue. These findings suggest that the composite probiotic used in this study modulates the feline oral microbiota by supporting beneficial or commensal bacteria and inhibiting oral pathogens, demonstrating potential to improve oral health in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosthechea karwinskii is an endemic orchid of Mexico with cultural significance for its ornamental, food, religious, and medicinal uses. In traditional medicine, diabetic patients use the leaves of this plant to lower glucose levels. The present study evaluated the effect of P. karwinskii leaves extract on the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in a model of obese rats with insulin resistance for its nutraceutical potential to reduce insulin resistance and oxidative stress. Obesity and insulin resistance were induced with 40% sucrose in water for 20 weeks. Four groups (control rats, obese rats, obese rats administered the extract, and obese rats administered metformin) were evaluated. Extract compounds were identified by UHPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS. Glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and insulin resistance indices (HOMA-IR and TyG), as well as the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, increased in rats in the obese group. Administration of P. karwinskii extract and metformin reduced glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and insulin resistance indices and antioxidant enzyme activity to values similar to those of the control group. Therefore, this study shows the nutraceutical potential of P. karwinskii extract as an ingredient in the formulation of dietary supplements or functional foods to help treat diseases whose pathophysiology is related to oxidative stress and insulin resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasitic diseases can affect animal health and welfare, and they may also constitute a danger to public health, particularly in island ecosystems. Fecal samples were collected from 205 dogs and 115 cats on the islands of São Miguel and Terceira, Azores archipelago (Portugal), using the Willis flotation technique and modified Baermann method, for further analysis. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitism in dogs was 53%, with the following results: Ancylostomatidae (hookworms) (42.44%), Trichuris vulpis (17.56%), Toxocara canis (12.68%) and Cystoisospora spp. (4.39%). In cats, the overall prevalence was also 53%, with the following results: Toxocara cati (31.3%), Ancylostomatidae (30.43%), Cystoisospora spp. (14.78%) and Trichuris sp. (0.87%). The prevalence of lungworms was 0.49% in canines and 20.87% in felines, with Angiostrongylus vasorum and Aelurostrongylus abstrusus species being detected in dogs and cats, respectively. The present survey detected a high prevalence of gastrointestinal infection, in both dogs and cats, probably because the samples came mainly from kennels and catteries and due to the peculiar climatic conditions in this insular territory, with mild temperature and high relative humidity. A considerable prevalence of aelurostrongylosis was also detected (20.87%), so it should be included in the list of differential diagnoses of diseases concerning the respiratory tract in cats of the archipelago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronaviruses are widespread in mammals and birds, causing mostly digestive and respiratory problems. In cats, feline coronaviruses undergo mutations while replicating, giving rise to the fatal coronavirus causing the feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) disease. Several mutations in viral genes, among them 3c and M, are involved in the development of FIP. In order to study these viral shifts, samples of 43 organs, feces, and ascites collected from cats showing clinical signs of feline infectious peritonitis were tested, and the sequences obtained for the 3c and M genes were analyzed. The 3c gene nucleotides showed truncations commonly observed in feline infectious peritonitis virus. Additionally, the sequences corresponding to the 3c genes obtained from different organs of the same individual displayed high similarities, supporting the internal mutation theory. The analyses of the M gene and putative polypeptides showed similarities with canine coronaviruses, supporting the recombination theory between feline and canine coronaviruses. Infectious coronaviral strains are still challenging because of the difficulty in obtaining an effective vaccine for their prevention, and also because of the limited alternatives for therapy of FIP in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This retrospective study reports the isolation and characterization of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a household cat in South Korea. The cat, which was presented with respiratory symptoms, was identified during a retrospective analysis of samples collected between April 2021 and March 2022. Genomic sequencing revealed that the isolated virus belonged to the Omicron variant (BA.1), coinciding with its global emergence in early 2022. This case study provides evidence for the potential of direct human-to-cat transmission of the Omicron variant in South Korea during its period of widespread circulation. Our findings underscore the importance of continuous monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in both human and animal populations to track viral evolution and potential spillover events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betula pendula Roth. (silver birch) is a pioneer species in the Northern Hemisphere forests. It plays a significant role in various ecosystems, human industries, and biodiversity. Taking all this into account, understanding the genetic diversity within B. pendula populations is crucial for fully exploiting their potential, particularly regarding their production of phenolic compounds and antioxidants. We tested the non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant activity in seven silver birch half-sib family leaves. Spectrophotometric data from leaf extracts showed that there was a significant variation between families in terms of total phenol content (TPC) and antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase (POX), catalase, glutathione reductase, and ascorbate peroxidase) levels. The data were gathered during two consecutive seasons, resulting in a variance in antioxidant production, which generally increased in the tested families during the second year (except for POX) as opposed to the first vegetative season. For example, SOD levels increased in the second year by 15% to 243% and TPC increased by 46%–189%, depending on the half-sib family. A more thorough study of this variation should prove beneficial in various research fields, ranging from climate change to cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Atresia Ani (AA) is a rare congenital anomaly affecting rectal and anal development in companion animals, with its occurrence in cats being poorly documented. This study investigated Type IV Atresia Ani (which includes a recto-vaginal fistula) in female cats, focusing on surgical intervention as the primary treatment. Over 2 years, nine female cats with Type IV Atresia Ani were analyzed for age, body condition, and fistula length. Statistical analysis revealed that a body condition score of 3, an age range of 3 to 4 weeks, and a fistula length of 1 to 2 mm influenced fecal incontinence and anal stenosis development during the perioperative period. Incidence of this condition was 4.7% among the 192 cats evaluated. Cats with a body condition score of 3, an age of 3 to 4 weeks, and a fistula size of 1 to 2 mm showed better surgical outcomes. This study is the first to report the disease incidence in cats undergoing surgery, according to the authors' knowledge. Atresia Ani (AA) is a rare congenital anomaly in companion animals affecting rectal and anal development. Its incidence in cats remains unreported. This retrospective study aimed to characterize age, body condition, fistula size, and perioperative outcomes in Type IV Atresia Ani (with recto-vaginal fistula) in female cats. Surgical intervention is the primary treatment. Conducted over 2 years, the study included nine female cats diagnosed with Type IV Atresia Ani and recto-vaginal fistula undergoing surgery. Statistical analysis used the R program (version 4.2.1) with Rstudio®® extension. Significant results were observed at a 95% confidence interval and p < 0.05. The condition had an incidence of 4.7% among the 192 cats evaluated over a 2-year period. The findings suggest that a body condition score of 3, an age of 3 to 4 weeks, and a fistula length of 1 to 2 mm correlated with better surgical outcomes, reducing the likelihood of fecal incontinence and anal stenosis development, and enhancing defecation awareness during the perioperative period. This study is the first to report the disease incidence in cats undergoing surgery, according to the authors' knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In a groundbreaking procedure, our team successfully performed surgery on a young Ragdoll cat with a rare type of heart defect known as an infundibular muscular ventricular septal defect, which is a hole between the two lower heart chambers. This condition, if left untreated, can lead to severe heart problems. Therefore, the surgery was performed using a method called cardiopulmonary bypass, which is quite unusual in cats. This approach involved stopping the heart temporarily to repair the defect safely. Despite being a challenging situation, in which an adjacent structure was unintentionally damaged intraoperatively, resulting in a temporary complication that was treated non-surgically, the cat recovered well. By 490 days postoperatively, the cat was healthy with only a minor residual defect, showing that the heart had nearly returned to its normal size. This case highlights a promising surgical option for treating similar heart defects in cats, which can potentially improve their quality of life significantly. Therefore, with proper surgical treatment, even in cases of severe congenital heart disease in cats, owners will be able to live with their cats without the need for numerous medications. Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) can lead to congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension, particularly in patients with large shunts. However, no surgical treatment for feline VSD has been reported. Here, we elucidated the first surgical correction of an infundibular muscular VSD in a one-year-old Ragdoll cat, atypically located and classified under the Soto classification rather than the standard Kirklin classification, through cardiac arrest using cardiopulmonary bypass—a method rarely used in feline cardiac surgery. Detailed echocardiography revealed that the defect required intervention owing to left heart and main pulmonary artery enlargement. Despite the VSD being located on the contralateral side, as anticipated in the preoperative examinations, the choice of median sternotomy allowed for the successful closure of the defect. Conversely, the insertion of two cannulas into the ascending aorta resulted in damage to the adjacent thoracic duct, causing transient chylothorax, which was resolved with conservative treatment. Cardiac arrest induced by a cardioplegic solution facilitated the surgical procedure, although it leads to anemia in cats. However, on postoperative day 490, the patient exhibited only minor residual shunting, with normalized heart size, and remained healthy. This technique appears to be a viable treatment option for congenital heart disease in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a sacrococcygeal epidural (ScE) of 0.25% bupivacaine in preventing sympathetic nervous system activation on feline ovariectomy. During the intraoperative period, traditional hemodynamic variables (heart rate, systolic and median blood pressure, and respiratory rate) and Parasympathetic Tone Activity monitoring were used to assess the activation of the sympathetic nervous system after ScE of 0.25% bupivacaine. This study indicates that implementation of ScE reduces the rise of common hemodynamic variables but does not prevent sympathetic nervous system activation during feline ovariectomy. The ovariectomy (OVE) procedure can trigger somatosensory and visceral peritoneal nociception. Sacrococcygeal epidural (ScE) anesthesia may complement or replace systemic analgesia used for feline OVE, reducing opioid consumption and their related undesirable adverse effects and consequently reducing or completely blocking the sympathetic nervous system activation during this procedure. The present study aimed to evaluate the activation of the sympathetic nervous system resulting from adding an ScE injection of bupivacaine 0.25% (0.3 mL kg−1) in feline OVE and identify whether this translates to hemodynamic variables stability. A Parasympathetic Tone Activity (PTA) monitor was applied given that it performs analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) detecting changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic tone, making it a good tool for detecting activation of the sympathetic nervous system during the study. Two groups of animals were evaluated in five perioperative times, namely, the control group (CG) (n = 18) with systemic analgesia alone and the sacrococcygeal epidural group (ScEG) (n = 20) with 0.25% bupivacaine combined with systemic analgesia. Thirty-eight female cats were selected. All animals assigned to CG and ScEG were premedicated with dexmedetomidine (20 μg kg−1 IM) and methadone (0.2 mg kg−1 IM). General anesthesia was induced with propofol IV ad effectum and maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. Heart rate, non-invasive systolic and median blood pressure, respiratory rate, and instantaneous parasympathetic tone activity were recorded. Compared to systemic analgesia alone (CG), sacrococcygeal epidural (ScEG) reduced the rise of common hemodynamic variables but did not prevent sympathetic nervous system activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a potentially fatal tick-borne zoonosis caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV). In addition to tick bites, animal-to-human transmission of SFTSV has been reported, but little is known about feline SFTSV infection. In this study, we analyzed data on 187 cats with suspected SFTS to identify biomarkers for SFTS diagnosis and clinical outcome. Body weight, red and white blood cell and platelet counts, and serum aspartate aminotransferase and total bilirubin levels were useful for SFTS diagnosis, whereas alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and serum SFTSV RNA levels were associated with clinical outcome. We developed a scoring model to predict SFTSV infection. In addition, we performed a phylogenetic analysis to reveal the relationship between disease severity and viral strain. This study provides comprehensive information on feline SFTS and could contribute to the protection of cat owners, community members, and veterinarians from the risk of cat-transmitted SFTSV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pavement adhesion plays a crucial role in driving safety, while traditional test methods exhibit some limitations. To improve the efficiency and accuracy of asphalt pavement texture characterization and adhesion assessments, this paper uses three-dimensional (3D) laser technology to detect the continuous point cloud data of road surface and reconstruct the 3D topography of pavement texture. On this basis, a volume parameter Volume of peak materials (Vmp) is innovatively proposed to comprehensively characterize the 3D spatial characteristics of road surface texture. The correlation analysis between the proposed Vmp and the traditional adhesion evaluation index Transversal Adhesion Coefficient (CAT) is conducted, and then refined graded adhesion prediction models based on the proposed Vmp are proposed. Results show that the proposed volume parameter Vmp can reliably and accurately characterize the asphalt pavement texture by considering more structural properties of the road surface texture. According to the research findings of this paper, it is feasible to achieve rapid and correct assessment of asphalt pavement adhesion using 3D laser detection technology by comprehensively considering the 3D characteristics of the road surface texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the central role of cats in the transmission and amplification of Sporothrix, studies regarding immune response in feline sporotrichosis are scarce. In cats with sporotrichosis, neutrophil-rich lesions are usually associated to good general condition and lower fungal burden. However, the role of neutrophils in anti-Sporothrix immunity has been little explored in cats. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the neutrophil oxidative burst in the blood of cats with sporotrichosis. Cats with sporotrichosis included in the study were treated with itraconazole (ITZ) alone or combined with potassium iodide (KI). The neutrophil oxidative burst was evaluated through a flow-cytometry-based assay using dihydrorhodamine 123 (background) and stimulation with Zymosan and heat-killed Sporothrix yeasts. The cure rate was 50.0% in cats under treatment with ITZ monotherapy and 90.9% in cats treated with ITZ + KI (p = 0.014), endorsing the combination therapy as an excellent alternative for the treatment of feline sporotrichosis. Higher percentages of Sporothrix-stimulated neutrophils were associated with good general condition (p = 0.003). Higher percentages of Sporothrix- (p = 0.05) and Zymosan-activated (p = 0.014) neutrophils before and early in the treatment were related to clinical cure in ITZ-treated cats. The correlation between oxidative burst and successful use of KI could not be properly assessed given the low number of failures (n = 2) in this treatment group. Nasal mucosa involvement, typically linked to treatment failure, was related to lower percentages of activated neutrophils in the background at the treatment outcome (p = 0.02). Our results suggest a beneficial role of neutrophils in feline sporotrichosis and a positive correlation between neutrophil activation and the cure process in ITZ-treated cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary tract diseases are common in cats, and often require surgical reconstruction. Here, to explore the possibility of urinary tract reconstruction in cats using in-body tissue architecture (iBTA), biosheets fabricated using iBTA technology were implanted into the feline bladder and the regeneration process was histologically evaluated. The biosheets were prepared by embedding molds into the dorsal subcutaneous pouches of six cats for 2 months. A section of the bladder wall was removed, and the biosheets were sutured to the excision site. After 1 and 3 months of implantation, the biosheets were harvested and evaluated histologically. Implantable biosheets were formed with a success rate of 67%. There were no major complications following implantation, including tissue rejection, severe inflammation, or infection. Urinary incontinence was also not observed. Histological evaluation revealed the bladder lumen was almost entirely covered by urothelium after 1 month, with myofibroblast infiltration into the biosheets. After 3 months, the urothelium became multilayered, and mature myocytes and nerve fibers were observed at the implantation site. In conclusion, this study showed that tissue reconstruction using iBTA can be applied to cats, and that biosheets have the potential to be useful in both the structural and functional regeneration of the feline urinary tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Myelolipoma of the spleen is a benign tumour rarely described in cats. These masses typically do not spread to other organs, but their growth can push or displace surrounding tissues and lead to pain or discomfort. In this report we describe a cat that presented to the veterinarian with a history of poor appetite and weight loss. Following thorough diagnostic investigations, presenting complaints were attributed to the intra-abdominal growth of a splenic mass. The mass was removed surgically, but the patient died in the recovery period. This case report highlights the need for careful assessment of a risk–benefit ratio when approaching this rare form of neoplasm in cats. Myelolipoma is a benign, typically inert neoplasm of uncertain aetiology that is rarely reported in cats. Although commonly asymptomatic, in some cases, myelolipomas can cause abdominal discomfort or present with rupture and haemorrhage. Here, we describe a rare case of a splenic myelolipoma in a Domestic Long Hair cat in which, after extensive diagnostic investigations, clinical signs of hyporexia and weight loss were attributable to the presence of an intra-abdominal mass. The patient was treated by splenectomy and unexpectedly died during the post-operative period. Although splenectomy appears to be a sensible intervention in symptomatic patients, the optimal management of splenic myelolipomas in cats remains unknown. The risk–benefit ratio of surgical management needs to be carefully considered, and therapeutic intervention should be tailored individually to each patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a very common coronavirus (FCoV) infectious disease in the feline population. FIP infection is a cause of death in cats and is widespread in domestic cats. FIP can have an acute or chronic clinical form, also known as effusive or non-effusive FIP, respectively. The typical lesion found in the acute form is an effusion in the thoracic and/or abdominal cavities, while collection in the pericardial sac is rare. The chronic form is characterized by pyogranulomatous necrotizing lesions in organs such as the kidney, liver, intestine, lung, eyes, skin, and central nervous system. FIP does not represent a zoonotic risk. The reported case is an uncommon pyogranuloma found in the myocardium in a cat with clinical heart dysfunction. The most important histopathological finding was the myocarditis/myocardial necrosis associated with the presence of S gene-mutated FCoV (M1058L biotype). This is the first described case of myocarditis in an FCoV/FIP M1058L biotype-positive cat. An 8-month-old intact male domestic shorthair cat was referred to the Emergency Service of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) of the Department of Veterinary Science of the University of Parma (Italy) from the Parma municipal multi-cat shelter, during the winter season (January 2023), for lethargy, anorexia, hypothermia, and hypoglycemia. At the VTH, upon cardiologic examination, an increase in heart rate, under normal blood pressure conditions, was detected. Signalment, clinical history, basal metabolic panel (BMP), ultrasound investigations, and cytological findings were all consistent with a diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FIP was confirmed in the effusive abdominal fluid by a molecular genetic test (real-time PCR for feline coronavirus RNA). The molecular genetic investigation also detected an FCoV S gene single-nucleotide mutation: biotype M1058L. At necropsy, an effusive collection was recorded in the abdomen, thoracic cavity, and pericardium sac. White parenchymal nodules, of about 1 mm diameter, were found on the surface and deep in the lungs, liver, kidneys, and heart. Histopathology revealed the typical FIP pyogranulomatous vasculitis and IHC confirmed the presence of the FIP virus (FIPV) antigen. The most relevant histopathological finding was the myocarditis/myocardial necrosis associated with the presence of the S gene-mutated FCoV (M1058L biotype). This is the first case of myocarditis in a cat positive for the FCoV/FIP M1058L biotype. Further studies are necessary to support the mutated FCoV M1058L biotype, as an uncommon, but possible, causative pathogen of myocarditis in FCoV/FIP-positive cats. Studies including several FCoV/FIP M1058L-positive cases could allow us to make a correlation with heart gross pathology, histopathology, and immunolocalization of the FCoV/FIP M1058L biotype in the myocardium. The investigation will potentially allow us to determine the effective tropism of the FCoV/FIP M1058L biotype for myocardiocytes or whether myocardiocyte lesions are evident in the presence of concomitant causes related to the patient, its poor condition, or external environmental distress such as cold season, and whether the aforementioned concomitant events are correlated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Bacterial pneumonia is an important and common diagnosis in small animals with respiratory disease. This review discusses the clinical presentation and diagnostic approach for dogs and cats suspected of having pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia can present in both dogs and cats as either acute or chronic disease, and clinical signs may suggest respiratory or systemic impairment. Aspiration pneumonia, a common form of disease, can be caused by esophageal or laryngeal disease, vomiting, or altered mentation, such as with CNS disease or general anesthesia. Bacterial pneumonia can also develop due to inhaled airway foreign bodies, reduced local immune function, or impaired clearance of respiratory secretions. Rapid identification of the etiology and associated risk factors for pneumonia can help veterinarians develop a targeted therapeutic plan and prevent recurrence of disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming has caused such problems as the poor coloration of grape skin and the decreased production of high-quality berries. We investigated the effect of synephrine (Syn) on anthocyanin accumulation. Anthocyanin accumulation in cultured grape cells treated with Syn at concentrations of 1 mM or higher showed no significant difference, indicating that the accumulation was concentration-independent. On the other hand, anthocyanin accumulation was dependent on the compound used for treatment. The sugar/acid ratio of the juice from berries treated with Syn did not differ from the control. The expression of anthocyanin-biosynthesis-related genes, but not phytohormones, was increased by the treatment with Syn at 24 h or later. The Syn treatment of cultured cells increased SOD3 expression and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production from 3 to 24 h after treatment. Subsequently, the expression of CAT and APX6 encoding H2O2-scavenging enzymes was also increased. Treatment of cultured cells with Syn and H2O2 increased the expression of the H2O2-responsive gene Chit4 and the anthocyanin-biosynthesis-related genes mybA1 and UFGT 4 days after the treatment and increased anthocyanin accumulation 7 days after the treatment. On the other hand, the treatment of berries with Syn and H2O2 increased anthocyanin accumulation after 9 days. These results suggest that Syn increases anthocyanin accumulation through H2O2 production without changing phytohormone biosynthesis. Syn is expected to improve grape skin coloration and contribute to high-quality berry production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Whole-body cryotherapy and winter swimming (cold bath) are treatments that use low temperature as a therapeutic stimulus and have become increasingly popular in recent years. These treatments have many positive effects on the human body. The most important reactions of the body include analgesic and anti-swelling effects, as well as reactions of the immune and circulatory systems and changes in the concentration of many hormones. However, some reports indicate that exposure to extremely low temperatures may induce the production of reactive oxygen species in the body. Healthy people often have an increased level of oxidative stress, which may cause abnormal endothelial function and, consequently, an increased risk of developing hypertension, atherosclerosis and other diseases. Oxidative stress can likewise cause acute or chronic inflammation. In order to combat the harmful effects of free oxygen radicals, in this study we assessed the level of antioxidant enzymes in patients after receiving a cold stimulus. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a series of 20 whole-body cryotherapy sessions and 20 winter swimming sessions on the level of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. The experimental group consisted of 60 people (30 people received cryotherapy and 30 people swam in cold water). The control group—without intervention: 30 people. Each of the three groups was tested twice. Analyzing the changes in the examined indicators, a statistical increase of CAT was observed in men after the use of WBC, as well as an increase of SOD in women and a decrease of SOD in men after the winter swimming season. Regular WS does not seem to place an excessive burden on the body in terms of intensifying oxidative processes. WS sessions once a week can be recommended as an effective method of improving health by causing positive adaptive changes and strengthening the body's antioxidant barrier. WBC may be used as an adjunct therapy in the treatment of diseases caused by oxidative stress, as it improves the body's antioxidant capacity. Further research is needed to elucidate antioxidant mechanisms in humans and to determine the short- and long-term effects of exposure to WS and WBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until recently, the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) in cats usually led to euthanasia, but recent research has revealed that antiviral drugs, including the nucleoside analog GS-441524, have the potential to effectively cure FIP. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) has been suggested as a diagnostic marker for FIP. However, AGP quantification methods are not easily accessible. This study aimed to establish a Spatial Proximity Analyte Reagent Capture Luminescence (SPARCLTM) assay on the VetBio-1 analyzer to determine the AGP concentrations in feline serum and effusion samples. Linearity was found in serial dilutions between 1:2000 and 1:32,000; the intra-run and inter-run precision was <5% and <15%, respectively; and AGP was stable in serum stored for at least 8 days at room temperature, at 4 °C and at −20 °C. Cats with confirmed FIP had significantly higher serum AGP concentrations (median: 2954 µg/mL (range: 200–5861 µg/mL)) than those with other inflammatory diseases (median: 1734 µg/mL (305–3449 µg/mL)) and clinically healthy cats (median 235 µg/mL (range: 78–616 µg/mL); pKW < 0.0001). The AGP concentrations were significantly higher in the effusions from cats with FIP than in those from diseased cats without FIP (pMWU < 0.0001). The AGP concentrations in the serum of cats with FIP undergoing GS-441524 treatment showed a significant drop within the first seven days of treatment and reached normal levels after ~14 days. In conclusion, the VetBio-1 SPARCLTM assay offers a precise, fast and cost-effective method to measure the AGP concentrations in serum and effusion samples of feline patients. The monitoring of the AGP concentration throughout FIP treatment provides a valuable marker to evaluate the treatment's effectiveness and identify potential relapses at an early stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Three-dimensional printing turns a digital model in a computer file into a physical interpretation of the object. This technology is promising in both human and veterinary medicine, enabling the production of anatomical models, customized surgical instruments, implants, and prostheses. Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) techniques have been developed to accelerate fracture healing by preserving soft tissue as well as the environment at the fracture site. Achieving acceptable alignment with MIPO can be challenging, because fractures are typically reduced indirectly and implants are inserted submuscularly, starting at one end of the broken bone. In our study, we presented results of comminuted feline radial fracture repair using MIPO with locking bone plates as a reduction tool. The implants were pre-contoured on 3D-printed bone models of the antebrachium of an adult male and a female domestic shorthair cat. A pre-contoured bone plate is a valuable tool for fracture reduction in MIPO. (1) Background: Due to the unique structural and functional characteristics of the forelimb in cats, fractures of the radius and ulna are best repaired using internal fixation and stabilization in accordance with AO principles. This study presents the results of reduction of 42 cadaveric comminuted feline radial fractures reduced by minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO). (2) Methods: Radius fractures were created on 21 pairs of forelimbs with intact bones. MIPO was then performed using two locking bone plates pre-contoured on 3D-printed bone models of the antebrachium of a male and a female cat. Pre- and postoperative radiographs were taken, and radius length and anatomical lateral distal radial angle (aLDRA) were measured. (3) Results: All fractures were classified as complex diaphyseal fractures of the radius. The radial bone length did not change significantly after surgery (F1,18 = 0.01, p = 0.933). However, the aLDRA was modified after surgery (F1,18 = 7.51, p = 0.013), but this change was only observed in females, in whom the aLDRA was significantly reduced (p = 0.035) compared to the value determined by the shape of the plate. In males, the pre- and postoperative aLDRA values were similar (p = 0.824). In 40 cases, alignment, adjacency of bone fragments, and apparatus were judged to be satisfactory. In two cases, the plate was fixed to the proximal radius and distal ulna due to misidentification of the distal radius. In both cases, revision surgery and correct fixation of the radius gave proper alignment, adjacency, and apparatus. (4) Conclusion: A pre-contoured plate on a 3D-printed model of the male and female domestic cat antebrachium was suitable for the reduction and stabilization of comminuted radial fractures in a cohort of domestic cat cadavers without the need to print individual antebrachial bone models for each patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A study investigated the effects of applying fast-acting insulin directly to surgical wounds in cats. The aim was to see if insulin could speed up the healing process. Sixty healthy female cats undergoing spaying were used in the study. Each surgical site was split into two sections: one receiving insulin treatment and the other serving as a control. The results showed that wounds treated with insulin healed faster, with fewer complications such as liquid buildup and stitch removal. The insulin promoted early infiltration of healing cells, leading to quicker wound closure. This study suggests that applying insulin directly to surgical wounds in cats can improve healing and represents a novel approach in veterinary medicine. Wound healing is a complex biological process involving a coordinated sequence of events aimed at restoring tissue integrity and function. Recent advancements in wound care have introduced novel therapies, with topical insulin application emerging as a promising strategy for promoting tissue healing. This study, involving 60 female cats (n = 60) undergoing elective spaying, aimed to evaluate the effects of topical fast-acting insulin on the healing process of surgical wounds. Each surgical suture was divided into two regions: the control zone (Zcr) without insulin application and the study zone (Zst), where insulin was applied topically for 10 min every 24 h over eight consecutive days. Assessment of suture healing was conducted using an adapted scale at two time points post-surgery: T1 (day 2) and T2 (day 8). Statistically significant differences were registered in the final healing scale scores between Zcr and Zst (p < 0.022), as well as for the parameter of regional fluid (p-value = 0.017). Additionally, at T2, all Zst regions exhibited wound closure, whereas Zcr did not, although not in a statistically significant manner. The observed discrepancy at T2 between the Zcr and Zst regions may suggest a potential benefit of utilizing insulin. No side effects resulting from the insulin topical application performed by the tutors were recorded in the Zst suture group. This study represents the first exploration of the benefits of topical insulin application for surgical wound healing in cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A total of 122 and 56 cats with feline infectious peritonitis achieved remission after the administration of Mutian and molnupiravir (nucleic acid analogs with recently confirmed anti-viral effects) as routine treatments, respectively. Changes in various clinical indicators (body weight, hematocrit, and albumin-to-globulin ratio) before and after the administration of each drug and during follow-up observation were statistically compared for each of its three disease types (effusive, non-effusive, and a mixture of both). In all three disease types, the administration of either Mutian or molnupiravir resulted in statistically significant increases in the above three indicators. Furthermore, the effect of Mutian on improving the albumin-to-globulin ratio was not observed at all in the effusive forms, as compared with that of molnupiravir, but statistically significant in non-effusive and a mixture of both forms. The differences in the albumin-to-globulin ratio observed in the cats with non-effusive and mixed disease types were all due to differences in the fluctuations of circulating globulin levels, potentially indicating that slight inflammatory responses might be elicited continuously by residual feline coronavirus persisted through molnupiravir treatments. Background: feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease in cats classified as either effusive ('wet'), non-effusive ('dry'), or a mixture of both forms ('mixed'). The anti-FIP therapeutic effects of Mutian and molnupiravir, two drugs with a nucleic acid analog as an active ingredient, have been confirmed recently. Methods: Of the cats with FIP, we observed a total of 122 and 56 cases that achieved remission after the administration of Mutian and molnupiravir as routine treatments, respectively. Changes in clinical indicators suggested to be correlated with FIP remission (weight, hematocrit, and albumin-to-globulin ratio) before and after the administration of each drug and during follow-up observation were statistically compared for each FIP type. Results: In all three FIP types, the administration of either Mutian or molnupiravir resulted in statistically significant increases in these indicators. Furthermore, the effect of Mutian on improving the albumin-to-globulin ratio was not observed at all in wet FIP, as compared with that of molnupiravir, but statistically significant in mixed and dry (p < 0.02 and p < 0.003, respectively). The differences in albumin-to-globulin ratio were all due to those of circulating globulin levels. Conclusions: These results indicate that slight inflammatory responses might be elicited continuously by a residual virus that persisted through molnupiravir treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Molecular biomarkers in cancer are measurable genomic alterations that can indicate the risk of developing neoplasia, the presence of neoplastic cells, patient outcome, and/or a likely response to therapy. This review discusses the different uses of molecular biomarkers in the veterinary clinic and how their presence can be determined. In particular, we showcase which genomic alterations are currently used to date as molecular biomarkers in the clinic and for what purposes. We also look at biomarkers that are currently being developed and show promise for clinical use. Finally, we consider the important factors that allow a molecular biomarker to move from the research laboratory to the clinic. This review aims to enable veterinarians to understand the benefits of molecular biomarkers in delivering precision veterinary care to dogs and cats with cancer. Molecular biomarkers are central to personalised medicine for human cancer patients. It is gaining traction as part of standard veterinary clinical practice for dogs and cats with cancer. Molecular biomarkers can be somatic or germline genomic alterations and can be ascertained from tissues or body fluids using various techniques. This review discusses how these genomic alterations can be determined and the findings used in clinical settings as diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and screening biomarkers. We showcase the somatic and germline genomic alterations currently available to date for testing dogs and cats in a clinical setting, discussing their utility in each biomarker class. We also look at some emerging molecular biomarkers that are promising for clinical use. Finally, we discuss the hurdles that need to be overcome in going 'bench to bedside', i.e., the translation from discovery of genomic alterations to adoption by veterinary clinicians. As we understand more of the genomics underlying canine and feline tumours, molecular biomarkers will undoubtedly become a mainstay in delivering precision veterinary care to dogs and cats with cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Dexmedetomidine is a frequently used sedative; however, in some cases, its administration may prove insufficient; therefore, an additional dose or another drug is required to achieve the desired sedative outcome. The present study investigated the sedative effects of commonly used anaesthetics when administered after an inadequate initial dose of dexmedetomidine. Six healthy adult cats were included in the study, and each cat participated seven times. The initial dose of dexmedetomidine was followed by the administration of a second dose of dexmedetomidine, butorphanol, buprenorphine, tramadol, ketamine, midazolam, or saline NS 0.9%. Additionally, atipamezole was administered to all animals to elicit recovery. To assess the sedative effect of each treatment, a sedation scale was used, and recovery quality was evaluated using two recovery scales. The results suggested that the two consecutive doses of dexmedetomidine produced deeper sedation compared to the administration of a single dose of dexmedetomidine. Sedation levels were also enhanced by the administration of dexmedetomidine, butorphanol, or ketamine following the administration of an initial dose of dexmedetomidine, and the recovery quality was good. On the contrary, administration of midazolam following dexmedetomidine administration resulted in inferior sedation and recovery quality. Dexmedetomidine is an a2-agonist commonly used in veterinary practice. Occasionally, the administered dose of dexmedetomidine may result in insufficient sedation, and an additional dose or drug may be required. The sedative effects of seven different drugs administered at subsequent time points after an initial, insufficient dose of dexmedetomidine were evaluated. Seven adult cats participated in this crossover, blind, randomised study. The groups consisted of two consecutive doses of dexmedetomidine (15 + 10 μg/kg) (DD) or a dose of dexmedetomidine (15 μg/kg) followed by either NS 0.9% (DC-control group), tramadol 2 mg/kg (DT), butorphanol 0.2 mg/kg (DBT), buprenorphine 20 μg/kg (DBP), ketamine 2 mg/kg (DK), or midazolam 0.1 mg/kg (DM). Sedation was evaluated using the Grint sedation scale. In all groups, atipamezole was administered at the end of the evaluation, and recovery was assessed using the Lozano and Sams recovery scales. The DC and DM groups exhibited minimal sedative effects. The maximum sedative effect was observed in the DD and DK groups, while sedation in the DD and DK groups was significantly higher compared to the DC group. Recovery in all groups was uneventful, except in the DM group, where it was prolonged and difficult, although no statistically significant difference was detected. Therefore, insufficient sedation with dexmedetomidine can be enhanced by a subsequent dose of dexmedetomidine, ketamine, or butorphanol, whereas the addition of midazolam reduces sedation and prolongs recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reverse zoonotic transmission events of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been described since the start of the pandemic, and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) designated the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in animals a reportable disease. Eighteen domestic and zoo animals in Great Britain and Jersey were tested by APHA for SARS-CoV-2 during 2020–2023. One domestic cat (Felis catus), three domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), and three Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) from a zoo were confirmed positive during 2020–2021 and reported to the WOAH. All seven positive animals were linked with known SARS-CoV-2 positive human contacts. Characterisation of the SARS-CoV-2 variants by genome sequencing indicated that the cat was infected with an early SARS-CoV-2 lineage. The three dogs and three tigers were infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant of concern (B.1.617.2). The role of non-human species in the onward transmission and emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 remain poorly defined. Continued surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in relevant domestic and captive animal species with high levels of human contact is important to monitor transmission at the human−animal interface and to assess their role as potential animal reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Magnetic resonance imaging is an invaluable tool for the diagnosis of brain diseases in veterinary medicine. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the magnetic resonance imaging appearances of and diagnostic approach to brain tumors affecting dogs and cats. Characteristic imaging features often allow for accurate prediction of commonly encountered types of brain tumors in clinical practice, such as meningiomas, gliomas, and pituitary tumors. However, a limitation of magnetic resonance imaging remains that some types of brain tumors, as well as other causes of brain disease, display similar imaging features, which can lead to diagnostic uncertainty and errors. There are also several uncommon to rare variants of brain tumors for which published magnetic resonance imaging descriptions are extremely limited or non-existent, especially in cats. The recent development and clinical usage of quantitative imaging and artificial intelligence techniques show promise for improving the ability of magnetic resonance imaging to correctly diagnose brain tumors and discriminate different tumor types. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used pervasively in veterinary practice for the antemortem diagnosis of intracranial tumors. Here, we provide an illustrated summary of the published MRI features of primary and secondary intracranial tumors of dogs and cats, following PRISMA scoping review guidelines. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant records, and input from stakeholders was solicited to select data for extraction. Sixty-seven studies of moderate to low-level evidence quality describing the MRI features of pathologically confirmed canine and feline brain tumors met inclusion criteria. Considerable variability in data inclusion and reporting, as well as low case numbers, prohibited comparative data analyses. Available data support a holistic MRI approach incorporating lesion number, location within the brain, shape, intrinsic signal appearances on multiparametric sequences, patterns of contrast enhancement, and associated secondary changes in the brain to prioritize differential imaging diagnoses, and often allows for accurate presumptive diagnosis of common intracranial tumors. Quantitative MRI techniques show promise for improving discrimination of neoplastic from non-neoplastic brain lesions, as well as differentiating brain tumor types and grades, but sample size limitations will likely remain a significant practical obstacle to the design of robustly powered radiomic studies. For many brain tumor variants, particularly in cats, there remains a need for standardized studies that correlate clinicopathologic and neuroimaging data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Vitamin A, a vital fat-soluble micronutrient, is indispensable for the health and well-being of companion animals, notably dogs and cats. Its multifaceted roles encompass crucial functions in vision, immune modulation, and reproductive health. Vitamin A is intricately involved in cellular differentiation, gene expression, and antioxidant defense mechanisms, exerting a profound influence on the overall physiological function. A deficiency in this essential vitamin can lead to a spectrum of health issues, including compromised vision, an impaired immune function, and reproductive abnormalities. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved in the absorption, cellular uptake, and metabolic pathways of vitamin A is crucial for optimizing the nutrition of companion animals. Further research on retinoids is essential to deepen our understanding and to refine dietary recommendations tailored to the unique needs of companion animals, thereby ensuring their optimal health and vitality. The health of companion animals, particularly dogs and cats, is significantly influenced by nutrition, with vitamins playing a crucial role. Vitamin A, in particular, is indispensable, with diverse roles ranging from vision to immune modulation and reproduction. Despite its importance, the metabolism and dietary requirements of vitamin A in companion animals remain complex and not fully understood. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the historical perspective, the digestion, the metabolism, the physiological roles, the deficiency, the excess, and the interactions with other micronutrients of vitamin A in companion animals. Additionally, it highlights future research directions and gaps in our understanding. Insights into the metabolism of vitamin A in companion animals, personalized nutrition strategies based on genetic variability, longitudinal studies tracking the status of vitamin A, and investigations into its immunomodulatory effects are crucial for optimizing pet health and wellness. Furthermore, understanding the stability and bioavailability of vitamin A in pet food formulations is essential for ensuring the provision of adequate micronutrients. Overall, this review underscores the importance of vitamin A in companion animal nutrition and the need for further research to enhance our understanding and to optimize dietary recommendations for pet health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A primitive neuroepithelial tumor with the morphological features of medulloepithelioma is described in a young cat with progressive paraparesis. Magnetic resonance showed a dorsal intradural extramedullary space-occupying lesion extending from L5 to L6. The histomorphology and immunoreactivity of the neoplastic cells for vimentin and NSE resembled human medulloepithelioma. This is the first spinal cord medulloepithelioma report in a cat. A 13-month-old, neutered, male, domestic shorthair cat was referred with a history of progressive paraparesis, proprioceptive ataxia, and lumbar spinal pain. Neurological examination revealed non-ambulatory paraparesis consistent with L4-S1 myelopathy. Magnetic resonance of the thoracolumbar spinal cord identified a dorsal intradural extramedullary space-occupying lesion extending from L5 to L6. It was homogeneously hyperintense in T2-weighted imaging and isointense in T1-weighted imaging and exhibited marked and homogeneous contrast enhancement in the T1-weighted post-contrast imaging. The removed tissue was composed of neoplastic cells arranged as pseudostratified or multilayered trabecular and tubular structures, supported by internal and external limiting PAS-positive membranes. The neoplastic cells were immunoreactive for vimentin and NSE and negative for GFAP, Olig2, synaptophysin, PCK, S-100, NeuN, and nestin. The Ki-67 nuclear labeling index was up to 90%. The tumor was consistent with the diagnosis of medulloepithelioma, which is most frequently reported as an intraocular tumor. The morphological and immunohistochemical features of the tumor showed remarkable concordance with most human medulloepitheliomas. This is the first spinal cord medullopethelioma report in a cat, with the clinical, neuroradiological, histological, and immunohistochemical findings being described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A study examined how noise affects cats undergoing surgery in hospitals. Cats exposed to louder noises showed higher stress levels. Monitoring their behavior and breathing helps assess stress. Minimizing hospital noise is crucial for cat welfare, supporting guidelines to make their stay more comfortable. This study emphasizes the importance of minimizing noise levels in hospitals to improve the welfare of hospitalized cats, aligning with existing recommendations for enhancing feline well-being. The study aimed to investigate the impact of noise levels in the hospital environment on the stress experienced by hospitalized cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy surgery. A total of 33 domestic female cats were included in the study, divided into four groups: a control group (CG) and three experimental groups based on ward noise levels: G1 (Quiet, <60 dB), G2 (Medium, between 60 and 85 dB), and G3 (Noisy, >85 dB). Behavioral assessments, respiratory rate (RR), and plasma cortisol levels ([Cort]p) were measured as indicators of stress. A composite measure of stress, termed the final stress value (FSV), was calculated by summing scores across various behavioral categories. Data collection occurred at three time points: immediately following surgery (T1), and at 2 h (T2) and 3 h (T3) post-surgery. FSV and RR were assessed at all three time points (T1, T2, and T3), while [Cort]p levels were measured at T1 and T3. The study observed that the median values of FSV, RR, and [Cort]p tended to increase with both higher noise levels and longer exposure durations to noise. Significant differences in RR were found between group pairs G1G2 at T1 (|D| = 0.63 < cut-off = 0.98), and G2G3 at T2 (|D| = 0.69 < cut-off = 0.97). Regarding [Cort]p, significant differences were noted between the CGG1 group pair at T0 (p < 0.01), and T3 (p = 0.03). Furthermore, an excellent Spearman correlation coefficient (rho = 0.91) was found between FSV and RR, indicating that RR can serve as an effective tool for assessing stress levels in cats. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the welfare of cats in a hospital environment and support the scientific validity of existing recommendations aimed at improving their well-being. Specifically, the study underscores the importance of minimizing noise levels in hospitals as a means to reduce stress in cats. This conclusion aligns with existing guidelines and recommendations for enhancing the welfare of hospitalized cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]