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A graduate seminar to select the 5 most important papers pub lished in the first 50 years of the Journal of Range Management (J R M), 1948‐1997, cultivated an appreciation for the development of the discipline of rangeland science and management, and provided some historical perspective to judge the JRM. A review of textbooks, and papers describing early milestones and the use of citation counting were helpful in developing criteria to discriminate the importance of papers. The greatest disagreement among the 9 participants focused on the use of citation counts as a criterion: 2 students used only counts and 3 students refused to use counts. Eighteen papers received at least 1 vote as a top 5 paper, and 2 plant succession-vegetation monitoring papers were clearly the most popular. The exercise revealed that discontent with the JRM is not new. Although the JRM now covers a wider variety of topics, including both reductionist and synthetic works, some students felt that it was less encompassing of multi ple values of rangelands and the breadth of rangeland science than recent texts. The students found that the selection of impor tant papers expanded their understanding of the discipline and their resolve to publish in the JRM. Ideally, others will be chal lenged to perform this review for the benefit of students, the dis cipline, and the JRM.

This paper offers a review and reassessment of the biogeography of the Afromontane region. Much of the montane vegetation of Africa, especially in the southern part of its distribution (the southern Afromontane region) is characterized by a mosaic of forest 'islands' in a 'sea' of grassland, with or without heathland elements. Controversy has arisen as to the origin of these grasslands and the view has emerged, based on a variety of phytogeographical, zoogeographical, ecological, pedological and historical evi- dence, that the grassland element has been derived, or at least markedly extended, in the recent past by forest clear- ance through human agency. An alternative hypothesis holds that the grassland is a much older component of the Afromontane landscape. The paper assesses these two op- posing viewpoints in the light of published palaeoecological and biogeographical evidence not previ- ously brought to bear on the problem of Afromontane grassland origins in general. The physical environment and vegetation of the southern Afromontane region is reviewed and the suggestions put forward to account for the wide- spread occurrence of grasslands in the region are presented. The competing hypotheses are then tested against data on plant species richness and diversity from a number of upland areas within the region and against published Qua- ternary palynological data from the Nyika Plateau, Malawi, the Inyanga Mountains, Zimbabwe and the Winterberg Escarpment area of South Africa. The resulting reassess- ment offers strong support for the idea that the grasslands have been prominent in the southern Afromontane region since before the permanent occupation of the mountains by people. Environmental changes, especially of the late Qua- ternary, are suggested as having been important in establishing the vegetation pattern and, while increased magnitude of human impact in recent times is apparent, the so-called 'relict' nature of montane forest patches is ques- tionable. It is argued that the southern Afromontane grasslands are themselves relict from a time, around the last glacial maximum, when the climatic conditions were more suited to these formations than to forest.

Particularly since India's Independence, concern about forest decline and opposition by forest-dependent populations to a perceived neglect and exploitation of local forests by the Forest Department has resulted, in certain areas, in the establishment of community-based forest protection committees. In Bihar, attempts to overcome the antagonistic Forest Department relations that prevailed during much of the 1980s, plus a recognition of the need to involve local people more in forest management and protection, have resulted in the establishment of the Bihar joint forest management programme. This aims to follow the example set by autonomous forest protection committees by setting up 'village protection and management committees' in degraded Protected forest areas. This paper, which stems from my doctoral fieldwork in the Jharkhand region of Bihar, will examine the issue of forest protection in light of three main issues. A first issue concerns the extent to which a strong historical sense of place and (particularly tribal) identity can be effective in mobilising an interest in and concern for local resource management and protection. A second issue concerns the degree to which traditional, charismatic village leaders are important in overcoming intra-village tensions over resource use and promoting successful forms of community action. A third issue concerns the extent to which the above two factors are likely to be important in the success of 'official' forest protection and management committees.

To be adequate, evenness indices must satisfy three criteria: (1) independence of species richness; (2) independence of sample size; and (3) unambiguous relationship to evenness. I examine Bulla's evenness index in the light of these criteria, logically implying a failure to satisfy the first, and experimentally proving failures to satisfy the second and third. Therefore, this index is inadequate. I also examine Bulla's heterogeneity index. Being based on his evenness measure, it is also inadequate. Moreover, the index is not the correct heterogeneity measure under his own approach. I derive the correct index and demonstrate its kinship to the evenness index. Even this correct heterogeneity measure lacks a future because no adequate diversity indices can be obtained from Bulla's overlap. By re-examining the savanna data with which Bulla attempted to show the superiority of his index, 1 prove his analysis to be an artifact. In response to Bulla's criticism on G 2,1 , I demonstrate that his argumentation is wrong, and reassure that G 2,1 is an adequate evenness index. To conclude, I offer three general considerations on index testing that, if followed, will prevent a repetition of Bulla's errors.

It is hypothesized that the principal features of higher plant distributions at continental scales are determined by the macroclimate. Bioclimate data have been computed on a 50 km grid across Europe. Along with published maps of higher plant distributions based upon the same grid, these data have been used to derive climate response surfaces that model the relationship between a species' distribution and the present climate. Eight species representative of a variety of phytogeographic patterns have been investigated. The results support the hypothesis that the European distributions of all eight species are principally determined by macroclimate and illustrate the nature of the climatic constraints upon each species. Simulated future distributions in equilibrium with 2 x CO 2 climate scenarios derived from two alternative GCMs show that all of the species are likely to experience major shifts in their potential range if such climatic changes take place. Some species may suffer substantial range and population reductions and others may face the threat of extinction. The rate of the forecast climate changes is such that few, if any, species may be able to maintain their ranges in equilibrium with the changing climate. In consequence, the transient impacts upon ecosystems will be varied but often may lead to a period of dominance by opportunist, early-successional species. Our simulations of potential ranges take no account of such factors as photoperiod or the direct effects of CO2, both of which may substantially alter the realized future equilibrium.

Freshwater investigations in Greenland yielded four gards homothermic springs and their surroundings it is sug- species perhaps endemic to the island. These are reported gested that the freshwater's heating capacity (thermal along with thirteen other 'endemic' species found in the insulation) may have resulted in trimming rather than extinc- literature, most of which turned out to be aquatic or semi- tion of faunas. This may explain the southern character of the aquatic lowland species. The significance of these as possible 'endemic' species, however also the apparent ones in homoth- markers of a fauna unique to Greenland (beyond the unique- ermic springs. The faunas of Greenland may represent an early ness primarily resulted from immigration/emigration history stage in endemization, and it is concluded that for operational (species composition)) is commented on. Greenland probably reasons Greenland can be called a zoogeographical unit of its lost most of its biota during the last glaciation, except perhaps own. in the south, but in southern Greenland the glacial survivors (from preglacial communities) ought to appear in mountainous Key words. Greenland, freshwater habitats, invertebrates, and cold-eurythermous places. With some reservation as re- endemism.

Thespatialeomponent ofherbivory remainsenigmatic although it is a central aspect of domestic and native ungulate ecosystems. The effects of ungulate movement on plants have not been clearly established in either range or wildlife management. While livestock movement systems have been implemented to cope with increases in livestock density, restrictions on movement, and overgrazing, B large number of studies have disputed the effectiveness of different livestock movement patterns. Traditional pastoralism, particularly nomndism, has been perceived as irrational and even destructive, hut many studies have documented features of traditional pastoral land use that would promote sustainability. Disruptions of wild ungulate movements have been blamed for wildlife owrgrazing and population declines, but actual patterns and mechanisms of disrupted movement and population responses have been poorly documented. Models that integrate plant growth, ungulate movement, and foraging are suggested as a way to improve analyses of spatial plant-herbivore systems. Models must give due attention to nonforage constraints on herbivore distribution, such as topography. Models should assess the significnnee of movement 8s a mans Of coping with local climatic variation (patchy rainfall). Models that distribute an aggregate population over a landscape in relation to the distribution of habitat features deemphasize aspects of ungulate movements and population responses that inevitably cause nonideal distributions, particularly in natural ecosystems. Individual based models describe movement and foraging processes more accurately, hut these models are difficult to apply over large areas. Both top-down and bottom-up approaches to spatial herbiwry are needed. To model plant responses to movement, it is important to account for small scale phenomena such as tiller defoliation patterns, patch grazing, and grazing lawns as well as large scale patterns such as rotation and migration. Herbivory patterns at these difTerent scales are interrelated. Managers of wildlife and domestic livestock populations confront similar problems as they attempt to interpret ungulate spatial distribution patterns and their effects on plants. Overgrazing and subsequentecosystemdegradation onrangelandsorpastoralgrazing areas arc often attributed to inappropriate management of livestock spatial distributions. Overabundances of ungulates in wildlife preserves, and consequent overgrazing, arc often attributed to human interference with natural ungulate migrations or dispersal patterns. These management problems are analogous in that ungulate spatial utilization patterns determine how grazing impacts are distributed in space and in time. Ecosystem sustainability is affected by interactions among animal movement and abundance, plant growth, plant response to grazing, and the physical structure of the landscape. The consequences of herbivory for ecosystems depend, of course, upon herbivore abundance. However, herbivore abundance is expressed in terms of numbers of animals per unit of land, per unit of plant production, or per unit of land per unit time. These measures have been distinguished as stocking density, grazing pressure, and stocking rate, respectively (Heitschmidt and Taylor 1991). Until recently, research and management of ungulate herbivores have treated the denominators of these expressions as homogeneous. The aim of this paper is to explore heterogeneities in these denominators that are normally averaged out.

Pollen, molluscan, and sedimentological analyses have been undertaken from a tufa, which forms part of a near-complete Post-glacial succession from Sidlings Copse near Oxford. Local pollen and mollusc zones are defined and the times of arrival of critical species compared. It is shown that some pollen and mollusc zone boundaries coincide pre- cisely but that others do not, with some faunal changes occurring during periods of vegetational stability. A detailed chronology is provided by radiocarbon dating using acceler- ator mass spectrometry. Tufa formation began at about 9300 yr BP as hazel (Corylus avellana) woodland began to fill the previously open land- scape. An unshaded marsh initially developed on the surface of the tufa, which supported snails such as Vertigo angustior and Discus ruderatus (a boreo-alpine species now extinct in Britain). Hazel woodland gradually encroached and caused the replacement of the early marsh communities by woodland mollusc assemblages. Discus ruderatus was replaced by D. rotundatus at 8990 ? 90 yr BP, and subsequently Leiostyla anglica and then Spermodea lamellata appeared. At 7180 ? 85 yr BP lime (Tilia cordata), slightly preceded by alder (Alnus glutinosa), spread into the area. Oxychilus cellar- ius first appeared at this time. Lime and elm (Ulmus) declined at 5250 t 75 yr BP, and this was accompanied by changes in the molluscan fauna and vegetation suggesting a reduction of shading. The land snail fauna at this time was composed of an unusual assemblage dominated by Leiostyla anglica and Oxychilus cellarius. Tufa formation ceased shortly after 5065 ? 120 yr BP, perhaps due to hydrological changes initiated by human activity. Rates of tufa growth from 1.3 to 5.4 cm/100 years have been calculated from the radiocarbon dates. These accumulation rates are similar to those derived from the overlying organic sediments. The upper sediments are highly organic and contain very few molluscs, but pollen continues to occur, enabling reconstruction of vegetational history up to the present. The biostratigraphy of Sidlings Copse is compared with neighbouring sites and other sequences from British tufas.

The environmental relations of rainforest struc- tural and physiognomic characteristics (in the Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia) were quantified using the Monomax algorithms. The probabilities of occurrence for these characteristics were predicted in relation to indices of soil parent material and long-term mean monthly climate estimated at the point of survey for a set of 256 sites. A relatively small number of indices proved the best predic- tors (minimum temperature of coldest month; maximum temperature of hottest month; precipitation seasonality; precipitation of driest quarter; nutrient supply index). Spatial predictions of potential distributions were generat- ed by coupling the predictive functions to gridded esti- mates of the indices used as independent variables. Landsat MSS data were used to restrict the analysis to forested land. Numerical classification and ordination tech- niques were also employed to gain further insight into the spatial relationships. The assumptions of monotonicity required by the Monomax algorithms drew upon hypothe- ses of plant-environmental relations. The results supported the notion that as long as moisture is not limiting, the like- lihood of both larger leaf size and complex structure increases with increasing values of temperature and nutri- ent supply. The potential distributions of structural types were suggested as useful biological units for ecological comparison and conservation evaluation.

A global vegetation model based on the climato- logical approach of Budyko is developed. The major vege- tation zones of the world are predicted by a two- dimensional ordination of a Dryness Index and Potential Evaporation, which is derived from radiation balance. Mean temperature of the warmest month is also used to separate the Ice/Polar Desert, Tundra, and Taiga zones. Pre- dictions of vegetation distributions are made using a global climate database interpolated to a 0.5? by 0.5? terrestrial grid. The overall impression from examining the resulting global vegetation map is that the modified Budyko model predicts the location and distribution of the world's vegeta- tion fairly well. Comparison between model predictions and Olson's actual vegetation map were based on Kappa statistics and indicate good agreement for Ice/Polar Desert, Tundra, Taiga, and Desert (even though we predict too much Desert). Agreement with Olson's map was fair for predicting the specific location of Tropical Rain Forest and Tropical Savannas, and was good for predicting their general location at a larger scale. Agreement between Olson's map and model predictions were poor for Steppe, Temperate Forest, Tropical Seasonal Forest, and Xerophy- tic Shrubs, although the predictions for Temperate Forest and Tropical Seasonal Forest improved to fair at a larger scale for judging agreement. Agreement with the baseline map of Olson was poor for Steppe and Xerophytic Shrubs at all scales of comparison. Based on Kappa statistics, overall agreement between model predictions and Olson's map is between fair and good, depending on the scale of comparison. The model performed well in comparison to other global vegetation models. Apparently the calculation of radiation balance and the resulting Dryness Index and Potential Evaporation provides important information for predicting the distribution of the major vegetation zones of the world.

Debate on the origin and dispersal of Cocos nu- cifera has generally concluded that the palm has a South- east Asia-Melanesian origin. The means of dispersal to the margins of its pre-industrial range is in more dispute. The literature on this question is reviewed. A stochastic simula- tion model of the winds, currents and islands of the Pacific Ocean tests the hypothesis of trans-Pacific drift dispersal. The model suggests that the probability of coconuts drifting unaided to the west coast of Panama while remaining viable is extremely low. Dispersal to Panama by humans seems more likely.

The range science profession has traditionally relied upon the concept of apical dominance to explain tiller initiation in perennial grasses. The physiological mechanism of apical dominance is assumed to follow the direct hypothesis of auxin action, which was originally proposed during the 1930's. This hypothesis indicates that the plant hormone auxin (IAA), produced in the apical meristem and young leaves, directly inhibits axillary bud growth. The direct hypothesis was, and continues to be, the sole interpretation of the physiological mechanism of apical dominance since the concept was initially adopted by the range science profession. However, the direct hypothesis was abandoned by plant physiologists during the 1950's because of experimental and interpretive inconsistencies and the demonstrated involvement of a second hormone, cytokinin, in apical dominance. The cytokinin deficiency hypothesis has replaced the direct hypothesis as the current hormonally based interpretation of apical dominance. This hypothesis indicates that IAA produced in the apical meristem blocks the synthesis or utilization of cytokinin within axillary buds inhibiting their growth. Despite wide acceptance, numerous issues remain unresolved concerning this hypothesis, suggesting that it may also be an incomplete interpretation of the physiological mechanism of apical dominance.

WILSON, L. D., AND L. PORRAS. 1983. The ecological impact of man on the south Florida herpetofauna. Univ. Kansas, Mus. Nat. Hist., Lawrence. WINGATE, D. B. 1965. Terrestrial herpetofauna of Bermuda. Herpetologica 21:202-218. MUSEUM OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 94720. PRESENT ADDRESS: CENTER FOR POPULATION BIOLOGY, 2320 STORER HALL, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS, CALIFORNIA 95616. Accepted 27 Oct. 1991.

A model to predict global patterns in vegetation physiognomy was developed from physiological considera- tions influencing the distributions of different functional types of plant. Primary driving variables are mean coldest- month temperature, annual accumulated temeprature over 5"C, and a drought index incorporating the seasonality of precipitation and the available water capacity of the soil. The model predicts which plant types can occur in a given environment, and selects the potentially dominant types from among them. Biomes arise as combinations of domi- nant types. Global environmental data were supplied as monthly means of temperature, precipitation and sunshine (interpolated to a global 0.5" grid, with a lapse-rate correc

Inhibitory effects of metabolites from balsam poplar (Pops Unpublished data, P.B. Reichardt) and the relative amounts present in juvenile and mature plants and plant parts are being quantified. In addition, bioassays are being conducted to evaluate deterrent properties of different resin fractions isolated (Bryant and Kuropat 1980, Bryant 1981, Bryant et al. 1983, Unpublished data, P.B. Reichardt). Bryant and Kuropat (1980) speculated that current annual growth (CAG) twigs ofjuvenile Alaska paper birch are less digestible than CAG twigs from mature-growth-form plants due to their higher resin content, which may be toxic to rumen microbes. Previous studies have demonstrated antibacterial effects or inhibition of digestion by rumen microbes exposed to various terpenoids. Nagy et al. (1964) found that essential oils in sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) inhibited bacterial growth and decreased gas and volatile fatty acid production in rumen of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Oh et al. (1967) and Longhurst et al. (1968) found that oxygenated monoterpenes present in Douglas fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii) needles strongly inhibited Columbian black-tailed deer (0.h.’ columbianus) rumen microbial activity. Schwartz et al. (1980) reported that volatile oils present in various junipers (Juniperus spp.) reduced cellulose digestion in vitro by up to 40%. In this paper, we present evidence that benzyl alcohol, cineok papyrifcric acid, and a steam distillate fraction from juvenile Alaska paper birch depress in vitro fermentation of cellulose SUSpended in rumen fluid from wapiti (Cervus elaphus nelsoni). Material and Methods Four resin components, 2 each from balsam poplar and paper Authorsare research assistant, Department of Biological Sciences, MichiganTechnological University, Houghton 49931; research assistants, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2P5. The authors thank the following persons for their support and assistance with various aspects of this study: J. Bryant, P. Reichardt, R. Hudson, L. Jebson, D. Renecker, J. Aalhus, D. Summers, and T. Fenton. Financial support for this study was prowded by Michigan Technological University and the University of Alberta. Manuscript accepted October 15, 1984. 370 birch, were chosen for testing because of their ability to deter browsing by snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) (Unpublished data, J.P. Bryant). Papyriferic acid, a triterpene carboxylic acid, and a steam distillate fraction, composed primarily of sesquiterpenes, from juvenile Alaska paper birch were provided by Dr. P.B. Reichardt (Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska, Fairbanks). Papyriferic acid was isolated from diethyl ether extract of CAG twigs from winterdormant juvenile plants by column chromatography. The steam distillable fraction of juvenile paper birch was isolated by diethyl ether extraction of the steam distillate (Personal communication, P. Reichardt). In addition, cineole (an isoprenoid) and benzyl alcohol, 2 compounds present in balsam poplar bud resin, were obtained commercially (Sigma Corp., St. Louis, MO.). Sample Preparation Concentrations of resin fractions used for in vitro trials were based on the amount of each resin component available and on the amount estimated to be present in CAG twigs from both mature and juvenile forms of paper birch and balsam poplar (Unpublished data, P.B. Reichardt). Because of the limited availability of papyriferic acid and paper birch steam distillate, treatment concentrations for these compounds were 5 and 20 mg per gram of substrate. Cineole and benzyl alcohol were tested at concentrations of 5, 10, 20,40, and 100 mg per gram of substrate. All treatment concentrations were prepared on a dry weight basis. Commercial purified cellulose (“Alpha floe”, Lee Chemicals Ltd., Toronto, Ont.) was used as a substrate. Resin components were dissolved in excess acetone, placed into a 150-ml round-bottom flask with the cellulose substrate, and swirled until the material was saturated. The flask was then placed on a vacuum rotodistiller with a water bath temperature of 50°C for approximately 10 minutes, or until the acetone had evaporated. The treated cellulose was removed from the flask, placed into metal dishes, and oven-dried at 4O“C for 48 hours. Following drying, samples were mixed in a micro mill and stored in sealed glass containers. In Vitro Techniques The in vitro techniques used to measure digestion of dry matter were developed by Tilley and Terry (1963) and modified by Morgantini and Hudson (in press). Rumen inoculum was obtained from a fistulated wapiti steer which was maintained on pelleted aspen concentrate, alfalfa hay, freshly cut browse, and fresh grass available ad libitum in a l-ha pasture. Triplicate samples were tested at each concentration level. Acetone controls were also tested for antimicrobial effects. Differences were tested by one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s new multiple range test (KO.05).

Cover, volume and dry weight of the aquatic macrophytes of Portage Creek in Kalamazoo Co., Michigan, were studied. Two series of water analyses 4 years apart were made for the length of the stream. The stream began in an unpopulated, uncultivated area and flowed into an urban area where it received paper mill wastes, after which the aquatic macrophytes were completely absent. The second series of analyses, made 1 year after the cessation of paper mill effluents, showed a tenfold reduction of turbidity in the polluted portion, suggesting that turbidity was the most probable cause for the absence of macrophytes in previous years. The substrate cover by macrophytes in the upstream unpolluted portion was 41%. On the basis of the total plant cover, the two dominant species were Potamogeton pectinatus (44%) and Sparganium americanum (18%). The portion of the water volume occupied by aquatic macrophytes was 0.043%. Four of the 10 species found occupied 82.8% of the total plant volume (Nasturtium officinale, 25.4%; Potamogeton crispus, 22.0%; P. pectinatus, 18.4%; Elodea canadensis, 17.0%). The same four species comprised 83.3% of the dry weight (E. canadensis, 23.7%; P. crispus, 21.8%; N. officinale, 19.9%; P. pectinatus, 18.5%).

In their paper 'Some observations on the relations between H-ion concentration of the soil and plant successsion', Emmett & Ashby (1934) proposed a sampling method for separating the frequency distribution of a species over an area from that of soil acidity over the same area. It is unforttnate that the statistical test used in the analysis of their data was incorrect and consequently the hypothesis that the two species Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn and Vaccinium myrtillus L. occurred with the same frequency at every pH value within their respective pH ranges was accepted when in fact there is significant evidence to the contrary. We propose to discuss in detail the data which were given in Table 1 of that paper, and are reproduced in Table 1 below.

A grain bait treated with an anticoagulant rodenticide (Prolin) and attached by an edible glue to the inside of water repellent paper tubes was tested for the control of meadow mice (Microtus pennsylvanicus) at Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, during fall, winter, and spring, 1964-65. In the laboratory, seven of eight mice that could choose other food ate an average of 9.7 g of Prolin-treated bait in 10 days and survived from 4-10 days. Eight mice given no choice ate an average of 8.2 g of bait and survived from 3-7 days. When eight mice were placed in baited caged areas around apple trees all activity ceased in 5 days. In orchard plot tests all trees escaped mouse damage in an area baited for 2 months. In an area baited 18 days, 11 percent of trees were damaged, compared to 39 percent in the unbaited control area. This study was conducted to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of using 5x 1?-inch water repellent paper tubes with an inner lining of bait treated with the anticoagulant rodenticide Prolin (0.05 percent warfarin and 0.05 percent sulfaquinoxaline) to control meadow mice in Wisconsin apple orchards. Wisconsin orchardists estimate they lose an average of 2 percent of their trees to meadow mouse injury each year. In some years entire new plantings of young apple trees are girdled by meadow mice during the winter. Grain or cut apple baits with zinc phosphide and strychnine, or endrin ground sprays have been used in recent years to combat meadow mice. According to the literature, these methods have shown varying degrees of success, but with questionable safety to wildlife populations (Garl ugh and Spencer 1944, Eadie 1950, Horsfall 1951:13, Spencer 1959:25, Mohr 1959, Fitzwater 1961, Wolfe and Durham 1963). This content downloaded from 157.55.39.243 on Thu, 06 Oct 2016 04:44:32 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms RODENTICIDE FOR MEADOW MICE Libby and Abrams 513 Although the anticoagulants have been effective and have achieved a commendable record of safety in commensal rat and mouse control, they have not been used to control meadow mice outdoors. Because a single feeding of anticoagulant rodenticides is rarely lethal to mice, the use of such baits outdoors would require that the bait be applied repeatedly or that protected bait stations be set up and maintained to keep the bait fresh and palatable throughout the baiting period. To establish and service such stations has been considered impracticable in commercial orchards. The development of a water repellent paper tube provides a disposable "bait station" that makes it feasible to use anticoagulant baits in the field. The writers wish to acknowledge the helpful comments and suggestions made during this study by Donald A. Spencer, Chief Staff Officer, Animal Biology, Pesticides Regulation Division, USDA; Walter Dykstra, Research Staff Specialist, U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife; William Gusey, Pesticides Regulation Division, USDA, and thank R. S. Ellarson, Department of Wildlife Management, University of Wisconsin, for reviewing the manuscript. LABORATORY FEEDING TESTS Sixteen meadow mice trapped at the Gordon Orchard, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, were received at the laboratories of the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Madison, on November 11, 1964. These mice were then individually housed in cages and fed whole kernel yellow corn, apples, and alfalfa hay. On November 23, eight mice were continued on this diet plus a Prolin tube on a free choice basis. The other eight mice received the Prolin tube only. The results of the laboratory feeding studies are presented in Table 1. Fig. 1. Caged tree at the University of Wisconsin Experiment Station, Sturgeon Bay.

In a recent paper by Goodall (1961) criticisms are made of the method of analysis of pattern proposed by Greig-Smith (1952a). This method has been described fully elsewhere (Greig-Smith 1957, 1961b; Kershaw 1957) and need not be discussed in detail here. It depends on analysis of the variance of data, taken from grids or transects, into portions appropriate to blocks of increasing size. Peaks in the graph of mean square against block size are interpreted as corresponding to the scales of pattern present. Kershaw (1957) has used artificial 'communities' of known pattern to demonstrate the validity of the technique and Thompson (1955, 1958) has discussed the statistical aspects. Both Kershaw and Thompson have emphasized the importance of comparisons between analyses in assessing the significance of peaks (see also Greig-Smith 1961b). Goodall considers, we believe misguidedly, that the peaks can be explained entirely as chance fluctuations. The technique has already been used in a variety of situations and ecological conclusions have been drawn from the results (Agnew 1961; Anderson 1961a, b; Chadwick 1960; Cooper 1960; Greig-Smith 1952b, 1961a, c; Kershaw 1958, 1959, 1960; Kershaw & Tallis 1958; Phillips 1954). It therefore seems important to make clear our reasons for believing Goodall's criticisms to be invalid. Goodall has attempted to explain the form of the graphs in terms of a continued rise in variance with spacing between samples. (His use of 'spacing between samples' as opposed to 'block size' is unobjectionable but the latter term is not so misleading as he maintains. It is common practice in discussing analyses of variance to refer to 'variance within and between varieties', 'variance within and between treatments', 'variance within and between blocks', etc., although in fact it is the variance between mean values for constant sampling unit that are meant.) To test this he has applied a logarithmic transformation to both the variance and the 'spacing' and fitted a polynomial regression of log-variance on log-spacing. Of thirty-nine graphs prepared from data of his own or data made available to him he found twenty-three (59 %) to be fitted satisfactorily by a linear regression, six required a quadratic, six a cubic, two a quartic and two still had a significant amount of variation not accounted for after fitting a quartic regression. On testing twenty-two graphs from data of Kershaw (1957, 1958, 1959) and Kershaw & Tallis (1958) he found that only four (18 %) could be satisfactorily fitted by linear, four by quadratic, three by cubic and one by a quartic regression, with ten graphs still showing significant residual variation. Greig-Smith (1961a, b) has pointed out that the existence of an overall trend in representation of a species along the transects being sampled will necessarily result in high variance values at the larger block sizes which may mask scales of pattern present. The presence of such a trend may be tested by examining the regression of representation on position. (Its effect may be reduced sufficiently to expose the pattern present by deducting from the sums of squares at each block size a correction term for covariance