Search

Objective: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is prevalent in patients seeking for rhinoplasty. Yet, psychological assessment of rhinoplasty patients is often dismissed in clinical practice. Findings on depression and anxiety, the two conditions that are highly comorbid with BDD, as well as possible associations between depression and self-esteem are however mixed in the very same group. This study aimed to test a model that explains the relationship between BDD and depression symptoms mediated by self-esteem and symptoms of anxiety. Method: 50 rhinoplasty-planned patients and 42 healthy participants were recruited (Age range: 18-54 years, M=28). Demographic information, scores of BDD, depression and anxiety symptoms and self-esteem were collected. Results: Study groups did not differ significantly in terms of age, gender, level of education/income, marital/work status and history of psychiatric treatment. BDD symptom scores, on the other hand, were significantly higher in the rhinoplasty group compared to control group (p<.001). Symptom scores of BDD, depression and anxiety were correlated significantly in both study groups (p<.001-.05). The mediation model tested showed that self-esteem and anxiety symptoms significantly mediated the relationship between BDD and the depressive symptoms. Discussion: The model holds promise not only for explaining the mixed results of anxiety and depression in rhinoplasty patients but also for drawing inferences about the role of self-esteem and anxiety on the relationship between BDD and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: It is known that psychiatric diseases also affect the quality of life of patients' relatives. The aim of this study is to examine the level of resilience, depression and burnout of the caregivers of forensic psychiatry patients in order to recognize the mental problems that may be experienced by relatives of forensic psychiatry patients who have committed crimes in addition to psychiatric illness. Method: 90 high-security forensic psychiatry patient relatives were included in the study. Sociodemographic data form, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Adult Resilience Scale (RSA) and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) were admi-nistered to all participants. Results: BDI score of caregivers was 10.8±7.7, RSA-total 99.8±12.5, emotional burnout score from MBI subscales 22.5±3.4, depersonalization score 9.4±2.2, personal success score was determined as 16.8±5.4. There was a significant difference between the duration of caregiving in terms of BDI score (p<0.01). The BDI score of the caregivers of the patients with criminal liability was found to be significantly higher than the score of the caregivers of the patients without criminal liability (p< 0.01). Discussion: It was observed that the level of psychological resilience was good in people who took care of psychiatric patients who were subjected to forensic psychiatric examination, but they had mild depression and moderate burnout. It is seen that the relatives of the patients are affected psychologically and the necessary psychosocial support can be positive for the caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the effects of mental disorders on patients with schizophrenia and their mothers. Also, it was aimed to evaluate the patients in terms of internalized stigma, and their mothers' in terms of beliefs about the illness and their mental status as hopelessness, depression, and burnout levels. Method: Participants with SUD (n=30), SCH (n=30), control group (CG) (n=30) and all their mothers (n=90) were included in the study. Pearson chi-square, t test, ANOVA, Dunnet's C post hoc and Scheffe post hoc tests, effect size test eta squared (η2) and Pearson correlation tests were used. Results: The internalized stigma of patients was similar and different from CG. Depression and burnout levels of mothers of patients with SUD were higher than in other groups. The depression levels of mothers were significantly different and had a large effect. Hopelessness was higher in mothers of SUD patients than in mothers of CG. A relationship was found between SUD patients’ mothers' depression, hopelessness, burnout and their negative beliefs toward MI. Discussion: It is seen that the presence of MI has a huge impact on the self-stigmatization of the patient and depression, burnout and hopelessness in their mothers. SUD effects on the mother are more severe. The mental health of the mothers affects their perspectives on MI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Previous hypothesis on the predictability of either psychopathological or chronic metabolic disorders by complete blood count (CBC)-derived, low-grade peripheral inflammatory indicators should be considered with caution given the discrepancies in earlier findings. We aimed to examine the predictability of depression with low-grade inflammatory indices in a background of celiac disease (CD) and the association with gluten-free diet compliance by a case-control study in a pediatric sample.Method: A total of 59 children with a biopsyproven CD were mainly compared with 40 controls in terms of depression and anxiety symptoms, as well as global functionality and CBC-derived indices which the previous studies focused on. Laboratory findings and psychiatric symptoms were examined through subgroups by either depression or gluten-free diet (GFD) compliance. Results: Prevalence of depression was 34% in the celiac group and there was a perpetual association of depression with CD. However, none of the CBCderived indices investigated in earlier studies of either depression or CD was found to be differed by the presence of CD, depression, or status of GFD compliance. Discussion: Despite the presence of strong evidence for the role of inflammation on the prevalent comorbidity of depression with CD, the impact of inflammation on the depression-CD relationship was not demonstrated on these subjected markers which have been previously recommended as good indicators of systemic inflammation, however, with a low level of evidence and contradictory findings on predicting inflammation. The predictability of psychiatric and metabolic outcomes based on chronic inflammatory conditions with these CBCderived indices requires further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to show the level of burnout and the factors related to burnout in Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University School of Medicine students. Method: Data; sociodemographic data form was collected through Maslach Burnout Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory and Beck Hopelessness Inventory. The burnout level of medical students was first examined within the framework of personal and demographic variables. Afterwards, the sample was divided into two groups as preclinical (grades 1, 2 and 3) and clinical (grades 4, 5 and 6). The relationship between burnout and depression, anxiety and hopelessness levels was investigated between the groups and in the whole sample. Results: The results of the analysis showed us the following: There are significant differences in terms of burnout according to the variables of gender, age, class, frequency of going to the hometown, choosing the faculty, living with whom and the average daily amount of sleep. In addition, significant relationships were found between the sub-dimensions of burnout and the levels of depression, anxiety and hopelessness. Among these parameters, depressive symptoms were found to be associated with burnout at a higher level. In addition, no significant difference was found in any area of burnout between the preclinical and clinical groups. Conclusion: Our study determined that the burnout levels of medical students are high. It is thought that this study contributed to revealing the factors that lead doctor candidates to burnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, we aimed to investigate the variables that predict the length of hospital stay and recurrent admission within one year after discharge in psychiatric disorders with psychotic symptoms. Method: The study was conducted with the data of patients who were treated in the inpatient department of the psychiatry department of Gazi University between 2005-2016. Psychiatric disorders with psychotic symptoms were included in the study. ICD-10 was used as the basis for diagnosis. A total of 1670 data of patients were included in the analysis, including 1301 single admission and 369 recurrent admissions. Only the initial admission record data of the patients were used in the analysis. Results: Significant variables that prolong the duration of hospital stay are schizophrenia diagnosis (£=0.186), female gender (£=-0.129), depression diagnosis (£=0.106), recurrent admission (£=0.099), diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder (£=0.055), and advanced age (£=0.053). 33.9% of patients with recurrent admission were readmitted within the first year. Variables predicting recurrent admission in the first year after first admission in patients with psychotic symptoms are, in order of importance; The absence of a diagnosis of schizophrenia (OR=0,368, p=0,002), a short hospital stay (OR=0,981, p=0,007) and no diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder (OR=0,333, p=0,011). Conclusion: Although the diagnosis of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder are predictors that prolong hospital stay, they are significant predictors that reduce recurrent admission. Although the presence of these disorders may seem contradictory at first glance, the prolonged hospital stay may prevent the re-hospitalization of these disorders in the first year. Although this is a prediction, the decrease in recurrent admission as the length of hospitalization supports this prediction. The relationship between the length of stay and recurrent hospitalization in psychiatric disorders accompanied by psychotic symptoms, especially schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, should be considered in further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, our aim is to compare patients diagnosed with skin picking disorder (SPD) and trichotillomania (TTM) with healthy controls in terms of psychological resilience and to examine the relationship between psychological resilience levels and impuisivity. Method: Patients diagnosed with SPD (n=43) and TTM (n=34) according to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, and 46 age, gender and educational status matched individuals as the control group were included in our study. A sociodemographic data form, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI), Barratt Impuisivity Scale (BIS), and Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) were administered to the participants. Results: In the ANCOVA analysis performed by fixing depression and anxiety scores, TTM patients had significantly lower levels of psychological resilience compared to SPD patients and the control group (respectively p=0.002, p=0.001). There were significant negative correlation between the resilience of TTM patients and their depression and impuisivity scores (R2=0.441, F=7.882, df=3, p=0.001). There was a significant negative correlation between resilience and depression scores of patients with SPD (R2 =0.345, F=6.860, df=3, p=0.001). Conclusion: TTM patients had low levels of psychological resilience. Impuisivity and depression scores of TTM patients and depression scores of DYB patients negatively have affected on resilience levels. Improving of coping strategies with stress and enhancing support systems should be contained among therapeutic interventions since TTM and SPD patients have low psychological resilience levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Since radioactive iodine therapy (RIT) applied in the treatment of patients with papillary thyroid cancer requires isolation, the distress in this period is a difficult issue for the clinician to cope with. Therefore, we aimed to address the prevalence of distress just before RIT, to examine some sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with distress, and to determine the relationship between distress and perceived social support. Method: Psychiatric examination of 143 patients was performed. Distress thermometer (DT), hospital anxiety depression scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) were applied. Those with a cut-off score of 4 and above in DT were included in the distressed group. Results: The prevalence of distress was 78%. Those with distress had more psychopathology, low and high income, comorbid physical illness, higher anxiety and depression scores, and lower MSPSS scores. Family problems, physical problems and depressive symptoms were predictors of distress. Discussion: Prevalence of distress is high among thyroid cancer patients just before RIT. Since psychopathology, anxiety, and depressive symptoms are more common in distressed group, the clinician's request for psychiatric consultation before RIT will facilitate coping with the distress du-ring the isolation process. On the other hand, family problems, which can be considered as the negative aspect of social support, seem to predict distress. Since physical problems and depressive symptoms also predict distress, it is important to consider the medical and psychosocial factors as a whole when assessing the patient's distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the Turkish validity and reliability of the Male Depression Risk Scale (MDRS) and the Gender-Sensitive Depression Scale (GSDS). Method: 108 patients met the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder applied to Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University Faculty of Medicine and Yozgat City Hospital Psychiatry Clinic and 98 healthy controls were included in the study. All participants were given the MDRS, GSDS, and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) self-report scales. Explanatory factor analysis, correlation analyzes, and Mann-Whitney U and t test were used for disciriminant-convergent validity. Internal consistency coefficient and item-total score correlations were calculated for reliability. ROC analysis was conducted to show how much the scales differentiates the patient and the healthy control group. Results: Three-factor solution was obtained for both scales. These factors are Alcohol, Substance and Depression for MDRS; Dysphoria-Irritability, Impulsivity-Shame, and Alcohol for GSDS. Item factor loads were between 0.347-0.893 in MDRS and 0.377-0.962 in GSDS. The scales have been shown to be valid in terms of convergent and discriminant validity. At the same time, the scales were found to be reliable, and the internal consistency coefficients were 0.912 and 0.917 for MDRS and GSDS, respectively. The reliability of the subscales is also at an acceptable level. Subscale scores for both scales, except alcohol and substance dimensions, were significantly higher in women. The area under the curve was 0.847 for MDRS and 0.868 for GSDS in the ROC analysis. Conclusion: The analyses revelaed that Turkish forms of MDRS and GSDS were valid and reliable. Male-type depression symptoms were not specific to men, but the results pointed to a separate type in which externalizing symptoms are dominant. These scales are thought to be valuable and useful for studies to be conducted in our country with male-type depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Social media usage is increasing gradually and the websites that enable social interaction may influence people's loneliness and depression levels. The aim of the present research was to examine the multiple mediating roles of self-esteem and happiness in the relationship between loneliness and depression. Method: The study sample was composed of 409 Facebook and Instagram users. Data were collected by using personal information form, Beck Depression Inventory, Oxford Happiness Scale-Short Form, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and UCLA Loneliness Scale. Correlation analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between variables. Multiple mediation analysis was conducted to determine the mediating roles of self-esteem and happiness in the relationship between loneliness and depression. Results: The results suggest that self-esteem and happiness, indeed, have mediating roles in the relationship between loneliness and depression, and multiple mediation models were found to be statistically significant. The frequency of accessing Instagram was positively associated with depression and loneliness. Facebook users had higher self-esteem levels compared to Instagram users. Discussion: In conclusion, the relationship between loneliness and depression was found to be significantly mediated by self-esteem and happiness. Increased frequency of access to Instagram every day was found to increases the level of depression and loneliness. Additionally, Instagram users were found to have lower self-esteem compared to Facebook users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the association between suicidal behavior, perceived gender equality, and childhood traumas among depressive adolescent girls who have attempted suicide in the last 1 year. Method: 84 adolescent girls aged between 12-18 (Eastern Provinces n=34, Western Provinces n=50) were assessed via Columbia Suicide Severity Scale by clinicians to determine the severity of their suicidal behavior. Participants and their mothers filled the Perception of Gender Scale (PGS); participants completed Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: Participants from the eastern provinces had significantly lower PGS scores (t=-2.369, p=0.02) and higher BDE (t=-2.081, p=0.04), and CTQ-Emotional Neglect (U=537.500, p=0.03) scores than those from the western provinces. Participants from the eastern provinces more frequently classified into high-severity suicide cluster than those from the western provinces (X2(1)=6.215, p=0.01). PGS score was significantly correlated with both CTQ-emotional neglect score (rho=-0.240, p=0.03), maternal education level (rho=0.282, p=0.001), and maternal-PGS score (rho=0.430, p<0.001). Adolescents in high-severity suicide cluster had lower PGS (t=-2.369, p=0.02) and maternal-PGS scores (t=-2.138, p=0.03) and higher CTQ scores (t=2.195, p=0.03) than those in low-severity suicide cluster. In the logistic regression analysis, the only significant variable that predicted being in the high-severity suicide cluster was maternal-PGS score (B=-0.051, p=0.02). Discussion: The current study showed that more traditional gender role perception in mothers and adolescents was associated with more severe suicide attempts among depressive adolescent girls. Having been raised in families with more traditional social roles may have caused these adolescents to experience more emotional neglect, higher depression severity, thus more severe suicidal behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The relationship between psychotic symptoms and insight is repeatedly shown. Studies intended to present the relationship between insight and psychosis are mostly conducted on psychotic disorders. However, knowledge about psychotic experiences (PEs) and insight is limited for non-psychotic disorders, like depression. It was aimed to compare patients with non-psychotic depression and healthy controls in terms of insight and investigate the relationship between insight and PEs. Method: 49 patients with depression and 42 healthy controls were included. Sociodemographic Data Form, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI), Self-reflection and Insight Scale (SRIS), Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE42) and Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS) were applied to participants. Results: TLevels of PEs were significantly higher and levels of SRIS insight subscale were lower in patients with depression than healthy controls. There were significant negative correlations between SRIS insight subscale and levels of PEs. Levels of PEs were predicted by scores of HAM-D, BAI and SRIS insight subscale, but BAI was the only variable which maintained significance in multiple regression analysis. Discussion: Patients with non-psychotic depression could manifest impaired insight and a mild form of psychotic features and there is a relationship between these two psychiatric phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of our study is to determine the frequeny of depression/anxiety, suicidal behaviour and sleep problems in the first and sixth year medical students and to compare the both groups in terms of specified parametres and evaluate the possible change during the course. Method: This cross-sectional study included 205 first year and 81 sixth year medical students between January 2020 and March 2020 at a faculty of medicine. Data were collected using self-report questionnaire consist of sociodemographic data form, Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index. Results: While there was no significant difference in anxiety scores, depression scores of sixth year students were significantly higher. Among all students, the percentage of higher cut off depression and anxiety scores were 40% and 36%, respectively. Suicidal ideation and suicide plan were significantly higher in students with high depression score. Use of sleep medication and daytime dysfunction scores were higher in the sixth year. During the last year among all students, 3.5% (n = 10) had self-harm behavior, 9.2% (n = 26) had serious suicidal thoughts, 9.5% (n=27) had suicide plans and 1.1% (n = 3) of students had suicide attempt. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of self-harm behavior, suicidal ideation, suicide plan and suicide attempt. Discussion: Our findings suggest that medical school students is at risk for mood disorders, suicide and sleep problems. This risk, which is higher than the general population, appears to increase in the later years of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: It is known that refugee children and adolescents are at risk in terms of susceptibility to mental illnesses. It will be important to recognize the mental problems of this disadvantaged group in an early period and to serve appropriate treatment approaches with addressing quicly the risk factors and develop necessary strategies. In our study, it was aimed to review the data of a specialized Refugee Child Mental Health Unit to provide mental health services to refugee children and adolescents. Method: Data on sociodemographic characteristics, educational status, diagnoses made according to DSM-5 classification system, follow-up processes and treatments of children and adolescents who applied to the refugee outpatient clinic between 2017-2020 were analyzed. Results: The sample of our study consisted of 156 children and adolescents (n=50, 32.1% girls; n= 106, 67.9% boys) with a mean age of 10.8 ± 2.9 years. It was learned that 104 of the children (66.7%) went to school, but 65.7% (n=69) of those did not attend at school regularly. It was observed that almost half of the outpatient clinic applications (n=68, 43.6%) did not come to the follow-up appointments given after the first interview. The most common diagnoses are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (n=42, 26.9%), posttraumatic stress disorder (n=42, 26.9%), major depressive disorder (n=39, 25%), and anxiety disorders (n=36, 23.1%). It was observed that 13 (8.3%) patients applied to the outpatient clinic after exposure to sexual abuse. Discussion: The results of our study showed that refugee children complain of many mental illnesses, and it was thought that increasing the health and education opportunities available to them and developing policies specific to our country in these areas would be protective in terms of mental health for this particular group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children and adolescents. The majority of studies on this subject have been performed in Western societies, and few have investigated quality of life in children. The purpose of this study was to investigate quality of life, anxiety and depressive symptoms in children living with parental cancer. Method: The case group consisted of 50 children, aged 8-16 years old, with a parent diagnosed with cancer. A group of 50 children, aged and gender matched, with healthy parents was included as the control group. All subjects were administered the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCAD-S) to assess the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Parents completed the Questionnaire for Quality of Life Assessment for Children and Adolescents: Parent Form to determine the child's quality of life. Results: Depression (p=0.011) and anxiety (p=0.011) scores were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group. Among the anxiety disorder symptoms, symptoms of separation anxiety were more common in case group (p=0.032). Compared to the control group, the case group reported a significantly lower quality of life (p=0.045). Discussion: Children of parents with cancer may suffer from anxiety and depression that may reduce their quality of life. Clinicians should collaborate with relevant disciplines and have a family-based, multidimensional view when evaluating patients with cancer who have children. Consulting or refering to child psychiatry may be considered when emotional and/or behavioral problems present in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics and the factors affecting the duration of hospitalization in geriatric depression patients treated in a university hospital were evaluated. Method: Geriatric depression patients who were hospitalized between 2009-2019 were evaluated retrospectively. 76 geriatric depression patients were included in the study. Comparisons were made according to whether patients were resistant to treatment and the age of onset of the disease. Factors affecting the duration of hospitalization were evaluated. Results: 44 of 76 patients who participated in the study were male. Most of the patients (42/76) were admitted to the psychiatry clinic for the first time, and 20 of them were considered depressive disorder with psychotic features. ECT was applied to 10 of the patients, 28 of them had Magnetic Resonance Imaging and 23 of them had white matter hyperintensities in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. At the time of discharge, antipsychotics in 41 patients, benzodiazepines in 31 patients, and a mood stabilizer in seven patients were recommended in combination with antidepressants in 61 patients. Geriatric depressive patients who were resistant to treatment or had psychotic symptoms were hospitalized for a longer period of time. There was no difference between early and late onset geriatric depression groups in terms of gender, length of stay, psychotic feature, and treatment resistance. Discussion: According to the findings of the study, it was determined that most of the geriatric depression patients who received inpatient treatment were admitted to the psychiatry clinic for the first time, early and late onset did not differ in response to treatment, and the fact that depressive episode had a psychotic feature or was resistant to treatment was two variables that prolonged the hospitalization period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Terrorist attacks are a form of action that negatively affect an individual's life by causing heavy social, economic, political and psychological consequences in the society. This study aimed to determine the rates of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the sixth month after the end of missile attacks that started in January 2016 in Kilis near Turkish-Syrian border due to the Syria war and lasted about six months. Method: This study contained a total of 160 participants, including 80 individuals who lived in this region in the sixth month after the end of missile attacks and were exposed to events and 80 healthy volunteers who did not live in this region during missile attacks. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), Beck Depression Inventory, Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version (PCLC), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Sociodemographic Information Form was administered to all participants under the guidance of a clinician. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic factors. The rates of anxiety, depression and PTSD were found significantly higher in individuals exposed to missile attacks compared to healthy controls. There was no significant relationship between age, gender, marital status, income level and depression-PTSD. It was determined that individuals diagnosed with depression and PTSD had higher education level. In addition, the diagnosis of depression and PTSD was found to be significantly higher in individuals who previously received psychiatric treatment and who lost their relatives due to missile attacks. Discussion: This study supports the information that individuals who are exposed to terrorist attacks have a high rate of PTSD. Large sample size and long-term studies should be done to reveal the mental consequences of such attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of depression, anxiety, somatization symptoms, attachment dimensions and resilience with infertilitiy related stress. Our second aim was to explore the associations of In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) treatment outcome with attachment dimensions, resilience, infertility related stress, depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms. Method: 88 women who were consecutively applied to the Kocaeli University Medical Faculty Department of Gynecology and Obstetric, Assisted Reproductive Techniques Center and found eligible for IVF treatment were inclu-ded in the study. Sociodemographic data form, depression, anxiety and somatization subscales of Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), Experiences in Close Relationships Scale (ECR), The Resilience in Midlife Scale (RIM) and Fertility Problem Inventory (FPI) were administered to all participants before IVF treatment protocol. Participants were evaluated whether pregnancy occurred or not 3 months after the IVF treatment protocol was applied. Results: A significant positive correlation was found between the FSE total score and the ECR anxiety (p<0.001, r=0.314) and ECR avoidance (p<0.001, r=0.364) scores. A negative correlation was found also between the FSE total score and RIM total score (p<0.001, r=-0.434). It was found that BSI anxiety, depression and somatization scores, ECR anxiety and avoidance scores, RIM total and subscale scores and FSE total score averages did not differ according to IVF treatment outcome. Discussion: The results of our study showed that the anxiety and avoidance dimensions of attachment and resilience are related to infertility stress. Anxiety, depression, somatization, infertility related stress, attachment and resilience scores were not associated with IVF treatment outcome. Psychosocial interventions to strengthen resilience and attachment based therapeutic approaches may help to reduce infertility related stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of hypnotherapy on depression and anxiety levels of obese patients who were admitted to hypnotherapy sessions for healthy and balanced diet. Method: The study sample consisted of 60 individuals who presented to the Psychiatry Polyclinic of Numune Hospital, who volunteered to participate in the study, whose Body Mass Index was 30 and above and who completed 10-week hypnotherapy session. Firstly, the participants' body mass indexes were determined after their "personal information forms" were filled in. Before the hypnotherapy sessions were started, the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory were administered to each participant. After that, hypnotherapy sessions were performed for 10 weeks, one session per week. At the end of a 10-week hypnotherapy session, the participants' Body Mass Indexes were determined again, and the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory were re-administered. Then the effectiveness of hypnotherapy was evaluated by comparing the pre- and post-therapy Body Mass Indexes, and the scores obtained from the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Results: The comparison of the pre- and post-therapy Body Mass Indexes, and the scores obtained from the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory demonstrated significant differences (p<0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between the scores obtained from the Beck Depression Inventory and those obtained from Beck Anxiety Inventory (p <0.001). Discussion: The present study demonstrated that the use of hypnotherapy in the treatment of obesity was effective in reducing depression and anxiety levels of obese patients. It is recommended that future studies should be performed to investigate the long-term effects of the hypnotherapy and consist of larger samples including a control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to study the possible relationships between depressive symptoms, future expectations (i.e. prospections), and prefrontal functions. More specifically, the potential mediating effects of future expectations in the relationship between depressive symptoms and prefrontal functions were investigated. Method: Data collection tools included Beck Depression Inventory, Prefrontal Functions Scale based on Interpersonal Neurobiology, and Subjective Probability Task - Turkish Version. Study sample included 401 undergraduate students, where 235 (58.6%) of those were female and 166 (41.4%) were male. Participants had an age range of 18-31, and the mean age was found to be 21.44 (sd = 2.33). Results: Statistical analyses revealed that as depression symptoms strengthen, there appears to be a corresponding decrease in the ratings for positive prospection, and a counter increase in the ratings for negative prospection (i.e. how likely they think such events will happen to them in the future). Furthermore, prefrontal functioning suffered a significant decline as depression scores increased. The mediated regression model further indicated that positive as well as negative prospections did indeed have partial mediating effects in regulating the relationship between depression scores and prefontal functioning. Discussion: Results of the study are considered to be of possible value for the aim of structuring specific psychotherapy interventions. Identification of strictly held attitudes of clients, for instance, alongside with the inability to identify alternative solutions to problems encountered, strict reliance on specific explanations as causes behind them, or weakening cognitive flexibility, can be prioritized earlier in therapy and the following progress can, hence, be planned accordingly. Investigation of prospective thoughts can also be informative in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

distribution of psychiatric diagnoses and anxiety/depression levels of adolescents who applied to a child and adolescent psychiatry department. Method: The study included adolescents aged 12-18 years who applied the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department of Mardin State Hospital. The psychiatric diagnoses of the patients were determined by clinical interview according to DSMV. Besides, sociodemographic data form, Children's Depression Inventory and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were filled to the patients. Results: 54 adolescents were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 15.7 years old. According to DSM-V Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was found the most common diagnosis (n: 16, 29.6%). This was followed by Depressive Disorders (n: 12, 22.2%) and Anxiety Disorders (n: 9, 16.6%). The most common diagnosis is ADHD in boys and Depressive Disorders in girls. The mean depression score was 21.8 and 27 (58.7%) were above the cut-off score. The mean of the State Anxiety Scale found 48.1 and the mean of the Trait Anxiety Scale found 50.8. According to the cut-off scores, 36 (78.3%) of the patients had a high level of situational anxiety and 35 (76.1%) had a high level of trait anxiety. Discussion: Psychopathology rates and depression / anxiety levels are high peers in adolescents who drop out of school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: It is known that experiential and coginitive features of intrusive memories differ in accordance with the type and severity of psychological disorders. This investigation sought to gather all the experiential and cognitive dispositions of intrusive memories that take place in literature and to make comparisons in terms of the mentioned dispositions between participants with high and low depressive symptoms. It is also aimed to reveal perceived temporal distance and reconsolidation processes of intrusive memories. Method: 134 participants are asked to describe narratives of their intrusivememories experienced in the preceding week. Beck Depression Inventory was applied in order to determine depression severity while the Post Traumatic Stress Symptom Inventory-Intrusion was applied in order to determine intrusions of memory. Results: It has been found that when the time of the memories intrude, the group with high depressive symptoms experience more helplessness and sadness and make more negative attributions to themselves and to the future compared to the group with low depressive symptoms. Finally, level of intrusion serves as mediator variable in the relation between depressive symptoms and reconsolidation process while reconsolidation process serves as mediator variable in the relation between level of intrusion and percieved temporal distance. Discussion: Phenomenological differences in accordance with depression severity have been discussed. Additionally, the mediator role of intrusion in the relation between depressive symptoms and reconsolidation process and the mediator role of reconsolidation process in the relation between intrusions and percieved temporal distance have been discussed. It is thought that more studies in the area of intrusive memories are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood and a significant number of symptoms continue in adulthood. Depression is very common in the daily practice of psychiatrists whereas patients with ADHD comorbidity could not be considered by the clinicians. One of the less studied aspects of adult ADHD is its association with childhood traumas. The aim of this study was to compare adults with major depression (MD) with or without ADHD comorbidity (MD-ADHD) in terms of childhood traumas and the severity of psychopathology. Method: 33 inpatients with MD-ADHD and 30 inpatients with MD were included in the study. The diagnoses were made according to DSM-V criteria, and sociodemographic evaluation scale, Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Scale (A-ADHDS), Hamilton Depression Scale (HDS), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and Personal Social Performance Scale (PSPS) were applied to the patients. Results: The mean HDS scores of MD-ADHD patients during hospital-ization were higher (p=0.007), total CTQ scores were higher (p=0.006), and mean PSPS scores were lower than the MD group (p=0.012). The mean scores of emotional abuse, physical neglect, and physical abuse were higher in MD-ADHD patients (p=0.013; p=0.017; p=0.016; respectively). All trauma scores except emotional neglect and sexual abuse were higher in combined type ADHD than the other two groups. Discussion: Depression patients with comorbid ADHD had more severe depression level and lower functionality compared to those with depression alone. It is important to investigate the history of childhood traumas in adults with depression and ADHD comorbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also called "silent epidemic", is still a serious public health problem, even with modern medicine of the 21st century. Approximately 70 million people worldwide suffer traumatic brain injury each year. Psychiatric disorders are one of the short-term and long-term complications of TBI. Almost all psychiatric disorders, especially depression, anxiety disorders and alcohol/substance abuse, increase after TBI. Attention should be paid to the increase in suicide attempts because of the difficulties experienced in the physical, psychological and social areas. After TBI, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin levels are changing and this change partially explains the occurrence of psychiatric symptoms. Pharmacological drugs can be used to modify these changing neurotransmitters. In addition to pharmacological treatment, environmental interventions and cognitive behavioral therapy have an important role in the treatment of TBI. Although TBI is beter understood with time, it is still an important problem. Trauma not only affects the patient but also affects the whole family, especially the caregiver. In this respect TBI is seen as a problem of society. In addition, the children of parents with TBI are at serious risk for psychiatric disorders. All patients with TBI should be evaluated and treated in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Self-disgust is experienced toward one's own behavioral, physical appearance or personality. Recent studies have emphasized the role of self-directed disgust in the development of several emotional and behavioral problems, especially depression. Self-disgust is also considered an important concept having potential to highlight not only many clinical but also social mechanisms. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to translate Self-Disgust Scale Revised that is a self-report tool assessing the level of self-directed disgust, into Turkish and to examine its psychometric properties. Method: The study was carried out with 382 volunteer undergraduate students (310 females and 72 males) between the ages 18 and 29. In addition to Self-Disgust Scale Revised, Beck Depression Inventory, Positive and Negative Affect Scale, Psychological Well-Being Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Disgust Scale (Revised) were administered during data collection. Results: The result of the explanatory factor analysis supported the original factor structure indicating that the general self-disgust consisted two dimensions, named as, behavioral and physical appearance based disgust. The reliability analyses also revealed that total scale and the subscales of behavioral and appearance self-disgust had high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Additionally, the divergent and convergent validity of the scale were confirmed with the correlation between the scale and the other variables in the study. The results also indicated that self-disgust differed from general disgust sensitivity. Discussion: The overall findings of the study revealed that, Turkish version of the Self-Disgust Scale-Revised was an instrument to assess self-directed disgust with satisfactory reliablity and validity values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in patients with severe mental disorders are higher than the general population. It was aimed to calculate the 10 year cardiovascular disease risk by using Framingham risk scoring (FRS) and investigate the relationship between this score and C-reactive protein in psychiatric inpatients of a university hospital. Method: Inpatients with the diagnosis of major depression, bipolar disorders and psychotic disorders in six months time were included in the study. Participants were assessed based on their gender, age, body mass index, waist circumference, FRS, and CRP levels. Results: The calculated 10 year cardiovascular disease development risk did not differ between the diagnosis (p=0,39), but found to be significantly higher in males than females (p=0,002). FRS levels showed positive correlations with male gender (p=0,002), age (p=0,000), waist circumference (p=0,001), and body mass index (p=0,001). Discussion: We have to evaluate coesisting somatic diseases of psychiatric patients as well as behavioral and psychological problems. Using FRS, evaluating body mass index and waist circumference could help us predict the risky population and we could consider our drug treatment choices accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to compare job satisfaction, burnout, and depression scores of medical doctors from different regions in Turkey. Method: A cross-sectional study was performed during October 2013 in three cities from Turkey. Participants were asked to self-administer a demographic information questionnaire, the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (Internal work satisfaction-IWS and External work satisfaction-EWS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Maslach Emotional Exhaustion Score (MEES), and Maslach Personal Accomplishment Score (MPAS). Results: Mean (±SD) Total work satisfaction score was 66.2±12.6. 118 participants had BDI scores of 10 or less while 40 participants had 11 or higher scores. Proportions for poor depersonalization, emotional exhaustion, and personal accomplishment were 18.6% (n=29), 5.8% (n=9), and 81.9% (n=127) respectively. There were significant differences concerning some variables between the three cities. Most of the doctors in Şırnak and Hakkari were younger, single, and less experienced compared to the more developed Çanakkale (p<0.05). Discussion: In a hierarchical regression analysis, independent of the other factors, MPAS and MEES were predictors of the total job satisfaction score. MPAS and MEES are the most significant independent variables affecting job satisfaction. Decreasing stressors and assuring a motivating and supportive environment may prove to be helpful in the enhancement of job satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pharmacotherapeutics have been used as a primary agent in migraine treatment. The detection of triggers that exacerbated migraine in recent years and the effectiveness of the surgical interventions applied in this area have been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to investigate the depression, anxiety and quality of life in migraine patients seeking surgical treatment by comparing them with migraine and non-migraine group. Method: A total of 105 participants were included in the study: 35 migraine patients seeking surgical treatment, 35 migraine patients not-seeking surgical treatment, and 35 healthy controls without migraine. Participants filled out forms consisting of Beck Depression Scale, Beck Anxiety Scale, SF-36 Quality of Life Scale and sociodemographic data form. One-way analysis of variance and Post-hoc Bonferroni test were used to assess intergroup depression, anxiety and quality of life scores. Results:Anxiety (F=6,02; p=0,003), and depression (F=10,72; p<0,001) scores were higher in migraine patients seeking surgical treatment group. In the quality of life subscales, bodily pain scores were higher (F=13,09; p<0,001); role-physical (F=14,72; p=0,003) and role-emotional (F=6,11; p=0,003) scores were found to be lower than the other groups. Discussion: Surgical treatment seeking behavior in migraine patients is associated with more severe anxiety and depression and worse quality of life. Psychiatric evaluation of migraine patients seeking surgical treatment may be important in detecting psychiatric disorders at the diagnostic level and in increasing the quality of life of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although it's well known that Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is frequent in intensive care and emergency departments employees, this subject has been studied very rare. PTSD frequency, burnout and the methods of coping with PTSD were investigated in our study in employees working at this area from various hospitals from our country. Method: Data of 123 emergency department, 139 intensive care unit employees and 133 control included from different centers to the study were evaluated. The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Coping Style Scale and sociodemographic data form developed for the study were applied to all participants. Results: The rates of PTSD in emergency employees, in intensive care unit employees and in controls were 23.6%, 15.8% and 6% respectively.The HAD scores of both the emergency and intensive care groups were higher than the control group. Discussion: Emergency and intensive care unit employees are risky people for especially PTSD and psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. Various precautions must be taken at this kind of workplaces in terms of preventive mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Psychiatric co-morbidity and attachment issues are prevalent in obese patients. A possible relationship between insecure attachment styles and eating disorder risk has been proposed. The aim of this study is to determine the psychiatric co-morbidity, attachment styles and related risk factors in obese patients. Method: Obese patients with body mass index of 30 kg/m2 or higher and non-obese controls matched for age, sex and education were included with a total sample of 173 participants. Diagnostic assessment using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders and the Adult Attachment Scale, Hamilton Depression and Hamilton Anxiety scales were carried out. Attachment styles were classified as-anxious/ambivalent, avoidant and secure. The anxious/ambivalant and avoidant groups were combined and compared with the secure group. Results: Fifty three (40.8%) obese patients had psychiatric disorders including major depression (n=44; 33.8%). Anxiety was found to be a risk factor with obesity and BMI in both patients with or without any psychiatric co-morbidity. Psychiatric co-morbidity was significantly higher in obese patients (40.8%) than controls (18.6%). 55.4% of the participants had insecure attachment styles, it was significantly higher in obese patients. Insecure attachment styles were higher with psychiatric co-morbidity. Discussion: Psychiatric co-morbidity and insecure attachment styles were prevalent in obese patients, and the symptom of anxiety was found to be a predictor of obesity and body mass index. Psychiatric examinations including attachment styles and anxiety will help to advance better treatment strategies for obese patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Turkey is the leading refugee hosting country in the world by hosting more than 3,5 million people whom almost half of them are children under age 18. We aimed to investigate psychiatric disorders that seen among kids applied to 'Migrant Children Outpatient Treatment Unit' of Marmara University Pendik Training and Research Hospital which is speacilized to provide psychiatric care for refugee children. Method: We investigated follow up files of 41 children applied to 'Migrant Child Outpatient Treatment Unit' between May 2017 to November 2017 retrospectively. Socio-demographical data and diagnoses of children according to DSM-5 classification system were analyzed. Results: Of the 41 children 16 (30,3 %) were girl and 25 (69,7 %) were boy. The average age and time after resettlement were 9.4+4 years and 30.2+15 months respectively. Seventy five percent of parents stated that a person close to them has died, while 87.9 % reported that their children have witnessed to clashes during war. 45 % children stated to have seen a dead or injured person in Syria. Of the children 13 (31.7 %) were diagnosed with anxiety disorders, 13 (31.7 %) with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 10 (24.4 %) with major depressive disorder, 9 (22.0 %) with post-traumatic stress disorder, 8 with (19.5 %) speech disorders, 7 (17.1 %) with enuresis and 4 (9.8 %) with autism spectrum di-sorder. Discussion: Our findings indicating that refugee children suffer from a wide range of psychiatric disorders which may deteriorate their social and academical functionality and entegration to the new culture years after ressetlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotion regulation defined as which emotional processes that people have and how these processes are experienced and expressed. Difficulties in emotion regulation abilities are one possible mechanisms that play role in several psychopathologies. Depressive symptoms, which create difficulties in individuals' cognitive, somatic, and behavioral domains in everyday life can be explained by difficulties in emotion regulation abilities. Negative mood that depressive people have do not dependent on context and maintains when facing both positive and negative stimuli. The negative and long term effects of depressive mood are related with the use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and deficiency in the usage of adaptive emotion regulation strategies. Depressive mood usually maintains while using rumination and expressive suppression. On the other hand, depressive mood usually decreases while using reevaluation, acceptance, and changing the viewpoint regarding the situation. Nevertheless, functionality of emotion regulation strategies may differ based on features of individuals, social context, and emotional context. In the light of previous studies, the relation between depression and emotion regulation processes will be examined and the information regarding individual differences will be explained, as well. Finally, the studies in the literature will be summarized and suggestions were included for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Object: In the most general sense, guilt is conceptualized as a strong, intense and negative emotion that quickly emerges when people do not live up according to internal values, judgements and social standards or violate them. The aim of the present study was to investigate the factor structure of Guilt Inventory that developed by Kugler and Jones with confirmatory and explanatory factor analyses and reevaluate the psychometric properties of the new Turkish form in depression and non-clinical samples. Methods: For this purpose, 448 university students, 107 healthy controls and 56 adults diagnosed with depression were asked to fill out the questionnaire set consisted of the Guilt Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Disgust Scale- Revised Form and The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Anxiety Form.Results: According to the results, original form of Guilt Inventory did not work at the desired level in Turkish culture. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyzes revealed that the new form with 35 items and 3 subscales works much more appropriately. The analyses of group comparison and correlations with other scales indicated that Turkish version of the Guilt Inventory had satisfactory convergent, divergent and criterion validity. Additively, internal consistency, item-total correlations and Guttman split-half reliability coefficients showed that the Turkish form of Guilt Inventory had good reliability values which were comparable to the original version of the scale. Discussion: In conclusion, results revealed that the Turkish version of Guilt Inventory is a reliable and valid measurement tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Object: Psychodrama enables a formulation related with the factors causing depression while contributing to the patients to acquire insight and get well. With psychodrama group psychotherapy applications, the patients can benefit from the treating factors of group study as well as the specific technique and interventions of psychodrama. The objective in this study was to summarize the psychodrama psychotherapy application process on depression patients with antidepressant use and to discuss the points which are thought to contribute to recuperation. Methods: A total of 15 patients with mild-moderate level of depression participated in the study and 9 patients completed the group process. In addition to medications, a total of 16 sessions of group psychotherapy and psychodrama studies were applied on the patients with 3 hours of each per week. The severity of depression was assessed via Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D17). Expectations of the patients from group therapy were asked during the first session and a common list was prepared using the recorded responses. It was evaluated in the final session whether these expectations have been met or not. Results: The initial HAM-D17 score average of the patients was determined as 13.33 (±2.39), whereas it was determined as 5.88 (±4.01) at the end of the treatment. A statistically significant decrease was determined in the severity of depressive symptoms after treatment (z=2.677, p=0.007, Wilcoxon test). The expectations of the patients from group psychotherapy and psychodrama were revised. It was determined at the end of the treatment that anger control of the patients increased, fears and irritability decreased, that they received support from the group and that they understood themselves better. Discussion: Our results lead us to think that psychodrama group psychotherapy contributes to recovery in depression treatment. Psychodrama has contributed to understanding which factors have played a role in the formation of depression and the changing of these factors realized by the patient as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Object: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment method for many psychiatric disease, mood disorders particularly. ECT indications and practice differs among countries, even among clinics in the same country. Methods: We aim to investigate 10 years of ECT indications, practice and complications of 75 patients files with our retrospective study in our hospital. Results: The most common ECT indication was major depression with psychotic features. Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) improvement was 1,9 ± 0.9. Schizophrenia patients statistically had better CGI improvement scores compared to depression patients. No side effect was observed in 64,3% of the patients and the most common side effect was prolonged seizure. There was no ECT practice and side effect difference between different age and gender groups. Conclusion: ECT is a safe and effective treatment strategy for different age and gender groups who have mood disorders or schizophrenia. We believe our clinic's ECT data which proves to be with low side effect and effective will contribute ECT practice in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether the emotion regulation difficulties mediate the relationship between childhood psychological trauma and the symptoms of post traumatic stress and depressive symptoms. Method: The sample consist of 300 women whose age between 18 and 60. Participants recruited from Adana, Mersin and Diyarbakir. Individuals were asked to complete a number of questionnaires includingDemographic Information Form, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civillian Version (PCL - C) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). In this study the data was analyzed with Structural Equational Model (SEM) using LISREL 8.51 Results: Correlational analyses showed that all types of child maltreatment were uniformly associated with emotion dysregulation dimensions, and dimensions of emotion dysregulation were strongly related to depression and post traumatic stress symptoms. According to findings of this study, factor loading of emotional abuse observed variable; is the highest one among the factor loadings of maltreatment types. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that there is a partialmediator role of emotion regulation difficulties in the relation between childhood traumatic experiences and the symptoms of post traumatic stress and depression. Conclusion: This study put forward that emotion regulation is a significant factor regarding depressive and post traumatic stress symptoms which related to maltreatment in childhood. Therefore results show that training emotional regulation skills could be useful in dealing with post traumatic and depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child abuse that may be defined as acts affecting child's development adversely has been there for centuries; however, it has gained importance medically and socially in the last century. In recent years, the interest and awareness in child abuse have been increased in Turkey, as well. The different effects of childhood physical and sexual abuse have been excessively examined in the past studies; however, emotional abuse has been attracted much attention as a distinct topic in recent years. Childhood emotional abuse is defined as the acts of adults that impair the child's personality and psychosocial development and it is more complicated, least recognized, but also the most common type of abuse when compared to other subtypes of abuse. There are many adverse effects of emotional abuse that appears in both childhood and adulthood. As indicated in research studies, depression is one the most commonly encountered psychological disorders in people who had emotionally abused in childhood. However, not everyone who experiences emotional abuse will develop the disorder, so examining the role of the mediating factors in the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and depression is important for understanding the issue more clearly. One of the most significant factors that can mediate this relationship is early maladaptive schemas. Thus, in this review, the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and depression in adulthood will be examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate sociodemographic and clinical features of patients who had hypomanic/manic switch during antidepressant treatment. Methods: In this study statistical evaluations of retrospective chart reviews of major depression patients who admitted to Private Adana Hospital between December 2012-August 2015, who were above 18 years of age, who met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder (HAM-D score >32), and who switched to hypomania (YMRS score >13) or mania (YMRS score >21) during antidepressant treatment were performed. Significance level was defined to be p<0.05. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 was used for statistical evaluation of the data. Results: This study included 33 patients (21 females 12 males) who had manic or hypomanic switches during antidepressant treatment for major depression. Mean age of the females was 32,57± 7,06, and males was 28,50±6,84. Mean initial HAM-D score of these major depression patients was detected to be 35.84±5.66. Mean duration of depressive illness was 7.18±4.91 years and percentage of hospitalization for depressive episodes was 1.72±1.68%. Seventeen patients (51.5%) had a family history for bipolar disorder. A stressor was detected in 75.8% of the patients (n=25). Seasonality of the episodes was positive in 45.8% (n=16) of the patients. Conclusion: Seventeen patients (51.5%) had previous suicidal attempts. After antidepressant treatment 19 patients had manic (YMRS >21), and 14 patients had hypomanic (>13) episodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between depression, anxiety scores and family functions such as problem solving, communication, roles, affective responsiveness, affective involvement, behaviour control and general functions are examined to evaluate family structure. Method: Research groups were formed from 71 volunteer patients with 18 years or over and mentally normal who admitted Ankara Training and Research Hospital Family medicine outpatient clinics between May 2012 and May 2013. Prospective, observational and analytic methods were used. Demographic information form which include age, gender, marital status, educational status. Mc Master Family Assessment Device, Beck Depression Scale, Beck Anxiety scale were applied to the group. Factor scores were compared by taking averages. Analysis was carried out using the SPSS statistics program. Results: The results of the study showed us patients with high depression scores show significantly worse family functions. Especially on problem solving, communication, affective responsiveness and general functions. Anxiety scores were non effective on family functions. Educational status were positive correlation between General Function and roles. But in roles patients who graduated from highschool was better than academics. Behaviour control was better in men than women. Conclusion: This study shows that depression is related with unhealthy family functioning among participants. We should be aware of this effect and give importance to relations of the patients with their family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between depression, anxiety scores and family functions such as problem solving, communication, roles, affective responsiveness, affective involvement, behaviour control and general functions are examined to evaluate family structure. Method: Research groups were formed from 71 volunteer patients with 18 years or over and mentally normal who admitted Ankara Training and Research Hospital Family medicine outpatient clinics between May 2012 and May 2013. Prospective, observational and analytic methods were used. Demographic information form which include age, gender, marital status, educational status. Mc Master Family Assessment Device, Beck Depression Scale, Beck Anxiety scale were applied to the group. Factor scores were compared by taking averages. Analysis was carried out using the SPSS statistics program. Results: The results of the study showed us patients with high depression scores show significantly worse family functions. Especially on problem solving, communication, affective responsiveness and general functions. Anxiety scores were non effective on family functions. Educational status were positive correlation between General Function and roles. But in roles patients who graduated from highschool was better than academics. Behaviour control was better in men than women. Conclusion: This study shows that depression is related with unhealthy family functioning among participants. We should be aware of this effect and give importance to relations of the patients with their family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare depression and anxiety levels between elderly who stay at nursing home and live with their relatives. Method: Fifty five nursing home residents and 62 elderly living with their relatives who were presented to the psychiatry department of a state hospital between January 2008 and January 2009 were participated in this study. Medical and socio-demographic form, Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination, Geriatric Depression Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale were administered to the participants who were included to the study and obtained written informed consent. Results: The nursing home residents were found to be more likely to be male and less educated, having more depression and anxiety symptoms and especially higher somatic anxiety compared to the elderly living with their relatives, and having an experience of negative life events during the last three months was more common in elderly living with their relatives. We could not found any significant difference between the scores of the Geriatric Depression Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale of two group's scores by means of marital status, presence of chronic physical disorders and medical insurance, experience of negative life events during last three months. Conclusion: The relationship of somatic symptoms with anxiety of elderly who stay at nursing homes need to be known and nursing home workers have to recognize this situation in order to refer these elderly to mental health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narcolepsy is an uncommon disorder and it is an under-recognized and underdiagnosed condition. It is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic, and hypnopompic hallucinations. Excessive daytime sleepiness is the most important symptom and misdiagnoses other mental disorders. There are different groups of patients, those having narcolepsy with cataplexy and those having narcolepsy without cataplexy that can be primary or secondary due to medical condition. Narcolepsy is considered to be caused by a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The diagnosis of narcolepsy is based primarily on clinical picture. On the other hand, recent years important developments occur in the sleep disorders medicine for narcolepsy. Stimulants, modafinil and antidepressants are the pharmacological agents used in narcolepsy for treatment. Different clinical symptoms of narcolepsy may overlap with other mental illnesses. In this article, we introduced two case reports. Our first case was clinically resembling epilepsy and it was non -responsive to antiepileptic treatment. The patient was diagnosed as narcolepsy after detailed investigations than treated successfully. And second one was manifested itself by depressive symptoms, depersonalization and derealization and non-responsive to antidepressant treatment. He was subjected to further investigation tests and he was treated with stimulants perfectly after the diagnosis of narcolepsy. The awareness of narcolepsy is important so that these cases could be identified timely and appropriately managed. Thus, clinicians should be careful about the different clinical characteristics of narcolepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The relation between psychosocial problems and some variables in the patients with various heart disease was examined in this study. Method: This study was held Cardiology Unit of University Research Hospital in Sivas. The study was realized on 150 hospitalized patients who accepted to participate in the study. In the collection of data, socio demographic data form, Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale-Self-Report and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale were used. The data were statistically evaluated with SPSS 14.0 software, Results: In our study, in terms of family environment of psychosocial adaptation scale, compared to males, females, and compared to professionals those housewives and compared to those persons with insufficient income, those with good economic status and In terms of sexual relations, those unemployed compared to the employed ones, and in terms of great familial relations, those having insufficient economic status compared to those good economic status had insufficient psychosocial adaptation (p<0.05). Total depression scales were detected to be higher in those persons who are widow, and those unemployed, as well as those living alone (p<0.05). Total depression and anxiety scores were detected to be higher in females, those with insufficient economic income and housewives (p<0.05). Total anxiety and stress scores were detected to be higher in illiterates (p< 0.05). Conclusion: In this study we found out that psychosocial adaptation was deteriorated, and depression, anxiety as well as stress were enhanced. To remediate this table studies on psychosocial perspective is important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Pregnancy is one of stressful periods in the life of a woman and often combines with anxiety and depression. In this study we aimed to determine the presence of depression and anxiety and their relationship between socio-demographic characteristics in the first trimester of pregnancy by using the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD). Method: A total of 111 pregnant women who have not any psychiatric disorder before were included in the study group. The demographic characteristics and the obstetric histories of the patients were recorded. In order to investigate presence of psychiatric disorders, PRIME-MD patient questionnaire was used. Results: Of the 111 women in the study group 55.8% (n=62) had one or more psychiatric symptoms with the assessment by PRIME-MD system. 21.6% (n=24) of them had both anxiety and depression symptoms. The rate of anxiety and depression were significantly high in pregnant women who were >30 years of age. It was found that depression and anxiety were increased as the number of the pregnancies increased (p=0.034, p=0.03, respectively). The rate of depression was high in pregnant women who did not planned pregnancy (p=0.001). Conclusion: Pregnant women are a risk group for the development of anxiety and depression. Considering this situation, physicians working in primary health care can do psychiatric evaluation at follow-up of pregnant women by using tools such as PRIME-MD. Thus, with early diagnosis and treatment of the present disorder the complications that constitute risk for the health of the mother and the child can be prevented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The general aim of this study was to examine the relationship between depression levels and death anxiety levels among patients diagnosed with depressive disorder. Method: The research sample consists of 135 (100 women 74.1% and 35 men 25.9%) patients who are diagnosed with depressive disorder at one of the psychiatry out-patient clinics of a state hospital in Istanbul. Individuals who volunteered to attend the research are between ages 18 and 60 years. The patients are given Beck Depression inventory (BDI), Templer's Death Anxiety Scale (DAS) and a questionnaire for demographics. Results: Correlation analysis pointed out that there was a significant relation between the depression points and death anxiety points in the depressive patients group (r=.366, p<01). Furthermore, research sample is divided into 3 groups as high, moderate and low levels of depression. Then all three depression groups are compared for death anxiety levels. It was found that, there were significant relation between the level of depression and death anxiety (F=10.765, p<.001). This finding suggests that the high and moderate level depression groups had higher death anxiety than low level depression group. Conclusion: The hypothesis of this study was that when depression levels get higher the death anxiety level would be higher. Consistent with the study hypothesis, results demonstrated that, depression levels effects death anxiety level. Consequently, the results of this study highlight the relationship between depression level death anxiety. In addition, it was speculated that depressive people think more about death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Life satisfaction and depression are important variables which effect adolescent's mental health. Autonomy is an important developmental task in adolescent period. Autonomy has been explained with the concept of self construal in context of cultural psychology. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of self construals that defined by Kagitsibasi on adolescent's scores of life satisfaction and depression. Method: A total of 494 high school students participated in the study. Of these 184 were male and 210 were female. Their age range was from 14 to 17 and mean age was 15.87 (Sd=0.86). Autonomous-Related Self-in-Family Scales, Satisfaction with Life Scale and Beck Depression Inventory were administered to collect data. Pearson Correlation and Path analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: The results revealed that self construals predicted significantly adolescent's life satisfaction and depressive symptoms. Results showed that autonomous self predicted positively depression but did not predict significantly life satisfaction, related self predicted positively life satisfaction but did not predict depression and finally autonomous-related self positively predicted life satisfaction and negatively predicted depression. Conclusion: Autonomous-related self both increase individuals' life satisfaction and prevail depression because it covers two basic needs: autonomy and relatedness. The results of this study showed that autonomy and relatedness are both important for the adolescents' mental health. According to results of this study parents and specialists should support adolescents' autonomy and relatedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In our study, it was aimed to evaluate the traumatic symptoms and related factors that are seen in the friends of a student who lost his life by an electric shock accident in the class. Method: A detailed form for sociodemografic characteristics, Child Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index, Childhood Depression Inventory, and Adverse Life Events List were used for assessment of adolescents. Results: 219 adolescents between 15-19 years (mean 16.92±0.74) were participated in our study. Of the 219 adolescents we found that 32.7% had mild, 18.8% had moderate, 7.9% had severe, and 3% had very severe symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder, and that 10.9% had probable post traumatic stress disorder, and 9.3% had probable depression diagnoses. The fre-quency and severity of re-experiencing and hyperarousal symptoms were considerably high on Child Post-traumatic Stress Reaction Index. Adolescents had 2.49±2.74 (min-max: 0-17) adverse life events and the severity of traumatic symptoms were predicted by Adverse Life Events List and Childhood Depression Inventory total scores. Conclusion: Accidents have trau-matic effects on adolescents. In our study, it's deter-mined that traumatic symptoms which were seen after the accident were related to the adverse events experi-enced by adolescents, and the severity of depressive symptoms of the adolescents. Focusing on adverse life events and assessment of depressive symptoms in trau-matized young people can prevent the development of traumatic symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical and mental disorders are common in elderly. While depressive symptoms are prevalent in the elderly, the diagnosis of major depressive disorder is 1-5% at this age group. Physical symptoms are also common in geriatric patients. Somatic complaints may be the leading symptoms of an underlying psychiatric disorder or they may delay the recognition of a mental disorder. In this case report, the course, differential diagnosis and the treatment of a 76 year old male patient who admitted to the hospital with a complaint of paradoxal dysphagia is discussed. The patient was unable to swallow liquids not solids. After the physical, orapharyngolaryngeal, neurological and psychiatric examination, the patient was diagnosed as major depressive disorder with psychotic features and then was hospitalized because of suicidal thoughts and nutritional problems. Antidepressant and antipsychotic treatment was performed and the patient was discharged in remission. We found out that depressive symptoms were present before the dysphagia, but the patient admitted to the hospital after dysphagia symptom emerged. In this case report we recognized that the atypical physical symptom had appeared as a result of geriatric depression; the latter being known to have high risk of mortality and morbidity in elderly. Atypical somatic symptoms in the elderly should be taken into account and investigated carefully as they may present as a pioneer sign of geriatric depression and may provide early diagnosis of the disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Spinal cord injuries (SCI) frequently occur as results of physical traumas. Frequencies of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following SCI vary. PTSD frequencies were assessed in patients with SCI in a Turkish sample in this study. Method: Eighty-four patients (mean age=40.5±15.97; 40 female, 44 male) and caregivers (n=83; mean age=43.72±14.37; 67 female, 16 male) were enrolled. Mental retardation, premorbid psychiatric disorder, central nerve system disease and patients with professional caregivers were exclusion criteria. Clinician administered posttraumatic stress disorder rating scale (CAPS), Beck depression and anxiety and Zarit caregiver burden scales were given. Results: Sixty-one (72.6%) patients were injured by physical traumas. 34 patients of this group had PTSD. 24 patients (28.6%) had acute and 10 patients (11.9%) had lifetime PTSD symptoms (not currently). Patients with PTSD had higher depression (p<0.001) and anxiety (p=0.004) scores, and caregivers (of the PTSD group) had statistically significantly higher depression (p=0.009) and caregiver burden (p=0.048) scores. Conclusion: PTSD frequency among the patients in this study was higher than both general population and victims of traumatic events resulting with severe injuries. Differences between different populations may be due to differences in coping strategies or social support. SCI is a permanent sequel that would remind the traumatic event constantly; thus PTSD may be expected to be higher in SCI than other types of (instant) traumatic events. Coping strategies and posttraumatic growth should be investigated in patients with SCI in Turkish populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate frequency of psychiatric disorders and severity of depression in obese women. Method: The sample was consisted of 55 obese women consecutively admitted to the endocrinology outpatient clinic, Body Mass Index (BMI) 30 and over and without chronic physical disease. Control group was formed of 55 women that same age group, BMI 25 and under and without chronic physical disease. Structured psychiatric interview (SCID-I) according to the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria were performed all individuals participating in the study. The severity of depression were assessed by the Hamilton Rating of Depression Scale (HAM-D17). Results: It was determined that mean age 41.07±10.00 years in obese group, 43.38± 7.38 years in control group. There was no difference between the two groups. BMI was higher in obese women than the control group (respectively 37.38±6.75, 22.26±1.91). The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was higher in the obese subjects than the control group (respectively 60% n=33, 9.1% n=5). Mood disorders and anxiety disorders were the most found diagnosed in obese group in present and lifetime. HAMD17 scores of obese subjects were significantly higher than the control group. Conclusion: In our study, women who seek treatment for obesity, the prevalence of psychiatric disorders are higher than normal-weight women. Our results support the existence of the relationship between obesity and psychopathology. Psychiatric evaluation is necessary obese women who seek treatment for obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]